WO2021174258A1 - Additif de support de viscosité pour fluides de forage et de complétion à base d'eau - Google Patents

Additif de support de viscosité pour fluides de forage et de complétion à base d'eau Download PDF

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WO2021174258A1
WO2021174258A1 PCT/US2021/070199 US2021070199W WO2021174258A1 WO 2021174258 A1 WO2021174258 A1 WO 2021174258A1 US 2021070199 W US2021070199 W US 2021070199W WO 2021174258 A1 WO2021174258 A1 WO 2021174258A1
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well fluid
synthetic
functionalized
composition
aged
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PCT/US2021/070199
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English (en)
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Hasmukh Patel
Ashok Santra
Carl Thaemlitz
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Saudi Arabian Oil Company
Aramco Services Company
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Priority claimed from US16/801,528 external-priority patent/US11414584B2/en
Application filed by Saudi Arabian Oil Company, Aramco Services Company filed Critical Saudi Arabian Oil Company
Publication of WO2021174258A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021174258A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/03—Specific additives for general use in well-drilling compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/14—Clay-containing compositions
    • C09K8/145—Clay-containing compositions characterised by the composition of the clay

Definitions

  • compositions and methods for use as fluid additives are disclosed. Specifically, compositions and methods are disclosed for enhancing rheological properties of drilling fluids for drilling boreholes or wells.
  • Organically modified smectitic materials such as bentonite and other montmorillonites, and hectorites can be utilized as viscosifiers in drilling fluids. These materials are composed of layered inorganic materials, such as alumino-silicates and magnesium silicates. Organic modifiers, such as aliphatic and aromatic quaternary ammonium salts, in these viscosifiers are linked with ionic interaction on the surface of the layered inorganic materials, see FIG. 1.
  • the ionic interactions are indicated by plus signs and minus signs. As shown in FIG. 1, when the weak interactions fail the layers break apart. A failure of the interaction between the organic moieties and the layered inorganic materials negates the intended effectiveness of the material in its application.
  • compositions and methods for use as fluid additives are disclosed. Specifically, compositions and methods are disclosed for enhancing rheological properties of drilling fluids for drilling boreholes or wells.
  • a method of making a Theologically modified well fluid is disclosed. The method includes combining an amount of a synthetic functionalized additive with an intermediate well fluid composition to form a synthetic functionalized additive-containing well fluid composition; the synthetic functionalized additive having a synthetic layered magnesium silicate that is covalently bonded to a functional group, and the intermediate well fluid composition having a water-based continuous phase; and subjecting the synthetic functionalized additive-containing well fluid to shear stress for a period of time such that the synthetic functionalized additive-containing well fluid composition is Theologically modified to produce the Theologically modified well fluid.
  • the functional group that is covalently bonded to the synthetic layered magnesium silicate is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups (-OH), amine groups, and combinations of the same.
  • the intermediate well fluid composition further includes a poly cation component and an anionic surfactant component.
  • the poly cation component can be partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide.
  • the anionic surfactant component can be alkylbenzene sulfonate.
  • the anionic surfactant component can be sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate.
  • the period of time that the synthetic functionalized additive-containing well fluid composition is subjected to shear stress is in the range of 1- 300 minutes.
  • the method also includes aging the Theologically modified well fluid at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure and a temperature greater than 50 °C for a period of at least one hour.
  • the step of subjecting the synthetic functionalized additive-containing well fluid composition includes high-shear mixing the synthetic functionalized additive-containing well fluid composition.
  • a Theologically modified well fluid composition includes a water-based fluid; and a synthetic magnesium silicate.
  • the synthetic layered magnesium silicate includes: a first functionalized silicate layer, the first functionalized silicate layer having a tetrahedral silicate layer and a functional group; an octahedral brucite layer having magnesium oxide/hydroxide; a second functionalized silicate layer having the tetrahedral silicate layer and the functional group; and a functional group covalently bonded to the tetrahedral silicate layer of the first functionalized silicate layer and separately covalently bonded to the tetrahedral silicate layer of the second functionalized silicate layer.
  • the octahedral brucite layer can be positioned between the first functionalized silicate layer and the second functionalized silicate layer.
  • the functional group can extend from both the first functionalized silicate layer and the second functionalized silicate layer away from the octahedral brucite layer.
  • the functional group can be selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups (-OH), amine groups, and combinations of the same.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid composition includes the synthetic layered magnesium silicate in the range of 0.1-25 weight per volume percent (w/v %).
  • the Theologically modified well fluid composition also includes a cationic component and an anionic surfactant component.
  • the cationic component can be partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide.
  • the anionic surfactant component can be alkylbenzene sulfonate.
  • the anionic surfactant component can be an alkylbenzene sulfonate.
  • the alkylbenzene sulfonate can include a compound selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, dodecyl sulfonate, and combinations of the same.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid composition also includes a biopolymer selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar, xanthan gum, and combinations of the same.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid composition also includes a synthetic polymer selected from the group consisting of amine fatty acid copolymers, amide fatty acid copolymers, acrylates and acrylate copolymers, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and their ionic salts, maleic anhydride and styrene copolymer based polymers, and combinations of the same.
  • a method of drilling a well in a subterranean formation includes supplying a Theologically modified well fluid to a drill string, the Theologically modified well fluid having a water-based fluid and a synthetic functionalized additive, the synthetic functionalized additive having a synthetic layered magnesium silicate that is covalently bonded to a functional group; and operating the drill string such that the Theologically modified well fluid is conducted to a bottom hole assembly having a drill bit, and such that the drill bit drills into the subterranean formation.
  • the functional group that is covalently bonded to the synthetic layered magnesium silicate is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups (-OH), amine groups, and combinations of the same.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid also includes a cationic component and an anionic surfactant component.
  • the cationic component can be selected from the group consisting of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, copolymers of acrylamide having cationic polymers, and combinations of the same.
  • the anionic surfactant component can be selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfonates, sodium salts of fatty acids, alkaline metal salts of fatty acids, alkaline earth metal salts of fatty acids, and combinations of the same.
  • FIG. 1 provides a pictorial representation of a synthetic functionalized additive showing the synthetic layered magnesium silicate with covalently-linked organic functional groups.
  • FIG. 2 shows a plot of example Fourier transform spectrum data from two Theologically modified well fluids.
  • FIG. 3 shows a plot of example powder x-ray diffraction pattern data from two Theologically modified well fluids.
