WO2021163622A1

WO2021163622A1 - Vaccines and uses thereof to induce an immune response to sars-cov2

Info

Publication number: WO2021163622A1
Application number: PCT/US2021/018033
Authority: WO
Inventors: Mary Jo HAUSER; Arban Domi; Farshad Guirakhoo
Original assignee: Geovax, Inc.
Priority date: 2020-02-14
Filing date: 2021-02-12
Publication date: 2021-08-19
Also published as: AU2021220991A1; TW202140794A; CN115529817A; CA3167052A1; IL295482A; BR112022014884A2; EP4103231A1; MX2022009962A; JP2023513611A; KR20220154114A; US20220396810A1; EP4103231A4

Abstract

Provided herein are recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vectors comprising heterologous nucleic acid inserts encoding one or more SARS-CoV2 proteins, peptides, or fragments thereof, operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems that, upon expression, are capable of inducing protective immunity. The compositions can be used in a priming vaccination strategy or in a prime/boost vaccination strategy to provide immunity to SARS-CoV2 and variants thereof.

Description

VACCINES AND USES THEREOF TO INDUCE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SARS-COV2

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/976,913, filed on February 14, 2020, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/977,402, filed on February 16, 2020, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/992,710, filed on March 20, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/026,580, filed on May 18, 2020, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides compositions for inducing an immune response in a host to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), and methods of using and manufacturing such compositions. In particular, the compositions described herein are recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MV A) viral constructs encoding one or more SARS- CoV2 antigens. The compositions can be used in a priming vaccination strategy or in a prime/boost vaccination strategy to provide immunity to a wide range of SARS-CoV2 variants.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The contents of the text file named "19101-002W01_Seq_Listing_02_l l_21_ST25.txt" which was created on February 12, 2021 and is 540 KB in size, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Coronaviruses (CoVs) (order Nidovirales , family Coronaviridae, subfamily Coronavirinae) are enveloped viruses with a positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome. Comparatively, CoVs have a large genome for an RNA virus, ranging in size from 26 to 32 kilobases (kb) in length. The CoV genome encodes four major structural proteins: the spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein, and the envelope (E) protein, all of which are required to produce a structurally complete viral particle. See, e.g., PS Masters, The molecular biology of coronavirus. Adv. Virus Res. 2014: 101 : 105-12. Each major CoV structural protein plays a role in the structure of the virus particle and may be involved in other aspects of the replication cycle. Based on genetic and antigenic criteria, CoVs have been organized into three groups: a-CoVs, b-CoVs, and g-CoVs (van Regenmortel et al., editors. Virus taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of viruses Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego: Academic Press; 2000. p. 835-49. ISBN 0123702003).

Coronaviruses primarily infect birds and mammals, but can also infect humans (see, e.g., Bande et al., Progress and challenges toward the development of vaccines against avian infectious bronchitis. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015; van der Hoek L. Human coronaviruses: What do they cause? Antiviral Therapy. 2007; 12(4 Pt B):651). Coronaviral infections in humans are varying in severity, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections resembling the common cold, to lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and even severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

Some CoVs were originally found as enzootic infections, limited only to their natural animal hosts, but have crossed the animal-human species barrier and progressed to establish zoonotic diseases in humans. See, e.g., Lau et al., Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. PNAS 2005; 102(39): 14040-5; Rest et al., SARS associated coronavirus has a recombinant polymerase and coronaviruses have a history of host-shifting. Infect Genet Evol. 2003;3(3):219-25. Cross-species barrier jumps have allowed CoVs such as the SARS CoV and the Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS) to manifest as virulent human viruses. Schoeman and Fielding, Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virology 2019; 16:69. For example, the 2003 SARS CoV led to 8096 confirmed cases, with 774 deaths reported worldwide, for a fatality rate of 9.6%. World Health Organization WHO. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003 2003. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/index.html. There have been 2229 confirmed cases of MERS reported since April 2012, with 792 associated deaths, resulting in a fatality rate of 35.5%. World Health Organization WHO. WHO MERS-CoV Global Summary and Assessment of Risk, August 2018 (WHO/MERS/RA/Augustl8). Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/risk-assessment-august-2018. pdf?ua=l.

Recently, a novel coronavirus — SARS-CoV2 — has been implicated in an outbreak which started in Wuhan, China. See Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS- CoV2), World Health Organization. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020, available at https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second- meeting-of-the-intemational-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the- outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(SARS-CoV2). Many early cases were linked to a large seafood and animal market in the Chinese city of Wuhan, and the virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin. Perlman, Another Decade, Another Coronavirus. NEJM (24 January 2020); doi: 10.1056/NEJMe200112610; C Wu, Joseph et ah, Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the SARS-CoV2 outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. The Lancet (31 January 2020); doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9. Comparisons of the genetic sequences of this virus and other virus samples have shown similarities to SARS-CoV (79.5%) and bat coronaviruses (96%) (Zhou, et al., A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature (Feb. 3, 2020; 1-4; doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7), and the SARS-CoV2 clusters with the betacoronaviruses, forming a distinct clade in lineage B of the subgenus Sarbecovirus together with two bat-derived SARS-like strains. The origin of the virus is not clear yet. Similar to SARS-CoV, a recent study confirmed that Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE 2), a membrane exopeptidase, is the receptor used by SARS-CoV2 for entry into the human cells.

In an attempt to control the spread of the outbreak, quarantine and travel restrictions have been put in place throughout the world. Nonetheless, as of February 2021, over 107 million individual cases had been reported worldwide, and over 2.3 million deaths with an estimated fatality rate for the virus of about 0.7%.

The history of creating therapeutic vaccines for a human coronavirus illustrates the complexity and challenges of the problem. There are still no commercial vaccines against MERS- CoV and SARS-CoV, despite the fact that the viruses were discovered in 2012 and 2003, respectively. The selection of the framework and antigenic components that achieve the desired results of safety, tolerability and the necessary length of immunogenicity is difficult and can involve multiple failures.

A number of vaccines are in development to reduce or prevent SARS-CoV2 infections. On December 11, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) in persons aged 16 years and older for prevention of COVID-19. On December 18, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the second vaccine for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The emergency use authorization allows the ModernaTX, Inc. COVID-19 Vaccine (mRNA-1272) to be distributed in the U.S for use in individuals 18 years of age and older. Both the Pfizer and Modema vaccines are mRNA vaccines that encode only for the SARS-CoV2 spike protein.

SARS-CoV2, like other SARS-related coronaviruses, has shown a high mutation rate, and this mutation rate drives SARS-CoV2 evolution and genome variability, thereby potentially enabling SARS-CoV2 to escape host immunity and immunity provided by current vaccines. Since the original report of the SARS-CoV2 genomic sequence, a large number of SARS-CoV2 variants have been identified, which may potentially affect the therapeutic efficacy of various vaccination strategies. For example, the large number of mutations recently identified in the structural spike protein has raised concerns that vaccine strategies may be rendered ineffective due to mutational escape. Recent mutations to the spike protein have raised significant concerns about the effectiveness of current vaccines. For example, in a small clinical trial, the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was shown to have reduced effectiveness against the South African variant 501Y.V2. It is feared that the E484K mutation, which is present in the 501Y.V2 variant, may render current vaccines less effective, resulting in potential escape mutants.

The high mortality rate of SARS-CoV2, along with its ease and speed of transmission and mutation rate, highlights the need for the development of effective SARS-CoV2 vaccines.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a therapeutic vaccine against SARS-CoV2, and associated plasmids and constructs, as well as their use to impart immunogenicity to humans at risk of infection.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Provided herein are recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vectors comprising heterologous nucleic acid inserts encoding one or more SARS-CoV2 proteins, peptides, or fragments thereof, operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems that, upon expression, are capable of inducing protective immunity. The compositions described herein can be used in a priming vaccination strategy or in a prime/boost vaccination strategy to provide immunity to a wide range of SARS-CoV2 variants, including potential escape mutants. In one aspect, the rMVA viral vectors are designed to express SARS-CoV2 antigens — for example the Spike (S), Membrane (M) and Envelope (E) proteins — in the form of a virus-like particle (VLP) in a recipient host cell (see, e.g., FIG. 20), wherein the expression and formation of the VLP is sufficient to provide protective immunity against mutant lineages due to enhanced display of potential immunologically dominant epitopes. By expressing a wider range of SARS- CoV2 antigens displayed as VLPs following expression, a more robust humoral and cellular response can be generated across multiple antigens, reducing the risks of mutant immune escape by SARS-CoV2 variants. For example, by expressing coronavirus VLPs which include the S, M, and E protein, a more robust immune response can be generated compared to vaccines directed to the S protein alone, thus reducing the potential of immune escape by the virus through mutations, including, for example amino acid substitutions within the S protein receptor binding domain (RBD), including, for example those of K417T, K417N, E484K and/or N501Y.

In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses SARS-CoV2 antigens so that two distinct populations of VLPs are produced. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses one or more SARS-CoV2 antigens as a fusion protein with a non-coronavirus viral glycoprotein and separately expresses a viral matrix protein, wherein the SARS-CoV2 polypeptide antigen-glycoprotein fusion and matrix protein are capable of forming a VLP.

In some embodiments, an rMVA viral vector is provided containing one or more nucleic acid sequences which encode the membrane (M) protein, the envelope (E) protein, and the spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV2, wherein, upon expression of the M, E, and S protein, a VLP is formed (see, e.g., FIG. 20). In some embodiments, the rMVA contains a nucleic acid sequence which encodes the full-length S protein, E protein, and M protein, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 1 A. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 1, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 3, 42, and 45. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 46, 47, or 156. In some embodiments, the rMVA contains a nucleic acid sequence which encodes the full-length S protein further comprising substitutions at K417T, E484K, and N501 Y. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 6, 40, and 43.

In some embodiments, an rMVA viral vector is provided containing one or more nucleic acid sequences which encode the membrane (M) protein, the envelope (E) protein, and the spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV2, wherein, upon expression of the M, E, and S protein, a VLP is formed, and wherein the S protein comprises one or more amino acid proline substitutions that stabilize the S protein turner in the prefusion conformation. In some embodiments, the S protein contains one or more proline substitutions at or near the boundary between a Heptad Repeat 1 (HR1) and a central helix of the promoters of the S ectodomain turner. In some embodiments, the proline substitutions occur between amino acid residues 970 to 990 of the promoters in the trimer. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains two proline substitutions at amino acids K986 and V987, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 2A. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 8, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 10, 42, and 45. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains substitutions K986P, V987P, and one or more of K417T, E484K, and N501Y. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains substitutions K986P, V987P, K417T, E484K, and N501 Y. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as an amino acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S protein is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 11, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 12, 42, and 45. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 157. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 159. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 50. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 160.

In alternative embodiments of the above, the rMVA viral vector contains one or more nucleic acid sequence that encode the membrane (M) protein, the envelope (E) protein, and a linear epitope of the spike (S) protein, wherein upon expression of the M, E, and a linear epitope of the S protein, a VLP is formed. In a particular embodiment, the linear epitope of the S protein encoded by the rMVA is the receptor biding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope encoded comprises amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein (RBD aa 331-524), as exemplified in FIG. 3 A. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear epitope comprising SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope encoded comprises amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein (RBD aa 327 to 524), as exemplified in FIG. 3D. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear epitope comprising SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide comprises substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501 Y. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear epitope comprising SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear epitope comprising SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 20, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 24, 42, and 45. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 21, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 25, 42, and 45. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 32, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 33, 40, and 43.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid insert encodes a linear S epitope which further comprises a signal peptide and a transmembrane peptide derived from the S protein, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 3G and FIG. 3H. The S protein signal peptide can comprise or be derived from, for example, amino acids 1-13 (MFVFLVLLPLVSS) (SEQ ID NO: 55) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. The S protein transmembrane domain, which can also include the cytoplasmic tail, can comprise, or be derived from, for example, amino acids 1214-1273 (SEQ ID NO: 57). In some embodiments, the S protein encoded comprises an RBD consensus sequence, as exemplified in FIG. 5A. In some embodiments, the RBD consensus sequence further comprises an S protein signal peptide, for example derived from SEQ ID NO: 55, and an S protein transmembrane peptide, for example derived from SEQ ID NO: 57, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 5B. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear epitope comprising SEQ ID NO: 61. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear epitope comprising SEQ ID NO: 62. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide comprises substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear epitope comprising SEQ ID NO: 67. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear epitope comprising SEQ ID NO: 68. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 61, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 65, 42, and 45. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 62, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 66, 42, and 45. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 67, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 68, 40, and 43.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid insert encodes a linear S epitope which further comprises a signal peptide, the E protein, and the M protein (see, e.g., FIG. 3Q, FIG. 3R, FIG. 3S, FIG. 3T). The S protein signal peptide can comprise or be derived from, for example, amino acids 1-13 (MFVFLVLLPLVSS) (SEQ ID NO: 55) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the S protein encoded comprises an RBD consensus sequence. In some embodiments, the RBD consensus sequence further comprises an S protein signal peptide, for example derived from SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear RBD epitope comprising amino acids 327-524. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 20. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear RBD epitope comprising amino acids 331-524. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 21. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear RBD epitope comprising amino acids 327-598. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 161. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear RBD epitope comprising amino acids 331-598. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 162. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide comprises substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 32. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 33. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 163. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 164. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55, 20, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, 21, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 55, 32, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55, 33, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55, 161, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55, 162, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55, 163, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 164, 33, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 158.

