WO2021184694A1 - 一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法 - Google Patents

一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法 Download PDF

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WO2021184694A1
WO2021184694A1 PCT/CN2020/113348 CN2020113348W WO2021184694A1 WO 2021184694 A1 WO2021184694 A1 WO 2021184694A1 CN 2020113348 W CN2020113348 W CN 2020113348W WO 2021184694 A1 WO2021184694 A1 WO 2021184694A1
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cryogenic fluid
fracturing
temperature
pipe
water injection
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PCT/CN2020/113348
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English (en)
French (fr)
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翟成
郑仰峰
徐吉钊
丛钰洲
孙勇
姚艳斌
唐伟
李宇杰
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翟成
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
    • E21C41/16—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor
    • E21C41/18—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor for brown or hard coal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
    • E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C37/00—Other methods or devices for dislodging with or without loading
    • E21C37/06—Other methods or devices for dislodging with or without loading by making use of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure in a borehole
    • E21C37/14—Other methods or devices for dislodging with or without loading by making use of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure in a borehole by compressed air; by gas blast; by gasifying liquids

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  • the invention relates to a low-temperature cracking roof caving method for the hard roof of a coal mine goaf, which is especially suitable for the roof of the coal goaf that is dense, hard, and difficult to collapse naturally, and must be artificially strengthened.
  • the traditional fracturing method has certain disadvantages.
  • the deep hole blasting method requires a large amount of powerful explosives.
  • the stress wave in the explosion process produces a strong stress disturbance on the original rock, changes the stress distribution of the original rock, and easily induces rock burst accidents.
  • explosives explode, a large amount of smoke is produced, which pollutes the underground environment; in addition, gas is prone to accumulate in the goaf of coal mines, and the use of explosive blasting cracking methods can easily induce gas explosions.
  • the high-pressure hydraulic fracturing equipment is bulky and has poor adaptability to the narrow downhole space. Due to the relatively high water pressure, it is difficult to drill and seal the hole, and the probability of failure is high. Therefore, in view of the above-mentioned problems, coal mines urgently need a new and safe goaf hard roof fracturing and roofing device and method, which can save water resources and efficiently fracturing roof under the premise of ensuring safety.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to overcome the traditional roof cracking method and provide a method for low-temperature cracking and roofing of the hard roof of the goaf in coal mines with simple operation, low cost, safety and reliability, and good cracking effect.
  • the method of the present invention for low-temperature fracturing and caving of hard roof in coal mine goaf includes adopting digital display temperature meter, temperature sensor, water injection pipe, cryogenic fluid freezing pipe, capsule hole sealing device, high pressure water injection system and low temperature
  • the fluid tanker, low-temperature fracturing and roofing method includes the following steps:
  • Construction drilling construct multiple fracturing boreholes and one hollow hole in order to the hard roof of the goaf, first use a common drill bit to construct fracturing boreholes into the hard roof of the goaf to the deepest point of the fracturing hole K4 , And then withdraw the ordinary drill bit and replace it with a positioning pressure-controlled cutting bit for drilling.
  • the positioning pressure-controlled cutting bit reaches the starting point of the reaming section K1
  • the positioning pressure-controlled cutting bit blade opens to expand the hole. Stop at the end position K2 of the hole reaming section to form a cylindrical reaming section.
  • the positioning pressure-controlled cutting drill retracts the reaming blade and exits the drill pipe. After the construction is completed, the construction is carried out in the middle of the multiple cracked boreholes.
  • Equipment layout set a temperature sensor in the fracturing borehole, and connect it with a digital thermometer outside the fracturing borehole through a data line, and connect the capsule sealing device one and the capsule sealing device two in series through the injection hole
  • the first water pipe, the second water injection pipe, the first cryogenic fluid freezing pipe and the second cryogenic fluid freezing pipe are fed into the fracturing borehole together.
  • the capsule plugging device one and the capsule plugging device two are respectively located at position A of the cracking hole And at position B, the capsule sealer 1 and the capsule sealer 2 are sealed with high pressure through the water injection system, and the low-temperature fluid freezing pipe 2 is connected with the discharge pipe by the one-way valve, and the low-temperature fluid freezing pipe 1 is connected with the discharge pipe.
  • Freeze the cylindrical reaming section open the valve on the first water injection pipe, connect the quick coupling 1 of the water injection pipe 1 to the water injection valve on the water injection system, inject high-pressure water into the cylindrical reaming section, and monitor the water injection pipe 1.
  • Freeze fracturing borehole Open the valve on the second water injection pipe, then connect the quick connector two on the second water injection pipe with the water injection valve on the water injection system, and then inject high-pressure water into the middle point of the fracturing borehole at K3. , Monitor the pressure gauge on the second water injection pipe. After the pressure displayed on the pressure gauge reaches 1.2MPa and can be maintained for 30 minutes, close the valve to stop the water injection, and remove the quick connector two; open the valve on the second cryogenic fluid freezing pipe to quickly The third joint is connected with the cryogenic fluid valve of the cryogenic fluid tanker, and cryogenic fluid is injected into the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe II to freeze the water in the fractured borehole.
