WO2021180338A1

WO2021180338A1 - Combination treatment with a p53 reactivator and an inhibitor of dna methyltransferase post stem cell transplant

Info

Publication number: WO2021180338A1
Application number: PCT/EP2020/061471
Authority: WO
Inventors: Eyal Attar
Original assignee: Aprea Therapeutics Ab
Priority date: 2020-03-09
Filing date: 2020-04-24
Publication date: 2021-09-16

Abstract

A method of treating a tumor of hematopoietic or lymphoid tissue in a subject, comprising administering to the subject (i) a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT); (ii) a compound that can give reactivation of a mutant p53; and (iii) an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase.

Description

COMBINATION TREATMENT WITH A P53 REACTIVATOR AND AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE POST STEM CELL

TRANSPLANT

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/987,250, filed March 9, 2020, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

1. FIELD

[0002] Provided herein are combination therapies using a p53 reactivator in combination with an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., a nucleoside analogue such as azacitidine) for treating a disease or disorder after a stem cell transplant.

2. BACKGROUND

[0003] Transplantation of healthy hematopoietic stem cells from an allogeneic donor (HSCT) is a treatment option to improve outcomes for otherwise incurable myeloid diseases such as acute myeloid leukemias (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). With the development of safer transplant conditioning regimens and supportive care measures, transplant can now be offered as a potential curative option to a wider population. However, the potential benefits can be offset by potential resurgence of the disease after HSCT. Disease recurrence is the major cause of treatment failure in patients, e.g., with AML or MDS who undergo allogeneic HSCT to treat high risk disease, with limited treatment options in the post-HSCT relapsed setting. Thus, there is a need in the art for maintenance strategies after transplantation to prevent disease recurrence and improve upon survival.

[0004] p53 plays a critical role as a tumor suppressor and its gene TP53 is commonly mutated in tumors. p53 halts the cell cycle and/or triggers apoptosis in response to various stress stimuli, including DNA damage, hypoxia, and oncogene activation (Ko, L. J. & Prives, C., Genes Dev. 10, 1054-1072 (1996); Sherr, C. J., Genes Dev. 12, 2984-2991 (1998)).

[0005] Both p53-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis could be involved in p53-mediated tumor suppression. A significant proportion of human tumors express a “mutant” p53 protein due to a TP53 mutation, making it highly desirable to restore the wild type p53 activity to yield growth suppression to tumors. Tumor cells are particularly sensitive to p53 reactivation, supposedly for two main reasons. First, tumor cells are sensitized to apoptosis due to oncogene activation (reviewed in Evan, G. & Littlewood, T., Science. 281, 1317-1322 (1998)). Second, mutant p53 proteins tend to accumulate at high levels in tumor cells. Therefore, restoration of the wild type function to the abundant and presumably “activated” mutant p53 should trigger a massive apoptotic response in already sensitized tumor cells, whereas normal cells that harbor low or undetectable levels of p53 should not be affected.

[0006] Therapeutically useful compounds have previously been generated based on showing the ability to prevent proliferative activity in mutant p53 dependent fashion in a cellular assay, including the compound PRIMA-1 (i.e. 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one) (disclosed in WO 02/24692), and its analogs (such as those disclosed in WO 03/070250).

3. SUMMARY

[0007] In one aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a tumor of hematopoietic or lymphoid tissue in a subject, comprising: (i) treating the subject with a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT); (ii) administering a compound that can give reactivation of a mutant p53; and (iii) administering an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase.

[0008] In some embodiments, the compound that can give reactivation of a mutant p53 and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase are administered to the subject post treating the subject with the HSCT.

[0009] In some embodiments, the compound that can give reactivation of the mutant p53 promotes proper folding of the mutant p53 and restores at least part of a normal p53 function. [0010] In other embodiments, the compound can result in a shift of the equilibrium from unfolded towards a wild-type like p53 conformation.

[0011] In other embodiments, the compound that can give reactivation of the mutant p53 interferes with aggregation of misfolded mutant p53 or reduce aggregation of the mutant p53. [0012] In some embodiments, the compound or its metabolite or degradation product thereof can restore a p53 wild type function by covalent binding to the mutant p53.

[0013] In other embodiments, the compound can binds to thiol groups in the core domain of the mutant p53 and restore wild-type conformation.

[0014] In some embodiments, the compound that reactivates the mutant p53 is selected from a group consisting of:

2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(methoxymethyl)quinuclidin-3-one;

2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)quinuclidin-3-one; 2.2.2-trichloro-N-ethyl-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide;

2.2.2-trichloro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide; N-ethyl-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide;

2.2.2-trifluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide;

2.2-difluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide, N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)pyridine-3 -sulfonamide;

4-fluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)benzenesulfonamide; N-ethyl-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)benzenesulfonamide; 2-(N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methylsulfonamido)acetamide; N-(methylsulfonyl)-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)glycine; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)pyridine-4-sulfonamide; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)pyridine-2-sulfonamide; N-ethyl-l,l,l-trifluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)-methyl)methanesulfonamide;

1,1,1 -trifluoro-N-((3 -oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide; N,N-bis((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)propane-2-sulfonamide; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)cyclopropanesulfonamide;

1 -methyl -N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)cy cl opropane-1 -sulfonamide;

N-cyclopropyl-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide;

N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)-N-phenylmethanesulfonamide;

1-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(lii,3//)-dione;

5-methyl- l-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)m ethyl )pyrimidine-2,4(lii,3//)-di one;

/er/-butyl 5-methyl-2,6-dioxo-3-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)-3,6-dihydropyrimidine- 1(2 H)- carboxylate;

5-methyl- 1 ,3-bis((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4( 1 //,3//)-dione;

/V-m ethyl- 1 -((3 -oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)m ethyl)- IH-l, 2, 4-tri azole-3 -carboxamide;

2-((3-chloro-l//-l ,2,4-triazol- 1 -yl ( ethyl )quinuclidin-3 -one;

A^f,A^f-dim ethyl -1 -((3 -oxoquinuclidin-2-yl) ethyl )-]//-] ,2, 4-tri azole-3 -carboxamide;

1,2,· 4-tri azol-l-yl)methyl)quinuclidin-3 -one; 1 -((3 -oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)- 1 H- 1 , 2, 4-tri azole-3 -carbonitrile; and 1 -((3 -oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)-lif-l, 2, 4-triazole-3 -carboxamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0015] In some embodiments, the compound is 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2- (methoxymethyl) quinuclidin-3-one having the following formula:

(APR-246), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0016] In some embodiments, the compound is 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2- yl)methyl)acetamide having the following formula:

(Compound A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0017] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase is a nucleotide analogue. In some embodiments, the nucleotide analogue is azacitidine.

[0018] In a specific embodiment, the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effectively amount of APR-246 and azacitidine.

[0019] In some embodiments, the subject is administered with only one HSCT. In some embodiments, the HSCT is an allogeneic HSCT. In some embodiments, the allogeneic HSCT is from a healthy subject. In some embodiments, the subject is in complete remission after the transplant and has achieved engraftment.

[0020] In some embodiments, the p53 reactivator is formulated in a first pharmaceutical composition and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase is formulated in a second pharmaceutical composition.

[0021] In some embodiments, the tumor of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue is a hematological malignancy. In some embodiments, the hematological malignancy is leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma. [0022] In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative malignancy is a hematological malignancy. In some embodiments, the hematological malignancy is leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma. In some embodiments, the hematological malignancy is selected from a group consisting of: Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, activated B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular center lymphoma, transformed lymphoma, lymphocytic lymphoma of intermediate differentiation, intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma (ILL), diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDL), centrocytic lymphoma, diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma (DSCCL), peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma, mantle zone lymphoma, low grade follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute T cell leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt’s leukemia (Burkitt’s lymphoma), acute biphenotypic leukemia, chronic myeloid lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and chronic monocytic leukemia. In a specific embodiment, the hematologic malignancy is myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In another specific embodiment, the hematologic malignancy is acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In another specific embodiment, the hematologic malignancy is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In yet another specific embodiment, the hematologic malignancy is multiple myeloma (MM).

[0023] In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative malignancy is a solid tumor cancer. A solid tumor cancer is any non-hematologic origin malignancy. In some embodiments, the solid tumor cancer is selected from a group consisting of a carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma, an adrenocortical carcinoma, a colon adenocarcinoma, a colorectal adenocarcinoma, a colorectal carcinoma, a ductal cell carcinoma, a lung carcinoma, a thyroid carcinoma, a nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a melanoma, a non-melanoma skin carcinoma, sarcoma and a lung cancer.

[0024] In some embodiments, the tumor of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue comprises a cancer cell having mutant p53.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0025] FIG. 1 depicts the trial design overview of the Phase II clinical study as described in Example 1 of Section 6. [0026] FIG. 2 depicts the overview of APR-246 and azacitidine treatment per cycle of the Phase II clinical study as described in Example 1 of Section 6.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The clinical trial studies described herein are used to demonstrate that the combination of a p53 reactivator and an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., a nucleotide analogue such as azacitidine) may prevent disease (e.g., tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, such as TP53 mutated AML or MDS) recurrence and improve upon survival after a treatment with stem cell transplant.

5.1 Definitions

[0028] Techniques and procedures described or referenced herein include those that are generally well understood and/or commonly employed using conventional methodology by those skilled in the art, such as, for example, the widely utilized methodologies described in Sambrook et ah, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3d ed. 2001); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al. eds., 2003).

[0029] Unless otherwise defined herein, technical and scientific terms used in the present description have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. For purposes of interpreting this specification, the following description of terms will apply and whenever appropriate, terms used in the singular will also include the plural and vice versa. In the event that any description of a term set forth conflicts with any document incorporated herein by reference, the description of the term set forth below shall control.

[0030] The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to the amount of a therapeutic compound, a combination of therapeutic compounds or pharmaceutical compositions thereof provided herein, which is sufficient to result in the desired outcome.

[0031] The terms “subject” and “patient” may be used interchangeably. As used herein, in certain embodiments, a subject is a mammal. In specific embodiments, the subject is a human.

In one embodiment, the subject is a mammal, e.g., a human, diagnosed with a disease or disorder. In another embodiment, the subject is a mammal, e.g, a human, at risk of developing a disease or disorder.

[0032] “Administer” or “administration” refers to the act of injecting or otherwise physically delivering a substance as it exists outside the body into a patient, such as by mucosal, intradermal, intravenous, intramuscular delivery, and/or any other method of physical delivery described herein or known in the art.

[0033] As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treatment” and “treating” refer to the reduction or amelioration of the progression, severity, and/or duration of a disease or disorder resulting from the administration of one or more therapies. Treating may be determined by assessing whether there has been a decrease, alleviation and/or mitigation of one or more symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed with the patient, despite that the patient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. The term “treating” includes both managing and ameliorating the disease.

[0034] The terms “prevent,” “preventing,” and “prevention” refer to reducing the likelihood of the onset (or recurrence) of a disease, disorder, condition, or associated symptom(s).

[0035] The term “a mutant p53 mediated disease or disorder” as used herein refers to a disease or disorder that is caused or partially caused by mutation of the p53 gene ( TP53 ). For example, a mutant p53 mediated cancer means the cancer that contains a cell having a mutant TP53.

[0036] As used herein, the term “alkyl” unless otherwise stated, means an unbranched or branched, cyclic, saturated or unsaturated (alkenyl or alkynyl) hydrocarbyl radical. The term “Cx-Cy alkyl” means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing x to y carbon atoms. For example, “C1-C6 alkyl” means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n- hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n- decyl.

[0037] As used herein, the term “aryl” means an aromatic group, such as phenyl or naphthyl. [0038] As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” means a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic heteroaromatic group containing one or more heteroatom(s) preferably selected from N, O and S, such as pyridyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, furanyl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, pyrazinyl, indazolyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenetyl, pyranyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, quinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, cinnolinyl and pteridinyl. [0039] As used herein, the term “non-aromatic heterocycle” means a non-aromatic cyclic group containing one or more heteroatom(s) preferably selected from N, O and S, such as a pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl or monosaccharide.

[0040] As used herein, the term “halogen” means a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. [0041] As used herein, and unless specified otherwise, the term “substituted” means that the concerned groups are substituted with at least one functional group, such as hydroxyl, amine, sulfide, silyl, carboxylic acid, halogen, aryl, etc.

[0042] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein means being approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government, or listed in United States Pharmacopeia. European Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized Pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.

[0043] “Excipient” means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material. Excipients include, for example, encapsulating materials or additives such as absorption accelerators, antioxidants, binders, buffers, carriers, coating agents, coloring agents, diluents, disintegrating agents, emulsifiers, extenders, fillers, flavoring agents, humectants, lubricants, perfumes, preservatives, propellants, releasing agents, sterilizing agents, sweeteners, solubilizers, wetting agents and mixtures thereof. The term “excipient” can also refer to a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freunds’ adjuvant (complete or incomplete) or vehicle.

[0044] In some embodiments, excipients are pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include buffers, such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants, including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (e.g., fewer than about 10 amino acid residues) polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids, such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates, including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents, such as EDTA; sugar alcohols, such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions, such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants, such as TWEEN™, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICS™. Other examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are described in Remington and Gennaro, Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th ed. 1990). [0045] In one embodiment, each component is “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. See, e.g., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, 2005; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th ed.; Rowe et ah, Eds.; The Pharmaceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association: 2009; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives,

3rd ed.; Ash and Ash Eds.; Gower Publishing Company: 2007; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, 2nd ed.; Gibson Ed.; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, 2009. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is an aqueous pH buffered solution.