In some embodiments, the rMVA viral vector contains a nucleic acid sequence that encodes two or more linear epitopes of the S protein, wherein the two or more linear epitopes are separated by a spacer, for example a GPGPG spacer polypeptide, and wherein the rMVA viral vector also contains one or more nucleic acid sequence that encode the SARS-CoV2 envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins. In some embodiments, the sequence inserted into the rMVA viral vector encodes S protein linear epitopes separated by a spacer, wherein the linear epitopes include different S protein RBD peptide sequences, for example (RBD Seq. 1-spacer-RBD Seq. 2), wherein RBD Seq. l is a first S protein RBD peptide, and RBD Seq. 2 is a second S protein RBD peptide. In some embodiments, the sequence inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes a tandem repeat sequence, for example (RBD Seq.1-spacer-RBD Seq.2-spacer)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes a tandem repeat sequence is flanked by an S peptide signal peptide, for example as derived from SEQ ID NO: 55, on the NH- terminus and an S protein transmembrane domain, for example derived from SEQ ID NO: 57, on the carboxy terminus. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide is selected from one or more peptides derived from amino acids 331 to 524, or alternatively amino acids 327 to 524, of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the nucleic acid sequence in the rMVA are selected from the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the nucleic acid sequence in the rMVA are the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the sequence inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes an S protein RBD peptide containing the tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)-GPGPG- (aa473-490)-GPGPG)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 4A. In some embodiments, x = 3-7. In some embodiments, x=5. In some embodiments, the sequence inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes an S protein RBD peptide containing the tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)-GPGPG)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and wherein the tandem repeat is flanked by an S protein signal peptide, for example as derived from SEQ ID NO: 55, on the NH-terminus and an S protein transmembrane domain, for example, as derived from SEQ ID NO: 57, on the carboxy terminus, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 4F. In some embodiments, x = 3-7. In some embodiments, x=5. In some embodiments, the aa473-490 RBD peptide comprises E484K.

In alternative embodiments of the above, the rMVA viral vector contains one or more nucleic acid sequences that encode the SARS-CoV2 membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein, and a modified spike (S) protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the S protein. The modified S protein comprises SI + S2 truncated, wherein upon expression of the M, E, and truncated S protein, a VLP is formed. In a particular embodiment, the modified S protein encoded by the rMVA comprises amino acids (1-1213) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 6A. Alternatively, the rMVA viral vector contains one or more nucleic acid sequences that encode the SARS-CoV2 membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein, and an SI + S2 truncated protein fragment having one or more proline substitutions, wherein upon expression of the M, E, and truncated S protein, a VLP is formed. In a particular embodiment, the modified S protein encoded by the rMVA comprises amino acids (1-1213) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, wherein the SI + S2 truncated fragment contains two proline substitution at amino acids K986 and V987 (SI + S2 truncated + K986P and V987P), for example, as exemplified in FIG. 6H. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 peptide further comprises substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

In an alternative aspect, provided herein is a rMVA viral vector designed to express one or more SARS-CoV2 S protein antigenic peptides as a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises an envelope glycoprotein signal peptide (GPS), a SARS-CoV2 S protein or protein fragment, and a transmembrane domain of an envelope glycoprotein (GPTM), wherein the envelope glycoprotein is not derived from a coronavirus. The rMVA viral vector is constructed to further express the membrane (M) protein and the envelope (E) protein of the SARS-CoV2, and a matrix protein derived from the same virus as the envelope glycoprotein. By expressing both the M and E proteins, an S protein fragment in a fusion with a GP, and a matrix protein, two distinct VLPS can be formed: the first containing the SARS-CoV2 M and E proteins, and the second containing the S protein fragment in concert with the GP and matrix protein. By providing two VLPs, enhanced epitope presentation may be possible. Suitable glycoproteins for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, those derived from: a Filoviridae , for example Marburg virus, Ebola virus, or Sudan virus; a Retroviridae, for example human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1); an Arenaviridaea, for example Lassa virus; a Flaviviridae, for example Dengue virus and Zika virus. In particular embodiments, the glycoprotein is derived from Marburg virus (MARV). In particular embodiments, the glycoprotein is derived from the MARV GP protein (Genbank accession number AFV31202.1). In particular embodiments, the MARV GPS domain comprises amino acids 1 to 19 of the glycoprotein (MWTTCFFISLILIQGIKTL) (SEQ ID NO: 88) and the GPTM domain comprises amino acid sequences 644-681 of the glycoprotein (WWT SD W GVLTNLGILLLL SI A VLIAL S CICRIF TK YIG) (SEQ ID NO: 90). In some embodiments, the S protein or protein fragment-GP fusion protein comprises an S protein receptor biding domain (RBD), for example as exemplified in FIG. 7A. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide is derived from amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 7B. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide is derived from amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 7G. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises a coronavirus consensus sequence. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide comprises substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501 Y. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 95, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS:97, 42, and 45. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 96, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 98, 42, and 45. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 99, 40, and 43. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 99, 40, and 43.

In some embodiments, the rMVA contains one or more nucleic acid sequences which encode the E protein, the M protein, and two or more linear epitopes of the S protein fused with a viral glycoprotein, for example the MARV GP, wherein the two or more linear epitopes are separated by a spacer, for example a GPGPG spacer polypeptide, and wherein the GPS flanks the two or more linear epitopes’ NH terminus and the GPTM flanks its carboxy terminus, and a matrix protein derived from the same virus as the glycoprotein, for example, the MARV VP40 matrix protein. In some embodiments, two or more linear epitopes of the S protein are fused with the MARV GP, wherein the linear epitopes include different S protein RBD peptides, for example (RBD Seq.l-spacer-RBD Seq.2), wherein RBD Seq. 1 is a first S protein RBD peptide, and RBD Seq. 2 is a second S protein RBD peptide. In some embodiments, two or more linear epitopes of the S protein are fused with the MARV GP, wherein the epitopes are contained in a tandem repeat sequence, for example (RBD Seq.l-spacer-RBD Seq.2-spacer)X, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide is selected from one or more peptides derived from amino acids 331 to 524 or amino acids 327 to 524 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are selected from the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the tandem repeat are the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the tandem repeat sequence encodes ((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)-GPGPG)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10. In some embodiments, x=3 to 7. In some embodiments, x=5, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 8A. Where a tandem repeat is utilized, the MARV GPS peptide flanks the tandem repeat on the NH-terminus, and the MARV GPTM peptide flanks the tandem repeat on the carboxy- terminus. In some embodiments, the aa473-490 RBD peptide comprises E484K.

In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes, along with the E protein and M protein, a modified S protein comprising an SI + S2 truncated protein fused with a viral glycoprotein, for example the MARV GP, wherein the GPS flanks the SI + S2 truncated S protein’s NH terminus and the GPTM flanks its carboxy terminus, and a matrix protein derived from the same virus as the glycoprotein, for example, the MARV VP40 matrix protein. In a particular embodiment, the modified S SI + S2 truncated protein encoded by the rMVA comprises amino acids 1-1213 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 9A. In some embodiments, the S protein fragment encoded by the rMVA along comprises a modified S protein comprising an SI + S2 truncated protein comprising one or more proline substitutions, for example, proline substitutions at K986P and V987P, for example as exemplified by FIG. 9B. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 peptide further comprises substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501 Y

In an alternative aspect, provided herein is a rMVA viral vector designed to express one or more SARS-CoV2 antigenic peptides as a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide of an envelope glycoprotein (GPS), SARS-CoV2 S protein fragment, and a transmembrane domain of an envelope glycoprotein (GPTM), wherein the envelope glycoprotein is not derived from a coronavirus, and wherein the rMVA viral vector further expresses a matrix protein derived from the same virus as the glycoprotein. The SARS-CoV2 peptide-GP fusion protein is designed to allow for the formation of VLPs in conjunction with the matrix protein, which display the SARS-CoV2 antigenic peptide. Suitable glycoproteins domains and matrix proteins for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, those derived from: a Filoviridae, for example Marburg virus, Ebola virus, or Sudan virus; a Retroviridae, for example human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 ); a Arenaviridaea , for example Lassa virus; a Flaviviridae, for example Dengue virus and Zika virus. In particular embodiments, the GP and matrix proteins are derived from Marburg virus (MARV). In particular embodiments, the glycoprotein is derived from the MARV GP protein (Genbank accession number AFV31202.1). In particular embodiments, the MARV GPS domain comprises amino acids 1 to 19 of the glycoprotein (MWTTCFFISLILIQGIKTL) (SEQ ID NO: 88), the GPTM domain comprises amino acid sequences 644-681 of the glycoprotein

(WWTSDWGVLTNLGILLLLSIAVLIALSCIC RIFTKYIG) (SEQ ID NO: 90). In some embodiments, the glycoprotein-S protein fusion and viral matrix protein are contained in the rMVA as nucleic acids inserted at different locations. In some embodiments, the glycoprotein-s protein or protein fragment fusion and viral matrix protein are contained in the rMVA as a bicistronic nucleic acid inserted at the same location. In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV2 protein fused to the glycoprotein is the S protein or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the S protein is a fragment comprising a modified S protein comprising an SI + S2 truncated protein. In some embodiments, the modified S protein fragment encoded by the rMVA comprises amino acids 2 to 1213 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 10A and IOC. In some embodiments, the modified S protein fragment encoded by the rMVA comprises amino acids 2 to 1213 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein containing one or more proline substitutions, for example, at K986P and V987P, for example as exemplified in FIG. 10F and 10D. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 peptide further comprises substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501 Y. In some embodiments, the fused S protein is a linear epitope of the S protein. In a particular embodiment, the linear epitope of the S protein is the receptor biding domain (RBD) of the SARS- CoV2 S protein, for example as exemplified in FIG. 11A and FIG. 11H. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises an RBD peptide derived from amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 1 IB and FIG. 111. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises an RBD peptide derived from amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 11E and FIG. 11N. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide further comprises substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises a coronavirus consensus sequence. In some embodiments, two or more linear epitopes of the S protein are fused with the MARV GP, wherein the two or more linear epitopes are separated by a spacer, for example a GPGPG spacer polypeptide. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes include different S protein RBD peptides, for example (RBD Seq.l-spacer-RBD Seq.2), wherein RBD Seq. l is a first S protein RBD peptide, and RBD Seq. 2 is a second S protein RBD peptide. In some embodiments, the fused S protein includes two or more linear epitopes of the S protein, wherein the epitopes are contained in a tandem repeat sequence, for example (RBD Seq.l-spacer-RBD Seq.2-spacer)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide is selected from one or more peptides derived from amino acids 331 to 524 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are selected from the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS- CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the tandem repeat are the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the tandem repeat sequence encodes ((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)- GPGPG)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10. In some embodiments, x=3 to 7. In some embodiments, x=5. Where the S protein fragment is provided as a tandem repeat, the GPS flanks the NH-terminus of the tandem repeat and the GPTM flanks the carboxy terminus of the tandem repeat, as exemplified, for example, in FIG. 12A and 12B. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide further comprises substitution E484K. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 92 and 95. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 93 or 94, and 97. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 92 and 96. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 93 or 94, and 98. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 92 and 99. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 92 and 100. In some embodiments the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 134.

In an alternative aspect of the present invention, provided herein is a recombinant MVA viral vector encoding a full-length S protein, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 13 A. In some embodiments, the S protein is a full-length stabilized protein, wherein one or more proline substitutions have been made at or near the boundary between a Heptad Repeat 1 (HR1) and a central helix of the promoters of the S ectodomain turner. In some embodiments, the proline substitutions occur between residues 970 to 990 of the promoters in the turner. In some embodiments, the S protein is stabilized and is expressed as a full-length protein and contains two proline substitutions at amino acids K986 and V987, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 14A. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a truncated S protein comprising the SI + S2 domains of the S protein, and lacking the carboxy terminus of the S protein. In some embodiments, the truncated S protein comprises amino acids 1 to 1213 of the S protein, as exemplified in FIG. 15 A. In some embodiments, the truncated S protein includes two proline substitutions at amino acids K986 and V987, as exemplified in FIG. 15F. In some embodiments, the S peptide further comprises one or more substitutions selected from K417N, K417T, E484K, and N501 Y. In some embodiments, the S peptide further comprises substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501 Y.