  • the cryogenic fluid While freezing, the cryogenic fluid will flow into the low temperature through the one-way valve In the fluid freezing tube 1, the cryogenic fluid continues to exchange heat with the frozen icicles in the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 1, to maintain the cylindrical reaming section in a frozen state, and the cryogenic fluid after heat exchange is discharged through the one-way valve two; monitoring The temperature of the deepest point K4 of the fracturing borehole, the middle point position K3 of the fracturing borehole and the starting point position K1 of the reaming section on the digital display thermometer. When the temperature values at the three positions are all reduced to -2°C, After freezing and cracking, close the valve;
  • Cyclic frost heave fracturing boreholes the frozen ice in fracturing boreholes gradually melts with the rock mass temperature of the hard roof in the goaf area of coal mines, when the monitoring digital display temperature meter monitors the overall temperature in the fracturing boreholes When the temperature rises above 3°C, complete a water-ice phase transformation frost heave cracking cycle;
  • the temperature sensor includes temperature sensor one arranged at the deepest point position K4 of the fracturing borehole, temperature sensor two at the middle point position K3 of the fracturing borehole, and temperature sensor three at the starting point position K1 of the reaming section.
  • the water outlet of the water injection pipe 1 is arranged in the cylindrical reaming section, the water outlet of the water injection pipe 2 is arranged at the position K3 of the middle point of the fracturing borehole, and the connection port of the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 1 and the discharge pipe is located Between the one-way valve one and the one-way valve two, the one-way valve one connecting the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe two and the discharge pipe is located in the cylindrical reaming section.
  • the structure of the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 1 and the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 2 is a spiral structure with good heat exchange performance.
  • the cryogenic fluid in the second fluid freezing tube flows into the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 1, but the cryogenic fluid in the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 1 cannot flow into the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 2.
  • the material of the cryogenic fluid freezing tube is pressure-bearing greater than 1.2MPa, Steel pipes with a temperature range of -200°C-100°C.
  • the temperature in the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 1 and the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 2 is less than or equal to -10°C, and the medium in the cryogenic fluid freezing tube is liquid nitrogen, liquid carbon dioxide or low-temperature energy storage fluid.
  • the number of fractured boreholes is 3-6.
  • the aperture of the plurality of fracturing boreholes is 80mm, and the distance between adjacent fracturing boreholes is 1-2m.
  • the hole diameter of the one hole is 2-3 times the hole diameter of the fracturing drill hole.
  • the present invention adopts staged freezing of fractured boreholes during frost heave fracturing, combining the advantages of the water-ice phase change phenomenon and the advantages of low-temperature fluids and applying them to the goaf of coal mines
  • a fracturing hole with a cylindrical reaming section is designed, double capsules are used to seal the holes in series, and a spiral structure cryogenic fluid freezing tube with efficient heat transfer is designed, and the cylindrical reaming is first frozen by injecting water The section realizes a self-sealing hole structure, and then freezes the fractured borehole section.
  • the fracture conditions it can be cyclically frozen and fractured, so that the hard roof will collapse naturally under the conditions of ground stress and self-weight.
  • the water-ice phase transition is a common physical phenomenon in nature.
  • the volume of ice-forming process will increase by 9.1%.
  • the force generated by volume expansion can reach up to 200MPa. It is often caused by frost heave in high-cold and high-altitude areas.
  • the phenomenon of rock fragmentation; various low-temperature fluids are easy to prepare, have a wide range of raw materials, and can quickly freeze liquids.
  • As an efficient refrigeration fluid it has begun to be used in coal mine fracturing and anti-reflection.
  • the present invention makes full use of the characteristics of various low-temperature fluids, and causes the water-ice phase change volume expansion to generate huge pressures of more than 200MPa.
  • the cylindrical self-sealing cavity is designed to solve the problem of difficulty in sealing.
  • the expansion force changes from axial expansion to radial expansion, which enhances the effect of cracking, and can undergo cyclic freezing and thawing to form a cycle of frost heave-thaw-freeze heave, which increases the generation of roof cracks and makes the roof easier to collapse naturally.
  • the design of the void provides a free surface for the frost heave force, controls the propagation direction of the crack, and improves the cracking effect.
  • the frost heave force cracking the roof is a relatively slow process and will not cause sudden stress around the fractured borehole.
  • the change reduces the probability of rock burst accidents and is safer. It uses a small amount of water and low-temperature fluid in the fracturing process, which solves the problem of large-scale use of low-temperature fluid in coal mines and high application cost.
  • the use of water-ice phase change has a good fracturing effect, and both fluids are clean fluids. It causes pollution, saves water resources, and makes it possible to apply hydraulic measures in water-scarce areas. Compared with the blasting method, it is safer, saves water resources and does not pollute the environment compared to various hydraulic measures.
  • the method is simple, convenient to operate, low in cost, good in cracking effect, and has a wide range of practicability.
  • Figure 1 is an A-A cross-sectional view of a method for low-temperature fracturing and caving of hard roof in goaf of coal mine according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the high-pressure water injection system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the cryogenic fluid tank truck of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the temperature sensor arrangement of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the water injection pipe structure of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe of the present invention.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the flow route of the cryogenic fluid of the present invention in the cryogenic fluid freezing tube II;
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the flow route of the cryogenic fluid of the present invention in the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 1;
  • Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the drilling arrangement of the present invention.
  • the method for low-temperature cracking and roofing of the hard roof of the coal mine goaf of the present invention includes the use of a digital display temperature meter 1, a temperature sensor 3, a water injection pipe, a cryogenic fluid freezing pipe, and a capsule
  • the specific steps of the low-temperature fracturing and roofing method for the plugging device, the high-pressure water injection system 13 and the low-temperature fluid tanker 14 are as follows:
  • Construction drilling construct multiple fracturing drilling holes 9 and one hollow hole 16 in sequence to the hard roof of the goaf, the number of said multiple fracturing drilling holes 9 is 3-6, and the number of fracturing drilling holes 9 is 9
  • the hole diameter is 80mm, and the distance between adjacent fracturing boreholes 9 is 1-2m.
