WO2021165548A2 - Éolienne à axe vertical et procédé de fonctionnement d'une telle éolienne - Google Patents

Éolienne à axe vertical et procédé de fonctionnement d'une telle éolienne Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021165548A2
WO2021165548A2 PCT/EP2021/054359 EP2021054359W WO2021165548A2 WO 2021165548 A2 WO2021165548 A2 WO 2021165548A2 EP 2021054359 W EP2021054359 W EP 2021054359W WO 2021165548 A2 WO2021165548 A2 WO 2021165548A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
generator
rotor
rotational speed
range
wind turbine
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Application number
PCT/EP2021/054359
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English (en)
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WO2021165548A3 (fr
Inventor
Jan-Willem Kim VAN WAGTENDONK
Marko HOPMAN
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Hypnagogia Ug
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Application filed by Hypnagogia Ug filed Critical Hypnagogia Ug
Publication of WO2021165548A2 publication Critical patent/WO2021165548A2/fr
Publication of WO2021165548A3 publication Critical patent/WO2021165548A3/fr

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  • the invention relates to a vertical axis wind turbine for extracting energy from wind and a method for operating such a wind turbine.
  • a wind turbine is a device configured to convert the kinetic energy from the wind into other forms of energy, generally electrical energy.
  • Wind turbines come in two types, namely well-known horizontal axis wind turbines having the main rotor shaft extending horizontally and less-used vertical axis wind turbines having the main rotor shaft extending vertically.
  • Vertical axis wind turbines have an advantage over horizontal axis wind turbines in that the generator can be arranged at or near the foot of the tower thereby minimizing the load on the tower supporting the generator. Further, vertical axis wind turbines do not require very large blades and tall towers to support them and the blades do not need to be constantly repositioned to point into the wind.
  • the shown vertical axis wind turbine comprises an aerodynamic rotor that is configured to spin about a vertical rotor shaft, which vertical rotor shaft is connected to an electricity generating generator that is controlled by a control unit to allow the vertical axis wind turbine to rotate at an optimal rotation speed to extract the maximum possible amount of wind energy to be converted into electricity.
  • a problem of vertical axis wind turbines is that rotary movement of the rotor or vertical shaft may easily excite resonances in the support structure of the vertical axis wind turbine, which - when excited - significantly shortens the lifespan of the vertical axis wind turbine.
  • vertical axis wind turbines have a smaller footprint and the rotor can be arranged closer to the ground, vertical axis wind turbines can be arranged on buildings or other constructions. When resonances in the support structure of the vertical axis wind turbine are excited, they may be transferred to the building or constructions on which the support structure is arranged thereby causing additional dynamic structural load and/or annoying noise, e.g. in the building.
  • a method for operating a vertical axis wind turbine comprising: a rotor; a vertical shaft; a generator; and a support structure, wherein the rotor is connected to the generator via the vertical shaft, wherein the support structure supports the rotor, vertical shaft and the generator, and wherein the method comprises the following steps: a. operating the generator according to a first mode based on optimal energy generation or high-speed safety and monitoring whether a rotational speed of the rotor and/or vertical shaft and/or generator approaches a range in which undesired resonances of the support structure may be excited; b.
  • step a upon determination that said rotational speed approaches said range, operating the generator according to a second mode based on preventing the rotational speed from entering said range and monitoring whether it is possible to operate the generator according to the first mode outside said range; and c. upon determination that it is possible to operate the generator according to the first mode outside said range, returning to step a.
  • An advantage of the method according to the first aspect of the invention is that obvious solutions to add bracing or mass to the support structure and/or keeping the rotational speed always below the range in which undesired resonances of the support structure may be excited are not necessary and thus the weight and costs, which are both critical factors in vertical axis wind turbines, can be reduced compared to these solutions.
  • the method according to the first aspect of the invention takes into account different operational situations, including but not limited to the following situations:
  • step b. a decreasing rotational speed approaching said range, wherein the rotational speed during step b. is kept above the upper end of said range, wherein it is subsequently determined that it possible to continue operating in the first mode, and wherein operation is continued in the first mode at a rotational speed again above the upper end of said range.