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of reducing or preventing a SARS-CoV2 infection in a subject, for example a human, comprising administering an rMVA viral vector described herein. In some embodiments, the rMVA viral vector is prophylactically administered as a prime vaccine to a subject that has not previously been infected with SARS-CoV2. In some embodiments, the rMVA viral vector is administered as a boost vaccine to a subject that has previously been infected with SARS-CoV2. In some embodiments, the rMVA viral vector is administered as a boost vaccine in a subject that has previously been administered a SARS-CoV2 vaccine. In some embodiments, the previously administered SARS-CoV2 vaccine is an rMVA viral vector described herein. In some embodiments, the previously administered vaccine is non- MVA viral vector vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine is an mRNA-based vaccine, an adenovirus vaccine, a non-replicating vaccine, a DNA vaccine, a live attenuated vaccine, a plant- based adjuvant vaccine, a multiepitope peptide-based vaccine, an inactivated virus, a peptide vaccine, In some embodiments, the previously administered vaccine is selected from one or more of mRNA-1273 (MODERNA COVID-19 VACCINE; Moderna, Inc ), AZD-1222 (CO VID SHIELD; AstraZeneca and University of Oxford), BNT162 (COMIRNATY; Pfizer and BioNTech), Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute, Acellena Contract Drug Research and Development), CoronaVac (Sinovac), NVX-CoV 2372 (NovoVax), SCB-2019 (Sanofi and GSK), ZyCoV-D (Zydus Cadila), BBIBP-CorV (Beijing Institute of Biological Products; China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm)), EpiVacCorona (Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology), Convidicea (CanSino Biologies), Covid- 19 Vaccine (Wuhan Institute of Biological Products; China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm), JNJ-78436735 (Johnson & Johnson), ZF2001 )Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), CVnCoV (CureVac; GSK), INO-4800 (Inovio Pharmaceuticals), VIR-7831 (Medicago; GSK; Dynavax), Covid-19 adenovirus bases vaccine (ImmunityBio; NantKwest), UB-612 (COVAXX), or CoVaxin (Bharat Biotech).

In some aspects, the rMVA viral vectors described herein are administered to a subject, for example a human, in an immunization protocol using one or more additional vaccinating agents other than the rMVA described herein.

Also provided herein are shuttle vectors comprising the nucleic acid sequences to be inserted into the MVA as described herein, as well as isolated nucleic acid sequences comprising the nucleic acid sequence inserts described herein. Further provided herein are cells, such as a chicken embryo fibroblast cell or DF1 cell, comprising an rMVA as described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising an insert comprising a nucleic acid encoding a full-length S, E, and M protein between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the full-length SARS-CoV2 S protein in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the S protein sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the S protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the S protein is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. Similar to the S protein, the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 1B-1C-1D is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 46 encoding the full-length SARS-CoV2 S, M, and E proteins. Also exemplified and identified within the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 1E-1F-1G is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 47 encoding the full-length SARS-CoV2 S, M, and E proteins. Also exemplified and identified within the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. lH-lI-1 J is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 156 encoding the full-length SARS-CoV2 S, M, and E proteins. Also exemplified and identified within the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 2A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid insert encoding a stabilized S protein, an E protein, and an M protein between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the full-length SARS-CoV2 S stabilized protein in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the S stabilized protein sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the S stabilized protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the S stabilized protein is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. Similar to the S stabilized protein, the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adj acent to the 3 ’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a pmH5 promoter. The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 2B-2C-2D is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 48 encoding the full-length stabilized SARS-CoV2 S, M, and E proteins comprising the amino acid substitutions K986P and V987P. Also exemplified and identified within the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 2E-2F-2G is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 49 encoding the full-length stabilized SARS-CoV2 S, M, and E proteins comprising the amino acid substitutions K986P and V987P. Also exemplified and identified within the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 2H-2I-2J is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 50 encoding the full-length stabilized SARS-CoV2 S, M, and E proteins comprising the amino acid substitutions K986P, V987P, K417T, E484K, andN501 Y. Also exemplified and identified within the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 2K-2L-2M is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 157 encoding the full-length stabilized SARS-CoV2 S, M, and E proteins comprising the amino acid substitutions K986P and V987P. Also exemplified and identified within the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 2N-20-2P is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 159 encoding the full-length stabilized SARS-CoV2 S, M, and E proteins comprising the amino acid substitutions K986P, V987P, K417T, E484K, andN501Y. Also exemplified and identified within the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences. FIG. 2Q-2R-2S is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 160 encoding the full-length stabilized SARS-CoV2 S, M, and E proteins comprising the amino acid substitutions K986P, V987P, K417T, E484K, and N501 Y. Also exemplified and identified within the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, and Kozak regulatory sequences.

FIG. 3 A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an RBD (aa 331-524) region of the S protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to a start codon inserted 5’ of the S RBD (aa 331-524) protein sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the S RBD (aa 331-524) protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the S RBD (aa 331-524) protein is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. Similar to the S RBD (aa 331-524) protein, the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 3B is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 53 encoding an RBD (aa 331-524) region of the S protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 3C is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 54 encoding an RBD (aa 331-524) region of the S protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 3D provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an RBD (aa 327-524) region of the S protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to a start codon inserted 5’ of the S RBD (aa 327-524) protein sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affinity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the S RBD (aa 327-524) protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the S RBD (aa 327-524) protein is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. Similar to the S RBD (aa 327-524) protein, the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 3E is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 51 encoding an RBD (aa 327-524) region of the S protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 3F is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 52 encoding an RBD (aa 327-524) region of the S protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences. FIG. 3G provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 331-524)-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a S protein signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-13 of the S protein (SP), an S protein RBD (aa 331-524) peptide, and a transmembrane domain derived from amino acids 1214- 1273 of the S protein (STM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the SP- S RBD (aa 331-524)-STM fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the SP-S RBD (aa 331-524)-STM fusion, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the SP-S RBD (aa 331-524)-STM fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 3H provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 327-524)-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a S protein signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-13 of the S protein (SP), an S protein RBD (aa 327-524) peptide, and a transmembrane domain derived from amino acids 1214-1273 of the S protein (STM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the SP-S RBD (aa 327-524)-STM fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C- affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the SP-S RBD (aa 327-524)-STM fusion, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the SP-S RBD (aa 327-524)-STM fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 31-3 J is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 69 encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 327-524)-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 3K-3L is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 70 encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 327-524)-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 3M-3N is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 71 encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 331-524)-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 30-3P is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 72 encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 331-524)-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 3Q provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 327-524) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a S protein signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-13 of the S protein (SP) and an S protein RBD (aa 327-524) peptide in a left- to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the SP-S RBD (aa 327-524) fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the SP-S RBD (aa 327-524), prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the SP-S RBD (aa 327-524) fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. FIG. 3R provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 331-524) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a S protein signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-13 of the S protein (SP) and an S protein RBD (aa 331-524) peptide in a left- to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the SP-S RBD (aa 331-524) fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the SP-S RBD (aa 331-524), prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the SP-S RBD (aa 331-524) fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 3S provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 327-598) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a S protein signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-13 of the S protein (SP) and an S protein RBD (aa 327-598) peptide in a left- to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the SP-S RBD (aa 327-598) fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the SP-S RBD (aa 327-598), prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the SP-S RBD (aa 327-598) fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 3T provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 331-598) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a S protein signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-13 of the S protein (SP) and an S protein RBD (aa 331-598) peptide in a left- to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the SP-S RBD (aa 331-598) fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the SP-S RBD (aa 331-598), prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the SP-S RBD (aa 331-598) fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 3U-3V is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 158 encoding a S protein signal peptide (SP)-S protein RBD (aa 331 -524)-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 4A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tandem repeat of S protein RBD derived amino acids, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the S RBD tandem repeat ((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)-GPGPG)₅, in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the S RBD tandem repeat. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the S RBD tandem repeat sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the S RBD tandem repeat protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the S RBD tandem repeat protein is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. Similar to the S RBD tandem repeat, the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a pmH5 promoter. The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 4B-4C is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 73 encoding a tandem repeat of S protein RBD derived amino acids, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, linker sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 4D-4E is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 74 encoding a tandem repeat of S protein RBD derived amino acids, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, linker sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 4F provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a signal peptide of the S protein amino acids 1-13 (SP)-S protein RBD tandem repeat-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-13 of the S protein (SP), an S protein RBD tandem repeat peptide, and a transmembrane domain derived from amino acids 1214-1273 of the S protein (STM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the SP-S RBD tandem repeat-STM fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the SP-S RBD tandem repeat-STM fusion, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the SP-S RBD tandem repeat-STM fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 4G-4H is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 81 encoding a signal peptide of the S protein amino acids 1-13 (SP)-S protein RBD tandem repeat-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 41-4 J is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 82 encoding a signal peptide of the S protein amino acids 1-13 (SP)-S protein RBD tandem repeat-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 5A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an S protein RBD consensus sequence, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the S RBD consensus protein in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the S RBD consensus encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the S RBD consensus protein encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the S RBD consensus protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the S RBD consensus protein encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. Similar to the S RBD consensus protein, the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 5B provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a signal peptide of the S protein amino acids 1-13 (SP)-S protein RBD consensus-S protein transmembrane domain (STM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-13 of the S protein (SP), an S protein RBD consensus peptide, and a transmembrane domain derived from amino acids 1214-1273 of the S protein (STM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the SP-S RBD consensus-STM fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the SP-S RBD consensus-STM fusion, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the SP-S RBD consensus-STM fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. FIG. 6A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding truncated amino acids 1-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated), an E protein, and M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding truncated amino acids 1-1213 derived from the S protein (S1+S2 truncated), in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the S (SI + S2 truncated) protein sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the S protein (S1+S2 truncated), prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the S protein (S1+S2 truncated) is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, left- to-right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pl l promoter. Similar to the S protein (S1+S2 truncated), the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 6B-6C-6D is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 83 encoding truncated amino acids 1-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated), an E protein, and M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 6E-6F-6G is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 84 encoding truncated amino acids 1-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated), an E protein, and M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences. FIG. 6H provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding truncated amino acids 1-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated) with two proline substitutions at amino acids 981 and 982, an E protein, and M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding truncated amino acids 1-1213 derived from the S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P), in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the S (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P) protein sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P), prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P) is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, left-to-right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. Similar to the S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P), the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 6I-6J-6K is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 85 encoding truncated amino acids 1-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated) with two proline substitutions at amino acids 981 and 982, an E protein, and M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 6L-6M-6N is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 86 encoding truncated amino acids 1-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated) with two proline substitutions at amino acids 981 and 982, an E protein, and M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia P 11 promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 7A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a signal glycoprotein (Signal GP)-S protein RBD consensus-glycoprotein transmembrane domain sequence (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus signal glycoprotein (Signal GP), an S protein RBD consensus peptide, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP-S RBD consensus-GP TM fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affinity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the Signal GP-S RBD consensus -GP TM fusion, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the Signal GP-S RBD consensus-GP TM fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left-to-right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pl l promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between, for example, MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a mH5 promoter (pmH5). Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 7B provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a signal glycoprotein (Signal GP)-S protein RBD (aa 331-524) consensus-glycoprotein transmembrane domain sequence (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus signal glycoprotein (Signal GP), an S protein RBD (aa 331-524) consensus peptide, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP-S RBD (aa 331-524) consensus-GP TM fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the Signal GP-S RBD (aa 331-524) consensus -GP TM fusion, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the Signal GP-S RBD (aa 331-524) consensus-GP TM fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left-to-right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pl l promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between, for example, MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a mH5 promoter (pmH5). Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 7C-7D is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 103 encoding a signal glycoprotein (Signal GP)-S protein RBD (aa 331-524) consensus-glycoprotein transmembrane domain sequence (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 7E-7F is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 104 encoding a signal glycoprotein (Signal GP)-S protein RBD (aa 331-524) consensus-glycoprotein transmembrane domain sequence (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 7G provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a signal glycoprotein (Signal GP)-S protein RBD (aa 327-524) consensus-glycoprotein transmembrane domain sequence (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus signal glycoprotein (Signal GP), an S protein RBD (aa 327-524) consensus peptide, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP-S RBD (aa 327-524) consensus-GP TM fusion encoding nucleic acid. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the signal peptide encoding sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the Signal GP-S RBD (aa 327-524) consensus -GP TM fusion, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the Signal GP-S RBD (aa 327-524) consensus-GP TM fusion encoding sequence is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in a left-to-right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pl l promoter. The E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adjacent to the 3’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between, for example, MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a mH5 promoter (pmH5). Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 7H-7I is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 101 encoding a signal glycoprotein (Signal GP)-S protein RBD (aa 327-524) consensus-glycoprotein transmembrane domain sequence (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 7J-7K is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 102 encoding a signal glycoprotein (Signal GP)-S protein RBD (aa 327-524) consensus-glycoprotein transmembrane domain sequence (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 8A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-tandem repeat of S protein RBD derived amino acid-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), S RBD tandem repeat ((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)- GPGPG)₅, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP MARV-S RBD tandem repeat-GP TM fusion encoding sequence. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S RBD tandem repeat-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the fusion protein is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in the left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3 ’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adj acent to the 3 ’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between, for example, MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a mH5 promoter (pmH5). Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 8B-8C is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 111 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-tandem repeat of S protein RBD derived amino acid- transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, linker sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 8D-8E is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 112 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-tandem repeat of S protein RBD derived amino acid- transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, linker sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 9A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-truncated amino acids 2-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), the S protein (SI + S2 truncated), and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP MARV- S protein truncated (SI + S2 truncated)-GP TM fusion encoding sequence. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S protein (SI + S2 truncated)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3 ’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the fusion protein is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in the left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3 ’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3 ’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adj acent to the 3 ’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between, for example, MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a mH5 promoter (pmH5). Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 9B-9C-9D is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 119 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-truncated amino acids 2-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 9E-9F-9G is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 120 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-truncated amino acids 2-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 9H provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-truncated amino acids 2-1213 derived from the S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P)- transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), the S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P), and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP MARV- S protein truncated (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P)-GP TM fusion encoding sequence. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, adjacent to the fusion protein is a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length E protein, in the left to right orientation, which is operably linked to, for example, a pi 1 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the E protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3 ’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, the insert further includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length M protein. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is oriented in a right-to-left orientation, wherein the 3 ’ end of the E protein coding sequence is adj acent to the 3 ’ end of the M protein coding sequence. As exemplified, the M protein coding sequence is operably linked to a mH5 promoter (pmH5). The M protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between, for example, MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a mH5 promoter (pmH5). Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 9I-9J-9K is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 121 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-truncated amino acids 2-1213 derived from the S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 9L-9M-9N is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 122 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-truncated amino acids 2-1213 derived from the S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein, an E protein, and an M protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 10A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein truncated SI + S2-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein inserted between MVA genes A5R and A6L, and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein inserted between MVA genes A50R and B1R. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), truncated amino acids 2-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated), and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP MARV-S protein (SI + S2 truncated)-GP TM fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to- right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S protein (SI + S2 truncated)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. lOB-lOC is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 123 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein truncated SI + S2-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 10D-10E is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 124 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein truncated SI + S2-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 10F provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P -transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein inserted between MVA genes A5R and A6L, and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non- coronavirus matrix protein inserted between MVA genes A50R and B1R. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), truncated amino acids 2-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated) plus two proline substitutions at amino acids 981 and 982, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP MARV-S protein (SI + S2 truncated)-GP TM fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3 ’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between, for example, MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 10G-10H is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 125 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P -transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 10I-10J is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 126 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P -transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 10K provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein truncated SI + S2-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), truncated amino acids 2-1213 derived from the S protein (SI + S2 truncated), and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP MARV-S protein (SI + S2 truncated)-GP TM fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S protein (SI + S2 truncated)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is also inserted as, for example, a bicistronic sequence. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter and is oriented in a 3’ to 5’ orientation. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 10L-10M-10N is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 127 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein truncated SI + S2-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and the MARC VP40 protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 100-10P-10Q is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 128 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein truncated SI + S2-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and the MARC VP40 protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia P 11 promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 10R provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein truncated SI + S2 plus two proline substitutions at amino acids 981 and 982-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non- coronavirus matrix protein inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), truncated amino acids 2-1213 derived from the S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P), and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP MARV-S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P)-GP TM fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3 ’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is also inserted as, for example, a bicistronic sequence. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter and is oriented in a 3’ to 5’ orientation. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 10S-10T-10U is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 129 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein truncated SI + S2 plus two proline substitutions at amino acids 981 and 982-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and the MARC VP40 protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 10V-10W-10X is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 130 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein truncated SI + S2 plus two proline substitutions at amino acids 981 and 982-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and the MARC VP40 protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, Smal restriction site, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 11 A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GPTM) fusion protein inserted between MVA genes A5R and A6L, and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein inserted between MVA genes A50R and B1R. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), S protein RBD region, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the glycoprotein-S RBD fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S RBD-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 1 IB provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (331-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein inserted between MVA genes A5R and A6L, and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein inserted between MVA genes A50R and B1R. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), S protein RBD (331-524) region, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the glycoprotein-S RBD (331-524) fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S RBD (331- 524)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affinity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. l lC is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 133 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (331-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 11D is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 134 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (331-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 1 IE provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (327-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein inserted between MVA genes A5R and A6L, and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein inserted between MVA genes A50R and B1R. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), S protein RBD (327-524) region, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the glycoprotein-S RBD (327-524) fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S RBD (327- 524)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between MVA genes A50R and B 1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. FIG. 1 IF is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 131 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (327-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 11G is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 132 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (327-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 11H provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a bicistronic nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB -transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein inserted, for example, between MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MAR.V), S protein RBD region, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the glycoprotein-S RBD fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MAR.V-S RBD-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. In addition, the bicistronic nucleic acid sequence also encodes a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. I ll provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a bicistronic nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (aa 33 l-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein inserted, for example, between MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), S protein RBD (aa 331 - 524) region, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the glycoprotein- S RBD fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S RBD(aa 331-524)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. In addition, the bicistronic nucleic acid sequence also encodes a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 11J-11K is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 137 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (aa 331-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and the MARV VP40 protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 1 lL-11M is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 138 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (aa 331-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and the MARV VP40 protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences

FIG. 1 IN provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a bicistronic nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (aa 327-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein inserted, for example, between MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), S protein RBD (aa 327- 524) region, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the glycoprotein- S RBD fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S RBD (aa 327-524)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. In addition, the bicistronic nucleic acid sequence also encodes a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 110-1 IP is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 135 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (aa 327-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and the MARV VP40 protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 1 IQ-11R is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 136 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RDB (aa 327-524)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and the MARV VP40 protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 12A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-tandem repeat of S protein RBD derived amino acid-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein inserted between MVA genes A5R and A6L, and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein inserted between MVA genes A50R and B1R. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein ( Signal GP MARV), S RBD tandem repeat ((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)-GPGPG)₅, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to-right orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the Signal GP MARV-S RBD tandem repeat-GP TM fusion encoding sequence. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV-S RBD tandem repeat-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. As exemplified, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40, is inserted between MVA genes A50R and B1R. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a mH5 promoter (pmH5). Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 12B is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 139 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-tandem repeat of S protein RBD derived amino acid- transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences

FIG. 12C is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 140 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-tandem repeat of S protein RBD derived amino acid- transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences

FIG. 12D provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a bicistronic nucleic acid sequence encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RBD tandem repeat((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)-GPGPG)₅)- transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a non-coronavirus matrix protein inserted, for example, between MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein includes a signal peptide from a non-coronavirus glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV), S protein RBD tandem repeat((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473- 490)-GPGPG)₅) region, and a transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM), in a left-to ri ght orientation. A start codon is provided 5’ to the glycoprotein-S RBD fusion encoding nucleic acid in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the Signal GP MARV- S protein RBD tandem repeat((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)-GPGPG)₅)-GP TM fusion sequence. In addition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag, for example a C-affmity tag, may be included at the 3’ terminus of the fusion protein, prior to the stop codon. In addition, the bicistronic nucleic acid sequence also encodes a non-coronavirus matrix protein, for example Marburgvirus matrix protein VP40. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the matrix protein is operably linked to, for example, a pmH5 promoter. Similar to the fusion protein, the matrix protein nucleic acid sequence can also include appropriate translation initiation sequences such as a Kozak sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 12E-12F is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 141 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RBD tandem repeat((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473- 490)-GPGPG)5)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and the MARV VP40 protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 12G-12H is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 142 encoding a glycoprotein (Signal GP MARV)-S protein RBD tandem repeat((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473- 490)-GPGPG)5)-transmembrane domain of the glycoprotein (GP TM) fusion protein and the MARV VP40 protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 13 A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding a full-length S protein inserted between MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the full-length SARS-CoV2 S protein in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the S protein sequence as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. FIG. 13B-13C is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 143 encoding a full-length S protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 13D-13E is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 144 encoding a full-length S protein. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 14A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a stabilized S protein inserted between MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the full-length SARS-CoV2 S stabilized protein in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the S stabilized protein sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 14B-14C is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 145 encoding a full-length a stabilized S protein plus two proline substitutions at amino acids 981 and 982. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 14D-14E is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 146 encoding a full-length a stabilized S protein plus two proline substitutions at amino acids 981 and 982. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 15 A provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid 1-1213 truncated S protein (S1+S2 truncated) inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the full-length SARS-CoV2 S (S1+S2 truncated) protein in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the S (S1+S2 truncated) protein sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon. FIG. 15B-15C is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 147 encoding amino acid 1-1213 truncated S protein (S1+S2 truncated). Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 15D-15E is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 148 encoding amino acid 1-1213 truncated S protein (S1+S2 truncated). Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 15F provides an exemplary linear schematic of an exemplary recombinant MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid 1-1213 truncated S protein (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P) inserted between, for example, MVA genes A5R and A6L. As exemplified, a mH5 promoter (pmH5) is operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding the full-length SARS-CoV2 S (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P) protein in a left-to-right orientation. The insert may include a translation initiation sequence, for example a Kozak sequence, prior to the start codon of the S (S1+S2 truncated + K986P and V987P) protein sequence, as well as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag at the 3’ terminus of the coding sequence prior to the stop codon.

FIG. 15G-15H is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 149 encoding amino acid 1-1213 truncated S protein (S1+S2 truncated) plus two substitutions at K986P and V987P. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia PI 1 promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 151-15 J is an exemplary rMVA nucleic acid insert of SEQ ID NO: 150 encoding amino acid 1-1213 truncated S protein (S1+S2 truncated) plus two substitutions at K986P and V987P. Also exemplified and identified in the sequence are the vaccinia mH5 promoters, vaccinia Pl l promoter, start codons, Kozak regulatory sequences, Smal restriction site, and c-tag sequences.

FIG. 16 is a picture of an immunocytochemistry assay of CEF cells infected with recombinant MVA construct GEO-CMOl expressing S, M, and E VLPs exposed to a primary mouse-anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody and secondary anti-mouse HRP antibody and developed with AEC peroxidase substrate. Arrows indicate plaques staining positive for S protein expression.

FIG. 17 is a PCR gel showing the amplification of the S protein antigen insert. GEO-CMOl represents recombinant MVA construct GEO-CMOl expressing S, M, and E VLPs; positive control was generated using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid used to generate GEO-CMOl (positive control); and the negative control represents the MVA parental strain.

FIG. 18 is a PCR gel showing the amplification of the S protein antigen insert. CMOl viral DNA represents recombinant MVA construct GEO-CMOl expressing S, M, and E VLPs; CMOl plasmid represents a positive control generated using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid used to generate GEO-CMOl; CM02 viral DNA represents recombinant MVA construct GEO-CM02 expressing stabilized S, M, and E VLPs; CM02 plasmid represents a positive control generated using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid used to generate GEO-CM02; CM03 viral DNA represents recombinant MVA construct GEO-CM03 expressing the RBD of the S protein, M, and E VLPs; CM03 plasmid represents a positive control generated using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid used to generate GEO-CM03; and the empty MVA DNA represents the MVA parental strain as a negative control.

FIG. 19 is a Western blot of S protein antigen expression in cell lysate and supernatant of DF1 cells infected with recombinant MVA construct GEO-CMOl (Covid M01), GEO-CM02 (Covid M02), and GEO-CM03 (Covid M03), indicating the formation of virus-like particles.

FIG. 20 is an electron microscopic image of the formation of a virus-like particle in GEO- CMOl infected DF1 cells.

FIG. 21 is a schematic of a SARS-CoV2 neutralization assay. Serum from immunized animals was tested for its capacity to neutralize live SARS-CoV-2. Serial dilutions of serum were incubated with SARS-CoV-2 and then level of neutralization was determined by plaque assay.