  • FIG. 4 shows a plot of example thermogravimetric analysis data and differential scanning calorimetric analysis data for a Theologically modified well fluid.
  • FIG. 5 is a chart showing plastic viscosity of three example well fluids at various temperatures.
  • FIG. 6 is a chart showing the apparent viscosity of three example well fluids at various temperatures.
  • FIG. 7 is a chart showing the yield point of three example well fluids at various temperatures.
  • FIG. 8 is a chart showing the low-shear yield point of three example well fluids at various temperatures.
  • FIG. 9 is a chart showing plastic viscosity of three example well fluids with calcium montmorillonite at various temperatures.
  • FIG. 10 is a chart showing plastic viscosity of three example well fluids with calcium montmorillonite at various temperatures.
  • FIG. 11 is a chart showing plastic viscosity of three example well fluids with calcium montmorillonite at various temperatures.
  • FIG. 12 is a chart showing plastic viscosity of three example well fluids with calcium montmorillonite at various temperatures.
  • compositions and methods are directed to water-based Theologically modified well fluids having synthetic functionalized additives.
  • the Theologically modified well fluids can be used as drilling fluids.
  • the synthetic functionalized additives can include organic functional groups covalently bonded to synthetic layered magnesium silicate.
  • the methods include making the Theologically modified well fluids and using the Theologically modified well fluids in drilling operations.
  • the synthetic layered magnesium silicates are poly crystalline materials and not single crystals.
  • the synthetic functional additives contain strong covalent bonds between the organic functional groups and the synthetic layered magnesium silicate which reduce the effects of stresses on the bonds meaning more bonds remain intact during a treatment process. With more bonds remaining intact, the covalent bonds increase the effectiveness of the synthetic functional additives.
  • the synthetic layered magnesium silicates can be reproduced resulting in consistent composition from batch to batch. Consistent and reproducible results is an advantage over naturally-derived materials, such as organoclays or organically modified layered materials, which are subj ect to the impurities in the natural source. Additionally, the synthesis can be manipulated to produce certain results in the product, such as changing the crystallinity.
  • the synthetic layered magnesium silicates provide consistency for the duration of an application and reduce or eliminate the need to alter the formulation during use and application.
  • the synthetic functional additives can be prepared in one-pot synthesis approaches reproducible at industrial scale.
  • well fluids containing the synthetic functional additives exhibit Theologically independent behavior at pressures up to about 240 MPa and temperatures up to about 205 °C, which is advantageous because having Theologically independent behavior means the well fluids maintain their properties, such as viscosity and thixotropy, in the face of an applied stress and changes to the temperature.
  • Well fluids containing the synthetic functional additives are less susceptible to stresses than well fluids that do not exhibit Theologically independent behavior.
  • well fluids having the synthetic functional additives can increase the yield point (that is, the amount of shear stress required to induce flow in well fluid at rest) or increase the low shear yield point as compared to well fluids that do not contain the synthetic functional additives; this too is an aspect of the Theologically independent behavior of well fluids having the synthetic functional additives.
  • the yield point is representative of the attractive force between constituent particles of the well fluid and is a good indicator of the gel strength of the well fluid.
  • the yield point indicates the ability of the well fluid to carry suspended cuttings.
  • fluids containing the synthetic functional additives exhibit less change in viscosity due to variation in temperature as compared to the same fluids containing conventional rheology modifiers, such as organoclays.
  • fluids containing the synthetic functional additives exhibit reductions in friction factor as compared to the same fluids containing conventional rheology modifiers, such as organoclays.
  • the synthetic functional additives contain organophilic and hydrophilic functionalities.
  • brucite refers to a magnesium oxide/hydroxide having monomeric formula MgO(OH)2.
  • octahedral refers to the crystal pattern defining an octahedron, with eight triangular faces, twelve straight edges, and six vertices.
  • tetrahedral refers to the crystal pattern defining a tetrahedron, with four triangular faces, six straight edges, and four vertices.
  • silane refers to a silicon compound containing at least three alkoxy groups (an alkyl group bonded to oxygen), where the fourth substituent includes a functional group and can be a fourth alkyoxy group or can be a carbon containing compound.
  • viscosifier As used throughout this disclosure, “viscosifier,” “viscosity modifier,” and “rheological modifier” refer to compounds that change rheological properties when added to a fluid. Primarily, viscosifiers are used to increase the viscosity of a fluid.
  • Thixotropic refers to the tendency of a fluid or gel to exhibit a decrease in viscosity when a stress or a change in temperature is applied, such as mixing, shaking, shearing, or agitating. This property is time-dependent.
  • Thixotropic control additives are additives that can minimize the decrease in viscosity of a fluid when a stress or a change in temperature is applied.
  • suspension additives refers to additives that can reduce settling of solid particles in fluids or gels.
  • Theologically independent behavior refers to a fluid where the changes in rheological properties, such as viscosity and thixotropy, experience less than 10 percent (%) change due to a variation in an applied stress.
  • Stresses can include shear stress, temperature, and combinations of the same.
  • an applied stress can be a rate of mixing and a variation in that applied stress would occur when the rate the rate of mixing is being increased or decreased.
  • An example of a fluid that exhibits Theologically independent behavior is a fluid that does not experience a change in viscosity due to a variation in the temperature.
  • An example of Theologically independent behavior can be seen in FIG. 2, where the graph at 150 °C shows minimal change in the dial reading over an increase in rotational speed as measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).
  • talc refers to a natural mineral composed of magnesium silicates formed naturally over thousands of years and is crystalline. Talc does not include organic functional groups.
  • the synthetic functionalized additive includes a synthetic layered magnesium silicate and a functional group.
  • the synthetic layered magnesium silicate can have a thickness of about 1 nanometer (nm) and a lateral dimension in the range from 2 nanometers (nm) to 5 microns.
  • the overall thickness of the synthetic functionalized additive can depend on the length of the functional groups.
  • the synthetic layered magnesium silicate includes a layer of octahedral brucite positioned between two functionalized silicate layers.
  • the layer of octahedral brucite can be synthesized as part of the process or can be obtained from other sources.
  • the octahedral brucite layer can be synthesized by reacting a magnesium salt with an aqueous hydroxide. Any magnesium salt that can react with a hydroxide can be used. Examples of the magnesium salt can include magnesium chloride, magnesium chloride hydrates, magnesium nitrate, magnesium nitrate hydrates, magnesium bromide, magnesium bromide hexahydrate, and combinations of the same.