  • the rotational speed can be kept above the upper end of said range in step b. by adding energy, e.g. from the grid or a battery, or by lowering the load of the generator.
  • Step a. of the method according to the first aspect of the invention indicates that it is monitored whether the rotational speed of the rotor and/or vertical shaft and/or generator approaches a range in which undesired resonances of the support structure may be excited. It is to be understood as providing the following options for monitoring:
  • the rotor when the rotor is allowed to rotate independently of the generator at some time periods and in dependence of the generator at other time periods, e.g. when the vertical axis wind turbine is a vertical axis wind turbine according to the second aspect of the invention described below in more detail, it may be preferred to monitor both the rotor (possibly indirectly by monitoring the vertical shaft) and the generator, e.g. preferably using option 5, 6 or 7.
  • one or more operating ranges in which undesired resonances of the support structure may be excited by rotation of the rotor, vertical shaft or generator are predetermined and fixed.
  • the one or more ranges are set without monitoring if they are still correct, wherein said certain period of time may be months or even years.
  • the one or more ranges may be predetermined by calculation during the design phase or may be measured before commissioning using external sensors. As resonance frequencies may shift during the lifespan, it is possible that every now and then the one or more ranges are determined again using external sensors and adjusted if necessary, after which the one or more ranges are fixed again. It is also possible that the one or more ranges are chosen larger than necessary per se so that a shift of resonance frequency is likely to stay within the chosen one or more ranges.
  • the vertical axis wind turbine is provided with internal sensors configured to measure resonances of the support structure
  • said method comprises the step of calibrating said range in which undesired resonances of the support structure may be excited using said internal sensors.
  • This step may include the following sub-steps to determine a lower end of said range: i. operating the generator according to the first mode at a rotational speed below the lower end of said range; ii. waiting for the rotational speed to increase and measuring the rotational speed at which undesired resonances are excited in the support structure using the internal sensors; and iii. determining the lower end of said range from the measurement in sub-step ii. When the lower end of said range has shifted, a corresponding adjustment of said range may be made for future operation of the vertical axis wind turbine.
  • the step of calibrating may alternatively or additionally include the following sub-steps to determine an upper end of said range: i. operating the generator according to the first mode at a rotational speed above the upper end of said range; ii. waiting for the rotational speed to decrease and measuring the rotational speed at which undesired resonances are excited in the support structure using the internal sensors; and iii. determining the upper end of said range from the measurement in sub-step ii. When the upper end of said range has shifted, a corresponding adjustment of said range may be made for future operation of the vertical axis wind turbine.
  • the step of calibrating in particular the above described sub-steps, may be carried out regularly. In between these regular calibrations, the vertical axis wind turbine is operated according to the invention without calibrating steps.
  • the calibration step using the internal sensors may be carried out parallel to the steps a. to c. and adjustments of said range are made on the fly.
  • One or more ranges in which undesired resonances of the support structure may be excited are predetermined and initially used after commissioning of the vertical axis wind turbine.
  • no resonances should be measured in the support structure by the internal sensors.
  • the internal sensors will measure these resonances allowing to determine the shift of the resonances and to adjust the one or more ranges accordingly so that no resonances occur outside the one or more ranges.
  • monitoring is carried out using a speed sensor for the respective component.
  • a speed sensor for the rotor may be used to derive the wind speed when the rotor rotates independently of the generator.
  • monitoring a rotational speed of the generator may be carried out by electronically monitoring a frequency of the generated power signal or by any other suitable electronic monitoring method based on an output of the generator.
  • a speed sensor for the vertical shaft near or in the generator is provided to measure the rotational speed.
  • this speed sensor is combined with the electronic monitoring of an output of the generator, redundancy is introduced allowing to monitor the functionality of the sensors as well.
  • redundancy is introduced allowing to monitor the functionality of the sensors as well, but also to monitor the integrity of the vertical shaft.