[0046] The terms “about” and “approximately” mean within 20%, within 15%, within 10%, within 9%, within 8%, within 7%, within 6%, within 5%, within 4%, within 3%, within 2%, within 1%, or less of a given value or range.

[0047] As used in the present disclosure and claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0048] It is understood that wherever embodiments are described herein with the term “comprising” otherwise analogous embodiments described in terms of “consisting of’ and/or “consisting essentially of’ are also provided. It is also understood that wherever embodiments are described herein with the phrase “consisting essentially of’ otherwise analogous embodiments described in terms of “consisting of’ are also provided.

[0049] The term “between” as used in a phrase as such “between A and B” or “between A-B” refers to a range including both A and B.

[0050] As used herein, numerical values are often presented in a range format throughout this document. The use of a range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Accordingly, the use of a range expressly includes all possible subranges, all individual numerical values within that range, and all numerical values or numerical ranges including integers within such ranges and fractions of the values or the integers within ranges unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. This construction applies regardless of the breadth of the range and in all contexts throughout this patent document. Thus, for example, reference to a range of 90-100% includes 91-99%, 92-98%, 93-95%, 91-98%, 91-97%, 91-96%, 91-95%, 91- 94%, 91-93%, and so forth. Reference to a range of 90-100% also includes 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 95%, 97%, etc., as well as 91.1%, 91.2%, 91.3%, 91.4%, 91.5%, etc., 92.1%, 92.2%, 92.3%, 92.4%, 92.5%, etc., and so forth. In a further example, reference to a range of 25-250, 250-500, 500-1,000, 1,000-2,500, 2,500-5,000, 5,000-25,000, 25,000-50,000 includes any numerical value or range within or encompassing such values, e.g., 25, 26, 27, 28, 29...250, 251, 252, 253, 254...500, 501, 502, 503, 504..., etc.

[0051] The term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A and/or B” herein is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone); and B (alone). Likewise, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

5.2 Combination Therapies Post Stem Cell Transplant [0052] In one aspect, provided herein is a method of treating hyperproliferative malignancy (e.g., tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues) in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that can give reactivation of a mutant p53 and an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, where the subject has previously received a stem cell transplant (e.g., a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), which is also known as SCT or BMT).

[0053] In some embodiments, the subject has previously received one hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for treating the same disease or disorder (e.g., a tumor of the hematopoietic or lymphoid tissue). HSCT is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells. The multipotent hematopoietic stem cells may derive from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood. In some embodiments, the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells derive from bone marrow, and the hematopoietic stem cells are removed from a large bone of the donor, typically the pelvis, through a large needle that reaches the center of the bone. In some embodiments, the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells derive from peripheral blood stem cells, which can be collected from the blood through apheresis. In other embodiments, the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells derive from amniotic fluid. In yet other embodiments, the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells derive from umbilical cord blood, which has a higher concentration of hematopoietic stem cells than is normally found in adult blood.

[0054] In some embodiments, the stem cell transplant is autologous. Autologous HSCT requires the extraction of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from the patient herself or himself and storage of the harvested cells. Autologous transplants have rare incidence of patients experiencing rejection due to the donor and recipient being the same individual. However, in certain conditions such as acute myeloid leukemia, there is an increased likelihood of cancer relapse and related mortality when using autologous transplants.

[0055] In other embodiments, the stem cell transplant is allogeneic. Allogeneic HSCT involves a donor (e.g., a healthy donor). Usually, allogeneic HSC donors have a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type that matches the recipient. In some embodiments, matching is performed on the basis of variability at three or more loci of the HLA gene. Allogeneic transplant donors may be related (e.g., a HLA matched sibling), syngeneic (a monozygotic or “identical” twin of the patient) or unrelated (donor who is not related and does not have very close degree of HLA matching). In some embodiments, allogeneic transplants are also performed using umbilical cord blood as the source of stem cells.

[0056] In some embodiments, the stem cell transplant is haplotransplant, i.e. half or only partially matched to recipient.

[0057] In a specific embodiment, the subject has received an allogeneic HSCT from a healthy donor prior to the combination treatments provided herein.

5.2.1 P53 Reactivators

[0058] One therapeutic agent in the present combination therapies is a p53 reactivator. The p53 gene TP53 is a very common target for mutations in tumors. Around half of all human tumors carry mutations in TP53. p53 halts the cell cycle and/or triggers apoptosis in response to various stress stimuli, including DNA damage, hypoxia, and oncogene activation (Ko, L. J. & Prives, C., Genes Dev. 10, 1054-1072 (1996); Sherr, C. J., Genes Dev. 12, 2984-2991 (1998)). Upon activation, p53 initiates the p53-dependent biological responses through transcriptional transactivation of specific target genes carrying p53 DNA binding motifs.

[0059] Analyses of a large number of mutant p53 genes in human tumors have revealed a strong selection for mutations that inactivate the DNA binding function of p53; most mutations in tumors are point mutations clustered in the part encoding the core domain of p53 (residues 94- 292) that harbors the DNA binding activity (Beroud, C. & Soussi, T., Nucl. Acids Res. 26, 200- 204 (1998)).

[0060] Both p53-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis could be involved in p53-mediated tumor suppression. While p53-induced cell cycle arrest could conceivably be reversed in different ways, p53 induction of cell death would have the advantage of being irreversible.

There is indeed evidence from animal in vivo models (Symonds et al., Cell 78, 703-711 (1994)) and human tumors (Bardeesy et al., Cancer Res 55, 215-9 (1995)) indicating that p53-dependent apoptosis plays a major role in the elimination of emerging tumors, particularly in response to oncogenic signaling. Moreover, the ability of p53 to induce apoptosis often determines the efficacy of cancer therapy (Lowe et al., 1994 Science 266, 807-10 (1994)).

[0061] In addition to hyperproliferative diseases, such as cancer, it is also known in the art that deficient p53 function is involved in a number of other disease states, e.g. autoimmune diseases and cardiac diseases.

[0062] For example, as shown in Mountz et al., Immunology , 6: 27-37 (1994), human autoimmune diseases share the common feature of an imbalance between the production and destruction of various cell types including lymphocytes (SLE), synovial cells (RA), and fibroblasts (scleroderma). Genes including TP53 that regulates apoptosis are also expressed abnormally. According to the authors, specific therapies that induce apoptosis without incurring side effects should improve treatment of autoimmune disease.

[0063] For another example, Bonafe et al., Cell Death and Differentiation , 11 : 962-973 (2004) suggests that TP53 codon 72 polymorphism contributes to a genetically determined variability in apoptotic susceptibility among old people, which has a potentially relevant role in the context of an age-related pathologic condition, such as myocardial ischaemia.

[0064] Okuda et al., Journal of Neuroimmunology , 135: 29-37 (2003) suggests that p53 may be involved in the regulatory process of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) through the control of cytokine production and/or the apoptotic elimination of inflammatory cells. EAE as a model for autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) is a widely used model for the human disease multiple sclerosis.

[0065] These results suggest that pharmacological restoration of p53 function would be beneficial in a number of disorders and diseases. [0066] In some embodiments of the combination therapies provided herein, the p53 reactivator directly or indirectly targets a mutant p53 protein.

[0067] In some embodiments, the mutant TP53 includes a missense mutation, which is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. p53 proteins resulting from a missense mutation in the part of TP53 encoding the DNA binding domain can be broadly classified as DNA-contact mutants and structural mutants. p53 DNA contact mutant contains mutations present on amino acids directly binding to DNA, such as in mutants carrying single amino acid changes R248Q, R248W, R273H, and R273C, where R248Q denotes that the wild type residue arginine in position 248 has been replaced by a glutamine. p53 structural mutants have an amino acid replacement that alters the overall architecture and/or stability to abolish its DNA-binding ability, as reported in mutants carrying the R175H, Y220C, G245S, R249S, and R282W residues. In some embodiments, the mutant TP53 includes a missense mutation outside of the DNA binding domain.

[0068] In other embodiments, the mutant TP53 includes a nonsense mutation. A nonsense mutation is a genetic mutation changing a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon, resulting in a shorter, unfinished protein product. Nonsense mutations are less frequent than missense mutations in TP53, but nonetheless constitute about 10% of all TP 53 mutations in cancer. The most common TP 53 nonsense mutation yields a truncated p53; R213X aka R213*.

[0069] In some embodiments, the p53 reactivator reactivates or restores at least part of wild type p53 activity, for example by promoting proper folding of mutant p53 and restoring normal p53 function.

[0070] In some more specific embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein or a degradation product or metabolite thereof inhibits improper protein misfolding and/or promotes proper protein folding by covalent binding to the mutant p53 protein, for example, by electrophiles binding to one or more thiols in the mutant p53 DNA binding domain to stabilize a folded conformation, and restoring their transcriptional activities. In some embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein or a degradation product or metabolite thereof binds to the thiol of cysteine residues in the core domain and stabilizes wild type p53 conformation. In other embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein or a degradation product or metabolite thereof is shifting the equilibrium from unfolded towards a wild-type like p53 conformation. In yet other embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein or a degradation product or metabolite thereof binds to thiol groups in the core domain and restores wild-type conformation.

[0071] In other more specific embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein or a degradation product or metabolite thereof inhibits improper protein misfolding and/or promotes proper protein folding by non-covalent binding to the mutant p53 protein. Such p53 reactivators include chaperones that can non-covalently stabilize mutant p53 structures.

[0072] In other embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein or a degradation product or metabolite thereof reactivates mutant p53 by interfering with aggregation of misfolded p53 or reducing aggregation of mutant p53. Sometimes, p53 misfolds or unfolds into an aggregation- prone stage that loses its DNA-binding capacity. Similarly, misfolded mutant p53 may cause accumulation of wild type p53 in a misfolded form and accelerate p53 aggregation. Thus, in some embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein or a degradation product or metabolite thereof may reactivate p53 by interfering with aggregation of misfolded p53. In other embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein or a degradation product or metabolite reduces non-folded or incorrectly folded mutant p53 that may otherwise aggregate, and thereby reducing aggregation.

[0073] In some embodiments, the mutant p53 contains at least one replacement in the core domain of p53 (residues 94-292) caused by a TP53 mutation. In some embodiments, the mutant p53 contains at least one of the following amino acid replacements: VI 73 A, S241F, R249S, R273H, R175H, R248Q, and Y220C.

[0074] In some embodiments, the p53 reactivator or a degradation product or metabolite thereof may enhance the activity of wild type p53, directly or indirectly. As shown in Section 6 below, surprisingly, the combination of APR-246 and ABT-199 also generates synergistic effects in cancer with wild type p53. Without being bound by any theory, certain p53 reactivator provided herein may activate wild type p53 as well by direct binding to thiols in the DNA binding domain, as outlined in detail for mutant p53 above. In addition, in some embodiments, the p53 reactivator or a degradation product or metabolite thereof may have additional cellular targets that reinforce its cell-death inducing effect and allows pharmacologically relevant activity in cells with wild type TP53 or devoid of TP53 or producing a truncated p53 protein. For APR- 246, such targets may include glutathione, thioredoxin reductase 1, thioredoxin 1, glutaredoxin 1 and ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in increased cellular oxidative stress and thus increased propensity for cell death. Other possible targets may be found, for example, in Bykov et al., Front Oncol ., 6:21 (2016) and Haffo et al., Sci Rep., 8(1): 12671 (2018). Thus, in some embodiments, the combination treatment provided herein can be used to treat cancer having wild-type p53.

[0075] In addition, in another aspect of the present disclosure, the p53 reactivator provided herein can be used as a monotherapy to treat a hyperproliferative malignancy that does not comprise a cancer cell having mutant p53 or a hyperproliferative malignancy comprising a cancer cell having wild type p53. In a specific embodiment, the p53 reactivator is APR-246. In another specific embodiment, the p53 reactivator is Compound A.

[0076] In some embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein is a compound according to formula (I)

I wherein:

R¹ is selected from H, — CH_2— O— R³, — CH_2— S— R³, and — CH_2— NR³R⁴;

R²is selected from — CH_2— O— R³, — CH_2— S— R³, and — CH_2— NR³R⁴;

R³ and R⁴ are the same or different and are independently selected from H; substituted or non- substituted, unbranched or branched, saturated or unsaturated C3-C12 cycloalkyl or Cl -CIO alkyl; substituted or non- substituted benzyl; substituted or non- substituted mono- or bicyclic aryl; substituted or non- substituted mono-, bi- or tricyclic C2-C10 heteroaryl or non-aromatic C2-C10 heterocyclyl containing one or several heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S; or R³ and R⁴ in — CH_{2 —} NR³R⁴ are bonded together and form, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, a substituted or non- substituted non-aromatic C2-C10 mono- or bicyclic heterocyclyl optionally containing one or several further heteroatoms independently selected from N,

O and S and optionally comprising one or several cyclic keto groups; wherein the substituents of the substituted groups are independently selected from unbranched or branched, saturated or unsaturated C3-C12 cycloalkyl or C1-C10 alkyl; halogen; halogen- substituted C1-C10 alkyl, mono- or bicyclic aryl; mono-, bi- or tricyclic C2-C10 heteroaryl or non-aromatic C2-C10 heterocyclyl containing one or several heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S; Cl -CIO alkoxy; amino; and Cl- C10 alkylamino; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0077] The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of formula (I) e.g. may be an acid addition salt of an inorganic mineral acid or of an organic acid.