  • the diameter of the one hole 16 is 2-3 times the diameter of the fracturing drill hole.
  • a common drill bit is used to construct a fracturing hole 9 into the hard roof 10 of the goaf to the deepest point K4 of the fracturing hole, and then the common drill bit is withdrawn, and Change to positioning pressure-controlled cutting bit drilling.
  • the positioning pressure-controlled cutting bit When the positioning pressure-controlled cutting bit reaches the starting point position K1 of the reaming section, the positioning pressure-controlled cutting bit blade is opened, and the drill hole 9 is reamed to the end position of the reaming section. Stop at K2 and form a cylindrical reaming section 8.
  • the positioning pressure-controlled cutting drill retracts the reaming blade and exits the drill pipe.
  • a hollow 16 is constructed in the middle of the four fracturing boreholes 9; when the cylindrical reaming section 8 is formed, water can be injected into the cylindrical reaming section 8 to freeze, and the icicles formed after freezing are expanded in the cylindrical shape.
  • a self-sealing hole structure is formed in the hole section 8, which is favorable for fracturing drilling.
  • a temperature sensor 3 is arranged in the fracturing borehole 9, and the temperature sensor 3 includes a temperature sensor 3-1 arranged at the deepest point position K4 of the fracturing borehole, and the position of the middle point of the fracturing borehole
  • the temperature sensor 2 3-2 at K3 and the temperature sensor 3 3-3 at the starting point of the reaming section K1 are respectively connected to the digital display thermometer 1 outside the fracturing borehole through the data line 2 to seal the capsule
  • the hole device 11 and the capsule hole sealing device 12 are passed through the water injection pipe 1 4, the water injection pipe 2 5, the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 1 7 and the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 2 6 in series, and then they are sent into the fracturing borehole 9 together.
  • Hole sealer 11 and capsule sealer 2 12 are respectively located at position A and position B of fracturing borehole 9, and the capsule sealer 11 and capsule sealer 2 12 are sealed with high pressure through the water injection system 13 ,
  • Use the one-way valve 6-3 to connect the low-temperature fluid freezing pipe two 6 and the discharge pipe 15, connect the low-temperature fluid freezing pipe one 7 and the discharge pipe 15 directly, and install the one-way valve two 7 at the nozzle of the discharge pipe 15 -3 to control the discharge of low-temperature fluid after heat exchange, connect the injection pump 14-3 between the low-temperature fluid tanker 14 and the main pipe, and pass the low-temperature fluid in the diverter 14-2 and other multiple fracture boreholes 9
  • the pipes are connected, and the four fractured boreholes are frozen and fractured at the same time; the water outlet of the water injection pipe 4 is arranged in the cylindrical reaming section between the capsule sealer 11 and the capsule sealer 2.
  • the water outlet of the water injection pipe 2 5 is arranged at the position K3 of the middle point of the fractured borehole, and the connection port of the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 1 7 and the discharge pipe 15 is located at the one-way valve 6-3 and the one-way valve 2 Between 7 and 3, the one-way valve one 6-3 connecting the low-temperature fluid freezing pipe 2 6 and the discharge pipe 15 is located in the cylindrical reaming section 8; the low-temperature fluid freezing pipe 1 7 and the low-temperature fluid freezing pipe 2 6
  • the structure is a spiral structure with good heat exchange performance.
  • the two are connected through the discharge pipe 15, and the flow of the cryogenic fluid is controlled by the one-way valve 6-3, so that the cryogenic fluid in the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 2 6 can flow into the low temperature
  • the cryogenic fluid in the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 1 7 cannot flow into the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 2 6.
  • the cryogenic fluid freezing tube is made of a pressure-bearing capacity greater than 1.2 MPa and a temperature resistance range of -200°C- 100°C steel pipe; the temperature in cryogenic fluid freezing tube 7 and cryogenic fluid freezing tube 2 ⁇ -10°C, the medium in the cryogenic fluid freezing tube is liquid nitrogen, liquid carbon dioxide or low temperature energy storage fluid.
  • a low-temperature fluid is injected into 7 and discharged from the one-way valve 7-3; the temperature at the starting point K1 of the reaming section is monitored by the digital display thermometer 1 until the temperature at the starting point K1 of the reaming section drops to -2 When below °C, close valve 7-2;
  • Freeze fracture drilling Open the valve 5-2 on the water injection pipe 2 5, and then connect the quick connector 2 5-1 on the water injection pipe 2 5 to the water injection valve 13-1 on the water injection system 13, and then Inject high-pressure water at K3 at the middle point of fracturing borehole 9, monitor the pressure gauge 5-3 on the water injection pipe 2 5, and close the valve 5 after the pressure displayed on the pressure gauge 5-3 reaches 1.2 MPa and can be maintained for 30 minutes. 2 Stop the water injection and remove the quick connector two 5-1; open the valve 6-2 on the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe two 6 and connect the quick connector three 6-1 to the cryogenic fluid valve 14-1 of the cryogenic fluid tanker 14, Inject the cryogenic fluid into the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 2 6 to freeze the water in the fractured borehole 9.
  • cryogenic fluid While freezing, the cryogenic fluid will flow into the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 7 through the one-way valve 6-3.