  • the speed sensor at or near the generator indicates a different rotational speed than expected based on the speed sensor at or near the rotor, either one of the speed sensors is not functioning properly or the vertical shaft may be broken.
  • the speed sensor is able to rotate independently of the generator, such differences in measured rotational speeds may occur deliberately.
  • a vertical axis wind turbine comprising: a rotor; a vertical shaft; a generator; a support structure; and a control unit, wherein the rotor is connected to the generator via the vertical shaft, wherein the support structure supports the rotor, vertical shaft, the generator and the control unit, and wherein the control unit is configured to control the generator to prevent the rotational speed of the rotor and/or vertical shaft and/or generator from obtaining a value in a range in which undesired resonances of the support structure may be excited.
  • control unit is configured to carry out any of the above described embodiments of the method according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • the vertical axis wind turbine comprises internal sensors configured to measure resonances of the support structure, wherein the control unit is configured to control the generator based on an output from the internal sensors, e.g. to monitor and adjust said range.
  • control unit comprises a software algorithm to calibrate said range using the internal sensors, wherein preferably the software algorithm is self learning.
  • control unit comprises an electronic converter, wherein preferably the electronic converter includes or is a PLC.
  • the vertical axis wind turbine comprises a speed sensor to measure the rotational speed of the rotor.
  • the control unit is configured to derive a wind speed from an output of said speed sensor.
  • the vertical axis wind turbine comprises a speed sensor to measure the rotational speed of the vertical shaft.
  • the vertical axis wind turbine comprises a speed sensor to measure the rotational speed of a shaft portion of the generator, which shaft portion may be part of the vertical shaft.
  • control unit is configured to measure an output of the generator and to derive a rotational speed of a shaft portion of the generator therefrom.
  • control unit is configured to determine a difference between the rotational speed of the shaft portion of the generator measured by a speed sensor and the rotational speed of the shaft portion of the generator derived from the output of the generator. A substantially non-zero difference may indicate that either one of the measurements is not working properly. In an embodiment, the control unit is configured to determine a difference between the rotational speed of the shaft portion of the generator measured by a respective speed sensor and the rotational speed of the rotor measured by a respective speed sensor. A substantially non-zero difference may indicate that either one of the speed sensors is not working properly or that the connection between rotor and generator is broken.
  • a vertical axis wind turbine comprising: a rotor; a vertical shaft; a generator; and a control unit, wherein the rotor is connected to the generator via the vertical shaft, wherein the generator is an asynchronous generator, and wherein the control unit is configured to activate the asynchronous generator above a first predetermined rotational speed of the rotor and to inactivate the asynchronous generator below a second predetermined rotational speed which is lower than the first predetermined rotational speed.
  • An asynchronous generator is to be understood as a generator having a rotor or stator comprising coils for causing a magnetic field.
  • a characteristic of an asynchronous generator is that a very low torque is required to rotate it when the field coils are not activated.
  • an advantage of the asynchronous generator is that inactivation of the generator reduces/minimizes the load or resistance of the generator so that the rotational speed can increase at low wind speeds to a first predetermined rotational speed. Activating the generator will generate electricity but will also reduce the rotational speed when the wind speed remains low. When the rotational speed reduces to below the first predetermined rotational speed, the generator is inactivated again allowing the rotational speed to increase and thus allowing to intermittently generate energy even at low wind speeds.
  • the second aspect of the invention also relates to a method for operating a vertical axis wind turbine, wherein the vertical axis wind turbine comprises a rotor, a vertical shaft and an asynchronous generator, wherein the rotor is connected to the generator via the vertical shaft, and wherein the method comprises the following steps: activating the generator above a first predetermined rotational speed of the rotor; and inactivating the generator below a second predetermined rotational speed of the rotor, wherein the first predetermined rotational speed is higher than the second predetermined rotational speed.
  • the first aspect of the invention and the second aspect of the invention are combined, so that for instance the control unit is able to carry out both the method according to the first aspect of the invention and the method according to the second aspect of the invention.
  • the control unit is configured to carry out the method according to the second aspect of the invention in a first wind speed range and to carry out the method according to the first aspect of the invention in a second wind speed range, wherein the second wind speed range is above and not overlapping with the first wind speed range.