[0078] In a compound of formula (I), R¹ is selected from H, — CTh — O — R³, — CTh — S — R³, and — CH_I— NR³R⁴.

[0079] In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from H, — CTh — O — R³, and — CTh — S — R³. In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from H and — CTh — O — R³. In other embodiments, R¹ is selected from — CTh — O — R³, and — CTh — S — R³. In some embodiments, R¹ is H.

[0080] R² in formula (I) is selected from — CTh — O — R³, — CTh — S — R³, and — CTh — NR³R⁴. In some embodiments, R²is selected from — CTh — O — R³ and — CTh — S — R³. In still other embodiments, R² is — CTh — O — R³.

[0081] In one embodiment, R¹ is selected from H, — CTh — O — R³ and — CTh — S — R³; and R²is selected from — CTh — O — R³ and — CTh — S — R³.

[0082] In one embodiment, R¹ is H; and R² is selected from — CTh — O — R³, — CTh — S — R³ and — CTh — NR³R⁴; e.g. from — CTh — O — R³ and — CTh — S — R³, and in particular is — CH_I— O— R³.

[0083] In one embodiment, R¹ is selected from H and — CTh — O — R³; and R² is — CTh — O — R³.

[0084] In one embodiment, both R¹ and R² are — CTh — O — R³.

[0085] In one embodiment, each R³ is independently selected from H; substituted or non- substituted, unbranched or branched, saturated or unsaturated C3-C12 cycloalkyl and C1-C10 alkyl, and benzyl. Tor example, each R³ may be independently selected from H and C1-C10 alkyl, e.g. from H and C1-C6 alkyl, from H and C1-C4 alkyl, or from H and C1-C3 alkyl, in particular from H and methyl.

[0086] In one embodiment, R¹ is selected from H and — CTh — O — R³, and R² is — CTh — O — R³, and each R³ is independently selected from H; substituted or non- substituted, unbranched or branched, saturated or unsaturated C3-C12 cycloalkyl and C1-C10 alkyl, and benzyl, in particular from H and Cl -CIO alkyl, e.g. from H and C1-C6 alkyl, from H and C1-C4 alkyl, or from H and C1-C3 alkyl, in particular from H and methyl.

[0087] In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are both — CFh — O — R³, and each R³ is independently selected from H; substituted or non- substituted, unbranched or branched, saturated or unsaturated C3-C12 cycloalkyl and C1-C10 alkyl; in particular from H and C1-C10 alkyl; e.g. from H and C1-C6 alkyl, from H and C1-C4 alkyl, or from H and C1-C3 alkyl, in particular from H and methyl.

[0088] In a compound of formula (I), as defined herein above, any Cl -CIO alkyl e.g. may be a C1-C6 alkyl, or a C1-C4 alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl. Any C3-C12 cycloalkyl may be e.g. a C3-C8 cycloalkyl, or a C3-C6 cycloalkyl. Any mono- or bicyclic aryl may be e.g. a monocyclic aryl, such as phenyl. Any mono-, bi- or tricyclic C2-C10 heteroaryl may be e.g. a monocyclic or bicyclic C2-C5 heteroaryl, e.g. a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or a 9-membered bicyclic C2-C5 heteroaryl. Any mono-, bi- or tricyclic non-aromatic C2-C10 heterocyclyl may be e.g. a monocyclic or bicyclic C2-C5 heterocyclyl, e.g. a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or 9- or 10-membered bicyclic C2-C5 heterocyclyl. Any halogen may be selected from F, Cl, Br and I, preferably from F and Cl. Any heterocycle, aromatic or not, containing one or several heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, e.g. may contain 1-5 heteroatoms, e.g. independently selected from N and O.

[0089] In one embodiment, in a compound of formula (I) as defined herein above, any substituted or non- substituted C3-C12 cycloalkyl or C1-C10 alkyl is non- substituted.

[0090] In one embodiment, any substituted or non- substituted benzyl is non- substituted.

[0091] hi one embodiment, any substituted or non- substituted mono- or bicyclic aryl is non sub stituted.

[0092] hi one embodiment, any substituted or non- sub stituted mono-, bi- or tricyclic C2-C10 heteroaryl or non-aromatic C2-C10 heterocyclyl is non- sub stituted.

[0093] hi one embodiment, when any of the above groups is substituted, each substituent is selected from Cl -CIO alkyl, e.g. C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, or C1-C3 alkyl, such as methyl; halogen, e.g. Cl; halogen-substituted Cl -CIO alkyl, e.g. trifluorom ethyl; monocyclic C2-C5 heteroaryl, e.g. pyridyl; Cl -CIO alkoxy, e.g. C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, or C1-C3 alkoxy, such as methoxy; and amino. [0094] In one embodiment, when any of the above groups is substituted, the number of substituents on each substituted group is 1, 2 or 3.

[0095] In another embodiment, the compound provided herein is selected from those exemplified in the prior art documents referred to herein above, e.g. W005/090341, WO04/084893, WO02/024692 and W003/070250.

[0096] In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is selected from 2-(hydroxymethyl)- 2-(methoxymethyl)quinuclidin-3-one and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)quinuclidin-3-one, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds.

[0097] In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2- (methoxymethyl)quinuclidin-3-one (APR-246) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0098] In another embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is 2,2- bis(hydroxymethyl)quinuclidin-3-one or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0099] In yet other embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein is selected from the group consisting of:

2.2.2-trichloro-N-ethyl-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide;

2.2.2-trifluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide;

2.2-difluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide, N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)pyridine-3 -sulfonamide; 4-fluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)benzenesulfonamide; N-ethyl-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)benzenesulfonamide; 2-(N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methylsulfonamido)acetamide; N-(methylsulfonyl)-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)glycine; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)pyridine-4-sulfonamide; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)pyridine-2-sulfonamide; N-ethyl-l,l,l-trifluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)-methyl)methanesulfonamide;

1,1,1 -trifluoro-N-((3 -oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide; N,N-bis((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide; N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)propane-2-sulfonamide;

N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)cyclopropanesulfonamide;

1 -methyl -N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)cy cl opropane-1 -sulfonamide;

N-cyclopropyl-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide;

N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)-N-phenylmethanesulfonamide;

1-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(lif,3f/)-dione;

5-methyl- l-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)m ethyl )pyrimidine-2,4(lif,3f/)-di one;

/er/-butyl 5-methyl-2,6-dioxo-3-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)-3,6-dihydropyrimidine- 1 (2H)- carboxylate;

2-((3-chloro-l//-l ,2,4-triazol- 1 -yl) ethyl)quinuclidin-3-one;

A^f,A^f-dim ethyl - -((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)-l//-l ,2, 4-tri azole-3 -carboxamide;

1,2,· 4-tri azol-l-yl)methyl)quinuclidin-3 -one;

1 -((3 -oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)- 1 H- 1 ,2, 4-tri azole-3 -carbonitrile; and 1 -((3 -oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)- 1 H- 1 ,2, 4-tri azole-3 -carboxamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[00100] In a specific embodiment, the p53 reactivator provided herein is 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-((3- oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide having the following formula:

(Compound A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[00101] In some embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided herein is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in the table below.

5.2.2 Inhibitors of DNA Methyltransferase

[00102] Methylation of DNA is a major mechanism that regulates gene expression in cells. An increase in DNA methylation can result in the blockage of the activity of “suppressor genes” that regulate cell division and growth. When suppressor genes are blocked, cell division becomes unregulated, allowing or promoting cancer.

[00103] In some embodiments, the combination treatments provided herein comprises an agent that inhibits (or decreases) DNA methylation. In some embodiments, the agent is a DNA demethylating agent). In some embodiments, the agent is an inhibitor of DNA methyltrasferase. In other embodiments, the agent is a nucleoside analogue. In some embodiments, the agent can incorporate into RNA, possibly leading to the disassembly of polyribosomes, defective methylation and acceptor function of transfer RNA, and/or inhibition of the production of proteins. In some embodiments, the agent can incorporate into DNA, possibly leading to covalent binding with DNA methyltransferases, which prevents DNA synthesis and subsequent leading to cytotoxicity. [00104] In a specific embodiment, the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase provided herein is 4- amino-l-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-s-triazin-2(lH)-one having the following formula:

(azacitidine)

[00105] Anticancer effects of azacitidine (sometimes also referred to as decitabine) are believed to be twofold. One way that it works is by demethylation or interfering with the methylation of DNA. Azacitidine also belongs to the category of chemotherapy called antimetabolites. Antimetabolites are very similar to normal substances within the cell. When the cells incorporate these substances into the cellular metabolism, they interact with a number of targets within the cell to produce a direct cytotoxic effect that causes death of rapidly dividing cancer cells.

[00106] In a specific embodiment, provided herein is a combination therapy comprising APR- 246 and azacitidine for use after a stem cell transplant (e.g., allogeneic HSCT from a healthy donor).

5.3 Pharmaceutical Compositions

[00107] The p53 reactivator provided herein can be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a p53 reactivator provided herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Similarly, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein can be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition that comprises an inhibitor DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, provided herein is a combination therapy comprising a first pharmaceutical composition comprising a p53 reactivator provided herein and a first pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and a second pharmaceutical composition comprising an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein and a second pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, a p53 reactivator provided herein and an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein are formulated together in a pharmaceutical composition. In other embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a p53 reactivator provided herein, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[00108] The p53 reactivator and/or the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein can be formulated into suitable pharmaceutical compositions for different routes of administration, such as injection, sublingual and buccal, rectal, vaginal, ocular, otic, nasal, inhalation, nebulization, cutaneous, or transdermal. The compounds described above may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniques and procedures well known in the art (see, e.g., Ansel, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. (7th ed. 1999)).

[00109] In the compositions, effective concentrations of one or more compounds (i.e., p53 reactivators or inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts are mixed with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. In certain embodiments, the concentrations of the compounds in the compositions are effective for delivery of an amount, upon administration, that treats, prevents, or ameliorates one or more of the symptoms and/or progression of a disease or disorder provided herein (e.g., cancer, including solid cancer and blood borne cancer).

[00110] The active compound is in an amount sufficient to exert a therapeutically useful effect in the absence of undesirable side effects on the patient treated. The therapeutically effective concentration may be determined empirically by testing the compounds in in vitro and in vivo systems described herein and then extrapolated therefrom for dosages for humans. The concentration of active compound in the pharmaceutical composition will depend on absorption, tissue distribution, inactivation, and excretion rates of the active compound, the physicochemical characteristics of the compound, the dosage schedule, and amount administered as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art.

[00111] The pharmaceutically therapeutically active compounds and salts thereof are formulated and administered in unit dosage forms or multiple dosage forms. Unit dose forms as used herein refer to physically discrete units suitable for human and animal subjects and packaged individually as is known in the art. Each unit dose contains a predetermined quantity of the therapeutically active compound sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceutical excipients. Examples of unit dose forms include ampoules and syringes and individually packaged tablets or capsules. Unit dose forms may be administered in fractions or multiples thereof. A multiple dose form is a plurality of identical unit dosage forms packaged in a single container to be administered in segregated unit dose form. Examples of multiple dose forms include vials, bottles of tablets or capsules, or bottles of pints or gallons. Hence, multiple dose form is a multiple of unit doses which are not segregated in packaging.

[00112] It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment is a function of the disease being treated and may be determined empirically using known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or in vitro test data. It is to be noted that concentrations and dosage values may also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed compositions.

[00113] Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous, or topical application can include any of the following components: a sterile diluents (such as water, saline solution, fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propylene glycol, dimethyl acetamide, or other synthetic solvent), antimicrobial agents (such as benzyl alcohol and methyl parabens), antioxidants (such as ascorbic acid and sodium bi sulfate), chelating agents (such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)), buffers (such as acetates, citrates, and phosphates), and agents for the adjustment of tonicity (such as sodium chloride or dextrose). Parenteral preparations can be enclosed in ampoules, pens, disposable syringes, or single or multiple dose vials made of glass, plastic, or other suitable material.

[00114] In instances in which the compounds exhibit insufficient solubility, methods for solubilizing compounds may be used. Such methods are known to those of skill in this art, and include, but are not limited to, using cosolvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), using surfactants, such as TWEEN®, or dissolving the compound in aqueous sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, or hydrochloric acid. [00115] Sustained-release preparations can also be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained- release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the p53 reactivator or the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films or microcapsule. Examples of sustained-release matrices include iontophoresis patches, polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl -methacrylate) or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides, copolymers of L- glutamic acid and ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as LUPRON DEPOT™ (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods.

When encapsulated compound remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37 °C, resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in their structure. Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism of action involved.

[00116] Lactose-free compositions provided herein can contain excipients that are well known in the art. In general, lactose-free compositions contain an active ingredient, a binder/filler, and a lubricant in pharmaceutically compatible and pharmaceutically acceptable amounts.

Exemplary lactose-free dosage forms contain an active ingredient, microcrystalline cellulose, pre-gel atinized starch, and magnesium stearate.

[00117] Further encompassed are anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms containing a p53 reactivator or an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein. Anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided herein can be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients and low moisture or low humidity conditions, as known by those skilled in the art. An anhydrous pharmaceutical composition should be prepared and stored such that its anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrous compositions are packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formulatory kits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils, plastics, unit dose containers (e.g, vials), blister packs, and strip packs. [00118] Dosage forms or compositions containing active ingredient in the range of 0.001% to 100% with the balance made up from non -toxic carrier may be prepared. In some embodiments, the contemplated compositions contain from about 0.005% to about 95% active ingredient. In other embodiments, the contemplated compositions contain from about 0.01% to about 90% active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the contemplated compositions contain from about 0.1% to about 85% active ingredient. In other embodiments, the contemplated compositions contain from about 0.1% to about 95% active ingredient.