  • Magnesium chloride hydrates have the chemical formula MgCl2(H20) x , where x is selected from 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12.
  • Magnesium nitrate hydrates have the chemical formula Mg(N03)2(H20) y , where y is selected from 2 and 6.
  • Other sources of octahedral brucite can include magnesium-rich bittern brine, a byproduct of sodium chloride production from sea water.
  • the aqueous hydroxide can include a hydroxide in water.
  • the hydroxide can be present in an amount between 2 percent by weight (wt %) and 10 wt %, alternately between 2- 8 wt %.
  • the hydroxide can be any hydroxide that can react with a salt. Examples of the hydroxide include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and combinations of the same.
  • Each of the functionalized silicate layers contains a tetrahedral silicate layer and a functional group. The functional groups are covalently bonded to the tetrahedral silicate layer.
  • the functionalized silicate layers can be obtained by reacting the octahedral brucite with a silane.
  • silanes containing a functional group and capable of forming a tetrahedral layer can be used.
  • the silanes can be available as an aqueous solution, a non-aqueous solution, or a liquid.
  • Examples of silanes for use in the synthetic layered magnesium silicate include 3- (aminophenoxy)propyltriethoxy silane [NH2(C6H30)C3H6Si(0C2H5)3], /V-(2-aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane [NH2(C2H4NH)C3H6Si(OCH3)3], 11- aminoundecyltrimethoxysilane [NEECiiEfoSilOCEE ⁇ ], N-( 6- aminohexyl)aminomethyltrimethoxysilane [NH2(C6Hi2NH)CH2Si(OCH3)3], N-(2- aminoethyl)-ll-aminounde
  • silanes having the formula RSi(OR”)3, and combinations of the same silanes having the formula RSi(OR”)3, and combinations of the same.
  • R can include a methyl group (-CEE), an ethyl group (-C2H5), and combinations of the same; and R can include alkyl groups, aryl groups, and combinations of the same.
  • Alkyl groups can include alkyl groups having saturated groups, alkyl groups having unsaturated groups, alkyl groups having functional substituents, and combinations of the same.
  • Aryl groups can include aryl groups having saturated groups, aryl groups having unsaturated groups, aryl groups having functional substituents, and combinations of the same.
  • the functional substituents can include amines, carboxylates, amides, acrylates, thiols, hydroxyls, isocyanates, methacrylates and combinations of the same.
  • the functional substituents can be attached at the end of the chain, can be attached in-between, and combinations of the same.
  • the functional substituents form functional groups of the silane.
  • the silanes for use in the synthetic layered magnesium silicate include 3- (aminophenoxy)propyltri ethoxy silane, /V-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane, 11- aminoundecyltrimethoxysilane, /V-(6-aminohexyl)aminomethyltrimethoxysilane, N-( 2- aminoethyl)-ll-aminoundecyltrimethoxysilane, and combinations of the same.
  • the silane has the formula RSi(OR”)3. [0035] The silane can be selected based on the desired functional group.
  • the functional groups can include hydroxyl groups (-OH), saturated alkyl groups having the formula (- CH 2 (CH 2 ) X CH 3 ), X is an integer between 0 and 18, phenyl groups, amine groups, diamine groups, carboxylate groups, amide groups, acrylate groups, thiol groups, methacrylate groups, isocyanate groups, and combinations of the same.
  • Table 1 lists the functional group resulting from each silane.
  • RSi(OR”) 3 R is a methyl group (-CH 3 ), an ethyl group (-C 2 H5), and combinations of the same; and R is an alkyl group, an aryl group, and combinations of the same.
  • a functionalized silicate additive is provided.
  • Octahedral brucite layer 10 is sandwiched between two tetrahedral silicate layers 20.
  • Functional groups 30 are covalently bonded to tetrahedral silicate layer 20.
  • functional groups 30 are selected from hydroxyl groups, amine groups, and combinations of the same. As functional groups 30 extend from tetrahedral silicate layer 20 away from octahedral brucite layer 10, functional groups 30 serve to separate the synthetic layered magnesium silicate 40.
  • references to “a functional group” should be interpreted to include multiple instances of a type of functional group bonded to the tetrahedral silicate layer and alternately multiple instances of multiple types of functional groups bonded to the tetrahedral silicate layer.
  • Talc is absent in the synthetic layered magnesium silicate.
  • the synthetic layered magnesium silicates differ from talc in at least the following ways: (a) the synthetic layered magnesium silicates include organic functionalities, unlike talc which does not; (b) the synthetic layered magnesium silicates are partially crystalline; (c) the synthetic layered magnesium silicates contain covalently linked organic functionalities resulting in chemically strong bonding in contrast talc, even organically modified talc, has physically linked organic functionalities resulting in weak bonding; and (d) the structure of the synthetic layered magnesium silicates can be controlled during the synthesis process, whereas the structure of talc cannot be modified from the natural development.
  • a method of making or synthesizing the synthetic functionalized additive is provided.
  • an amount of the magnesium salt is mixed with a fluid medium to produce a magnesium-containing fluid.
  • the fluid medium can include water, an alcohol, and combinations of the same. Examples of the alcohol can include methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and combinations of the same.
  • the amount of magnesium salt in the fluid medium can be in the range of about 3-15 wt %, and alternately in the range of about 5-7 wt % of the fluid medium.
  • An amount of the silane can be added to the magnesium-containing fluid to produce a reactant mix.
  • the amount of silane added can be in between about 3 wt % of the fluid medium and about 12 wt % of the fluid medium and alternately between about 4 wt % of the fluid medium and about 6 wt % of the fluid medium.
  • the amount of silane added can be determined to maintain a silicone to magnesium molar ratio in the synthetic layered magnesium silicate in the synthetic layered magnesium silicate of between about 0.7 and about 1.5, alternately between about 0.8 and about 1.4, alternately between about 1 and about 1.4.
  • the amount of silane added results in a silicone to magnesium molar ratio in the synthetic layered magnesium silicate of about 1.33.
  • Adding the amount of the silane to the magnesium-containing fluid is important to produce a synthetic functionalized additive having the layered structure.
  • a change in the order of mixing, by adding the magnesium salt to the saline produces amorphous materials that do not possess the layered structure required of the synthetic functionalized additive.
  • An amount of aqueous hydroxide can be added to the reactant mix to produce the reaction mixture.
  • the amount of aqueous hydroxide added can adjust the pH of the reactant mix.