  • Fig. 1 schematically depicts a vertical axis wind turbine according to the first and second aspect of the invention
  • Fig. 2 graphically depicts generated power as a function of wind speed according to an embodiment of operating the vertical axis wind turbine of Fig. 1; and Fig. 3 graphically depicts rotational speed as a function of wind speed according to the embodiment of operating the vertical axis wind turbine of Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 1 schematically depicts an embodiment of a vertical axis wind turbine 1 according to the first and second aspect of the invention. It is explicitly noted here that the combination of the first and second aspect of the invention is not necessary per se and that the first aspect and the second aspect of the invention can be used in isolation of the other aspect as well.
  • the wind turbine 1 comprises a substantially vertically oriented rotation shaft 2 and a rotor with a number of blades 3 that is attached to said rotation shaft 2 for rotating the shaft 2 when there is a wind force exerted to at least one blade 3.
  • the wind turbine 1 further comprises an asynchronous generator 4 coupled to the shaft 2, so that the rotor is connected to the generator 4 via the shaft 2.
  • the wind turbine 1 also comprises an electric power converter 6, in this case for converting the power generated by the asynchronous generator 4 to a suitable voltage and waveform, in this case for a grid 7.
  • the electric power converter 6 may be coupled to an external energy storage 8, for storing (a surplus of) energy therein.
  • the wind turbine 1 further comprises a control unit 5 to control the generator 4, wherein the control unit 5 in this embodiment determines whether energy generated by the wind turbine is directed to the electric power converter 6 or to a further electric power converter 10 which in this case is configured to convert power from the generator 4 to a voltage suitable to charge a battery 11.
  • the rotor with blades 3, the shaft 2, the generator 4, the control unit 5, the electric power converters 6 and 10, and the battery 9 are all supported by a support structure, which may have the form of a column, tower or other suitable form.
  • FIG. 2 depicts graphically a possible embodiment of operating the wind turbine 1 of Fig. 1.
  • the graph in Fig. 2 has a horizontal axis indicating the wind speed Vwind and a vertical axis indicating the generated power P.
  • the horizontal axis can be divided into four wind speed regions 1, 2.1, 2.2 and 3.
  • Wind speed region 1 has a lower limit being 0 and an upper limit A.
  • Wind speed region 2.1 has a lower limit A and an upper limit D.
  • Wind speed region 2.2 has a lower limit D and an upper limit G.
  • wind speed region 3 has a lower limit G and no upper limit, although in practice the upper limit will be the maximum wind speed possible.
  • Wind speed region 3 is a region in which the wind speed is too high for the wind turbine 1 to safely operate the wind turbine, so that when a wind speed lower limit G is measured by for instance a wind speed sensor 15, the control unit 5 may activate a mechanical brake 14 operating on the shaft 2 to prevent damage and/or excessive wear of the wind turbine 1.
  • Wind speed region 1 is a region in which the wind speed is too small for the wind turbine to continuously generate power as the load or resistance of the generator is too large.
  • the control unit 5 is configured to carry out a method according to the second aspect of the invention when the wind speed sensor 15 indicates that the wind speed is below the upper limit A of the wind speed region 1.
  • said method according to the second aspect of the invention includes the steps of: activating the generator above a first predetermined rotational speed of the rotor; and inactivating the generator below a second predetermined rotational speed of the rotor, wherein the first predetermined rotational speed is higher than the second predetermined rotational speed.
  • Measuring the rotational speed of the rotor may be carried out using a rotational sensor 9 which determines the rotational speed of the rotor by measuring the rotational speed of the shaft 2.
  • a rotational sensor may alternatively be referred to as speed sensor.
  • the resistance or load on the generator is relatively low, so that a relatively small torque applied during low wind speeds may be sufficient to increase the rotational speed of the rotor.
  • the generator is activated. Due to the increased resistance or load on the generator, the wind speed may not be sufficient to maintain the rotational speed of the rotor, so that when the rotational speed of the rotor reduces to the second predetermined rotational speed, e.g. 30 rpm, the generator is inactivated.