  • the fluid continues to exchange heat with the frozen icicles in the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 7 to maintain the cylindrical reaming section 8 in the frozen state, and the cryogenic fluid after heat exchange is discharged through the one-way valve 7-3; monitoring digital display
  • the temperature sensor 2 3-2 at the middle point position K3 of the fractured borehole and the temperature sensor 3 3-3 at the starting point position K1 of the reaming section.
  • Cyclic frost heave fracturing borehole The frozen ice in fracturing borehole 9 gradually melts with the rock mass temperature of the hard roof 10 in the goaf area of the coal mine.
  • the monitoring digital display thermometer 1 monitors the starting point of the reaming section
  • the middle point of the fracturing borehole K3 and the deepest point of the fracturing borehole K4 rises above 3°C
  • the overall temperature in the fracturing borehole 9 increases Above 3°C, complete a water-ice phase transformation frost heave cracking cycle;
  • the flow direction of the cryogenic fluid in the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 2 6 and the cryogenic fluid freezing tube 7 is shown. 3 Blocked, unable to enter the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 2 6 and can only flow out from the check valve 2 7-3; when the cryogenic fluid is injected into the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 2 6, the cryogenic fluid flows in through the check valve 6-3
  • the freezing of the cylindrical reamed section 8 continues in the cryogenic fluid freezing pipe 7. It is realized that the cylindrical reaming section 8 freezes first, and then freezes after the fractured hole. When freezing, the cylindrical reaming section maintains a frozen state to form a self-sealing hole structure.

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Abstract

一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，适用于煤层采空区顶板强化致裂技术领域。利用数显式温度仪(1)、温度传感器(3)、注水管、低温流体冻结管、胶囊封孔器、高压注水系统(13)和低温流体槽车(14)，向采空区坚硬顶板依次施工多个致裂钻孔(9)和一个空孔(16)；将螺旋低温流体冻结管、注水管与胶囊封孔器相连接送入多个致裂钻孔中，采用胶囊封孔器进行高压封孔，并冻结致裂钻孔孔口圆柱形扩孔段(8)，形成自封孔结构，再对多个致裂钻孔进行冻结，利用水冰相变致裂煤层顶板。当温度传感器均升高到3℃以上时重复冻结，形成冻胀-融化-冻胀的循环致裂。利用低温流体进行水冰相变产生9.1％的膨胀率来致裂煤层坚硬顶板，其方法简单，操作方便，成本低廉，操作简单，致裂效果好。

Description

一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，尤其适用于致密坚硬、自然垮塌难，必须人为强化致裂的煤层采空区顶板。