  • the amount of aqueous hydroxide can be added to the reactant mix to reach a target pH of the reaction mixture.
  • the target pH of the reaction mixture can be between about 7 and about 12, and alternately between about 9 and about 10.
  • Each of the addition steps can be performed at a temperature in the range between about 20 °C and about 120 °C, alternately between about 20 °C and about 110 °C, alternately between about 20 °C and about 80 °C, alternately between about 50 °C and about 80 °C, alternately at a temperature between about 20 °C and about 30 °C, alternately a temperature of about 25 °C. Greater reaction temperatures can reduce the reaction time and can contribute to greater crystallinity.
  • Each of the addition steps can be performed at ambient pressure.
  • the reaction mixture can be prepared in one reaction vessel.
  • the reaction vessel can be fitted with a stirring mechanism such that the mixture is constantly stirred during the addition steps.
  • Each addition step can be followed by a period of mixing.
  • the reaction vessel can be fitted with a condenser.
  • the reaction vessel can be configured for hydrothermal reaction, where the reaction mixture can be maintained at a pressure at the reflux conditions.
  • the reaction mixture can be mixed for a mixing period.
  • the mixing period can be between about four hours and about one week, alternately between about ten hours and about three days, alternately between about fifteen hours and about one day.
  • Crystallinity of the resulting product can be varied by varying the duration mixing period; that is, a greater mixing period duration can produce greater crystallinity.
  • Mixing the reaction mixture under an alkaline condition can enable the formation of brucite and the subsequent hydrolysis of the silanes.
  • the reaction mixture can be refluxed in the reaction vessel for a reflux period to produce the product mix.
  • the reflux period can be greater than about 1 hour, alternately greater than about 5 hours, alternately greater than about 10 hours, alternately greater than about 24 hours, alternately between about 24 hours and about 72 hours, alternately between about 24 hours and about 48 hours.
  • the refluxing condition can be the boiling point of the reaction mixture.
  • the refluxing condition can be between about 70 °C and about 120 °C. As components boil, they can enter the condenser fitted onto the reaction vessel.
  • the refluxing condition allows the reaction of silanes to form the tetrahedral silicate layer on either side of the layer of octahedral brucite, resulting in the functionalized synthetic additive.
  • the formation of the layer of octahedral brucite can begin upon addition of the aqueous hydroxide.
  • Hydrolysis of the silanes can begin upon addition of the aqueous hydroxide.
  • the condensation reactions of the silanes can begin as the temperature in the reaction mixture reaches the refluxing condition.
  • the condensation reactions of the silanes can continue during the reflux period.
  • the functionalized silicate layers form on the layer of octahedral brucite during the reflux period.
  • the product mix can be subjected to one or more treatment operations to separate the solid synthetic functionalized magnesium silicate from the other liquids in the product mix.
  • the treatment operations can include reducing the temperature of the product mix separating the solid synthetic functionalized magnesium silicate, washing the separated solids and drying the solids under vacuum.
  • Separating the solid synthetic functionalized magnesium silicate can be performed using any separation unit capable of separating solids from liquids. Examples of separation units suitable for separating solids from liquids include filtration and centrifuging. The separated solids can be washed with deionized water. Drying under vacuum can be done at temperatures greater than ambient temperature or at room temperature.
  • the length of the reflux period can influence the crystallinity of the synthetic layered magnesium silicates. Hydrothermal reaction during the reflux period can allow crystallization and growth in the lateral dimension. The longer the reflux period the greater the size of the lateral dimension.
  • the reflux conditions can also improve the crystallinity of the functionalized silicate layers.
  • the condensation reactions of the silanes involve the removal of water molecules from the edges of the inorganic layer of octahedral brucite and the hydrolysis products of silanes, a longer reflux period provides more time for these reactions resulting in improved crystallinity.
  • synthesizing the synthetic layered magnesium silicate allows the physical properties of the synthetic layered magnesium silicate to be tailored to meet desired specifications.
  • the physical properties that can be tailored include the crystallinity, the organic moieties, the lateral dimensions, and combinations of the same.
  • the crystallinity of the synthetic layered magnesium silicate can be tailored to possess low crystallinity, moderate crystallinity, or high crystallinity.
  • the organic moieties can be tailored to include hydrophobic organic moieties, hydrophilic organic moieties, and a combination of the same.
  • the lateral dimensions such as the length, height and width, can be modified by increasing the reaction time.
  • tailoring the physical properties changes the thixotropic behavior, the viscosity of the well fluids, and combinations of the same.
  • tailoring the physical properties ensures the synthetic layered magnesium silicate contains enough structure to provide stability and viscosity in the well fluids.
  • the method of producing the synthetic functionalized additive does not involve grafting the organic moieties.
  • the method of producing the synthetic functionalized additive provides a method for in situ formation, which results in covalently linked silicon to oxide (Si-O) bonds. Covalently linked Si-0 bonds have increased structural integrity exhibiting reduced likelihood of detachment of the organic moieties.
  • the synthetic functionalized additive can be used as a viscosifier, a thixotropic control additive, a suspension additive, a nucleating agent additive, and a release rate control additive.
  • the synthetic functionalized additives can be used as additives in well fluids.
  • Well fluids can include drilling fluids, packer fluids, lost circulation fluids, production fluids, and combinations of the same.
  • the synthetic functionalized additives can be used in place of organophilic nanosilicas.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid can include a water-based continuous phase.
  • the water-based continuous phase can include a brine (that is, an aqueous solution having at least one inorganic salt such as sodium bromide (NaBr), sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCh).
  • Brines can be tailored to particular well conditions with a broad range of salts.
  • Typical brines can have densities between about 1 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3 ) and about 2.4 g/cm 3 at standard temperature and pressure.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid can include a weighting agent.
  • weighting agent refers to finely divided solid material that is used to increase the density of a drilling fluid.
  • weighting agents include barite, hematite, calcium carbonate, siderite, and ilmenite, manganese oxide, iron oxides and their various minerals, barium sulfate, barium oxide, barium hydroxide, barium chloride.
  • Theologically modified well fluid can include a viscosifying polymer, including biopolymers and modified biopolymers and synthetic polymers.
  • a viscosifying polymer including biopolymers and modified biopolymers and synthetic polymers.
  • Nonlimiting examples of viscosifying biopolymers include carboxymethyl cellulose, lignosulfonate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, guar gum, xanthan gum, and hydroxypropyl guar.