  • the advantage of the method according to the second aspect of the invention is that during the time period that the rotor rotates above the second predetermined rotational speed after reaching the first predetermined rotational speed, energy was generated. Hence, with this method, energy is generated when possible even at low wind speeds. This is mainly due to the presence of the asynchronous generator which has the advantage that a low torque is capable of rotating the generator when inactivated thereby allowing to reach higher rotational speeds than with permanent magnet generators.
  • the energy generated with the method according to the second aspect of the invention may not be suitable to efficiently be provided to the grid 7, so that the control unit 5 may be configured to direct the energy to the battery 11 instead.
  • the wind turbine 1 can be operated according to a method according to a first aspect of the invention as will be explained below in more detail.
  • the control unit 5 is configured to operate the generator 4 according to a first mode as indicated by the solid line 200 in Fig. 2.
  • the first mode is based on optimal energy generation where the higher the wind speed, the higher the generated power, preferably based on an optimal match of aerodynamic rotor and generator 4 by controlling the ratio between tip speed of the blades 3 and wind speed.
  • the wind speed becomes too high to keep following the optimal energy generation curve and the first mode becomes based on high-speed safety, which reduces the rotational speed of the rotor with increasing wind speed thereby consequently reducing the generated power until the wind speed region 3 is reached and the rotor is stopped completely as mentioned before for safety reasons.
  • the generator 4 can always be operated in the first mode without risking excitation of these resonances.
  • operating the generator according to the first aspect of the invention allows for instance to design the support structure 12 such that resonances may occur at rotational speeds of the rotor corresponding to wind speeds in the wind speed regions 2.1 and 2.2.
  • the generator 4 is operated in a second mode when necessary.
  • Fig. 3 showing the relationship between the rotational speed R of the rotor as a function of the wind speed Vwind when the generator is operated according to the first and second mode in wind speed ranges 2.1 and 2.2.
  • a rotational speed range of the rotor in which undesired resonances of the support structure 12 may occur corresponds to a wind speed range having a lower limit B and an upper limit C and to a wind speed range having a lower limit E and an upper limit F.
  • Lower limit B and upper limit F of said wind speed ranges then correspond to a lower end R1 of said rotational speed range while upper limit C and lower limit E of said wind speed ranges corresponds to an upper end R2 of said rotational speed range.
  • the generator In the wind speed range between lower limit A and upper limit B, the generator is operated according to the first mode as already explained above for Fig. 2. With an increasing wind speed, the rotational speed of the rotor approaches the lower end R1 of the resonance range. When the wind speed enters the range between wind speeds B and C, continuation of the first mode would result in the rotational speed entering the resonance range causing excitation of the resonances of the support structure 12. To avoid this, the generator 4 is operated according to a second mode upon determination by the control unit that the rotational speed approaches the resonance range. In the second mode, when the resonance range is approached from below rotational speed Rl, the generator is controlled to maintain the rotational speed of the rotor at or below rotational speed Rl as shown in Fig. 3 by the flat portion 301 in curve 300 to prevent the rotational speed from entering said resonance range.
  • the control unit 5 is monitoring whether it is possible to return to the first mode without operating the generator with the rotor having a rotational speed in the resonance range.
  • the control unit 5 is able to monitor this for instance by measuring the wind speed using sensor 15 and determining whether the wind speed has dropped below wind speed B or has increased to above wind speed C.
  • the control unit 5 returns to the first mode in the wind speed range between wind speeds A and B.
  • the control unit 5 controls the generator such that the rotational speed increases to above rotational speed R2, indicated by the arrow at wind speed C, and continues in the first mode in the wind speed range between wind speeds C and E.
  • the control unit when approaching the resonance range from above, the control unit will prevent the rotational speed from entering the resonance range by maintaining the rotational speed at or above the rotational speed R2 as indicated by flat portion 302 for wind speeds between B and C and as indicated by flat portion 303 for wind speeds between E and F. Subsequently, when the wind speed drops below wind speed B or increases to above wind speed F, the control unit 5 returns to the first mode by jumping to a rotational speed below rotational speed R1 as indicated by the arrows at wind speeds B and F. Otherwise, the control unit returns to the first mode for wind speeds between C and E.