背景技术
随着煤矿井下采煤工作面的不断推进，采空区遗留顶板长度及悬顶面积越来越大，用于支撑采空区顶板煤柱的强度越来越小，容易形成应力集中，长久下去容易发生顶板垮落伤人及冲击矿压事故。对于高瓦斯矿井来说，采空区顶板处还容易形成局部积聚瓦斯，引起瓦斯事故。因此，需要对采空区顶板进行预先致裂，人为的使顶板有目的垮落并堆积在采空区内，以防止瓦斯及顶板冒落事故的发生。一般来说，当采空区顶板强度比较低时，顶板依靠地应力及自身的重力作用进行垮落，当顶板比较坚硬时，通常采用传统的深孔爆破、高压水力压裂的方法进行致裂。
然而，传统的致裂方法有一定的缺陷，例如深孔爆破方法需要大量的烈性炸药，爆炸过程中的应力波对原岩产生强烈的应力扰动，改变原岩应力分布，容易诱发冲击地压事故，此外，炸药爆炸时产生大量的烟气，污染井下环境；另外煤矿井下采空区容易积聚瓦斯，采用炸药爆破致裂方式容易诱导瓦斯爆炸。高压水力压裂设备体积庞大、井下狭小空间适应性差，由于水压比较高，钻孔封孔难度大，失败几率高。因此，针对上述问题，煤矿亟需一种新型安全的采空区坚硬顶板致裂放顶装置及方法，在确保安全的前提下，能够节约水资源，高效的致裂顶板。
发明内容
技术问题：本发明的目的是要克服传统顶板致裂办法，提供一种操作简单、成本低廉、安全可靠、致裂效果好的煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法。
技术方案：本发明的一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，包括采用数显式温度仪、温度传感器、注水管、低温流体冻结管、胶囊封孔器、高压注水系统和低温流体槽车，低温致裂放顶方法包括以下步骤：
a.施工钻孔：向采空区坚硬顶板依次施工多个致裂钻孔和一个空孔，先利用普通钻头向采空区坚硬顶板内施工致裂钻孔至致裂钻孔最深点位置K4，然后将普通钻头退出，并换成定位压控切割钻头钻进，当定位压控切割钻头钻进到达扩孔段起始点位置K1时，定位压控切割钻头刀刃张开，对钻孔进行扩孔扩孔段终点位置K2时停止，形成圆柱形扩孔段，定位压控切割钻收起扩孔刀刃退出钻杆，施工完成多个致裂钻孔后，在多个致裂钻 孔中部施工一个空孔；
b.设备布置：在致裂钻孔内设置温度传感器，并通过数据线与致裂钻孔外的数显式温度仪相连接，将胶囊封孔器一和胶囊封孔器二串联穿过注水管一、注水管二、低温流体冻结管一和低温流体冻结管二后一并送入致裂钻孔内，胶囊封孔器一和胶囊封孔器二分别位于致裂钻孔的位置A处和位置B处，通过注水系统对胶囊封孔器一和胶囊封孔器二进行高压封孔，利用单向阀一将低温流体冻结管二与排放管连接，将低温流体冻结管一与排放管直接相连，并在排放管管口处安装单向阀二来控制热量交换后的低温流体的排出，将低温流体槽车和主管路之间连接注射泵，通过分流器和其他多个致裂钻孔内的低温流体管相连接，同时对多个致裂钻孔进行冻结致裂；
c.冻结圆柱形扩孔段：打开注水管一上的阀门，将注水管一的快速接头一与注水系统上的注水阀门相连接，向圆柱形扩孔段中注入高压水，监测注水管一上的压力表，待圆柱形扩孔段内水压达到1.2MPa并能保持30分钟后，关闭阀门停止注水，拆掉快速接头一；将低温流体冻结管一上的阀门打开，用快速接头四与低温流体槽车的低温流体阀门连接，向低温流体冻结管一中注入低温流体，并从单向阀排出；通过数显式温度仪监测扩孔段起始点位置K1的温度，直到扩孔段起始点位置K1处的温度降到-2℃以下时，关闭阀门；
d.冻结致裂钻孔：打开注水管二上的阀门，然后将注水管二上的快速接头二与注水系统上的注水阀门相连接，然后向致裂钻孔中间点位置K3处注入高压水，监测注水管二上的压力表，待压力表显示的压力达到1.2MPa并能保持30分钟后，关闭阀门停止注水，拆掉快速接头二；将低温流体冻结管二上的阀门打开，将快速接头三与低温流体槽车的低温流体阀门连接，向低温流体冻结管二中注入低温流体，对致裂钻孔内的水进行冻结，在冻结的同时，低温流体会通过单向阀一流入低温流体冻结管一内，低温流体在低温流体冻结管一中与冻结状态的冰柱继续进行热交换，维持圆柱形扩孔段处于冻结状态，热交换后的低温流体通过单向阀二排出；监测数显式温度仪上致裂钻孔最深点位置K4、致裂钻孔中间点位置K3和扩孔段起始点位置K1的温度，当3个位置处的温度值均降低到-2℃时，冻结致裂结束，关闭阀门；
e.循环冻胀致裂钻孔：致裂钻孔中的冻冰随着煤矿采空区坚硬顶板的岩体温度逐渐融化，当监测数显式温度仪监测到致裂钻孔中的整体温度均升高到3℃以上时，完成一次水冰相变冻胀致裂循环；
f.重复步骤c-e，对致裂钻孔再次进行冻胀-融化-冻胀的循环致裂，直到空孔中有水流 出时为止。
所述的温度传感器包括布置在致裂钻孔最深点位置K4处的温度传感器一、致裂钻孔中间点位置K3处的温度传感器二和扩孔段起始点位置K1处的温度传感器三。
所述的注水管一的出水口布置在圆柱形扩孔段内，所述注水管二的出水口布置在致裂钻孔中间点位置K3处，低温流体冻结管一与排放管的连接口位于单向阀一和单向阀二之间，低温流体冻结管二与排放管连接的单向阀一位于圆柱形扩孔段内。
在形成圆柱形扩孔段时，对圆柱形扩孔段内注水进行冻结，冻结后形成的冰柱在圆柱形扩孔段内形成自封孔结构。
所述的低温流体冻结管一和低温流体冻结管二的结构为热交换性能良好的螺旋形结构，两者通过排放管相连接，并利用单向阀一控制低温流体的单向流动，使低温流体冻结管二中的低温流体流入低温流体冻结管一中，而低温流体冻结管一中的低温流体却无法流入低温流体冻结管二中，低温流体冻结管的材质为承压能力大于1.2MPa、耐温范围为-200℃-100℃的钢管。