  • Nonlimiting examples of viscosifying synthetic polymers include amine/amide fatty acid copolymers, acrylates and acrylate copolymers, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and their ionic salts, maleic anhydride and styrene copolymers based polymers.
  • the viscosifying effect of a biopolymer is degraded as temperature increases.
  • polyelectrolytes are added to improve and maintain the viscosifying effect of the biopolymer at temperatures which otherwise would result in the complete loss of the vis
  • a polyelectrolyte is a polymer having repeating units bearing an electrolyte group.
  • the polyelectrolyte can have cationic and anionic groups, and can be a synthetic or natural polymer.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid can have at least two oppositely charged polymers (that is, a polycation and a polyanion).
  • an example of a poly electrolyte is cationic partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (cationic PHPA).
  • Cationic polyacrylamides are acrylamide polymers that have positively charged chemical groups attached to at least some of the polymer’s pendant amide groups, or acrylamide polymers that have been copolymerized with monomers containing positively charged pendant groups.
  • the association of a polycation with an anionic surfactant in the Theologically modified well fluid can improve and maintain viscosity at temperatures which would otherwise result in a degraded viscosifying effect.
  • suitable anionic surfactants include alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfonates, sodium salts of fatty acids, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, sodium oleate, sodium palmitate, sodium stearate, alkaline metal salts of fatty acids, and alkaline earth metal salts of fatty acids.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid can include a poly cation such as cationic PHPA and an anionic surfactant such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate to maintain increased viscosity up to a high temperature between about 80 °C and about 165 °C, alternately between about 90 °C and about 165 °F, alternately between about 75 °C and about 160 °C.
  • a poly cation such as cationic PHPA
  • an anionic surfactant such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate
  • Theologically modified well fluid can also include additional components (such as weighting agents, fluid loss additives, shale inhibitors, alkalinity control agents) known to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art.
  • additional components such as weighting agents, fluid loss additives, shale inhibitors, alkalinity control agents.
  • Table 2 provides an example of an aqueous-based well fluid composition having a synthetic functionalized additive.
  • Example of an aqueous-based well fluid composition having a brine, biopolymer, poly cation, anionic surfactant, fluid loss additive, shale inhibitor, and synthetic functionalized additive.
  • the addition of the synthetic functionalized additive can improve and maintain suitable viscosity of the Theologically modified well fluid.
  • the synthetic functionalized additive can be mixed with a well fluid as a viscosifier to produce a Theologically modified well fluid.
  • the amount of synthetic functionalized additive in the Theologically modified well fluid can be in an amount between about 0.1 weight per volume percent (wt/vol %) and about 25 wt/vol %, alternately about 0.5 wt/vol % and about 5 wt/vol %, alternately between about 1 wt/vol % and about 4 wt/vol %, alternately between about 1.5 wt/vol % and about 3.5 wt/vol %.
  • the amount of the synthetic functionalized additive is about 2 wt/vol %.
  • a 0.1 wt/vol % Theologically modified well fluid can contain 0.1 grams of the synthetic functionalized additive in 99.9 milliliters (mL) of the well fluid.
  • a 20 wt/vol % Theologically modified well fluid can contain 20 grams of the synthetic functionalized additive in 80 mL of the well fluid.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid can be injected into a well.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid can be prepared by combining the synthetic functionalized additive with an intermediate well fluid composition.
  • intermediate well fluid composition refers to a composition made in the process of preparing a well fluid before the synthetic functionalized additive is added, the composition having at least one well fluid component (such as brine, biopolymer, poly electrolyte, surfactant, shale inhibitor, fluid loss additive, weighting agent, etc.) without the synthetic functionalized additive.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid can be prepared by mixing the synthetic functionalized additive with the intermediate well fluid composition for a period of time, and then adding and mixing one or more additional well fluid components at spaced intervals.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid can be prepared by first mixing the water-based continuous phase with the synthetic functionalized additive for a period of time (for example, five minutes), where the water-based continuous phase is the intermediate well fluid composition. Then, following mixing the water- based continuous phase with the synthetic functionalized additive, adding and mixing the biopolymer for a period of time (for example, five minutes), then adding and mixing the poly electrolyte for a period of time (for example, five minutes), and so forth; continuing in this manner with each additional desired well fluid component.
  • a period of time for example, five minutes
  • the fluid is prepared by mixing a brine with the synthetic functionalized additive for a period of time, then adding and mixing a biopolymer for a period of time, then adding and mixing a polyelectrolyte for a period of time, and then adding and mixing a surfactant for a period of time.
  • the polyelectrolyte is a poly cation and the surfactant is an anionic surfactant.
  • Theologically modified well fluid is further prepared by adding and mixing at least one of the following well fluid components at spaced intervals: fluid loss additive, shale inhibitor, alkalinity control agent, weighting agent.
  • the mixing of the synthetic functionalized additive with the intermediate well fluid composition is carried out such that shear forces are applied to the synthetic functionalized additive and intermediate well fluid composition.
  • the mixing can be carried out with a high- shear mixer.
  • the components should be mixed for a period of time that is at least five minutes.
  • Mixing can be carried out for much longer periods of time.
  • the mixing can be carried out for a period of time that is between about 5 minutes and about 300 minutes, alternately between about 5 minutes and about 240 minutes, alternately between about 5 minutes and about 180 minutes, alternately between about 5 minutes and about 120 minutes, alternately between about 5 minutes and about 90 minutes, alternately between about 5 minutes and about 60 minutes, alternately between about 5 minutes and about 30 minutes, alternately between about 5 minutes and about 20 minutes, alternately between about 5 minutes and about 15 minutes, alternately between about 5 minutes and about 10 minutes.
  • the components can be mixed for a period of time that is about 5 minutes.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid can be further prepared by aging the well fluid mixture having the synthetic functionalized additive.
  • the aging process can be carried out by introducing the well fluid mixture having the synthetic functionalized additive to a pressure vessel, heating the well fluid mixture, pressurizing the well fluid mixture in the pressure vessel, and maintaining a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure and a temperature greater than ambient temperature for a period of time.
  • the aging process includes rolling the well fluid mixture having the synthetic functionalized additive for a period of time in a hot roller oven.
  • the rolling, heating, and pressurizing are carried out simultaneously; that is, the well fluid mixture having the synthetic functionalized additive is rolled at a pressure above atmospheric pressure and a temperature above ambient temperature for a period of time.