  • the control unit 5 When the generator 4 is operated in the first mode in the wind speed range between wind speeds F and G, the rotational speed of the rotor will approach the resonance range due to a decreasing wind speed from below, so that the control unit will prevent the rotational speed from entering the resonance range by maintaining the rotational speed at or below the rotational speed R1 as indicated by flat portion 304 for wind speeds between E and F. Subsequently, when the wind speed drops below wind speed E, the control unit 5 returns to the first mode by jumping to a rotational speed above rotational speed R2 as indicated by the arrow at wind speeds E. Otherwise, the control unit returns to the first mode for wind speeds between F and G.
  • the resonance range R1-R2 in Fig. 3 may be predetermined by calculation in the design phase or by measuring prior to commissioning using external sensors.
  • External sensors meaning sensors that are only temporary attached to the support structure to measure the resonances and removed after measurement is completed.
  • the wind turbine 1 comprises internal sensors 13 to measure the resonances of the support structure allowing to regularly calibrate the resonance range or to continuously monitor resonances thereby allowing to keep track of a shift in the resonances during the lifespan of the wind turbine 1.
  • the invention has been described in relation to the rotational speed of the rotor, the same may apply alternatively or additionally to the rotational speed of the shaft 2 and/or the rotational speed of the generator.
  • the invention has been described in relation to a single resonance range of the support structure 12, the invention can also be applied in a similar manner for more than one resonance range.
  • the invention has been described in relation to an asynchronous generator, the invention according to the first aspect of the invention can also be used using other types of generators, e.g. a permanent magnet electromagnetic generator.
  • the invention has been described with a number of sensors, e.g. speed sensors, it is explicitly noted here that other sensors can be used as well and/or that another combination of sensors can be used.
  • the wind speed sensor 15 may be dispensed with when using for instance the rotor itself as wind speed sensor and determining the rotational speed of the rotor, especially for the second aspect of the invention when the generator is inactivated at low wind speeds.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de fonctionnement d'une éolienne à axe vertical, l'éolienne comprenant : - un rotor ; - un arbre vertical ; - un générateur ; et - une structure de support, le rotor étant relié au générateur par l'intermédiaire de l'arbre vertical, la structure de support supportant le rotor, l'arbre vertical et le générateur, et le procédé visant à commander le générateur pour empêcher que la vitesse de rotation du rotor et/ou de l'arbre vertical et/ou du générateur n'atteigne une valeur dans une plage dans laquelle des résonances indésirables de la structure de support puissent être excitées.
PCT/EP2021/054359 2020-02-22 2021-02-22 Éolienne à axe vertical et procédé de fonctionnement d'une telle éolienne WO2021165548A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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NL2024975 2020-02-22
NL2024975 2020-02-22

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WO2021165548A2 true WO2021165548A2 (fr) 2021-08-26
WO2021165548A3 WO2021165548A3 (fr) 2021-09-30

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Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018146069A1 (fr) 2017-02-07 2018-08-16 Hypnagogia Ug Éolienne à axe vertical et procédé de fonctionnement d'une telle éolienne

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5531567A (en) * 1994-06-20 1996-07-02 Flowind Corporation Vertical axis wind turbine with blade tensioner
CA2580094A1 (fr) * 2004-09-13 2006-03-23 Proven Energy Limited Turbine a impulsions radiales dont les pales sont animees d'un mouvement de torsion
CN101512144B (zh) * 2006-05-30 2012-04-25 解析设计服务公司 竖直轴风力系统及其产生电力的方法
US8087897B2 (en) * 2008-02-01 2012-01-03 Windside America Fluid rotor

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018146069A1 (fr) 2017-02-07 2018-08-16 Hypnagogia Ug Éolienne à axe vertical et procédé de fonctionnement d'une telle éolienne

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