所述的低温流体冻结管一和低温流体冻结管二中的温度≤-10℃，低温流体冻结管中的介质为液氮、液态二氧化碳或低温蓄能流体。
所述的多个致裂钻孔为3-6个。
所述的多个致裂钻孔的孔径为80mm，相邻致裂钻孔之间的距离为1-2m。
所述一个空孔的孔径为致裂钻孔孔径的2-3倍。
有益效果：由于采用了上述技术方案，本发明采用在进行冻胀致裂时，对致裂钻孔进行分段冻结，将水冰相变现象及低温流体的优势结合起来应用于煤矿采空区坚硬顶板的致裂放顶中，设计带有圆柱形扩孔段的致裂钻孔，使用双胶囊串联封孔，设计高效热传递的螺旋式结构低温流体冻结管，先注水冻结圆柱形扩孔段实现一个自封孔结构，然后冻结致裂钻孔段，根据致裂情况可以进行循环冻结致裂，使坚硬顶板在地应力和自重的情况下自然垮塌。水冰相变是自然界一种常见的物理现象，由水结成冰的过程体积会增大9.1％，由于体积膨胀产生的作用力最大可达到200MPa，在高寒高海拔地区经常出现由于冻胀造成岩石破碎的现象；各种低温流体制备方便，原料来源广泛，能够快速冻结液体，作为高效的制冷流体，在煤矿煤层致裂增透方面开始应用。本发明与现有技术相比，充分利用了各种低温流体的特点，致使水冰相变体积膨胀产生200MPa以上的巨大压力，设计圆柱形自封孔腔体，解决了封孔难的问题，将膨胀力由轴向扩展变为径向扩展，增强致裂效果，可以进行循环冻融，形成冻胀-融化-冻胀的循环，增加顶板裂缝的 产生，使顶板更容易自然垮落。空孔的设计为冻胀力提供了自由面，控制裂缝的扩展方向，提高了致裂效果，同时冻胀力致裂顶板是一个相对缓慢的过程，不会引起致裂钻孔周围的应力突然变化，降低了冲击地压事故的发生概率，比较安全。其在致裂过程中使用少量的水和低温流体，解决了低温流体在煤矿中大量使用，应用成本高的难题，利用水冰相变致裂效果好，而且两种流体都是清洁流体不会造成污染，节约了水资源，使水力化措施在缺水的地区应用成为可能。相比于爆破方法更加安全，相比于各种水力化措施节约水资源不污染环境，其方法简单，操作方便，成本低廉，致裂效果好，具有广泛的实用性。
附图说明
图1是本发明一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法的A-A剖面图；
图2是本发明的高压注水系统示意图；
图3是本发明的低温流体槽车示意图；
图4是本发明的温度传感器布置示意图；
图5是本发明的注水管结构示意图；
图6是本发明的低温流体冻结管结构示意图；
图7是本发明的低温流体在低温流体冻结管二中流动路线示意图；
图8是本发明的低温流体在低温流体冻结管一中流动路线示意图；
图9是本发明的钻孔布置示意图。
图中：1-数显式温度仪，2-数据线，3-温度传感器，3-1-温度传感器一，3-2-温度传感器二，3-3-温度传感器三，4-注水管一，4-1-快速接头一，4-2-阀门，4-3-压力表，5-注水管二，5-1-快速接头二，5-2-阀门，5-3-压力表，6-低温流体冻结管二，6-1-快速接头三，6-2-阀门，6-3-单向阀一，7-低温流体冻结管一，7-1-快速接头四，7-2-阀门，7-3-单向阀二，8-圆柱形扩孔段，9-致裂钻孔，10-采空区坚硬顶板，11-胶囊封孔器一，12-胶囊封孔器二，13-高压注水系统，13-1-高压注水阀门，14-低温流体槽车，14-1-低温流体阀门，14-2-分流器，14-3-注射泵，15-排放管，16-空孔，K1-扩孔段起始点位置，K2-扩孔段终点位置，K3-致裂钻孔中间点位置，K4-致裂钻孔最深点位置。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图中的一个实施例对本发明作进一步的描述：
如图1-图6和图9所示，本发明的煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，包括采用数显式温度仪1、温度传感器3、注水管、低温流体冻结管、胶囊封孔器、高压注水系 统13和低温流体槽车14，其低温致裂放顶方法的具体步骤如下：
a.施工钻孔：向采空区坚硬顶板依次施工多个致裂钻孔9和一个空孔16，所述的多个致裂钻孔9为3-6个，多个致裂钻孔9的孔径为80mm，相邻致裂钻孔9之间的距离为1-2m。所述一个空孔16的孔径为致裂钻孔孔径的2-3倍。本实施例中的致裂钻孔9为四个，先利用普通钻头向采空区坚硬顶板10内施工一个致裂钻孔9至致裂钻孔最深点位置K4，然后将普通钻头退出，并换成定位压控切割钻头钻进，当定位压控切割钻头钻进到达扩孔段起始点位置K1时，定位压控切割钻头刀刃张开，对钻孔9进行扩孔至扩孔段终点位置K2时停止，形成圆柱形扩孔段8，定位压控切割钻收起扩孔刀刃退出钻杆，按照上述方法继续施工3个致裂钻孔9，四个致裂钻孔9形成一个正方形，在四个致裂钻孔9的中部施工一个空孔16；在形成圆柱形扩孔段8时，可先对圆柱形扩孔段8内注水进行冻结，冻结后形成的冰柱在圆柱形扩孔段8内形成自封孔结构，有利致裂钻孔。