  • the well fluid mixture having the synthetic functionalized additive is aged at a pressure that is between about 1,000 kilopascals (kPa) and about 7,000 kPa, alternately between about 2,500 kPaand about 5,000 kPa, alternately between about 2,500 kPa and about 4,500 kPa, alternately between about 3,000 kPa and about 4,000 kPa.
  • the mixed well composition fluid having the synthetic functionalized additive is aged at a pressure of about 3,500 kPa.
  • nitrogen gas can be used to pressurize the pressure vessel.
  • the well fluid mixture having the synthetic functionalized additive is aged at a temperature that is between about 50 °C and about 240 °C, alternately between about 100 °C and about 200 °C, alternately between about 120 °C and about 180 °C. In at least one embodiment the well fluid mixture having the synthetic functionalized additive is aged at a temperature that is about 150 °C.
  • the aging process is carried out for a period of time that is between about 1 hour and about 48 hours, alternately between about 1 hour and about 36 hours, alternately between about 1 hour and about 24 hours, alternately between about 1 hour and about 20 hours. In at least one embodiment the aging process is carried out for about 16 hours.
  • a synthetic layered magnesium silicate was synthesized by dissolving magnesium chloride hexahydrate in ethanol and adding tetraethoxy orthosilicate [Si(OCH5)4] and aqueous sodium hydroxide. The solution was stirred at ambient temperature. The resulting suspension was stirred for five hours and then refluxed for 48 hours. Synthetic layered magnesium silicates precipitated from the solution. The solution was centrifuged to separate the synthetic layered magnesium silicates from the solution, and the synthetic layered magnesium silicates were washed with deionized water and dried. Hydroxyl functional groups were covalently bonded to the tetrahedral silicate layers of the synthetic layered magnesium silicates.
  • a synthetic layered magnesium silicate was synthesized by dissolving magnesium chloride hexahydrate in ethanol and adding aminopropyltriethoxysilane [H2N(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3] and aqueous sodium hydroxide. The solution was stirred at ambient temperature. The resulting suspension was stirred for five hours and then refluxed for 48 hours. Synthetic layered magnesium silicates precipitated from the solution. The solution was centrifuged to separate the synthetic layered magnesium silicates from the solution, and the synthetic layered magnesium silicates were washed with deionized water and dried. Amine functional groups were covalently bonded to the tetrahedral silicate layers of the synthetic layered magnesium silicates.
  • Example 1 and Example 2 The synthetic layered magnesium silicates prepared in Example 1 and Example 2 were analyzed using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD).
  • Figure 2 shows the FTIR spectrum of the two synthetic layered magnesium silicates of Example 1 and Example 2; a synthetic layered magnesium silicate having hydroxyl groups covalently bonded to the tetrahedral silicate layers (SLMS-O), and a synthetic layered magnesium silicate having amine groups covalently bonded to the tetrahedral silicate layers (SLMS-N).
  • FTIR Fourier transform infrared
  • PXRD powder x-ray diffraction
  • the FTIR spectrum shows characteristic vibration modes for inorganic layered silicates and organic moieties covalently bonded to the tetrahedral silicate layers of the synthetic layered magnesium silicates.
  • the bands at 3697 cm 1 and 1005 cm 1 can be attributed respectively to MgO-H and Si-O-Si stretching.
  • the methyl and methylene groups produced vibrational bands at 2930 cm 1 and 2860 cm 1 .
  • the covalently bonded organic moiety, propylamine is discernible from the stretching at 1185 cm 1 .
  • the amine groups produced bands between 1640 cm 1 and 1345 cm 1 .
  • the hydroxyl groups in SLMS-0 produced a characteristic broad peak around 3400 cm 1 from O-H stretching vibration.
  • Powder x-ray diffraction patterns for SLMS-0 and SLMS-N are shown in FIG 3.
  • the PXRD reflections of SLMS-0 and SLMS-N show broader peaks attributable to diffraction caused by the presence of organic moieties in the interlayer space, the nanodimensional structure of the layered materials, and their synthetic nature.
  • the space between layers indicated at 001, 1.1 nanometers (nm) for SLMS-0 and 1.25 nm for SLMS-N suggests the presence of hydroxyl groups and propylamine groups respectively.
  • the intra-layer reflections at 060 and 330 are characteristic of a 2:1 trioctahedral phyllosilicate structure.
  • the reflections at 020/110 and 130/200 indicate that the layered materials can accommodate a range of organic functionalities without deterioration of the crystalline structures.
  • a well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates and a Theologically modified well fluid with a synthetic layered magnesium silicate having hydroxyl functional groups were prepared.
  • the RMWF-0 and the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates both had a poly cation (cationic PHPA) and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate).
  • the water-based continuous phase was a sodium bromide brine with density of about 1.5 kilograms per liter (kg/L). Each well fluid had density of 1.95 kg/L.
  • the compositions of the RMWF-0 and the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates are provided in Table 3. TABLE 3. Composition of a well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates and a Theologically modified well fluid with synthetic layered magnesium silicates having hydroxyl functional groups (RMWF-O).
  • Component_ magnesium silicates (g) RMWF-0 (g)
  • the components of the well fluids were mixed with a high-shear mixer.
  • the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates was prepared by mixing the sodium bromide brine with the xanthan gum for five minutes, then adding and mixing the cationic PHPA for five minutes, then adding and mixing the sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate for five minutes, then adding and mixing the fluid loss additive for five minutes, then adding and mixing the shale inhibitor for five minutes, then adding and mixing the magnesium oxide for five minutes, then adding and mixing the iron gluconate for five minutes, and then adding and mixing the barite for ten minutes.
  • the RMWF-0 was prepared by first mixing the sodium bromide brine with the synthetic layered magnesium silicate having hydroxyl functional groups for five minutes, then adding and mixing the xanthan gum for five minutes, then adding and mixing the cationic PHPA for five minutes, then adding and mixing the sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate for five minutes, then adding and mixing the fluid loss additive for five minutes, then adding and mixing the shale inhibitor for five minutes, then adding and mixing the magnesium oxide for five minutes, then adding and mixing the iron gluconate for five minutes, then adding and mixing the barite for ten minutes.
  • the well fluids were evaluated before and after aging.
  • the aging process included separately pressurizing the well fluids to about 3,500 kPa with nitrogen, heating the well fluids to about 150 °C, and hot-rolling the separate vessels containing the well fluids at about 150 °C for 16 hours. The well fluids were then cooled and analyzed at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature.