[00119] Parenteral administration of the compositions includes intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular administrations. Compositions for parenteral administration include sterile solutions ready for injection, sterile dry soluble products, such as lyophilized powders, ready to be combined with a solvent just prior to use, sterile suspensions ready for injection, and sterile emulsions. The solutions may be either aqueous or nonaqueous. The unit dose parenteral preparations can be packaged in an ampoule, a vial or a syringe with a needle.

[00120] Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in parenteral preparations include aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, emulsifying agents, sequestering or chelating agents, and other pharmaceutically acceptable substances.

[00121] Examples of aqueous excipients include sodium chloride injection, Ringer’s injection, isotonic dextrose injection, sterile water injection, dextrose and lactated Ringer’s injection. Nonaqueous parenteral vehicles include fixed oils of vegetable origin, such as cottonseed oil, com oil, sesame oil, and peanut oil. Antimicrobial agents in bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations must be added to parenteral preparations packaged in multiple dose containers, which include phenols or cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl-p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride, and benzethonium chloride. Isotonic agents include sodium chloride and dextrose. Buffers include phosphate and citrate. Antioxidants include sodium bisulfate. Local anesthetics include procaine hydrochloride. Suspending and dispersing agents include sodium carboxymethylcelluose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Emulsifying agents include Polysorbate 80 (TWEEN® 80). A sequestering or chelating agent of metal ions includes EDTA. Pharmaceutical excipients also include ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol for water miscible vehicles, and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, or lactic acid for pH adjustment.

[00122] Injectables are designed for local and systemic administration. Typically a therapeutically effective dosage is formulated to contain a concentration of at least about 0.1% w/w up to about 90% w/w or more, such as more than 1% w/w of the active compound to the treated tissue(s). The active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at intervals of time. It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment is a function of the tissue being treated and may be determined empirically using known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or in vitro test data. It is to be noted that concentrations and dosage values may also vary with the age of the individual treated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the formulations, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed formulations.

[00123] Lyophilized formulations are of interest here, which can be reconstituted for administration as solutions, emulsions, and other mixtures. They may also be reconstituted and formulated as solids or gels.

[00124] The sterile, lyophilized powder is prepared by dissolving a p53 reactivator or an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a suitable solvent. The solvent may contain an excipient which improves the stability or other pharmacological component of the powder or reconstituted solution, prepared from the powder. Excipients that may be used include, but are not limited to, dextrose, sorbital, fructose, com syrup, xylitol, glycerin, glucose, sucrose, or other suitable agent. The solvent may also contain a buffer, such as citrate, phosphate, or other buffers known to those of skill in the art. Subsequent sterile filtration of the solution followed by lyophilization under standard conditions known to those of skill in the art provides the desired formulation.

Generally, the resulting solution will be apportioned into vials for lyophilization. Each vial will contain a single dosage or multiple dosages of the p53 reactivator or the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine). The lyophilized powder can be stored under appropriate conditions, such as at about 4 °C to room temperature. [00125] In one aspect, the lyophilized formulations are suitable for reconstitution with a suitable diluent to the appropriate concentration prior to administration. In one embodiment, the lyophilized formulation is stable at room temperature. In one embodiment, the lyophilized formulation is stable at room temperature for up to about 24 months. In one embodiment, the lyophilized formulation is stable at room temperature for up to about 24 months, up to about 18 months, up to about 12 months, up to about 6 months, up to about 3 months or up to about 1 month. In one embodiment, the lyophilized formulation is stable upon storage under accelerated condition of 40 °C/75% RH for up to about 12 months, up to about 6 months or up to about 3 months.

[00126] In some embodiments, the lyophilized formulation is suitable for reconstitution with an aqueous solution for intravenous administrations. In certain embodiments, the lyophilized formulation provided herein is suitable for reconstitution with water. In one embodiment, the reconstituted aqueous solution is stable at room temperature for up to about 24 hours upon reconstitution. In one embodiment, the reconstituted aqueous solution is stable at room temperature from about 1-24, 2-20, 2-15, 2-10 hours upon reconstitution. In one embodiment, the reconstituted aqueous solution is stable at room temperature for up to about 20, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 or 2 hours upon reconstitution. In certain embodiments, the lyophilized formulations upon reconstitution have a pH of about 4 to 5.

[00127] In certain embodiment, the lyophilized formulations comprise a p53 reactivator or inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, a buffer and a bulking agent.

[00128] In one embodiment, the lyophilized formulation comprises about 0.1-2% comprise a p53 reactivator or inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, about 1-15% buffer and about 70-95% bulking agent based on the total weight of the lyophilized formulation.

[00129] In certain embodiments, a lyophilized formulation comprises a p53 reactivator or inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, in about 0.1 to about 2% based on the total weight of the lyophilized formulation. In some embodiments, a lyophilized formulation comprises a p53 reactivator and/or inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, in an amount of about 0.1 mg to about 5 mg in a vial, for example, a 20 ml vial. [00130] In certain embodiments, a lyophilized formulation comprises a citrate buffer in an amount from about 5% to about 25% based on total weight of the lyophilized formulation. In one embodiment, the citrate buffer comprises anhydrous citric acid and anhydrous sodium citrate.

[00131] In some embodiments, the bulking agent in the lyophilized formulations comprises Captisol^®, mannitol or Kleptose^®, for example, b-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl b-cyclodextrin and methylated b-cyclodextrin.

[00132] The lyophilized formulation can be reconstituted for parenteral administration to a patient using any pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. Such diluents include, but are not limited to Sterile Water for Injection (SWFI), Dextrose 5% in Water (D5W), or a cosolvent system. Any quantity of diluent may be used to reconstitute the lyophilized formulation such that a suitable solution for injection is prepared. Accordingly, the quantity of the diluent must be sufficient to dissolve the lyophilized formulation. In one embodiment, 1-5 mL or 1-3 mL of a diluent are used to reconstitute the lyophilized formulation to yield a final concentration of about 0.1-5 mg/mL, about 0.1-1 mg/mL, or about 0.5-1 mg/mL of a p53 reactivator and/or inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein. In certain embodiments, the final concentration of a p53 reactivator or inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, in the reconstituted solution is about 0.5 mg/mL. In certain embodiment, the volume of the reconstitution diluent varies between 2 ml and 20 ml to yield a final concentration of 0.05-0.5 mg/mL. In certain embodiment, depending on the required dose, multiple vials may be used for reconstitution.

[00133] Other routes of administration such as rectal administration are also contemplated herein.

[00134] For example, pharmaceutical dosage forms for rectal administration are rectal suppositories, capsules, and tablets for systemic effect. Rectal suppositories as used herein mean solid bodies for insertion into the rectum, which melt or soften at body temperature releasing one or more pharmacologically or therapeutically active ingredients. Pharmaceutically acceptable substances utilized in rectal suppositories include bases (or vehicles) and agents that raise the melting point. Examples of bases include, for example, cocoa butter (theobroma oil), glycerin gelatin, carbowax (polyoxyethylene glycol), and appropriate mixtures of mono, di and triglycerides of fatty acids. Combinations of the various bases may be used. Agents to raise the melting point of suppositories include, for example, spermaceti and wax. Rectal suppositories may be prepared either by the compressed method or by molding. An exemplary weight of a rectal suppository is about 2 to 3 grams.

[00135] The p53 reactivator and/or inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein can be administered by controlled release means or by delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such dosage forms can be used to provide slow or controlled-release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof, to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled-release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients provided herein.

[00136] All controlled-release pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over their non-controlled counterparts. In one embodiment, the use of an optimally designed controlled-release preparation in medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time.

In certain embodiments, advantages of controlled-release formulations include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance. In addition, controlled-release formulations can be used to affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the drug, and can thus affect the occurrence of side effects (e.g., adverse effects).

[00137] Most controlled-release formulations are designed to initially release an amount of drug (active ingredient) that promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect, then to gradually and continually release other amounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain this constant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug being metabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but not limited to, pH, temperature, enzymes, water, other physiological conditions, or compounds.

[00138] In certain embodiments, the agent may be administered using intravenous infusion, an implantable osmotic pump, a transdermal patch, liposomes, or other modes of administration. In one embodiment, a pump may be used. In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used. In yet another embodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the therapeutic target, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose. See, e.g., Goodson, Medical Applications of Controlled Release vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984).

[00139] In some embodiments, a controlled release device is introduced into a subject in proximity of the disease (e.g., a tumor). The active ingredient can be dispersed in a solid inner matrix (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized or unplasticized polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticized polyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonate copolymers, hydrophilic polymers such as hydrogels of esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked polyvinylalcohol and cross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate). In some embodiments, the inner matrix is surrounded by an outer polymeric membrane (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethyl ene/ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethyl siloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene, propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, and ethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer). In certain embodiments, the outer polymeric membrane is insoluble in body fluids. The active ingredient then diffuses through the outer polymeric membrane in a release rate controlling step. The percentage of active ingredient contained in such parenteral compositions depends on the specific nature thereof, as well as the needs of the subject.

[00140] The p53 reactivators or inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may also be formulated to target a particular tissue, receptor, or other area of the body of the subject to be treated. Many such targeting methods are well known to those of skill in the art. All such targeting methods are contemplated herein for use in the instant compositions. In one embodiment, liposomal suspensions, including tissue-targeted liposomes, such as tumor-targeted liposomes, may also be suitable as pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. 5.3.1. A Liquid Composition Comprising A P53 Reactivator [00141] In some specific embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided here (e.g., APR-246 or Compound A) is formulated in an aqueous solution, as described in US patent no. 9,061,016, which is incorporated herein by reference, and as described in more detail below.

[00142] In one embodiment, the formulation comprising the p53 reactivator is a stock solution and preferably is a pharmaceutical formulation in the form of a concentrated stock solution. The formulation preferably is sterile, and this may be achieved by known sterilization methods such as filtration, allowing for long term storage.

[00143] The formulation provided herein can be used, e.g. for administration to a patient in need thereof by direct injection or preferentially diluted with appropriate injectable solutions for i.v. infusion.

[00144] In one embodiment, the formulation provided herein is an aqueous solution of the p53 reactivator provided herein (e.g., APR-246 or Compound A), wherein the p53 reactivator is present at a concentration within a range of about 10 mg/mL to about 250 mg/mL, a range of about 50 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, or a range of about 75 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL of the formulation.

[00145] The formulation may be diluted prior to use, e.g., administration to a patient. The dilution factor depends on the concentration of the p53 reactivator in the formulation and the required amount of the compound needed, e.g., to meet the therapeutically effective dose. In some embodiments, in case of parenteral administration, the final diluted product has a pH within the range of about pH 4 to about pH 6. In some embodiments, the final diluted product for parenteral administration has a pH within the range of about pH 4.0 to about pH 5.5.

[00146] The liquid formulation may contain sodium chloride at a concentration of between 0% and 3%, a concentration of between 0.5% and 1.5%, or a concentration of between 0.8% and 1% weight by volume of the formulation.

[00147] In one embodiment, the p53 reactivator (e.g., APR-246 or Compound A) is present in the liquid formulation in the form of an acid addition salt with one or several different pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable acid may be a mineral acid, e.g., selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like. As an alternative, the pharmaceutically acceptable acid may be an organic acid, e.g., a sulfonic or carboxylic acid, particularly an alkyl or aryl sulfonic acid or an alkyl or aryl carboxylic acid, such as selected from the group consisting of methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and the like.

[00148] In some embodiments, to be at the required pH, the composition provided herein contains a pH regulating agent. The term “pH regulating agent,” as used herein, means at least one pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic (mineral) acid, or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable acid buffer or a mixture of any of these. Thus, the pH regulating agent may be any such acid or buffer, or a mixture of acids or buffers, or a mixture of acid(s) and buffer(s). Examples of useful acids and buffers are as indicated herein.

[00149] For example, the composition may contain at least one pharmaceutically acceptable acid. The acid may be an inorganic mineral acid, e.g., selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid or the like, or an organic acid, e.g., selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, glutamic acid, benzoic acid, ascorbic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid and the like. It is contemplated that the composition may contain one or several acids, selected from inorganic and organic acids. In one embodiment, the required pH of the formulation is achieved by addition of hydrochloric acid. [00150] The composition provided herein also may comprise at least one pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, particularly selected from the group of citric buffer, acetate buffer, phosphate buffer and the like, separately or as a mixture thereof, as well as in combination with any pharmaceutically acceptable acid, as defined herein, e.g., hydrochloric acid.

[00151] The liquid composition provided herein is aqueous, which means that it contains water. However, it is contemplated that the aqueous solution and the aqueous phase used to prepare the composition also may contain other pharmaceutically acceptable liquids as a solvent phase, e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) and alcohols, e.g., ethanol. In some embodiments, the aqueous phase mainly comprises water as a solvent. For example, the solvent phase is comprised of from 50 to 100% water, at least 80% water, at least 90% water, at least 95% water, at least 98% water or 100% water.