b.设备布置：在致裂钻孔9内设置温度传感器3，所述的温度传感器3包括布置在致裂钻孔最深点位置K4处的温度传感器一3-1、致裂钻孔中间点位置K3处的温度传感器二3-2和扩孔段起始点位置K1处的温度传感器三3-3；通过数据线2分别与致裂钻孔外的数显式温度仪1相连接，将胶囊封孔器一11和胶囊封孔器二12串联穿过注水管一4、注水管二5、低温流体冻结管一7和低温流体冻结管二6后一并送入致裂钻孔9内，胶囊封孔器一11和胶囊封孔器二12分别位于致裂钻孔9的位置A处和位置B处，通过注水系统13对胶囊封孔器一11和胶囊封孔器二12进行高压封孔，利用单向阀一6-3将低温流体冻结管二6与排放管15连接，将低温流体冻结管一7与排放管15直接相连，并在排放管15管口处安装单向阀二7-3来控制热量交换后的低温流体的排出，将低温流体槽车14和主管路之间连接注射泵14-3，通过分流器14-2和其他多个致裂钻孔9内的低温流体管相连接，同时对四个致裂钻孔进行冻结致裂；所述的注水管一4的出水口布置在胶囊封孔器一11和胶囊封孔器二12之间的圆柱形扩孔段8内，所述注水管二5的出水口布置在致裂钻孔中间点位置K3处，低温流体冻结管一7与排放管15的连接口位于单向阀一6-3和单向阀二7-3之间，低温流体冻结管二6与排放管15连接的单向阀一6-3位于圆柱形扩孔段8内；所述的低温流体冻结管一7和低温流体冻结管二6的结构为热交换性能良好的螺旋形结构，两者通过排放管15相连接，并利用单向阀一6-3控制低温流体的流动，使低温流体冻结管二6中的低温流体能流入低温流体冻结管一7中，而低温流体冻结管一7中的低温流体却无法流入低温流体冻结管二6，低温流体冻结管的材质为承压能力大于1.2MPa、耐温范围为-200℃-100℃的钢管；低温流体冻结管一7和低 温流体冻结管二6中的温度≤-10℃，低温流体冻结管中的介质为液氮、液态二氧化碳或低温蓄能流体。
c.冻结圆柱形扩孔段：打开注水管一4上的阀门4-2，将注水管一4的快速接头一4-1与注水系统13上的注水阀门13-1相连接，向圆柱形扩孔段8中注入高压水，监测注水管一4上的压力表4-3，待圆柱形扩孔段内水压达到1.2MPa并能保持30分钟后，关闭阀门4-2停止注水，拆掉快速接头一4-1；将低温流体冻结管一7上的阀门7-2打开，用快速接头四7-1与低温流体槽车14的低温流体阀门14-1连接，向低温流体冻结管一7中注入低温流体，并从单向阀7-3排出；通过数显式温度仪1监测扩孔段起始点位置K1的温度，直到扩孔段起始点位置K1处的温度降到-2℃以下时，关闭阀门7-2；
d.冻结致裂钻孔：打开注水管二5上的阀门5-2，然后将注水管二5上的快速接头二5-1与注水系统13上的注水阀门13-1相连接，然后向致裂钻孔9中间点位置K3处注入高压水，监测注水管二5上的压力表5-3，待压力表5-3显示的压力达到1.2MPa并能保持30分钟后，关闭阀门5-2停止注水，拆掉快速接头二5-1；将低温流体冻结管二6上的阀门6-2打开，将快速接头三6-1与低温流体槽车14的低温流体阀门14-1连接，向低温流体冻结管二6中注入低温流体，对致裂钻孔9内的水进行冻结，在冻结的同时，低温流体会通过单向阀一6-3流入低温流体冻结管一7内，低温流体在低温流体冻结管一7中与冻结状态的冰柱继续进行热交换，维持圆柱形扩孔段8处于冻结状态，热交换后的低温流体通过单向阀二7-3排出；监测数显式温度仪1上致裂钻孔最深点位置K4、致裂钻孔中间点位置K3和扩孔段起始点位置K1的温度，当致裂钻孔最深点位置K4处的温度传感器一3-1、致裂钻孔中间点位置K3处的温度传感器二3-2和扩孔段起始点位置K1处的温度传感器三3-3的3个位置处的温度值均降低到-2℃时，冻结致裂结束，关闭阀门6-2；
e.循环冻胀致裂钻孔：致裂钻孔9中的冻冰随着煤矿采空区坚硬顶板10的岩体温度逐渐融化，当监测数显式温度仪1监测到扩孔段起始点位置K1、致裂钻孔中间点位置K3和致裂钻孔最深点位置K4处的三个位置温度传感器的温度均升高到3℃以上时，致裂钻孔9中的整体温度均升高到3℃以上，完成一次水冰相变冻胀致裂循环；
f.重复步骤c-e，对致裂钻孔9再次进行冻胀-融化-冻胀的循环致裂，直到空孔16中有水流出时为止。
如图7图8所示是温流体冻结管二6和低温流体冻结管一7中低温流体的流动方向，当向低温流体冻结管一7中注低温流体时，低温流体被单向阀一6-3阻拦，无法进入低 温流体冻结管二6中，只能从单向阀二7-3流出；当向低温流体冻结管二6中注低温流体时，低温流体通过单向阀一6-3流入低温流体冻结管一7中继续对圆柱形扩孔段8进行冻结。实现了圆柱形扩孔段8先冻结，致裂钻孔后冻结，在冻结时，圆柱形扩孔段维持冻结状态，形成一个自封孔结构。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，包括采用数显式温度仪(1)、温度传感器(3)、注水管、低温流体冻结管、胶囊封孔器、高压注水系统(13)和低温流体槽车(14)，其特征在于，低温致裂放顶方法包括以下步骤：
    a.施工钻孔：向采空区坚硬顶板依次施工多个致裂钻孔(9)和一个空孔(16)，先利用普通钻头向采空区坚硬顶板(10)内施工致裂钻孔(9)至致裂钻孔最深点位置K4，然后将普通钻头退出，并换成定位压控切割钻头钻进，当定位压控切割钻头钻进到达扩孔段起始点位置K1时，定位压控切割钻头刀刃张开，对钻孔(9)进行扩孔至扩孔段终点位置K2时停止，形成圆柱形扩孔段(8)，定位压控切割钻收起扩孔刀刃退出钻杆，施工完成多个致裂钻孔(9)后，在多个致裂钻孔(9)中部施工一个空孔(16)；
    b.设备布置：在致裂钻孔(9)内设置温度传感器(3)，并通过数据线(2)与致裂钻孔外的数显式温度仪(1)相连接，将胶囊封孔器一(11)和胶囊封孔器二(12)串联穿过注水管一(4)、注水管二(5)、低温流体冻结管一(7)和低温流体冻结管二(6)后一并送入致裂钻孔(9)内，胶囊封孔器一(11)和胶囊封孔器二(12)分别位于致裂钻孔(9)的位置A处和位置B处，通过注水系统(13)对胶囊封孔器一(11)和胶囊封孔器二(12)进行高压封孔，利用单向阀一(6-3)将低温流体冻结管二(6)与排放管(15)连接，将低温流体冻结管一(7)与排放管(15)直接相连，并在排放管(15)管口处安装单向阀二(7-3)来控制热量交换后的低温流体的排出，将低温流体槽车(14)和主管路之间连接注射泵(14-3)，通过分流器(14-2)和其他多个致裂钻孔(9)内的低温流体管相连接，同时对多个致裂钻孔进行冻结致裂；