  • the rheological properties of the prepared aged and non-aged well fluids were determined from measurements made with a rotational rheometer.
  • the well fluids were analyzed at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.
  • Rheological properties of the well fluids were derived from the dial readings on the rheometer at various rotational speeds.
  • the data measured by the rheometer is shown in Table 4A; the rotational speed shown in rotations per minute (rpm) and the dial readings centipoise (cP).
  • the ten-second and ten-minute gel strength of the well fluids were also measured and included in Table 4A.
  • the ten-second and ten-minute gel strength were measured after allowing the well fluid to set quiescently for ten seconds and ten minutes respectively at low shear rate (maximum 3 rpm).
  • the ten-second and ten-minute gel strength have units of centipoise.
  • the yield point of the non-aged RMWF -O is significantly greater than the yield point of the non-aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates, indicating that the non-aged RMWF-0 has an improved capacity for carrying suspended cuttings.
  • sufficient plastic viscosity is necessary for maintaining suitable viscosity, greater plastic viscosity can cause a reduction in the rate of penetration.
  • the plastic viscosity of the non-aged RMWF-0 is maintained at a suitable level, and the rate of penetration should not be reduced because the value does not exceed the value of the plastic viscosity of the non-aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates.
  • the yield point of the aged RMWF-0 is significantly greater than the yield point of the aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates, indicating that the Theologically modified well fluid has an improved capacity for carrying suspended cuttings.
  • the plastic viscosity of the aged RMWF-0 is slightly greater, but suitable for many drilling applications.
  • Example 5 The example described in Example 5 was repeated with the addition of calcium montmorillonite to simulate contamination of the drilling fluids as it occurs during normal drilling operations.
  • a well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates and RMWF-0 were prepared similar to Example 5, except that calcium montmorillonite was added.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid and the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates both had a poly cation (cationic PHPA) and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate).
  • the well fluids were prepared similar to the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates and RMWF-0 described in Example 5.
  • the well fluids were evaluated before and after aging.
  • the compositions of the Theologically modified well fluid and the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates are provided in Table 5.
  • Component magnesium silicates (g) RMWF-0 (g)
  • Each well fluid had density of about 2.4 kg/L.
  • the components of the well fluids were mixed with a high-shear mixer similar to Example 5, except that the calcium montmorillonite was added and mixed for ten minutes after all other components were mixed.
  • the well fluids were evaluated before and after aging.
  • the aging process included separately pressurizing the well fluids to about 3,500 kPa with nitrogen, heating the well fluids to about 150 °C, and hot-rolling the separate vessels containing the well fluids at about 150 °C for 16 hours.
  • the well fluids were then cooled and analyzed at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature.
  • the rheological properties of the prepared aged and non-aged well fluids were determined from dial readings obtained from a rotational rheometer.
  • the well fluids were analyzed at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.
  • Rheological properties of the well fluids were derived from the dial readings on the rheometer at various rotational speeds. The data measured by the rheometer is shown in Table 6 A
  • plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity, and low shear yield point were calculated using Bingham Plastic Model equations.
  • the rheological properties of the well fluids are shown in Table 6B. TABLE 6B. Rheological properties of aged and non-aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates, and aged and non-aged Theologically modified well fluid with synthetic layered magnesium silicates having hydroxyl functional groups (RMWF-O); the well fluids being contaminated with calcium montmorillonite to simulate contamination as it occurs during normal drilling operations. Values for plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity, and low shear yield point are derived from Bingham Plastic Model equations. The ten-second and ten-minute gel strength of the well fluids were measured directly.
  • the yield point of the non-aged RMWF -O is significantly greater than the yield point of the non-aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates, indicating that the RMWF-0 has an improved capacity for carrying suspended cuttings.
  • the plastic viscosity of the RMWF-0 is maintained at a suitable level for carrying cuttings, and the rate of penetration should be increased because the value does not exceed the value of the plastic viscosity of the non-aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates.
  • a well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates and a Theologically modified well fluid with a synthetic layered magnesium silicate having amine functional groups were prepared.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid and the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates both had a poly cation (cationic PHPA) and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate).
  • the water-based continuous phase was a sodium bromide brine with density of 1.5 kg/L.
  • Each well fluid had density of 1.95 kg/L.
  • the compositions of the Theologically modified well fluid and the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates are provided in Table 7.
  • Theologically modified well fluid with synthetic layered magnesium silicates having hydroxyl functional groups (RMWF-N).
  • Component magnesium silicates (g) RMWF-N (g)
  • Xanthan gum 0.5 0.5 [0089] The components of the well fluids were mixed with a high-shear mixer.
  • the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates was prepared by mixing the sodium bromide brine with the xanthan gum for five minutes, then adding and mixing the cationic PHPA for five minutes, then adding and mixing the sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate for five minutes, then adding and mixing the fluid loss additive for five minutes, then adding and mixing the shale inhibitor for five minutes, then adding and mixing the magnesium oxide for five minutes, then adding and mixing the iron gluconate for five minutes, and then adding and mixing the barite for ten minutes.
  • Theologically modified well fluid was prepared by first mixing the sodium bromide brine with the synthetic layered magnesium silicate having amine functional groups for five minutes, then adding and mixing the xanthan gum for five minutes, then adding and mixing the cationic PHPA for five minutes, then adding and mixing the sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate for five minutes, then adding and mixing the fluid loss additive for five minutes, then adding and mixing the shale inhibitor for five minutes, then adding and mixing the magnesium oxide for five minutes, then adding and mixing the iron gluconate for five minutes, then adding and mixing the barite for ten minutes.
  • the well fluids were evaluated before and after aging.
  • the aging process included separately pressurizing the well fluids to about 3,500 kPa with nitrogen, heating the well fluids to about 150 °C, and hot-rolling the separate vessels containing the well fluids at about 150 °C for 16 hours.
  • the well fluids were then cooled and analyzed at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature.
  • the rheological properties of the well fluids were determined from rheometer dial readings.
  • the well fluids were analyzed at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.
  • Rheological properties of the well fluids were derived from the dial readings on the rheometer at various rotational speeds.
  • the rheometer dial readings are shown in Table 8A.
  • the yield point of the non-aged RMWF -N is significantly greater than the yield point of the non-aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates, indicating that the Theologically modified well fluid has an improved capacity for carrying suspended cuttings.