[00152] In one embodiment, the composition described herein is provided as a stable stock solution, particularly as a concentrated stock solution for long term storage at a temperature range of 2-8° C., in a container, for example, a sealed and sterilized container. For example, the composition may comprise a stable aqueous WFI (water for injection) solution of the p53 reactivator as an acid addition salt, in particular a hydrochloride addition salt, in a concentration of at about 10 mg/mL to about 250 mg/mL, at about 50 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, or at about 75 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL, and a pH regulating agent in such an amount as to provide a pH in the solution in a range of between pH 3.0 and pH 5.0, between pH 3.2 and pH 4.7, between pH 3.5 and pH 4.5, or between pH 3.8 and pH 4.2, e.g., approximately 4.0. For example, the pH of the stock solution may have a lower limit selected from a pH of about 3.0, or about 3.2, e.g. about 3.4, such as about 3.6 or about 3.8, and an upper limit of about 5.0, or about 4.7, or about 4.5, or about 4.2, e.g. about 4.0.

[00153] Other components also may be added to or present in the aqueous phase, such as pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic salts, e.g., NaCl, preservatives, or further pharmaceutically acceptable compounds, e.g., further therapeutically active ingredients, such as cytostatics, particularly cisplatin, daunorubicin, cerubidine, cytarabine and fludarabine.

[00154] In one embodiment, NaCl is added to the aqueous phase in an amount so as to provide a final liquid composition as defined herein above, containing NaCl at a concentration of between 0% and 3%, between 0.5% and 1.5%, or between 0.8% and 1% weight by volume of the formulation.

[00155] In one embodiment, the composition is a sterile formulation. In this case, sterilization of the composition may be accomplished by passing the formulation, e.g., a formulated stock solution, through a sterile filter with a nominal pore size of 0.2 pm into a cleaned and sterilized container.

[00156] The composition may be provided as a ready -to-use injection solution, wherein a liquid formulation, e.g., a stock solution, is brought to the desired volume by addition of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvents, such as selected from the group consisting of WFI, a glucose solution, electrolyte solution containing amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and other minerals, Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, or a sodium chloride solution in the form of an isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic solution. An example of such pharmaceutically acceptable solution is Baxter Viaflo 9 mg/ml.

[00157] In a specific embodiment, the p53 reactivator is APR-246, which is formulated in liquid formulation, which comprises at least one pH regulating agent in an amount such as to provide a pH in the aqueous solution of from about 3.0 to about 5.0. In some embodiments, APR-246 is present in the aqueous solution at a concentration of from 10 mg/mL to 250 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution comprises NaCl at a concentration of between 0% to 3% weight by volume. In another specific embodiment, the p53 reactivator is Compound A.

5.3.2. An Oral Dosage Form Comprising A P53 Reactivator [00158] In some specific embodiments, the p53 reactivator provided here (e.g., Compound A) is formulated in a composition for oral administration. In a specific embodiment, the oral dosage form is a solid form.

[00159] Pharmaceutical compositions that are suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as, but are not limited to, tablets (e.g., chewable tablets), caplets, capsules, and liquids (e.g, flavored syrups). Such dosage forms contain predetermined amounts of active ingredients, and may be prepared by methods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art.

[00160] Typical oral dosage forms are prepared by combining the active ingredients in an intimate admixture with at least one excipient according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. Excipients can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration. Examples of excipients suitable for use in solid oral dosage forms (e.g, powders, tablets, capsules, and caplets) include, but are not limited to, starches, sugars, micro-crystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents.

[00161] If desired, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques. Such dosage forms can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. In general, pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation if necessary.

[00162] For example, a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding. Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredients in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with an excipient. Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. [00163] Examples of excipients that can be used in oral dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers, disintegrants, and lubricants. Binders suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, com starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives ( e.g ., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.

[00164] Suitable forms of microcrystalline cellulose include, but are not limited to, the materials sold as AVICEL-PH- 101, AVICEL-PH-103 AVICEL RC-581, AVICEL-PH-105, and mixtures thereof. Suitable anhydrous or low moisture excipients or additives include AVICEL-PH-103™ and Starch 1500 LM.

[00165] Examples of fillers suitable for use in the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof.

[00166] Disintegrants are used in compositions to provide tablets that disintegrate when exposed to an aqueous environment. The amount of disintegrant used varies based upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art. Disintegrants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, agar-agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches, pre-gelatinized starch, other starches, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums, and mixtures thereof.

[00167] Lubricants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil, zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laureate, agar, and mixtures thereof. Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel, a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica, and mixtures thereof. 5.3.3. A Lyophilized Composition Comprising A DNA Methyltransferase

Inhibitor

[00168] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein is supplied in a sterile form for reconstitution as a suspension for subcutaneous injection or reconstitution as a solution with further dilution for intravenous infusion.

[00169] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) is formulated for parenteral administration. Parenteral administration of the compositions includes intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular administrations. Compositions for parenteral administration include sterile solutions ready for injection, sterile dry soluble products, such as lyophilized powders, ready to be combined with a solvent just prior to use, sterile suspensions ready for injection, and sterile emulsions. The solutions may be either aqueous or nonaqueous. The unit dose parenteral preparations can be packaged in an ampoule, a vial or a syringe with a needle.

[00170] As described above, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in parenteral preparations include aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, emulsifying agents, sequestering or chelating agents, and other pharmaceutically acceptable substances. [00171] In a specific embodiment, the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) is formulated as lyophilized powder for reconstitution for parenteral administration. Lyophilized powders can be reconstituted for administration as solutions, emulsions, and other mixtures. [00172] The sterile, lyophilized powder can be prepared by dissolving an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a suitable solvent. The solvent may contain an excipient which improves the stability or other pharmacological component of the powder or reconstituted solution, prepared from the powder. Excipients that may be used include, but are not limited to, dextrose, sorbital, fructose, com syrup, xylitol, glycerin, glucose, sucrose. The solvent may also contain a buffer, such as citrate, phosphate, or other buffers known to those of skill in the art. Subsequent sterile filtration of the solution followed by lyophilization under standard conditions known to those of skill in the art provides the desired formulation. Generally, the resulting solution will be apportioned into vials for lyophilization. Each vial will contain a single dosage or multiple dosages of the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine). The lyophilized powder can be stored under appropriate conditions, such as at about 4 °C to room temperature.

[00173] In one aspect, the lyophilized formulations are suitable for reconstitution with a suitable diluent to the appropriate concentration prior to administration. In some embodiments, the lyophilized formulation is suitable for reconstitution with an aqueous solution for intravenous administrations. In certain embodiments, the lyophilized formulation provided herein is suitable for reconstitution with water.

[00174] In certain embodiment, the lyophilized formulations comprise the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, a buffer and a bulking agent.

[00175] In certain embodiments, a lyophilized formulation comprises an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein, in about 0.1 to about 60% based on the total weight of the lyophilized formulation.

[00176] The lyophilized formulation can be reconstituted for parenteral administration to a patient using any pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. Such diluents include, but are not limited to Sterile Water for Injection (SWFI), Dextrose 5% in Water (D5W), or a cosolvent system. [00177] In a specific embodiment, the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) is formulated as lyophilized formulation containing azacitidine and mannitol (e.g., 100 mg of azacitidine and 100 mg mannitol each vial).

5.3.4. An Oral Dosage Form Comprising A DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor [00178] In some specific embodiments, the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein is formulated in a composition for oral administration. In a specific embodiment, the oral dosage form is a solid form.

[00179] Pharmaceutical compositions that are suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as, but are not limited to, tablets (e.g., chewable tablets), caplets, capsules, and liquids (e.g, flavored syrups). Such dosage forms contain predetermined amounts of active ingredients, and may be prepared by methods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art.

[00180] Typical oral dosage forms are prepared by combining the active ingredients in an intimate admixture with at least one excipient according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. Excipients can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration. Examples of excipients suitable for use in solid oral dosage forms ( e.g ., powders, tablets, capsules, and caplets) include, but are not limited to, starches, sugars, micro-crystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents.

[00181] If desired, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques. Such dosage forms can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. In general, pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation if necessary.

[00182] For example, a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding. Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredients in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with an excipient. Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

[00183] Examples of excipients that can be used in oral dosage forms provided herein include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers, disintegrants, and lubricants. Binders suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, com starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.

[00184] Suitable forms of microcrystalline cellulose include, but are not limited to, the materials sold as AVICEL-PH- 101, AVICEL-PH-103 AVICEL RC-581, AVICEL-PH-105, and mixtures thereof. Suitable anhydrous or low moisture excipients or additives include AVICEL-PH-103™ and Starch 1500 LM.

[00185] Examples of fillers suitable for use in the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate (e.g, granules or powder), microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof.

[00186] Disintegrants are used in compositions to provide tablets that disintegrate when exposed to an aqueous environment. The amount of disintegrant used varies based upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art. Disintegrants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, agar-agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches, pre-gelatinized starch, other starches, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums, and mixtures thereof.

[00187] Lubricants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil, zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laureate, agar, and mixtures thereof. Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel, a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica, and mixtures thereof.

5.4 Uses for Treatment of A Disease or Disorder and Dosing [00188] In some embodiments, provided herein is a composition or a combination of compositions for use in the prevention and/or treatment of a disease or condition comprising the p53 reactivator and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a composition or a combination of compositions for use in the prevention of a disease or condition, comprising the p53 reactivator and an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein. In one embodiment, provided herein is a composition or a combination of compositions for use in the treatment of a disease or condition, comprising the p53 reactivator and an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein.

[00189] In other embodiments, provided herein is a method of preventing and/or treating a disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the p53 reactivator and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein or pharmaceutical compositions thereof. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of preventing a disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the p53 reactivator and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein or pharmaceutical compositions thereof. In other embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of the p53 reactivator and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein or pharmaceutical compositions thereof.

[00190] The subject administered a therapy can be a mammal. In a one embodiment, the subject is a human. In another embodiment, the subject is a human with a disease or condition. [00191] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a mutant p53 mediated cancer (including, e.g., hematological tumors with mutations in the p53 gene). In other embodiments, the disease or disorder is not a mutant p53 mediated cancer.

[00192] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a disease of abnormal cell growth and/or dysregulated apoptosis. Examples of such diseases include, but are not limited to, cancer, mesothelioma, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head or neck, cutaneous or intraocular melanoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, bone cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, cancer of the anal region, stomach cancer, gastrointestinal (gastric, colorectal and/or duodenal) cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, esophageal cancer, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, testicular cancer, hepatocellular (hepatic and/or biliary duct) cancer, primary or secondary central nervous system tumor, primary or secondary brain tumor, Hodgkin's disease, chronic or acute leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, lymphocytic lymphoma, lymphoblastic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, lymphoid malignancies of T-cell or B-cell origin, melanoma, multiple myeloma, oral cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, small-cell lung cancer, cancer of the kidney and/or ureter, renal cell carcinoma, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, neoplasms of the central nervous system, primary central nervous system lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, spinal axis tumors, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma, adrenocortical cancer, gall bladder cancer, cancer of the spleen, cholangiocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma or a combination thereof.

[00193] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, bone marrow cancer, cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lymphoblastic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, lymphoid malignancies of T-cell or B-cell origin, melanoma, myelogenous leukemia, myeloma, oral cancer, ovarian cancer, non-small- cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, small-cell lung cancer and spleen cancer.

[00194] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a tumor of the hematopoietic or lymphoid tissue.

[00195] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a hematological cancer, such as leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from a group consisting of Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, activated B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular center lymphoma, transformed lymphoma, lymphocytic lymphoma of intermediate differentiation, intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma (ILL), diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDL), centrocytic lymphoma, diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma (DSCCL), peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma, mantle zone lymphoma, low grade follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute T cell leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt’s leukemia (Burkitt’s lymphoma), acute biphenotypic leukemia, chronic myeloid lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and chronic monocytic leukemia. In a specific embodiment, the disease or disorder is myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In another specific embodiment, the disease or disorder is acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In another specific embodiment, the disease or disorder is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In yet another specific embodiment, the disease or disorder is multiple myeloma (MM).

[00196] In other embodiments, the disease or disorder is a solid tumor cancer, which includes any non-hematologic origin neoplasm. In some embodiments, the solid tumor cancer is selected from a group consisting of a carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma, an adrenocortical carcinoma, a colon adenocarcinoma, a colorectal adenocarcinoma, a colorectal carcinoma, a ductal cell carcinoma, a lung carcinoma, a thyroid carcinoma, a nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a melanoma, a non-melanoma skin carcinoma, sarcoma, and a lung cancer.