FIG. 22 is a schematic of an ELISA specific for antibody detection to recombinant Spike- Membrane fusion, Spike, and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein following immunization of golden hamsters,

FIG. 23 is a schematic of body weight and health scores over time in a SARS-CoV2 post challenge in a prime/boost (GEO-CMOl) vs. control test in golden hamsters. P=0.0003 Friendman’s test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test.

FIG. 24 is a shuttle vector map of pAD-l/S-ME.

FIG. 25 is a shuttle vector map of pAD-l/sS-ME.

FIG. 26 is a shuttle vector map of pAD-l/pUC57.

FIG. 27 is a PCR gel showing the amplification of the S protein antigen insert. GEO-CM02 represents recombinant MVA construct GEO-CM02 expressing stabilized S, M, and E VLPs; positive control was generated using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid used to generate GEO- CM02 (positive control); and the negative control represents the MVA parental strain.

FIG. 28 is a PCR gel showing the amplification of the RBD antigen insert. GEO-CM03 represents recombinant MVA construct GEO-CM03 expressing stabilized RBD, M, and E VLPs; positive control was generated using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid used to generate GEO- CMOS (positive control); and the negative control represents the MVA parental strain. The amplification product from GEO-CMOl is used as a comparative.

FIG. 29 is a PCR gel showing the amplification of the RBD antigen insert of GEO-CM03b represents recombinant MVA construct GEO-CM03b expressing RBD; positive control was generated using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid used to generate GEO-CM03b (P=positive control); and the negative control represents the MVA parental strain (M). M=MVA parent; P=pGeo-MTRBD plasmid DNA; Cl.l = MVA-RBDVP40 clone #4/01; C1.2 = MVA-RBDVP40 clone #4/02. The expected PCR fragments are as follows: p53/p54: MVA parent (M) = 647 bp; MVA-RBDVP40/GFP - 2544 bp (upper arrow); MVA-RBDVP40 - 1558 bp (upper middle arrow); pGEO-MTRBD - 2544 bp. P55/p54 = MVA parent (M) = 377 bp (lower arrow); MVA- RBDVP40/GFP - 1288 bp (lower middle arrow); MVA-RBDVP40 - 1288 bp (lower middle arrow); pGEO-MTRBD - 1288 bp (lower middle arrow).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein are vaccine compositions comprising a recombinant MVA viral vector capable of expressing one or more SARS-CoV2 (2019-novel coronavirus) antigens, fragments thereof, variants thereof, or a combination thereof. The vaccine can be used to protect against SARS-CoV2, thereby treating, preventing, and/or protecting against SARS-CoV2 based pathologies. The vaccine can significantly induce an immune response of a subject administered the vaccine, thereby protecting against and treating SARS-CoV2 infection.

The compositions and methods of the present invention can be used in a therapeutically effective amount to prevent infection in an unexposed person or to treat disease in a subject exposed to SARS-CoV2 in order to lessen the severity of the disease.

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods can be used as a booster vaccine, to increase or modify or alter immune responses induced by a prior SARS-CoV2 vaccine; such as an RNA vaccine or a DNA vaccine or a virus vectored vaccine, such as adenovirus vaccine vectors, or a protein-based vaccine or a vaccine comprised on a killed or inactivated preparation of SARS- CoV2, with or without an adjuvant, or an attenuated SARS-CoV2. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods can be used as a booster vaccine following infection and recovery from SARS-CoV2.

Ideal immunogenic compositions or vaccines have the characteristics of safety, efficacy, scope of protection and longevity. Compositions having fewer than all of these characteristics may still be useful in preventing SARS-CoV2 infection or limiting symptoms or disease progression in an exposed subject treated prior to the development of symptoms. In one embodiment the present invention provides a vaccine that permits at least partial, if not complete, protection after a single immunization.

The vaccine can induce a humoral immune response in the subject administered the vaccine. The induced humoral immune response can be specific for one or more of the rMVA expressed SARS-CoV2 antigenic epitopes or regions that are specific to SARS-CoV2 or conserved epitopes or segments that are also present in other coronaviruses. The induced humoral immune response can be reactive with the one or more expressed SARS-CoV2 antigens.

The humoral immune response induced by the vaccine can include an increased level of neutralizing antibodies associated with the subject administered the vaccine as compared to a subject not administered the vaccine. In addition, the humoral response induced by the vaccine can include an increased level of neutralizing antibodies for those who have been previously infected with SARS-CoV2, wherein the rMVA of the present invention acts as a booster. The humoral response induced by the vaccine can include an increased level of neutralizing antibodies for those who have been previously administered a different SARS-CoV2 vaccine, wherein the rMVA of the present invention acts as a booster. The neutralizing antibodies can be specific for the SARS-CoV2 antigens or fragments thereof expressed by the rMVA viral vector. The neutralizing antibodies can be reactive with the SARS-CoV2 antigens. The neutralizing antibodies can provide protection against and/or treatment of SARS-CoV2 infection and its associated pathologies in the subject administered the vaccine.

The humoral immune response induced by the vaccine can include an increased level of IgG antibodies associated with the subject administered the vaccine as compared to a subject not administered the vaccine. These IgG antibodies can be specific for at least one SARS-CoV2 antigens. The vaccine can induce a cellular immune response in the subject administered the vaccine. The induced cellular immune response can be specific for the SARS-CoV2 antigens. The induced cellular immune response can be reactive to the SARS-CoV2 antigens. The induced cellular immune response can include eliciting a CD8+ T cell response. The elicited CD8+ T cell response can be reactive with the SARS-CoV2 antigenic epitopes or regions that are specific to SARS- CoV2 or conserved epitopes or segments that are also present in other coronaviruses.

The elicited CD8+ T cell response can be polyfunctional. The induced cellular immune response can include eliciting a CD8+ T cell response, in which the CD8+ T cells produce interferon-gamma (IFN-g), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-2 (IL-2), or a combination of IFN-g and TNF-a.

The induced cellular immune response can include an increased CD8+ T cell response associated with the subject administered the vaccine as compared to the subject not administered the vaccine. The induced cellular immune response can include an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T cells that produce IFN-g. The induced cellular immune response can include an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T cells that produce TNF-a. The induced cellular immune response can include an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T cells that produce IL-2. The induced cellular immune response can include an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T cells that produce both IFN-g and TNF-a.

The cellular immune response induced by the vaccine can include eliciting a CD4+ T cell response. The elicited CD4+ T cell response can be reactive with the SARS-CoV2 antigens. The elicited CD4+ T cell response can be polyfunctional. The induced cellular immune response can include eliciting a CD4+ T cell response, in which the CD4+ T cells produce IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-2, or a combination of IFN-g and TNF-a.

The induced cellular immune response can include an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-g. The induced cellular immune response can include an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T cells that produce TNF-a. The induced cellular immune response can include an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T cells that produce IL-2. The induced cellular immune response can include an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T cells that produce both IFN-g and TNF-a.

In some embodiments, these increased cellular immune responses described above induced by the vaccine are in subjects who have been previously infected with SARS-CoV2, wherein the rMVA of the present invention acts as a booster. In some embodiments, these increased cellular immune responses described above induced by the vaccine are in subjects who have been previously administered a different SARS-CoV2 vaccine, wherein the rMVA of the present invention acts as a booster.

Definitions

Where a term is provided in the singular, the inventors also contemplate aspects of the invention described by the plural of that term. As used in this specification and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, e.g., “a peptide” includes a plurality of peptides. Thus, for example, a reference to “a method“ includes one or more methods, and/or steps of the type described herein, and/or which will become apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure.

The term “adjuvant” as used herein means any molecule added to the vaccine described herein to enhance the immunogenicity of the composition.

The term “antigen“ refers to a substance or molecule, such as a protein, or fragment thereof, that is capable of inducing an immune response.

“Coding sequence” or “encoding nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid sequence encoding” or the like, as used herein means the nucleic acids (RNA or DNA molecule) that comprise a nucleotide sequence which encodes a protein or fragment thereof. The coding sequence can further include initiation and termination signals operably linked to regulatory elements including a promoter and polyadenylation signal capable of directing expression in the cells of an individual or mammal to which the nucleic acid is administered.

The term “conservative amino acid substitution” refers to substitution of a native amino acid residue with a non-native residue such that there is little or no effect on the size, polarity, charge, hydrophobicity, or hydrophilicity of the amino acid residue at that position, and without resulting in substantially altered immunogenicity. For example, these may be substitutions within the following groups: valine, glycine; glycine, alanine; valine, isoleucine, leucine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid; asparagine, glutamine; serine, threonine; lysine, arginine; and phenylalanine, tyrosine. Conservative amino acid modifications to the sequence of a polypeptide (and the corresponding modifications to the encoding nucleotides) may produce polypeptides having functional and chemical characteristics similar to those of a parental polypeptide. The term “deletion” in the context of a polypeptide or protein refers to removal of codons for one or more amino acid residues from the polypeptide or protein sequence, wherein the regions on either side are joined together. The term deletion in the context of a nucleic acid refers to removal of one or more bases from a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the regions on either side are joined together.

The term “fragment” in the context of a proteinaceous agent refers to a peptide or polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of at least 2 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 15 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 20 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 25 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 40 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 50 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 60 contiguous amino residues, at least 70 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 80 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 90 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 100 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 125 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 150 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 175 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 200 contiguous amino acid residues, or at least 250 contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of a peptide, polypeptide or protein. In one embodiment the fragment constitutes at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the entire length of the reference polypeptide. In one embodiment, a fragment of a full-length protein retains activity of the full- length protein. In another embodiment, the fragment of the full-length protein does not retain the activity of the full-length protein.

The term “fragment” in the context of a nucleic acid refers to a nucleic acid comprising an nucleic acid sequence of at least 2 contiguous nucleotides, at least 5 contiguous nucleotides, at least 10 contiguous nucleotides, at least 15 contiguous nucleotides, at least 20 contiguous nucleotides, at least 25 contiguous nucleotides, at least 30 contiguous nucleotides, at least 35 contiguous nucleotides, at least 40 contiguous nucleotides, at least 50 contiguous nucleotides, at least 60 contiguous nucleotides, at least 70 contiguous nucleotides, at least contiguous 80 nucleotides, at least 90 contiguous nucleotides, at least 100 contiguous nucleotides, at least 125 contiguous nucleotides, at least 150 contiguous nucleotides, at least 175 contiguous nucleotides, at least 200 contiguous nucleotides, at least 250 contiguous nucleotides, at least 300 contiguous nucleotides, at least 350 contiguous nucleotides, or at least 380 contiguous nucleotides of the nucleic acid sequence encoding a peptide, polypeptide or protein. In one embodiment the fragment constitutes at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the entire length of the reference nucleic acid sequence. In a preferred embodiment, a fragment of a nucleic acid encodes a peptide or polypeptide that retains activity of the full-length protein. In another embodiment, the fragment encodes a peptide or polypeptide that of the full-length protein does not retain the activity of the full-length protein.

As used herein, the phrase “heterologous sequence” refers to any nucleic acid, protein, polypeptide or peptide sequence which is not normally associated in nature with another nucleic acid or protein, polypeptide or peptide sequence of interest.

As used herein, the phrase “heterologous nucleic acid insert” refers to any nucleic acid sequence that has been or is to be inserted into the recombinant vectors described herein. The heterologous nucleic acid insert may refer to only the gene product encoding sequence or may refer to a sequence comprising a promoter, a gene product encoding sequence (for example membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein, spike (S) protein), and any regulatory sequences associated or operably linked therewith.

The term “homopolymer stretch” refers to a sequence comprising at least four of the same nucleotides uninterrupted by any other nucleotide, e.g., GGGG or TTTTTTT.

The term “inducing an immune response” means eliciting a humoral response (e.g., the production of antibodies) or a cellular response (e.g., the activation of T cells) directed against one or more SARS-CoV2 proteins or fragments thereof expressed by the rMVA in a subject to which the rMVA has been administered.

The term “modified vaccinia Ankara,” “modified vaccinia Ankara,” “Modified Vaccinia Ankara,” or “MV A” refers to a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus developed by Dr. Anton Mayr by serial passage on chick embryo fibroblast cells; or variants or derivatives thereof. MVA is reviewed in Mayr, A. et al. 1975 Infection 3:6-14.

“Nucleic acid” or “oligonucleotide” or “polynucleotide” as used herein means at least two nucleotides covalently linked together. The depiction of a single strand also defines the sequence of the complementary strand. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses the complementary strand of a depicted single strand. Many variants of a nucleic acid can be used for the same purpose as a given nucleic acid. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses substantially identical nucleic acids and complements thereof. A single strand provides a probe that can hybridize to a target sequence under stringent hybridization conditions. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses a probe that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions.