  • the plastic viscosity of the non-aged RMWF-N is maintained at a suitable level, and the rate of penetration should not be reduced because the plastic viscosity value for the Theologically modified well fluid does not exceed the value of the plastic viscosity of the non-aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates.
  • the yield point of the aged RMWF-N is more than double the yield point of the aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates, indicating that the Theologically modified well fluid has improved capacity for carrying suspended cuttings.
  • the plastic viscosity of the aged RMWF-N is slightly greater than the plastic viscosity of the aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates, but is still suitable for many drilling applications.
  • Example 7 The example described in Example 7 was repeated with the addition of calcium montmorillonite to simulate contamination of the drilling fluids as it occurs during normal drilling operations.
  • a well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates and RMWF-N were prepared similar to the well fluids of Example 7, except that calcium montmorillonite was mixed with the well fluids to simulate contamination as it occurs during normal drilling operations.
  • the Theologically modified well fluid and the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates both had a poly cation (cationic PHPA) and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate).
  • the water-based continuous phase was a sodium bromide brine with density of 1.5 kg/L. Each well fluid had density of 1.95 kg/L.
  • the compositions of the RMWF-N and the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates are provided in Table 9
  • composition of a well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates and a Theologically modified well fluid with synthetic layered magnesium silicates having hydroxyl functional groups (RMWF-N); the well fluids being contaminated with calcium montmorillonite to simulate contamination as it occurs during normal drilling operations.
  • Component magnesium silicates (g) RMWF-N (g)
  • Each well fluid had density of about 2.4 kg/L.
  • the components of the well fluids were mixed with a high-shear mixer similar to Example 6, except that the calcium montmorillonite was added and mixed for ten minutes after all other components were mixed.
  • the well fluids were evaluated before and after aging.
  • the aging process included separately pressurizing the well fluids to about 3,500 kPa with nitrogen, heating the well fluids to about 150 °C, and hot-rolling the separate vessels containing the well fluids at about 150 °C for 16 hours.
  • the well fluids were then cooled and analyzed at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature.
  • the rheological properties of the aged and non-aged well fluids were determined from measurements made with a rotational rheometer.
  • the well fluids were analyzed at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.
  • Rheological properties of the well fluids were derived from the dial readings on the rheometer at various rotational speeds. The data measured by the rheometer is shown in Table 10A.
  • Rheometer dial readings of aged and non-aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates, and aged and non-aged Theologically modified well fluid with synthetic layered magnesium silicates having amine functional groups (RMWF-N) at various rotational speeds; the well fluids being contaminated with calcium montmorillonite to simulate contamination as it occurs during normal drilling operations. The ten-second and ten-minute gel strength of the well fluids are also shown.
  • plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity, and low shear yield point were calculated using Bingham Plastic Model equations.
  • the rheological properties of the well fluids are shown in Table 10B. TABLE 10B. Rheological properties of aged and non-aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates, and aged and non-aged Theologically modified well fluid with synthetic layered magnesium silicates having amine functional groups (RMWF-N); the well fluids being contaminated with calcium montmorillonite to simulate contamination as it occurs during normal drilling operations. Values for plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity, and low shear yield point are derived from Bingham Plastic Model equations. The ten-second and ten- minute gel strength of the well fluids were measured directly.
  • the yield point of the non-aged RMWF-N is significantly greater than the yield point of the non-aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates, indicating that the Theologically modified well fluid has an improved capacity for carrying suspended cuttings.
  • the plastic viscosity of the non-aged RMWF-N is maintained at a suitable level, and the rate of penetration should not be reduced because the plastic viscosity value for the non-aged RMWF-N does not exceed the value of the plastic viscosity of the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates.
  • dial readings at 600 rpm were greater than the rotational rheometer’s maximum measurable reading (that is, 300 cP). Due to equipment limitations, the measured data is only sufficient to derive minimum or maximum values for plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, and yield point.
  • the plastic viscosity of the RMWF-0 and RMWF-N is substantially similar to the plastic viscosity of the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates throughout the temperature range; suggesting that the Theologically modified well fluids are not likely to negatively affect the rate of penetration.
  • Figures 7 and 8 show the yield point and low shear yield point respectively of each well fluid at various temperatures. As shown in the figures, the yield points of the RMWF-0 and RMWF-N are generally greater than the yield point of the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates throughout the temperature range, indicating an improved ability to carry cuttings and other high-density particles.
  • Rheological properties of the aged well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates with calcium montmorillonite, aged RMWF-0 of Example 5, and aged RMWF-N of Example 7 were measured with a rheometer at elevated temperature and pressure conditions to simulate downhole conditions (that is, pressure of about 68,900 kPa and temperatures ranging from about 66-205 °C) to model contamination as it occurs during normal drilling operations.
  • Each of the samples was aged by hot rolling the sample at a temperature of about 150 °C and a pressure of about 3,500 kPa.
  • Figures 9 and 10 show the plastic viscosity and apparent viscosity respectively of each well fluid at various temperatures.
  • the plastic viscosity of the RMWF-0 and RMWF-N is substantially similar to the plastic viscosity of the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates throughout the temperature range and unaffected by the presence of calcium montmorillonite; suggesting that the Theologically modified well fluids are not likely to negatively affect the rate of penetration.
  • Figures 11 and 12 show the yield point and low shear yield point respectively of each well fluid at various temperatures. As shown in the figures, the yield point of the RMWF- N is significantly greater than the yield point of the well fluid without synthetic layered magnesium silicates throughout the temperature range, indicating an improved ability to carry cuttings and other high-density particles even in the presence of calcium montmorillonite.

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Abstract

Procédés et compositions pour un fluide de puits rhéologiquement modifié. Un procédé consiste à combiner une quantité d'un additif fonctionnalisé synthétique avec une composition de fluide de puits intermédiaire pour former une composition de fluide de puits contenant un additif fonctionnalisé synthétique, et à soumettre la composition de fluide de puits contenant un additif fonctionnalisé synthétique à une contrainte de cisaillement sur une durée telle que la composition de fluide de puits contenant un additif fonctionnalisé synthétique est rhéologiquement modifiée pour produire le fluide de puits rhéologiquement modifié. L'additif fonctionnalisé synthétique comprend un silicate de magnésium stratifié synthétique qui est lié de manière covalente à un groupe fonctionnel, et la composition de fluide de puits intermédiaire comprenant une phase continue à base d'eau.
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