[00197] In other embodiments, the disease or disorder is an immune or autoimmune disorder. Such disorders include autoimmune bullous disease, abetalipoprotemia, acquired immunodeficiency-related diseases, acute immune disease associated with organ transplantation, acquired acrocyanosis, acute and chronic parasitic or infectious processes, acute pancreatitis, acute renal failure, acute rheumatic fever, acute transverse myelitis, adenocarcinomas, aerial ectopic beats, adult (acute) respiratory distress syndrome, AIDS dementia complex, alcoholic cirrhosis, alcohol- induced liver injury, alcohol -induced hepatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, allergy and asthma, allograft rejection, alpha-l-antitrypsin deficiency, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anemia, angina pectoris, ankylosing spondylitis-associated lung disease, anterior horn cell degeneration, antibody mediated cytotoxicity, antiphospholipid syndrome, anti-receptor hypersensitivity reactions, aortic and peripheral aneurysms, aortic dissection, arterial hypertension, arteriosclerosis, arteriovenous fistula, arthropathy, asthenia, asthma, ataxia, atopic allergy, atrial fibrillation (sustained or paroxysmal), atrial flutter, atrioventricular block, atrophic autoimmune hypothyroidism, autoimmune haemo lytic anaemia, autoimmune hepatitis, type-1 autoimmune hepatitis (classical autoimmune or lupoid hepatitis), autoimmune mediated hypoglycemia, autoimmune neutropenia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune thyroid disease, B-cell lymphoma, bone graft rejection, bone marrow transplant (BMT) rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans, bundle branch block, burns, cachexia, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac stun syndrome, cardiac tumors, cardiomyopathy, cardiopulmonary bypass inflammation response, cartilage transplant rejection, cerebellar cortical degenerations, cerebellar disorders, chaotic or multifocal atrial tachycardia, chemotherapy-associated disorders, chlamydia, choleosatatis, chronic alcoholism, chronic active hepatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic immune disease associated with organ transplantation, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, chronic inflammatory pathologies, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic salicylate intoxication, colorectal common varied immunodeficiency (common variable hypogammaglobulinemia), conjunctivitis, connective tissue disease- associated interstitial lung disease, contact dermatitis, Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia, cor pulmonale, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, cryptogenic autoimmune hepatitis, cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, culture-negative sepsis, cystic fibrosis, cytokine therapy-associated disorders, Crohn's disease, dementia pugilistica, demyelinating diseases, dengue hemorrhagic fever, dermatitis, dermatitis scleroderma, dermatologic conditions, dermatomyositis/ polymyositis-associated lung disease, diabetes, diabetic arteriosclerotic disease, diabetes mellitus, diffuse Lewy body disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, dilated congestive cardiomyopathy, discoid lupus erythematosus, disorders of the basal ganglia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, Down's Syndrome in middle age, drug-induced interstitial lung disease, drug-induced hepatitis, drug-induced movement disorders induced by drugs which block CNS dopamine receptors, drug sensitivity, eczema, encephalomyelitis, endocarditis, endocrinopathy, enteropathic synovitis, epiglottitis, Epstein-Barr virus infection, erythromelalgia, extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders, familial hematophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, fetal thymus implant rejection, Friedreich's ataxia, functional peripheral arterial disorders, female infertility, fibrosis, fibrotic lung disease, fungal sepsis, gas gangrene, gastric ulcer, giant cell arteritis, glomerular nephritis, glomerulonephritides, Goodpasture's syndrome, goitrous autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's disease), gouty arthritis, graft rejection of any organ or tissue, graft versus host disease, gram -negative sepsis, gram-positive sepsis, granulomas due to intracellular organisms, group B streptococci (GBS) infection, Graves' disease, hemosiderosis-associated lung disease, hairy cell leukemia, Hallerrorden- Spatz disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hay fever, heart transplant rejection, hemachromatosis, hematopoietic malignancies (leukemia and lymphoma), hemolytic anemia, hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombolytic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemorrhage, Henoch-Schoenlein purpura, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV infection/HIV neuropathy, Hodgkin's disease, hypoparathyroidism, Huntington's chorea, hyperkinetic movement disorders, hypersensitivity reactions, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, hyperthyroidism, hypokinetic movement disorders, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis evaluation, idiopathic Addison's disease, idiopathic leucopenia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, idiosyncratic liver disease, infantile spinal muscular atrophy, infectious diseases, inflammation of the aorta, inflammatory bowel disease, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, interstitial pneumonitis, iridocyclitis/uveitis/optic neuritis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, ischemic stroke, juvenile pernicious anemia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile spinal muscular atrophy, Kaposi's sarcoma, Kawasaki's disease, kidney transplant rejection, legionella, leishmaniasis, leprosy, lesions of the corticospinal system, linear IgA disease, lipidema, liver transplant rejection, Lyme disease, lymphederma, lymphocytic infiltrative lung disease, malaria, male infertility idiopathic or NOS, malignant histiocytosis, malignant melanoma, meningitis, meningococcemia, microscopic vasculitis of the kidneys, migraine headache, mitochondrial multisystem disorder, mixed connective tissue disease, mixed connective tissue disease- associated lung disease, monoclonal gammopathy, multiple myeloma, multiple systems degenerations (Mencel, Dej erine-Thomas, Shy-Drager and Machado- Joseph), myalgic encephalitis/Royal Free Disease, myasthenia gravis, microscopic vasculitis of the kidneys, mycobacterium avium intracellulare, mycobacterium tuberculosis, myelodyplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative neoplasm, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemic disorders, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neonatal chronic lung disease, nephritis, nephrosis, nephrotic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, neurogenic I muscular atrophies, neutropenic fever, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, occlusion of the abdominal aorta and its branches, occlusive arterial disorders, organ transplant rejection, orchitis/epidydimitis, orchitis/vasectomy reversal procedures, organomegaly, osteoarthrosis, osteoporosis, ovarian failure, pancreas transplant rejection, parasitic diseases, parathyroid transplant rejection, Parkinson's disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigoid, perennial rhinitis, pericardial disease, peripheral atherlosclerotic disease, peripheral vascular disorders, peritonitis, pernicious anemia, phacogenic uveitis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pneumonia, POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes syndrome), post-perfusion syndrome, post-pump syndrome, post-MI cardiotomy syndrome, postinfectious interstitial lung disease, premature ovarian failure, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing hepatitis, primary myxoedema, primary pulmonary hypertension, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary vasculitis, progressive supranuclear palsy, psoriasis, psoriasis type 1, psoriasis type 2, psoriatic arthropathy, pulmonary hypertension secondary to connective tissue disease, pulmonary manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa, post-inflammatory interstitial lung disease, radiation fibrosis, radiation therapy, Raynaud's phenomenon and disease, Raynoud's disease, Refsum's disease, regular narrow QRS tachycardia, Reiter's disease, renal disease NOS, renovascular hypertension, reperfusion injury, restrictive cardiomyopathy, rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, sarcoidosis, Schmidt's syndrome, scleroderma, senile chorea, senile dementia of Lewy body type, sepsis syndrome, septic shock, seronegative arthropathies, shock, sickle cell anemia, T-cell or FAB ALL, Takayasu's disease/arteritis, telangiectasia, Th2- type and Thl-type mediated diseases, thromboangitis obliterans, thrombocytopenia, thyroiditis, toxicity, toxic shock syndrome, transplants, trauma/hemorrhage, type-2 autoimmune hepatitis (anti-LKM antibody hepatitis), type B insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans, type III hypersensitivity reactions, type IV hypersensitivity, ulcerative colitic arthropathy, ulcerative colitis, unstable angina, uremia, urosepsis, urticaria, uveitis, valvular heart diseases, varicose veins, vasculitis, vasculitic diffuse lung disease, venous diseases, venous thrombosis, ventricular fibrillation, vitiligo acute liver disease, viral and fungal infections, vital encephalitis/aseptic meningitis, vital- associated hemaphagocytic syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Wilson's disease, xenograft rejection of any organ or tissue, yersinia and salmonella-associated arthropathy, acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS), autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, hemolytic anemia, inflammatory diseases, thrombocytopenia, acute and chronic immune diseases associated with organ transplantation, Addison's disease, allergic diseases, alopecia, alopecia areata, atheromatous disease/arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, arthritis (including osteoarthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, septic arthritis, Lyme arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and reactive arthritis), Sjogren's disease-associated lung disease, Sjogren's syndrome, skin allograft rejection, skin changes syndrome, small bowel transplant rejection, sperm autoimmunity, multiple sclerosis (all subtypes), spinal ataxia, spinocerebellar degenerations, spondyloarthropathy, sporadic polyglandular deficiency type I, sporadic polyglandular deficiency type II, Still's disease, streptococcal myositis, stroke, structural lesions of the cerebellum, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, sympathetic ophthalmia, syncope, syphilis of the cardiovascular system, systemic anaphylaxis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus-associated lung disease, lupus nephritis, systemic sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease.

[00198] The amount of a prophylactic or therapeutic agent (the p53 reactivator and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein), or a composition provided herein that will be effective in the prevention and/or treatment of a disease or condition can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of a disease or condition, and in some embodiments, should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient’s circumstances. [00199] The dose administered to a subject in the context of the present disclosure should be sufficient to effect a therapeutic response. One skilled in the art will recognize that dosage will depend upon a variety of factors including the potency of the specific compound, the age, condition and body weight of the patient, as well as the stage/severity of the disease. The dose will also be determined by the route (administration form) timing and frequency of administration.

[00200] The p53 reactivator (e.g., APR-246) and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) can be formulated in different pharmaceutical compositions and administered separately to the subject in need thereof. Alternatively, the p53 reactivator (e.g., APR-246) and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) are administered together in the same pharmaceutical composition.

[00201] In some embodiments, the p53 reactivator (e.g., APR-246) and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) are administered simultaneously. The term “simultaneously” means at the same time or within a short period of time, for example, less than 1 hour, less than 2 hours, less than 3 hours, less than 4 hours, or less than 12 hours.

[00202] In some embodiments, the p53 reactivator (e.g., APR-246) and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) are not administered simultaneously, and instead the two compounds are administered at different times. In some embodiments, the p53 reactivator (e.g., APR-246) and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) are administered at least once during a dosing period. A dosing period as used herein is meant a period of time, during which each therapeutic agent has been administered at least once. A dosing cycle can be about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 days. In some embodiments, a dosing cycle is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 weeks. In certain embodiments, a dosing period is a dosing cycle. In a specific embodiment, a dosing cycle is 28 days.

[00203] The prophylactic or therapeutic agent (the p53 reactivator and/or the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein) can be delivered as a single dose (e.g, a single bolus injection), or over time (e.g, continuous infusion over time or divided bolus doses over time). The agent can be administered repeatedly if necessary, for example, until the patient experiences stable disease or regression, or until the patient experiences disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Stable disease or lack is determined by methods known in the art such as evaluation of patient symptoms, physical examination, and visualization of the tumor that has been imaged using X-ray, CAT, PET, MRI scan, or other commonly accepted evaluation modalities.

[00204] The prophylactic or therapeutic agent (the p53 reactivator and/or the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) provided herein) can be administered once daily (QD) or divided into multiple daily doses such as twice daily (BID), three times daily (TID), and four times daily (QID). In addition, the administration can be continuous (i.e., daily for consecutive days or every day) or intermittent, e.g., in cycles (i.e., including days, weeks, or months of rest without drug). As used herein, the term “daily” is intended to mean that a therapeutic compound is administered once or more than once each day, for example, for a period of time. The term “continuous” is intended to mean that a therapeutic compound is administered daily for an uninterrupted period of, e.g., at least 10 days. The term “intermittent” or “intermittently” as used herein is intended to mean stopping and starting at either regular or irregular intervals. For example, intermittent administration of the compound is administration for one to six days per week, administration in cycles (e.g, daily administration for two to eight consecutive weeks, then a rest period with no administration for up to one week), or administration on alternate days. The term “cycling” as used herein is intended to mean that a therapeutic compound is administered daily or continuously but with a rest period. In certain embodiments, the rest period is the same length as the treatment period. In other embodiments, the rest period has different length from the treatment period. In other embodiments, there is no rest period. In some embodiments, the length of cycling is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 weeks. In some embodiments of cycling, a therapeutic compound is administered daily for a period of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 days, followed by a rest period.

[00205] In some embodiments, the frequency of administration is in the range of about a daily dose to about a monthly dose. In certain embodiments, administration is once a day, twice a day, three times a day, four times a day, once every other day, twice a week, once every week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, or once every four weeks.

[00206] In certain embodiments, the compound is administered once per day from one day to six months, from one week to three months, from one week to four weeks, from one week to three weeks, or from one week to two weeks. [00207] In some embodiments, a combination therapy comprising APR-246 and azacitidine is administered to a subject after one HSCT treatment. In some embodiments, the HSCT treatment is an allogeneic transplant. In some embodiments, the subject is in morphologic remission for the tumor of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue (e.g., AML or MDS), and in cytogenetic remission with no morphologic characteristics of the tumor prior to the combination therapy. In some embodiments, the combination treatment is administered to the subject more than 30 days and less than 100 days from hematopoietic cell infusion. In some embodiments, the subject is in complete remission after the transplant and has achieved engraftment prior to the combination treatment comprising APR-246 and azacitidine.

[00208] In some specific embodiments, APR-246 is administered at a fixed dose within the interval 2.3-7.5 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.3- 6.0 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.3-5.0 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.3-4.0 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.3-3.7 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.3-3.5 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.3-3.2 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.3-3.0 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.3-2.7 g.

[00209] In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is no more than 4.0 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is no more than 3.5 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is no more than 3.3 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is no more than 3.0 g.

[00210] In some embodiments, APR-246 is administered at a fixed dose initially and the dose is reduced later. For example, APR-246 is administered at a first fixed dose initially, then at a second fixed dose, and finally at a third fixed dose. In some embodiments, the first fixed dose is about 3.7 g, the second fixed dose is about 3.3 g, and the third dose is about 3.0 g.

[00211] In some embodiments, APR-246 is administered at a fixed dose during a period of about 3 to 5 hours. In some embodiments, APR-246 is administered at a fixed dose during a period of about 4 hours.

[00212] In some specific embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose within the interval 10-80 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a dose within the interval 20-70 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a dose within the interval 20-60 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a dose within the interval 20-50 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a dose within the interval 20-40 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a dose within the interval 30-40 mg/m².

[00213] In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 30 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 31 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 32 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 33 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 34 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 35 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 36 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 37 mg/m².