    c.冻结圆柱形扩孔段：打开注水管一(4)上的阀门(4-2)，将注水管一(4)的快速接头一(4-1)与注水系统(13)上的注水阀门(13-1)相连接，向圆柱形扩孔段(8)中注入高压水，监测注水管一(4)上的压力表(4-3)，待圆柱形扩孔段内水压达到1.2MPa并能保持30分钟后，关闭阀门(4-2)停止注水，拆掉快速接头一(4-1)；将低温流体冻结管一(7)上的阀门(7-2)打开，用快速接头四(7-1)与低温流体槽车(14)的低温流体阀门(14-1)连接，向低温流体冻结管一(7)中注入低温流体，并从单向阀(7-3)排出；通过数显式温度仪(1)监测扩孔段起始点位置K1的温度，直到扩孔段起始点位置K1处的温度降到-2℃以下时，关闭阀门(7-2)；
    d.冻结致裂钻孔：打开注水管二(5)上的阀门(5-2)，然后将注水管二(5)上的快速接头二(5-1)与注水系统(13)上的注水阀门(13-1)相连接，然后向致裂钻孔(9) 中间点位置K3处注入高压水，监测注水管二(5)上的压力表(5-3)，待压力表(5-3)显示的压力达到1.2MPa并能保持30分钟后，关闭阀门(5-2)停止注水，拆掉快速接头二(5-1)；将低温流体冻结管二(6)上的阀门(6-2)打开，将快速接头三(6-1)与低温流体槽车(14)的低温流体阀门(14-1)连接，向低温流体冻结管二(6)中注入低温流体，对致裂钻孔(9)内的水进行冻结，在冻结的同时，低温流体会通过单向阀一(6-3)流入低温流体冻结管一(7)内，低温流体在低温流体冻结管一(7)中与冻结状态的冰柱继续进行热交换，维持圆柱形扩孔段(8)处于冻结状态，热交换后的低温流体通过单向阀二(7-3)排出；监测数显式温度仪(1)上致裂钻孔最深点位置K4、致裂钻孔中间点位置K3和扩孔段起始点位置K1的温度，当3个位置处的温度值均降低到-2℃时，冻结致裂结束，关闭阀门(6-2)；
    e.循环冻胀致裂钻孔：致裂钻孔(9)中的冻冰随着煤矿采空区坚硬顶板(10)的岩体温度逐渐融化，当监测数显式温度仪(1)监测到致裂钻孔(9)中的整体温度均升高到3℃以上时，完成一次水冰相变冻胀致裂循环；
    f.重复步骤c-e，对致裂钻孔(9)再次进行冻胀-融化-冻胀的循环致裂，直到空孔(16)中有水流出时为止。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，其特征在于：所述的温度传感器(3)包括布置在致裂钻孔最深点位置K4处的温度传感器一(3-1)、致裂钻孔中间点位置K3处的温度传感器二(3-2)和扩孔段起始点位置K1处的温度传感器三(3-3)。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，其特征在于：所述的注水管一(4)的出水口布置在圆柱形扩孔段(8)内，所述注水管二(5)的出水口布置在致裂钻孔中间点位置K3处，低温流体冻结管一(7)与排放管(15)的连接口位于单向阀一(6-3)和单向阀二(7-3)之间，低温流体冻结管二(6)与排放管(15)连接的单向阀一(6-3)位于圆柱形扩孔段(8)内。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，其特征在于：在形成圆柱形扩孔段(8)时，对圆柱形扩孔段(8)内注水进行冻结，冻结后形成的冰柱在圆柱形扩孔段(8)内形成自封孔结构。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，其特征在于：所述的低温流体冻结管一(7)和低温流体冻结管二(6)的结构为热交换性能良好的螺旋形结构，两者通过排放管(15)相连接，并利用单向阀一(6-3)控制低温流体的单向流动，使低温流体冻结管二(6)中的低温流体流入低温流体冻结管一(7)中，而低温流体 冻结管一(7)中的低温流体却无法流入低温流体冻结管二(6)中，低温流体冻结管的材质为承压能力大于1.2MPa、耐温范围为-200℃-100℃的钢管。
  6. 根据权利要求1或5所述的一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，其特征在于：所述的低温流体冻结管一(7)和低温流体冻结管二(6)中的温度≤-10℃，低温流体冻结管中的介质为液氮、液态二氧化碳或低温蓄能流体。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，其特征在于：所述的多个致裂钻孔(9)为3-6个。
  8. 根据权利要求1或7所述的一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，其特征在于：所述的多个致裂钻孔(9)的孔径为80mm，相邻致裂钻孔(9)之间的距离为1-2m。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的一种煤矿采空区坚硬顶板低温致裂放顶方法，其特征在于：所述一个空孔(16)的孔径为致裂钻孔孔径的2-3倍。
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