Nucleic acids can be single stranded or double stranded, or can contain portions of both double stranded and single stranded sequence. The nucleic acid can be DNA, both genomic and cDNA, RNA, or a hybrid, where the nucleic acid can contain combinations of deoxyribo- and ribo nucleotides, and combinations of bases including uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthine hypoxanthine, isocytosine and isoguanine. Nucleic acids can be obtained by chemical synthesis methods or by recombinant methods.

“Operably linked” as used herein means that expression of a gene is under the control of a promoter with which it is spatially connected. A promoter can be positioned 5' (upstream) or 3' (downstream) of a gene under its control. The distance between the promoter and a gene can be approximately the same as the distance between that promoter and the gene it controls in the gene from which the promoter is derived. As is known in the art, variation in this distance can be accommodated without loss of promoter function.

A “peptide,” “protein,” or “polypeptide” as used herein can mean a linked sequence of amino acids and can be natural, synthetic, or a modification or combination of natural and synthetic.

“Promoter” as used herein means a synthetic or naturally-derived molecule which is capable of conferring, activating or enhancing expression of a nucleic acid in a cell. A promoter can comprise one or more specific transcriptional regulatory sequences to further enhance expression and/or to alter the spatial expression and/or temporal expression of same. A promoter can also comprise distal enhancer or repressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription.

The term “prevent,” “preventing,” and “prevention” refers to the inhibition of the development or onset of a condition (e.g., a SARS-CoV2 infection), or the prevention of the recurrence, onset, or development of one or more symptoms of a condition in a subject resulting from the administration of a therapy or the administration of a combination of therapies.

The term “prophylactically effective amount” refers to the amount of a composition (e.g., the recombinant MVA vector or pharmaceutical composition) which is sufficient to result in the prevention of the development, recurrence, or onset of a condition or a symptom thereof (e.g., a SARS-CoV2 infection) or symptom associated therewith or to enhance or improve the prophylactic effect(s) of another therapy.

The term “recombinant,” with respect to a viral vector, means a vector (e.g., a viral genome) that has been manipulated in vitro, e.g., using recombinant nucleic acid techniques to express heterologous viral nucleic acid sequences.

The term “regulatory sequence” and “regulatory sequences” refers collectively to promoter sequences, polyadenylation signals, transcription termination sequences, upstream regulatory domains, origins of replication, internal ribosome entry sites (“IRES”), enhancers, and the like, which collectively provide for the transcription and translation of a coding sequence. Not all of these control sequences need always be present so long as the selected gene is capable of being transcribed and translated.

The term “shuttle vector” refers to a genetic vector (e.g., a DNA plasmid) that is useful for transferring genetic material from one host system into another. A shuttle vector can replicate alone (without the presence of any other vector) in at least one host (e.g., E. coli). In the context of MVA vector construction, shuttle vectors are usually DNA plasmids that can be manipulated in E. coli and then introduced into cultured cells infected with MVA vectors, resulting in the generation of new recombinant MVA vectors.

The term “silent mutation” means a change in a nucleotide sequence that does not cause a change in the primary structure of the protein encoded by the nucleotide sequence, e.g., a change from AAA (encoding lysine) to AAG (also encoding lysine).

The term “subject” means any mammal, including but not limited to, humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, cats, cows, rats, mice, guinea pigs and the like. Determination of those subjects “at risk” can be made by any objective or subjective determination by a diagnostic test or opinion of a subject or health care provider (e.g., genetic test, enzyme or protein marker, marker history, and the like).

The term “synonymous codon” refers to the use of a codon with a different nucleic acid sequence to encode the same amino acid, e.g., AAA and AAG (both of which encode lysine). Codon optimization changes the codons for a protein to the synonymous codons that are most frequently used by a vector or a host cell.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of the composition (e.g., the recombinant MVA vector or pharmaceutical composition) that, when administered to a mammal for preventing or treating a virus, is sufficient to affect such prevention or treatment of the virus.

The term “treating” or “treat” refer to the eradication or control of a SARS-CoV2 infection, the reduction or amelioration of the progression, severity, and/or duration of a condition or one or more symptoms caused by the virus resulting from the administration of one or more therapies.

The term “vaccine” means material used to provoke an immune response and confer immunity after administration of the material to a subject. Such immunity may include a cellular or humoral immune response that occurs when the subject is exposed to the immunogen after vaccine administration.

The term “vaccine insert” refers to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heterologous sequence that is operably linked to a promoter for expression when inserted into a recombinant vector. The heterologous sequence may encode a glycoprotein or matrix protein described herein.

The term “virus-like particles” or “VLP” refers to a structure which resembles a virus but is not infectious because it does not contain viral genetic material.

For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number there between with the same degree of precision is explicitly contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the number 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are explicitly contemplated.

SARS-CoV2 Antigens

Provided herein are recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vectors comprising heterologous nucleic acid inserts encoding one or more SARS-CoV2 proteins, peptides, or fragments thereof, operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems that, upon expression, are capable of inducing protective immunity without inducing the immuno-pathologies associated with previous MVA-related coronavirus vaccination strategies.

Coronaviruses belong to the family Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales and are a large family of single-stranded enveloped RNA viruses. They can be classified into four genera: Alphacoronavirus , Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus (Perlman & Netland, Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2009; 7:439-450). The SARS-CoV2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus-gQnus , which also includes SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, bat coronavirus HKU4, mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), and human coronavirus OC43.

Coronaviruses have the largest genome among all RNA viruses, typically ranging from 27 to 32 kb. The genome is packed inside a helical capsid formed by the nucleocapsid protein (N) and further surrounded by an envelope. Associated with the viral envelope are at least three structural proteins: The membrane protein (M) and the envelope protein (E) are involved in virus assembly, whereas the spike protein (S) mediates virus entry into host cells. Among these structural proteins, the spike forms large protrusions from the virus surface, giving coronaviruses the appearance of having crowns (hence their name; corona in Latin means crown). In addition to mediating virus entry, the spike is a critical determinant of viral host range and tissue tropism and a major inducer of host immune responses.

The complete genome of the SARS-CoV2 has been sequenced, and has been assigned GenBank accession number MN908947.3. It consists of a single-stranded RNA sequence that is 29,903 base pairs. To date, 10 open reading frames (ORFs) have been identified, including genes encoding a structural membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein, and a spike (S) protein.

Spike (S) Protein

An envelope-anchored spike protein mediates coronavirus entry into host cells by first binding to a host receptor and then fusing viral and host membranes (Li F. 2016. Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins. Annu Rev Virol 3:237-261). A defined receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV spike specifically recognizes its host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (Li et ah, 2003. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 426:450-454). The overall sequence similarities between SARS-CoV2 spike and SARS-CoV spike are around 76%-78% for the whole protein, around 73%-76% for the RBD, and 50%-53% for the receptor binding motif (RBM), with the similarities between the two S proteins indicating the likelihood that ACE2 is the receptor for SARS-CoV2. See Wan et ah, Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS, J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00127-20.

The coronavirus spike contains three segments: a large ectodomain, a single-pass transmembrane anchor, and a short intracellular tail. The ectodomain consists of a receptor binding subunit SI and a membrane-fusion subunit S2. Electron microscopy studies revealed that the spike is a clove-shaped trimer with three SI heads and a trimeric S2 stalk. See, e.g., Kirchdoerfer et ah, Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein. Nature. 2016 Mar 3; 531(7592): 118-21. During virus entry, SI binds to a receptor on the host cell surface for viral attachment, and S2 fuses the host and viral membranes, allowing viral genomes to enter host cells. Receptor binding and membrane fusion are the initial and critical steps in the coronavirus infection cycle.

The amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV2 spike (S) protein is 1273 amino acids in length. The S protein has been reported at GenBank Accession No. QHD43416, and is reproduced in Table 1 as SEQ ID NO: 1, along with its corresponding nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2), which has been reported at GenBank Accession No. MN908947.3, and is located at nucleic acids 21563-25384 of the SARS-CoV2 genome. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 1, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid for the full-length S protein inserted into the MVA viral vector has been optimized, as described below and for example, as provided in SEQ ID NO: 3, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In certain embodiments, an additional nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag may be included in the nucleic acid sequence to be inserted into the rMVA, so that the tag is expressed at the C-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (GAGCCAGAGGCT) (SEQ ID NO: 4) encodes for the high affinity C-tag having the amino acid sequence EPEA (SEQ ID NO: 5).

Table 1: SARS-CoV2 Spike Protein

In certain embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more substitutions selected from K417T, E484K or N501 Y of SEQ ID NO:l. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains the following substitutions: K417T, E484K, and N501 Y of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the substitution is K417N. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein of SEQ ID NO: 6, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and has a deletion of one or more spike protein amino acids H69, V70, or Y144, or combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more substitutions selected from D614G, A570D, P681H, T716I, S982A, D1118H, K417N or K417T, D215G, A701V, L18F, R246I, Y453F, I692V, M1229I, N439K, A222V, S477N, or A376T, or combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO:l. In some embodiments, the variant strain is a SARS-CoV2 virus which has a spike protein deletion at amino acids 242-244 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains the following deletions and substitutions: deletion of amino acids 69-70, deletion of amino acid Y144, amino acid substitution N501 Y, amino acid substitution A570D, amino acid substitution D614G, amino acid substitution P681H, amino acid substitution T716I, amino acid substitution S982A, and amino acid substitution D1118H, or SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains the following deletions and substitutions: N501Y, K417N or K417T, E484K, D80A, A701V, L18F, and amino acid deletion at amino acids 242-244, of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more of the following substitutions: D614G; D936Y; P1263L; L5F; N439K; R21I; D839Y; L54F; A879S; L18F; F1121L; R847K; T478I; A829T; Q675H; S477N; H49Y; T29I; G769V; G1124V; V1176F; K1073N; P479S; S1252P; Y145 deletion; E583D; R214L; A1020V; Q1208H; D215G; H146Y; S98F; T95I; G1219C; A846V; I197V; R102I; V367F; T572I; A1078S; A831V; P1162L; T73I; A845S; G1219V; H245Y; L8V; Q675R; S254F; V483A; Q677H; D138H; D80Y; M1237T; D1146H; E654D; H655Y; S50L; S939F; S943P; G485R; Q613H; T76I; V341I; M153I; S221L; T859I; W258L; L242F; P681L; V289I; A520S; V1104L; V1228L; L176F; M1237I; T307I; T716I; L141; M1229I; A1087S; P26S; P330S; P384L; R765L; S940F; T323I; V826L; E1202Q; L1203F; L611F; V615I; A262S; A522V; A688V; A706V; A892S; E554D; Q836H; T 10271; T22I; A222V; A27S; A626V; C1247F; K1191N; M731I; P26L; S1147L; S1252F; S255F; V1264L; V308L; D80A; I670L; P251L; P631S; *1274Q; A344S; A771S; A879T; D1084Y; D253G; HI 101 Y; L1200F; Q14H; Q239K; A623V; D215Y; E1150D; G476S; K77M; Ml 771; P812S; S704L; T51I; T547I; T791I; V1122L; Y145H; D574Y; G142D; G181V; I834T; N370S; P812L; S12F; T791P; V90F; W152L; A292S; A570V; A647S; A845V; D1163Y; G181R; L84I; L938F; P1143L; P809S; R78M; T1160I; V1133F; V213L; V615F; A831V; D839Y; D839N; D839E; S943P; P1263L; or V622F; and combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 1. Table 2: SARS-CoV2 Spike Protein Mutants

In certain aspects, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more amino acid proline substitutions that stabilize the S protein turner in the prefusion conformation. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more proline substitutions at or near the boundary between a Heptad Repeat 1 (HR1) and a central helix of the promoters of the S ectodomain turner. In some embodiments, the proline substitutions occur between amino acid residues 970 to 990 (GAISSVLNDILSRLDKVEAE) (SEQ ID NO: 7) of the promoters in the trimer. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains two proline substitutions at amino acids K986 and V987 of SEQ ID NO: 1, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 8 in Table 3 below, wherein the K986P and V987P substitutions are bolded and underlined, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 9, which provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length S protein of SARS-CoV2 derived from the native SARS-CoV2 sequence with nucleic acid substitutions encoding for P986 and P987, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 10, which provides an optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding the double proline substituted and stabilized SARS-CoV2 S protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized as described below, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In certain embodiments, an additional nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag may be included in the nucleic acid sequence to be inserted into the rMVA, so that the tag is expressed at the C-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (GAGCCAGAGGCT) (SEQ ID NO: 4) encodes for the high affinity C-tag having the amino acid sequence EPEA (SEQ ID NO: 5). Table 3: Exemplary SARS-CoV2 Full-Length S Protein-Stabilized

In certain embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more substitutions selected from K417T, E484K or N501 Y of SEQ ID NO:8. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains the following substitutions: K417T, E484K, and N501Y of SEQ ID NO:8. . In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein of SEQ ID NO: 11, or an amino acid sequence 89%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 12, which provides an optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding the double proline substituted and stabilized SARS-CoV2 S protein with a K417T, E484K, andN501Y substitutions, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized as described below, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the mutation is K417N.