In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 38 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 39 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 40 mg/m².

[00214] In some embodiments, the azaciditine dose is reduced or even discontinued during the dosing cycles, in which case APR-246 is administered at a full or reduced dose.

[00215] In some specific embodiments, the combination treatment is carried out according to the following dosing scheme over a 28-day cycle: (1) daily administration of APR-246 for 4 consecutive days; and (2) daily administration of azacitidine for 5 consecutive days. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4-20 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 5 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 6 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 7 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 8 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 9 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 10 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 11 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 12 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 13 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 14 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 15 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for more than 15 cycles.

[00216] In some more specific embodiments, the combination treatment is carried out according to the following dosing scheme over a 28-day cycle: (1) daily administration of APR-246 for 4 consecutive days from day 1 to day 4; and (2) daily administration of azacitidine for 5 consecutive days from day 1 to day 5. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4- 20 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 5 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 6 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 7 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 8 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 9 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 10 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 11 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 12 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 13 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 14 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 15 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for more than 15 cycles. In some embodiments, APR-246 is administered at a fixed dose within the interval 2.7-7.5 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.7- 6.0 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.7-5.0 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.7-4.0 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.7-3.7 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.7-3.5 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.7-3.2 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is within the interval 2.7-3.0 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is no more than 4.0 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is no more than 3.5 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is no more than 3.3 g. In some embodiments, the fixed dose of APR-246 is no more than 3.0 g. In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose within the interval 10-80 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a dose within the interval 20-70 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a dose within the interval 20-60 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a dose within the interval 20-50 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a dose within the interval 20-40 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a dose within the interval 30-40 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 30 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 31 mg/m².

In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 32 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 33 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 34 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 35 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 36 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 37 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 38 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 39 mg/m². In some embodiments, azacitidine is administered at a body surface area based dose of about 40 mg/m². [00217] In some more specific embodiments, the combination treatment is carried out according to the following dosing scheme over a 28-day cycle: (1) daily administration of APR-246 at a fixed dose of 3.0-3.7 g for 4 consecutive days from day 1 to day 4; and (2) daily administration of azacitidine at a body surface area based dose of 30-40 mg/m² for 5 consecutive days from day 1 to day 5. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4-20 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 5 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 6 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 7 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 8 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 9 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 10 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 11 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 12 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 13 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 14 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 15 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for more than 15 cycles.

[00218] In some more specific embodiments, the combination treatment is carried out according to the following dosing scheme over a 28-day cycle: (1) daily administration of APR-246 at a fixed dose of 3.6 g for 4 consecutive days from day 1 to day 4; and (2) daily administration of azacitidine at a body surface area based dose of 36 mg/m² for 5 consecutive days from day 1 to day 5. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4-20 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 5 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 6 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 7 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 8 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 9 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 10 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 11 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 12 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 13 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 14 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 15 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for more than 15 cycles.

[00219] In some more specific embodiments, the combination treatment is carried out according to the following dosing scheme over a 28-day cycle: (1) daily administration of APR-246 at a fixed dose of 3.3 g for 4 consecutive days from day 1 to day 4; and (2) daily administration of azacitidine at a body surface area based dose of 36 mg/m² for 5 consecutive days from day 1 to day 5. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4-20 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 5 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 6 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 7 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 8 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 9 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 10 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 11 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 12 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 13 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 14 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 15 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for more than 15 cycles.

[00220] In some more specific embodiments, the combination treatment is carried out according to the following dosing scheme over a 28-day cycle: (1) daily administration of APR-246 at a fixed dose of 3.0 g for 4 consecutive days from day 1 to day 4; and (2) daily administration of azacitidine at a body surface area based dose of 36 mg/m² for 5 consecutive days from day 1 to day 5. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4-20 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 4 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 5 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 6 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 7 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 8 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 9 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 10 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 11 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 12 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 13 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 14 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for 15 cycles. In some embodiments, the treatment is carried out for more than 15 cycles.

[00221] In some embodiments, the disclosed treatment method is carried out pursuant to the following dosing scheme over a 28-day cycle: (a) daily administration of APR-246 for four days, for example four consecutive days; and (b) administration of azacitidine for at least 7 days during the 28-day cycle.

[00222] In one embodiment of this 28-day cycle dosing scheme, the administration of azacitidine is carried out during 7 consecutive days during the 28-day cycle. In a more specific embodiment, the 7 consecutive days of administration of azacitidine are selected such that there is an overlap of 1, 2, 3 or 4 days between the periods of administration of APR-246 and azacitidine. In one particular embodiment, the administration of APR-246 is carried out on days 1-4, and the administration of azacitidine is either carried out on days 1-7, or on days 2-8, or on days 3-9, or on days 4-10, during the 28-day cycle. In a specific embodiment, the administration of APR-246 is carried out on days 1-4, and the administration of azacitidine is carried out on days 4-10, during the 28-day cycle.

[00223] In an alternative embodiment, for example in the case of outpatient treatment of patients for which weekend treatment is not feasible, the administration of APR-246 is carried out on days 1-4, whereas the administration of azacitidine is carried out on 7 consecutive working days. If, in this embodiment, for example day 1 of the 28-day cycle is a Monday, APR- 246 is administered on days 1-4, while azacitidine is administered on days 1-5 and days 8-9, or on days 2-5 and days 8-10, or on days 3-5 and days 8-11, or on days 4-5 and 8-12.

[00224] In another embodiment of the 28-day cycle dosing scheme, the administration of azacitidine is carried out during 14 days, for example consecutive days, during the 28-day cycle. In a more specific embodiment, the 14 consecutive days of administration of azacitidine are selected such that there is an overlap of 1, 2, 3 or 4 days between the days of administration of APR-246 and the days of administration of azacitidine. [00225] In another embodiment of the 28-day cycle dosing scheme, the administration of azacitidine is carried out during 21 days, for example 21 consecutive days, during the 28-day cycle. In a more specific embodiment, the 21 consecutive days of administration of azacitidine are selected such that there is an overlap of 1, 2, 3 or 4 days between the days of administration of APR-246 and the days of administration of azacitidine. In some embodiments, the treatments with the p53 reactivator are on non-consecutive days spread out over the period when azacitidine is administered, e.g., during 21 days.

[00226] The invention is generally disclosed herein using affirmative language to describe the numerous embodiments. The invention also specifically includes embodiments in which particular subject matter is excluded, in full or in part, such as substances or materials, method steps and conditions, protocols, procedures, assays or analysis. Thus, even though the invention is generally not expressed herein in terms of what the invention does not include, aspects that are not expressly included in the invention are nevertheless disclosed herein.

[00227] A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the scope of invention described in the claims.

6. EXAMPLES

[00228] The following is a description of various methods and materials used in the studies, and are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below were performed and are all of the experiments that may be performed. It is to be understood that exemplary descriptions written in the present tense were not necessarily performed, but rather that the descriptions can be performed to generate the data and the like associated with the teachings of the present invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, percentages, etc.), but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for.

6.1 Example 1 — Phase II trial of APR-246 in combination with azacitidine as maintenance therapy for TP53 mutated AML or MDS following allogeneic stem cell transplant [00229] This clinical trial study assesses relapse-free survival (RFS) in patients with TP53 mutated AML or MDS who receive combination maintenance treatment with APR-246 with azacitidine after undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), and evaluates the safety and tolerability of APR-246 in combination with azacitidine as maintenance treatment post-HSCT.

[00230] The study assesses the overall survival (OS), non-relapse mortality (NRM), time to progression (TTP); evaluates cumulative incidence of Grades II-IV and III- IV acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and 12-month cumulative incidence of mild, moderate, and severe GVHD; and describes event-free survival (EFS).

[00231] Exploratory objectives include examining the effect of pre- and post-transplant minimal residual disease (MRD) (TP53 variant allele frequency, VAF) on RFS and overall survival (OS); determining if p53 protein expression and other potential genomic biomarkers at baseline before and after HSCT predicts potential effect on RFS and OS; determining if TP53 clonal suppression (serial VAF in bone marrow) after HSCT correlates with outcomes; evaluating APR-246 plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) when administered with azacitidine after transplantation; and evaluating post-transplant donor engraftment via chimerism studies in blood and bone marrow.

[00232] Trial Design

[00233] Overview of Trial Design

[00234] This is a multi-center, open label, Phase II clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of APR-246 in combination with azacitidine as maintenance therapy after allogeneic HSCT for patients with TP53 mutant AML or MDS.

[00235] To be eligible to participate in this study, all patients must have either: 1) pre- screening NGS on peripheral blood (PB) or bone marrow (BM) samples at time of HSCT work up to determine presence of TP53 mutation status or, 2) previously documented evidence of TP53 mutation by NGS on PB or BM samples.

[00236] During the post-HSCT period (Day 1 to 100 post-HSCT), patients are screened for eligibility to receive APR-246 and azacitidine maintenance treatment. In order to proceed with APR-246 and azacitidine treatment, neutrophil and platelet engraftment (recovery) must be confirmed between Day 30 to Day 100 post-HSCT. APR-246 and azacitidine must be initiated no more than 28 days after confirmation. [00237] APR-246 is administered on Days 1-4, with azacitidine on Days 1-5, of every 28 day cycle. Patients may receive a maximum of 12 cycles of treatment. Patients may continue to receive study treatment in the setting of relapse or progression, up to a maximum of 12 cycles, provided they are continuing to derive benefit in the opinion of the Investigator.

[00238] A safety evaluation is performed by the Safety Monitoring Committee after the first 6 patients have completed 1 cycle of APR-246 and azacitidine combination therapy. The Committee will decide if it is appropriate to continue at the current dose; or, in the event the combination is not tolerated (e.g. patients experience dose limiting toxicity) the dose of APR-246 is reduced for subsequent patients.

[00239] Safety Evaluation-First 6 Patients

[00240] A safety evaluation is performed by the Safety Monitoring Committee after the first 6 patients have completed 1 cycle of APR-246 and azacitidine combination therapy. If >1 of 6 patients experience any of the following toxicities, then the APR-246 dose is reduced for subsequently enrolled patients:

• Treatment related non-hematological CTCAE grade 3-4 toxicity that lead to dose modification or withdrawal.

• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) not recovering to >500/pL by day 56 of a cycle in the absence of active leukemia/myelodysplasia.

• Grade 3 metabolic/electrolyte abnormalities that are clinically significant, and not adequately controlled within 72 hours.

• Grade 3 nausea/vomiting/diarrhea or CNS toxicity that does not resolve within 28 days despite treatment interruption and maximum medical therapy.

[00241] Duration of Therapy

[00242] Maintenance therapy continues for a maximum of 12 cycles (28 days/cycle) from first dose of APR-246, or until one of the following criteria applies:

• Evidence of disease relapse defined as >5% blasts for AML patients or >5% blasts for MDS patients. Patients who are continuing to derive clinical benefit in the opinion of the investigator may remain on study treatment following relapse.

• Inter-current illness that prevents further administration of treatment.

• Unacceptable AEs.

• Participant decides to withdraw from treatment. • General or specific changes in the patient's condition render the patient unacceptable for further treatment in the judgment of the investigator.

• Participant begins other treatment for underlying disease (MDS or AML).

• Grade 3-4 acute GVHD or Severe chronic GVHD.

[00243] If the participant discontinues treatment early, then the reason for treatment discontinuation and the date the participant was removed is documented. Participants removed from treatment for unacceptable AEs is followed until resolution or stabilization of the AE. Participants that discontinue treatment early continue to be followed for relapse, if not yet documented, and survival.

[00244] Patients may continue to receive study treatment in the setting of relapse or progression, up to a maximum of 12 cycles, provided they are continuing to derive benefit in the opinion of the Investigator.

[00245] Subject Selection

[00246] Patients in this study must meet the transplant and enrollment criteria and APR-246 and azacitidine treatment criteria described below.

[00247] Pre-Screening [00248] (1) Inclusion Criteria

[00249] These observations are done < 28 days prior to beginning conditioning chemotherapy in anticipation for allograft infusion:

[00250] Post-transplant Criteria for APR-246 and Azacitidine Treatment [00251] (1) Inclusion Criteria

[00253] Treatment of Subjects

[00254] Drug Preparation and Administration

[00255] Patients receive APR-246 and azacitidine on days 1-4 and 1-5, respectively, every 28 day cycle. APR-246 and azacitidine are administered in the clinic (see FIG. 2).

[00256] APR-246

[00257] At the pharmacies, the IMP vials are stored at 2-8°C (35.6-46.4°F). At the pharmacies and at the study centers, the prepared APR-246 study product (diluted in sodium chloride solution) is stored at not more than 25°C. The infusion should be completed within 24 hours from the time of preparation.

[00258] A fixed dose of 3.7g APR-246 is administered as an intravenous infusion daily on days 1-4 of each 28 day cycle. Total infusion time is 4 hours, administered in 2 consecutive steps: (1)

1.6 g for the first 45 minutes (+/- 2 min), and (2) 2.1 g over 3 hours 15 minutes (+/- 15 min).

[00259] Azacitidine

[00260] Azacitidine (36 mg/m²) is administered sc or iv for 5 consecutive days. The same route of administration should be used each day of a cycle. Azacitidine is administered within 1 hour following the end of the APR-246 infusion.

[00261] Criteria for Retreatment and Dose Modifications

[00262] This section outlines the requirements for proceeding with treatment with APR-246, and the protocol rules for APR-246 dose modification due to toxicity.

[00263] All dose modifications, interruptions or discontinuations must be based on the worst preceding toxicity as graded by the NCI Clinical Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTCAE version 5).