In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and has a deletion of one or more spike protein amino acids H69, V70, or Y144, or combinations thereof, of SEQ ID

NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more substitutions selected from D614G, A570D, P681H, T716I, S982A, D1118H, K417N, K417T, D215G, A701V, L18F, R246I, Y453F, I692V, M1229I, N439K, A222V, S477N, or A376T, or combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the spike protein includes a deletion at amino acids 242-244 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains the following deletions and substitutions: deletion of amino acids 69-70, deletion of amino acid Y144, amino acid substitution N501Y, amino acid substitution A570D, amino acid substitution D614G, amino acid substitution P681H, amino acid substitution T716I, amino acid substitution S982A, and amino acid substitution D1118H, or SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains the following deletions and substitutions: N501Y, K417N or K417T, E484K, D80A, A701 V, L18F, and amino acid deletion at amino acids 242-244, of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more of the following substitutions: D614G; D936Y; P1263L; L5F; N439K; R21I; D839Y; L54F; A879S; L18F; F1121L; R847K; T478I; A829T; Q675H; S477N; H49Y; T29I; G769V; G1124V; V1176F; K1073N; P479S; S1252P; Y145 deletion; E583D; R214L; A1020V; Q1208H; D215G; H146Y; S98F; T95I; G1219C; A846V; I197V; R102I; V367F; T572I; A1078S; A831V; P1162L; T73I; A845S; G1219V; H245Y; L8V; Q675R; S254F; V483A; Q677H; D138H; D80Y; M1237T; D1146H; E654D; H655Y; S50L; S939F; S943P; G485R; Q613H; T76I; V341I; M153I; S221L; T859I; W258L; L242F; P681L; V289I; A520S; V1104L; V1228L; L176F; M1237I; T307I; T716I; L141; M1229I; A1087S; P26S; P330S; P384L; R765L; S940F; T323I; V826L; E1202Q; L1203F; L61 IF; V615I; A262S; A522V; A688V; A706V; A892S; E554D; Q836H; T1027I; T22I; A222V; A27S; A626V; C1247F; K1191N; M731I; P26L; S1147L; S1252F; S255F; V1264L; V308L; D80A; I670L; P251L; P631S; *1274Q; A344S; A771S; A879T; D1084Y; D253G; HI 101 Y; L1200F; Q14H; Q239K; A623V; D215Y; E1150D; G476S; K77M; Ml 771; P812S; S704L; T51I; T547I; T791I; V1122L; Y145H; D574Y; G142D; G181V; I834T; N370S; P812L; S12F; T791P; V90F; W152L; A292S; A570V; A647S; A845V; D1163Y; G181R; L84I; L938F; P1143L; P809S; R78M; T1160I; V1133F; V213L; V615F; A831V; D839Y; D839N; D839E; S943P; P1263L; or V622F; and combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the stabilized S protein is SEQ ID NO: 12, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. SEQ ID NO: 12 provides an optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding the double proline substituted and stabilized SARS-CoV2 S protein, further comprising K417T, E484K, and N501T amino acid substitutions, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized as described below. In certain embodiments, an additional nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag may be included in the nucleic acid sequence to be inserted into the rMVA, so that the tag is expressed at the C-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (GAGCCAGAGGCT) (SEQ ID NO: 4) encodes for the high affinity C-tag having the amino acid sequence EPEA (SEQ ID NO:

5)·

Table 4: Exemplary SARS-CoV2 Full-Length S Protein-Stabilized Mutant

In certain aspects, the SARS-CoV2 antigen expressed by the rMVA is a modified spike (S) protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an S 1 + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 truncated protein comprises amino acids 1 to 1213 (SEQ ID NO: 13) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, as provided for in Table 5, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 15, which provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding the SI + S2 truncated protein derived from the native SARS-CoV2 sequence, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 16, which provides an optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding the SI + S2 truncated protein, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 truncated protein comprises amino acids 1 to 1213 and two proline substitutions at amino acids 986 and 987 (SEQ ID NO: 14) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, as provided for in Table 5, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 17, which provides an optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding the SI + S2 truncated protein +K986P and V987P, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In certain embodiments, an additional nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag may be included in the nucleic acid sequence to be inserted into the rMVA, so that the tag is expressed at the C-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (GAGCCAGAGGCT) (SEQ ID NO: 4) encodes for the high affinity C-tag having the amino acid sequence EPEA (SEQ ID NO: 5). Table 5: Truncated SI + S2 SARS-CoV2 Protein

In certain aspects, the SARS-CoV2 antigen expressed by the rMVA is a modified spike (S) protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an SI + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein, and further comprises one or more amino acid substitutions or deletions. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 truncated protein comprises amino acids 1 to 1213 (SEQ ID NO: 18) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein with K417T, E484K, and N501 Y substitutions, as provided for in Table 6, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 truncated protein comprises amino acids 1 to 1213 and two proline substitutions at amino acids 986 and 987, and amino acid substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y (SEQ ID NO: 19) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, as provided for in Table 6, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto.

In some embodiments, the S protein expressed by the rMVA is a modified spike (S) protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an SI + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein, and further comprises one or more substitutions selected from K417T, E484K or N501Y of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the mutation is K417N.

In some embodiments, the S protein expressed by the rMVA is a modified spike (S) protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an SI + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein, and further comprises a deletion of one or more spike protein amino acids H69, V70, or Y144, or combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the S protein expressed by the rMVA is a modified spike (S) protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an SI + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein, and further comprises one or more substitutions selected from D614G, A570D, P681H, T716I, S982A, D1118H, K417N, K417T, D215G, A701V, L18F, R246I, Y453F, I692V, M1229I, N439K, A222V, S477N, or A376T, or combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14. In some embodiments, the S protein expressed by the rMVA is a modified spike (S) protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an SI + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein, and further comprises a deletion at amino acids 242-244 of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14. In some embodiments, the S protein expressed by the rMVA is a modified spike (S) protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an SI + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein, and further comprises the following deletions and substitutions: deletion of amino acids 69-70, deletion of amino acid Y144, amino acid substitution N501Y, amino acid substitution A570D, amino acid substitution D614G, amino acid substitution P681H, amino acid substitution T716I, amino acid substitution S982A, and amino acid substitution D1118H, of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14. In some embodiments, the S protein expressed by the rMVA is a modified spike (S) protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an SI + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein, and further comprises the following deletions and substitutions: N501Y, K417N or K417T, E484K, D80A, A701V, L18F, and amino acid deletion at amino acids 242-244, of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14. In some embodiments, the S protein expressed by the rMVA is a modified spike (S) protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an SI + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein, and further comprises one or more of the following substitutions: D614G; D936Y; P1263L; L5F; N439K; R21I; D839Y; L54F; A879S; L18F; F1121L; R847K; T478I; A829T; Q675H; S477N; H49Y; T29I; G769V; G1124V; V1176F; K1073N; P479S; Y145 deletion; E583D; R214L; A1020V; Q1208H; D215G; H146Y; S98F; T95I; G1219C; A846V; I197V; R102I; V367F; T572I; A1078S; A831V; P1162L; T73I; A845S; H245Y; L8V; Q675R; S254F; V483A; Q677H; D138H; D80Y; D1146H; E654D; H655Y; S50L; S939F; S943P; G485R; Q613H; T76I; V341I; M153I; S221L; T859I; W258L; L242F; P681L; V289I; A520S; V1104L; L176F; T307I; T716I; L141; A1087S; P26S; P330S; P384L; R765L; S940F; T323I; V826L; E1202Q; L1203F; L611F; V615I; A262S; A522V; A688V; A706V; A892S; E554D; Q836H; T 10271; T22I; A222V; A27S; A626V; K1191N; M731I; P26L; S1147L; S255F; V308L; D80A; I670L; P251L; P631S; A344S; A771S; A879T; D1084Y; D253G; HI 101 Y; L1200F; Q14H; Q239K; A623V; D215Y; E1150D; G476S; K77M; M177I; P812S; S704L; T51I; T547I; T791I; V1122L; Y145H; D574Y; G142D; G181V; I834T; N370S; P812L; S12F; T791P; V90F; W152L; A292S; A570V; A647S; A845V; D1163Y; G181R; L84I; L938F; P1143L; P809S; R78M; T1160I; V1133F; V213L; V615F; A831V; D839Y; D839N; D839E; S943P; or V622F; and combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14.

In certain embodiments, an additional nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag may be included in the nucleic acid sequence to be inserted into the rMVA, so that the tag is expressed at the C-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (GAGCCAGAGGCT) (SEQ ID NO: 4) encodes for the high affinity C-tag having the amino acid sequence EPEA (SEQ ID NO: 5).

Table 6: Truncated SI + S2 SARS-CoV2 Protein with

In certain aspects, the SARS-CoV2 antigen is a linear epitope of the S protein. In a particular embodiment, the linear epitope of the S protein is the receptor biding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein (SEQ ID NO: 20), provided in Table 7 below, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 22, which provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding the linear S epitope of amino acids 327 to 524 of the S Protein derived from the native sequence of SARS-CoV2, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 24, which provides an optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding the linear S epitope of amino acids 327 to 524 of the S Protein, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein (SEQ ID NO: 21), provided in Table 7 below, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 23, which provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding the linear S epitope of amino acids 331 to 524 of the S Protein derived from the native sequence of SARS-CoV2, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 24, which provides an optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding the linear S epitope of amino acids 331 to 524 of the S Protein, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 504 to 524 (SEQ ID NO: 26) of the RBD region of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 27, which provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding the linear S epitope of amino acids 504 to 524 derived from the native sequence of SARS-CoV2, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 28, which provides an optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding the linear S epitope of amino acids 504 to 524 of the RBD region of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 473 to 490 (SEQ ID NO: 29) of the RBD region of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes SEQ ID NO:30, which provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding the linear S epitope of amino acids 473 to 490 derived from the native sequence of SARS-CoV2, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 31, which provides an optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding the linear S epitope of amino acids 473 to 490 of the RBD region of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, or a nucleic acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the linear epitope of the S protein is a receptor biding domain (RBD) consensus sequence.

In some embodiments, the S protein RBD linear epitope includes the amino acid methionine at the NH-terminus encoded by the nucleic acid sequence ATG. Table 7: Exemplary SARS-CoV2 Linear S Protein RBD Epitopes

In some embodiments, the linear epitope of the S protein is the receptor biding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein comprising one or more mutations or deletions. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein (SEQ ID NO: 32), provided in Table 8 below, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein (SEQ ID NO: 33), provided in Table 8 below, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto.

In some embodiments, the receptor biding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein comprises one or more mutations or deletions selected from K417T, K417N, E484K, or N501Y substitutions.

In some embodiments, the S protein expressed by the rMVA is the receptor biding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein comprising one or more substitutions selected from K417N, K417T, Y453F, N439K, S477N, or A376T, or combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 20 or 21, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the S protein expressed by the rMVA is the receptor biding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein comprising one or more of the following substitutions: N439K; T478I; S477N; P479S; V367F; V341I; P330S; P384L; A522V; and combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 20 or 21, or an amino acid sequence 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 95%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In certain embodiments, an additional nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag may be included in the nucleic acid sequence to be inserted into the rMVA, so that the tag is expressed at the C-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (GAGCCAGAGGCT) (SEQ ID NO: 4) encodes for the high affinity C-tag having the amino acid sequence EPEA (SEQ ID NO: 5).

In some embodiments, the S protein RBD linear epitope includes the amino acid methionine at the NH-terminus encoded by the nucleic acid sequence ATG.

Table 8: Exemplary SARS-CoV2 Linear S Protein RBD Epitopes with K417T, E484K, and 501Y mutations

In certain aspects, two or more linear epitopes of the S protein are encoded by the rMVA, wherein the two or more linear epitopes are separated by a spacer, for example a GPGPG spacer polypeptide. In some embodiments, the sequence inserted into the rMVA viral vector encodes linear epitopes separated by a spacer, wherein the linear epitopes include different S protein RBD peptides, for example (RBD Seq. 1-spacer-RBD Seq. 2), wherein RBD Seq. 1 is a first S protein RBD peptide, and RBD Seq. 2 is a second S protein RBD peptide. In some embodiments, the sequence inserted into the rMVA viral vector encodes a tandem repeat sequence, for example (RBD-spacer-RBD-spacer)x or (RBD Seq. 1-spacer-RBD Seq. 2-spacer)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. In some embodiments, the RBD peptides are selected from one or more peptides derived from amino acids 331 to 524 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are selected from the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the sequence inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes a S protein RBD peptide containing tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)-spacer-(aa473-490)- spacer)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. In some embodiments, x = 3-7. In some embodiments, x=5. In some embodiments, the sequence inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes a S protein RBD peptide containing tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)-GPGPG- (aa473-490)-GPGPG)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. In some embodiments, x = 3-7. In some embodiments, x=5.