Once a dose has been reduced during a treatment cycle, re-escalation is not permitted during any subsequent cycle (with exception of CNS events). If the administration of APR-246 is interrupted for reasons other than toxicity, then treatment with APR-246 may be resumed at the same dose. The same provision applies if the patient experienced an unacceptable toxicity not specifically described in this section, provided that this toxicity resolved to < CTCAE grade 1, unless otherwise specified. [00264] Day 1 of next cycle treatment with APR-246 and azacitidine can be delayed for up to 4 weeks (28 days) to allow for count recovery at Investigator discretion pending discussion with the Sponsor and Medical Monitor. Non-hematologic grade 4 treatment related adverse events lead to permanent discontinuation, irrespective of recovery time, unless otherwise specified. [00265] Exceptions would include nausea/vomiting/diarrhea which can be controlled by medications and/or asymptomatic electrolyte imbalances which can be corrected. In addition, in most instances, patients that experience a prolonged treatment interruption because of an adverse event and/or a grade 3 adverse event decrease the dose of study drug after their recovery (see tables in this section for dose adjustment guidelines).

[00266] If any other drug-related grade 3 or 4 toxicity that is not clearly related to azacitidine is observed, APR-246 dose must be reduced for the next and subsequent cycles.

[00267] Dose Modifications

[00268] Dose modifications for APR-246 are shown in Tables 1-4 below.

Table 1: Dose Modifications for APR-246

[00269] Patients requiring >2 dose reductions for APR-246 are permanently discontinued from study drug. Patients who permanently discontinue APR-246 or azacitidine have follow-up within 30 days after discontinuation of all study treatment or resolution of the AE to < grade 1, whichever occurs first, that includes all study assessments appropriate to monitor the event. [00270] Azacitidine dose modifications is per the prescribing information and institutional guidelines. Patients may continue with APR-246 without azacitidine if > 2 dose modifications have been due to cytopenias. APR-246 study drug may resume at last dosage received. Any changes in dose must be recorded on the Dosage Administration Record CRF. Table 2: APR-246 Recommended Dose Modifications and Criteria for Treatment Interruption and Re-Initiation for Hepatorenal Toxicities

Table 3: APR-246-Recommended Dose Modifications and Criteria for Treatment Interruption and Re-Initiation for Hematological Toxicities

Table 4: APR-246-Recommended Dose Modifications and Criteria for Treatment Interruption and Re-Initiation for Non-Hematological Toxicities

[00271] Concomitant Treatment

[00272] If a participant develops new onset GVHD, or experiences an increase in the severity of pre-existing GVHD requiring an escalation of immunosuppressive medication, every effort should be made to continue the study drug without any dose reduction. If the participant is unable to take study drug as a result of GVHD, the study drug can be withheld until the participant is able to resume treatment.

[00273] Acute GVHD should be managed per institutional guidelines. Therapies considered standard are allowed and use of investigational therapy while on study drug is not allowed. [00274] Chronic GVHD should be managed per institutional guidelines. Therapies considered standard are allowed and use of investigational therapy while on treatment is not allowed.

[00275] If a patient reports any clinical adverse event of any grade during the administration period of APR-246 that could be considered to originate from the CNS (e.g. dizziness, vertigo, nausea) then the patient is treated according to the institutional standard of care.

[00276] Antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal prophylaxis and treatment during and after allogeneic HSCT are recommended and can be administered based on local institutional guidelines.

[00277] Tapering of immunosuppression should be followed per institutional practice in the absence of GVHD. There are no formal recommendations given that participants receiving HCT from any type of donor, after any conditioning and receiving any GVHD prophylaxis regimen are eligible.

[00278] Pre-emptive/prophylactic administration of donor lymphocytes for disease progression (morphological or molecular) is not permitted in this protocol. DLI for infectious complications or modulation of T cell donor chimerism after allograft administration per institutional guidelines is allowed.

[00279] Other anticancer therapy including anticancer therapy (chemotherapy, endocrine, biologic or radiation therapy, and surgery) other than the study treatments must not be given to patients while the patient is enrolled in the treatment portion of the trial. If such agents are required for a patient then, the patient must be permanently discontinued from the treatment portion of the study. One exception is for breast cancer or prostate patients on adjuvant hormonal therapy (e.g., anastrozole/tamoxifen or leuprolide) who have been disease free for at least 1 year. [00280] In general, the use of any concomitant medications/therapies deemed necessary for the care of the patient are allowed, with specific exceptions below. Prophylactic anti-emetic therapy is permitted where indicated. Any disease progression that requires other specific anti-tumor therapy is cause for discontinuation from the trial. [00281] Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are not allowed for anemia during the study. G-CSF is allowed for evidence of neutropenia. Subjects who are taking warfarin (or equivalent) may participate in this study; however, it is recommended that prothrombin time (PT-INR) and PTT be monitored carefully at least once per week for the first month, then monthly if the INR is stable. Subcutaneous heparin, low molecular weight heparin and oral anticoagulants are permitted.

[00282] The use of blood products to include packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and platelet transfusions are permitted and to be given at the discretion of the treating physician. Recommended guidelines for transfusion include a platelet threshold of 10,000/L for platelet transfusion and a hemoglobin threshold of 8.0g/dL for PRBC transfusion or as clinically deemed by the discretion of treating physician.

[00283] Criteria for Evaluation

[00284] Efficacy: Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy following cycle 3, cycle 6, cycle 9, and cycle 12, or when clinically indicated, and monthly CBC.

[00285] Safety: CTCAE v5.0. Weekly history and physical for AE assessment (CTCAE v5.0), including CBC with diff, CMP and LDH for the first month on treatment, then monthly.

[00286] GVHD assessment is performed weekly for the first month on treatment, then monthly. [00287] PK: Cycle 1 only. Pre-dose, 45 min (+/- 5min) after SOI, at EOI (4 hr +/- 30 min after SOI), 5-6 hr after SOI, 24 hr after SOEDay 2 (before Day 2 dose).

[00288] Statistical Methods

[00289] Demographic and clinical variables for the study patients is summarized using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median, inter-quartile range, range, frequency counts and percentages). Safety and efficacy data is analyzed overall as well as separately for each dose cohort when appropriate.

[00290] Analysis Populations

[00291] Safety evaluable population: all subjects who are registered on the study and received any dose of APR-246 or azacitidine.

[00292] Efficacy evaluable population: all subjects who are registered on the study and received at least one dose of APR-246 or azacitidine, and have at least one efficacy assessment, or had relapse/progression. [00293] Sample size: the primary endpoint of the study is the relapse-free survival (RFS) at 12 months. The primary analysis is done using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Based upon the published data, the risk of relapse and non-relapse mortality in TP53 mutated MDS is assumed to be -40% and -30% at 1 year, respectively. Thus, the assumptions used for the sample size determination are:

• the null hypothesis: the RFS at 1 year is 30%,

• the alternative hypothesis: the RFS at 1 year is 50% or higher,

• accrual time: 24 months,

• follow-up time: 12 months,

• the RFS follows the exponential distribution.

[00294] With a one-sided significance level of 10%, 31 subjects provide 90.1% power to test the null hypothesis against the alternative. The expected number of events during the study is 23 and the power was computed by a one-sided one- sample logrank test. The final analysis is conducted when the follow-up time for all censored patients exceed 12 months. The null hypothesis is rejected if a one-sided p-value by the log-rank test is less than or equal to 0.1. [00295] Efficacy Analyses

[00296] All efficacy analyses will be provided by using efficacy evaluable population.

[00297] Relapse-Free Survival: the primary endpoint, RFS, is defined as the time from the date of registration to disease relapse after SCT, or death, whichever occurs earlier. If patients discontinued treatment due to toxicity, and withdrew consent without relapse disease (RD) or death at the time of data cut off, RFS is censored at the date of the last assessment. RFS is analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Kaplan-Meier curves is plotted. Median relapse-free survival is estimated and their 95% confidence intervals based on Brookmeyer-Crowley methodology is calculated.

[00298] Event-Free Survival (EFS): EFS is defined as from registration to the first of: morphologic disease relapse, death from any cause, reappearance of a pre-transplant cytogenetic alteration, donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) for the purpose of treating MDS/AML, or institution of anti-MDS/AML therapy.

[00299] Overall Survival: overall survival (OS) is defined as the number of days from the date of registration to the date of death, irrespective of the cause. In the event of no death, overall survival is censored at the last known alive date. OS is analyzed using the similar methods as RFS. [00300] Non-Relapse Mortality (NRM): NRM is defined as time to deaths without relapse/recurrence. Deaths from any cause without prior progression are events. Events related to the disease such as relapse and progression are competing events. Patients lost to follow-up are censored. NRM is analyzed using the similar methods as RFS.

[00301] Time to Progression (TTP): Time to progression or relapse is time to first event related to the disease, such as disease progression, disease relap se/recurrence, death from disease progression, and/or initiation of any therapy given to prevent relapse. Deaths without prior relapse/recurrence (i.e. NRM) are competing events. TTP is analyzed using the similar methods as RFS.

[00302] Safety Analyses

[00303] Safety data including adverse events, vital signs, laboratory data, ECG, physical exam is tabulated for the Safety Evaluable population. Adverse events is tabulated by body system, preferred term, severity, and relationship. The tabulation of laboratory parameters include the normal ranges for each parameter. Each value is classified as falling above, below, or within the normal range. Laboratory parameters are tabulated by maximum NCI- CTCAE v5 severity grade. Incidence and grade of acute and chronic GVHD at 1- year and cumulative will be summarized by number (%) of subjects for each dose level and overall.

[00304] The results from the above described studies may demonstrate that the combination of a p53 reactivator (e.g., APR-246) and an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (e.g., azacitidine) prevents disease recurrence and improves upon survival after a treatment with stem cell transplant, and thus provides an effective post stem cell transplant maintenance therapy for, e.g., tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, such as TP53 mutated AML or MDS.

[00305] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments have been described herein for the purpose of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of what is provided herein. All of the references referred to above are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED:

1. A method of treating a tumor of hematopoietic or lymphoid tissue in a subj ect, comprising:

(i) treating the subject with a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT);

(ii) administering a compound that can give reactivation of a mutant p53; and

(iii) administering an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound that can give reactivation of a mutant p53 and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase are administered to the subject post treating the subject with the HSCT.

3. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the compound that can give reactivation of the mutant p53 promotes proper folding of the mutant p53 and restores at least part of a normal p53 function.

4. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the compound can result in a shift of the equilibrium from unfolded towards a wild-type like p53 conformation.

5. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the compound that can give reactivation of the mutant p53 interferes with aggregation of misfolded mutant p53 or reduce aggregation of the mutant p53.

6. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the compound or its metabolite or degradation product thereof can restore a p53 wild type function by covalent binding to the mutant p53.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the compound can binds to thiol groups in the core domain of the mutant p53 and restore wild-type conformation.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound that reactivates the mutant p53 is selected from a group consisting of: 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(methoxymethyl)quinuclidin-3-one;

2.2-bis(hydroxymethyl)quinuclidin-3-one;

2.2.2-trichloro-N-ethyl-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide;

2.2.2-trifluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide;

1 -methyl -N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)cy cl opropane-1 -sulfonamide;

N-cyclopropyl-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide;

N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)-N-phenylmethanesulfonamide;

1-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)pyrimidine-2,4(lii,3//)-dione;

5-methyl- l-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)m ethyl )pyrimidine-2,4(lii,3//)-di one;

/er/-butyl 5-methyl-2,6-dioxo-3-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)-3,6-dihydropyrimidine- 1 (2//)-carboxylate;

2-((3 -chloro- \H- 1 ,2, 4-tri azol - 1 -yl)methyl)quinuclidin-3 -one; A(A^f-dim ethyl -1 -((3 -oxoquinuclidin-2-yl (methyl )-l//-l , 2, 4-tri azole-3 -carboxamide; 2-((\H-\ ,2,4-triazol-l -yl (methyl jquinucli din-3 -one;

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the compound is 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2- (methoxymethyl) quinuclidin-3-one having the following formula:

(APR-246), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the compound is 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-((3-oxoquinuclidin-2- yl)methyl)acetamide having the following formula:

(Compound A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

11. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase is a nucleotide analogue.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the nucleotide analogue is azacitidine.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effectively amount of APR-246 and azacitidine.

14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the subject is administered with only one HSCT.

15. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the HSCT is an allogeneic HSCT.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the allogeneic HSCT is from a healthy subject.

17. The method of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the subject is in complete remission after the transplant and has achieved engraftment.

18. The method of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the p53 reactivator is formulated in a first pharmaceutical composition and the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase is formulated in a second pharmaceutical composition.

19. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the tumor of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue is a hematological malignancy.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the hematological malignancy is leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma.

21. The method of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the tumor of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue is selected from a group consisting of: Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, activated B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular center lymphoma, transformed lymphoma, lymphocytic lymphoma of intermediate differentiation, intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma (ILL), diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (PDL), centrocytic lymphoma, diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma (DSCCL), peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma, mantle zone lymphoma, low grade follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute T cell leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt’s leukemia (Burkitt’s lymphoma), acute biphenotypic leukemia, chronic myeloid lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and chronic monocytic leukemia.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the tumor of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue is myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the tumor of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue is acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

24. The method of claim 21, wherein the tumor of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

25. The method of claim 21, wherein the tumor of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue is multiple myeloma (MM).

26. The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the tumor of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue comprises a cancer cell having mutant p53.