In some embodiments, the MVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34 provided in Table 9 below, which provides an exemplary amino acid sequence encoding S protein RBD peptides in a tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)- GPGPG-(aa473-490)-GPGPG)x. In some embodiment, the MVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, which provides a nucleic acid sequence which encodes the tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)-GPGPG)x derived from the native SAR.S- CoV2 genomic sequence encoding amino acids 504-524 and amino acids 473-490, and including a nucleic acid sequence encoding the linker amino acid sequence GPGPG. In some embodiments, the MVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36, which provides an amino acid sequence of S protein RBD peptides in a tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)-GPGPG)x, wherein in x = 5, and SEQ ID NO: 37 provides a nucleic acid sequence encoding same which has been optimized. In some embodiments, the MVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38 provided in Table 9 below, which provides an exemplary amino acid sequence encoding S protein RBD peptides in a tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473-490)-GPGPG)x, and further comprising the substitution E484K. In some embodiments, the MVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, which provides an amino acid sequence of S protein RBD peptides in a tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)-GPGPG-(aa473- 490)-GPGPG)x, wherein in x = 5, and further comprising the substitution E484K. In some embodiments, the S protein RBD tandem repeats include the amino acid methionine at the NH- terminus encoded by the nucleic acid sequence ATG.

Table 9: SARS-CoV2SARS-CoV2 S Protein RBD Tandem Repeat Sequences

Envelope (E) Protein

The E protein is the smallest of the major structural proteins. During the replication cycle of, for example SARS, E is abundantly expressed inside the infected cell, but only a small portion is incorporated into the virion envelope. Venkatagopalan et al., Coronavirus envelope (E) protein remains at the site of assembly. Virology. 2015;478:75-85. The majority of the protein in SARS infections, for example, is localized at the site of intracellular trafficking, viz. the ER, Golgi, and ERGIC, where it participates in CoV assembly and budding. Nieto-Torres et al., Subcellular location and topology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein. Virology. 2011;415(2):69— 82.

The amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV2 envelope (E) protein is 75 amino acids in length. The E protein has been reported at GenBank Accession number QHD43418, and is reproduced in Table 10 (SEQ ID NO: 40) along with its corresponding nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 41), which has been reported at GenBank Accession No. MN908947.3, and is located at nucleic acids 26245 to 26472 of the SARS-CoV2 genome. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes an amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 40, or an amino acid 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid inserted into the MVA viral vector is SEQ ID NO: 41, or a nucleic acid 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein inserted into the MVA viral vector has been optimized, for example, as provided in SEQ ID NO: 42, or a nucleic acid 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% heterologous thereto.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes an amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 40, having one or more substitutions selected from S68F, L73F, P71L, S55F, R69I, T9I, V24M, D72H, T30I, S68C, V75L, V58F, V75F, or L21F, and combinations thereof, or an amino acid 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% heterologous thereto.

In certain embodiments, an additional nucleic acid sequence encoding a tag may be included in the nucleic acid sequence to be inserted into the rMVA, so that the tag is expressed at the C-terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (GAGCCAGAGGCT) (SEQ ID NO: 4) encodes for the high affinity C-tag having the amino acid sequence EPEA (SEQ ID NO: 5). Table 10: SARS-CoV2 Envelope (E) Protein

Membrane (M) Protein The coronavirus M protein is the most abundant structural protein and defines the shape of the viral envelope. Neuman et al., A structural analysis of M protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology. J Struct Biol. 2011; 174(1): 11-22. It is also regarded as the central organizer of CoV assembly, interacting with all other major coronaviral structural proteins. Masters PS. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv Virus Res. 2006;66:193-292. Homotypic interactions between, for example, the SARS M proteins are the major driving force behind virion envelope formation but, alone, is not sufficient for virion formation. Neuman et al., J Struct Biol. 2011; 174(1): 11-22; de Haan et al., Assembly of the coronavirus envelope: homotypic interactions between the M proteins. J Virol. 2000;74(ll):4967-78. With respect to, for example SARS, M and E make up the viral envelope and their interaction is sufficient for the production and release of VLPs. Mortola & Roy. Efficient assembly and release of SARS coronavirus-like particles by a heterologous expression system. FEBS Lett. 2004;576(l-2): 174-8.

The amino acid sequence of the SARS-CoV2 membrane (M) protein is 222 amino acids in length. The M protein has been reported at GenBank Accession No. QHD43419, reproduced below in Table 11 as SEQ ID NO: 43, and its nucleic acid sequence, which is located at nucleic acids 26523 to 27191 of the SARS-CoV2 genome has been reported at GenBank Accession No. MN908947.3, and is reproduced below as SEQ ID NO: 44.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes an amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 43, or an amino acid 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence inserted into the MVA viral vector is SEQ ID NO: 44, or a nucleic acid 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% heterologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the M protein inserted into the MVA viral vector has been optimized, for example, as provided in SEQ ID NO: 45, or a nucleic acid 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% heterologous thereto.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes an amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 43, further comprising one or more substitutions selected from T175M, D3G, V23L, W31C, A2V, V70F, W75L, Ml 091, 152T, L46F, V70I, D3Y, K162N, H125Y, K15R, D209Y, R146H, R158C, L87F, A2S, A69S, S214I, T208I, L124F, or S4F, and combinations thereof, or an amino acid 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% heterologous thereto.

Table 11: SARS-CoV2 M Protein

Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MV A) Viral Vector

As provided herein, a nucleic acid sequence encoding one or more SARS-CoV2 antigens or antigenic fragments thereof are inserted into the vaccinia virus strain modified vaccinia Ankara (MV A), which, when administered to the subject, is capable of expressing the one or more SARS- CoV2 antigens or antigenic fragments in the cells of a subject. The term “modified vaccinia Ankara,” “modified vaccinia ankara,” “Modified Vaccinia Ankara,” or “MV A” refers to a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus developed by Dr. Anton Mayr by serial passage on chick embryo fibroblast cells; or variants or derivatives thereof. MVA is reviewed in (Mayr, A. et al. 1975 Infection 3:6-14; Swiss Patent No. 568,392). The complete genomic sequence of MVA is available as Genbank Accession No. U94848.

Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) has been generated by long-term serial passages of the Ankara strain of vaccinia virus (CVA) on chicken embryo fibroblasts (for review see Mayr, A. et al. 1975 Infection 3:6-14; Swiss Patent No. 568,392). The MVA virus is publicly available from American Type Culture Collection as ATCC No. VR-1508. MVA is distinguished by its great attenuation, as demonstrated by diminished virulence and reduced ability to replicate in primate cells, while maintaining good immunogenicity. The MVA virus has been analyzed to determine alterations in the genome relative to the parental CVA strain. Six major deletions of genomic DNA (deletion I, II, III, IV, V, and VI) totaling 31 ,000 base pairs have been identified (Meyer, H. et al. 1991 J Gen Virol 72: 1031 -1038). The resulting MVA virus is host cell restricted to avian cells.

MVA replication in human cells has been found to be blocked late in infection preventing the assembly to mature infectious virions. Nevertheless, MVA is able to express viral and recombinant heterologous genes at high levels even in non-permissive cells (Sutter, G. and Moss, B. 1992 PNAS USA 89: 10847-10851). Recombinant MVA can be prepared as set out hereinafter. In general, a DNA-construct which contains a DNA-sequence which codes for one or more SARS- CoV2 (heterologous) polypeptides flanked by MVA DNA sequences adjacent to a predetermined insertion site (as described further below) can be introduced into cells infected with MVA (for example chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell, to allow homologous recombination. Once the DNA-construct has been introduced into the eukaryotic cell and the foreign DNA has recombined with the viral DNA, it is possible to isolate the desired recombinant MVA. The DNA-construct to be inserted can be linear or circular. A plasmid or polymerase chain reaction product is preferred. Such methods of making recombinant MVA vectors are described in, e.g., US Patent No. 9,453,239 incorporated by reference herein.

For the expression of a heterologous DNA sequence or gene, it is necessary for regulatory sequences such as promoters, which are required for the transcription of the gene, to be present on the DNA. Because MVA is a cytoplasmic virus, suitable promoters include those derived from naturally occurring poxviral promoters. Poxviral genes, promoters, and transcription factors are divided into early, intermediate, and late classes, depending on their expression timing during poxvirus infections. See, e.g., Assarsson et al., Kinetic analysis of a complete poxvirus transcriptome reveals an immediate-early class of genes. PNAS 2008;105(6):2140-2145. Yang Zet al., Genome-wide analysis of the 5' and 3' ends of vaccinia virus early mRNAs delineates regulatory sequences of annotated and anomalous transcripts. J Virol. 2011;85(12):5897-5909. MVA replication in most mammalian cells (non-permissive cells) ceases during the assembly of progeny virions after all stages of expression occur. This supports the utility of all promoter classes, including late promoters, for controlling transgene expression. Sancho et al., The block in assembly of modified vaccinia virus Ankara in HeLa cells reveals new insights into vaccinia virus morphogenesis. J Virol. 2002;76(16):8318-8334; Geiben-Lynn et al., Kinetics of recombinant adenovirus type 5, vaccinia virus, modified vaccinia ankara virus, and DNA antigen expression in vivo and the induction of memory T-lymphocyte responses. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15(4):691-696. Some poxviral promoters have both early and late elements, allowing their open-reading frames (ORFs) or recombinant antigens to be expressed early in the virus infection and late after the viral genome replication, respectively. Broyles SS, Vaccinia virus transcription. J Gen Virol. 2003;84(Pt 9):2293-2303. Poxviral promoters can be utilised cross-strain. See Prideaux et al., Comparative analysis of vaccinia virus promoter activity in fowlpox and vaccinia virus recombinants. Virus Res. 1990;16(l):43-57; Tripathy et al., Regulation of foreign gene in fowlpox virus by a vaccinia virus promoter. Avian Dis. 1990;34(l):218-220. Such regulatory sequences are known to those skilled in the art, and include for example the pi 1 promoter, which drives expression of the 1 lk protein encoded by the F17R ORF (Wittek et ah, Mapping of a gene coding for a major late structural polypeptide on the vaccinia virus genome. J Virol. 1984;49(2):371— 378); the p7.5 promoter (Cochran et ak, In vitro mutagenesis of the promoter region for a vaccinia virus gene: evidence for tandem early and late regulatory signals. J Virol. 1985;54(1):30— 37); the pHL promoter (Schmitt et ak, Sequence and transcriptional analysis of the vaccinia virus Hindlll I fragment. J Virol. 1988;62(6): 1889—1897); the pTK promoter (Weir and Moss, Determination of the promoter region of an early vaccinia virus gene encoding thymidine kinase. Virology. 1987; 158(1):206— 210); the pF7L promoter (Coupar et ak, Effect of in vitro mutations in a vaccinia virus early promoter region monitored by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase expression in recombinant vaccinia virus. J Gen Virol. 1987;68(Pt 9):2299-2309); the pH5 promoter (Perkus et ak, Cloning and expression of foreign genes in vaccinia virus, using a host range selection system. J Virol. 1989;63(9):3829— 3836); the short synthetic promoter pSyn (Chakrabarti et ak, Compact, synthetic, vaccinia virus early/late promoter for protein expression. Biotechniques. 1997;23(6): 1094-1097; Hammond et ak, A synthetic vaccinia virus promoter with enhanced early and late activity. J Virol Methods. 1997;66(1): 135—1380); the pH5 promoter (Wyatt et ak, Development of a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine effective against parainfluenza virus 3 infection in an animal model. Vaccine. 1996; 14(15): 1451—1458); the pmH5 promoter (Wyatt et ak, Development of a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine effective against parainfluenza virus 3 infection in an animal model. Vaccine. 1996; 14(15): 1451—1458); the pHyb promoter (Sancho et ak, The block in assembly of modified vaccinia virus Ankara in HeLa cells reveals new insights into vaccinia virus morphogenesis. J Virol. 2002;76(16): 8318—8334); the LEO promoter (Wyatt et ak, Correlation of immunogeni cities and in vitro expression levels of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara HIV vaccines. Vaccine. 2008;26(4):486-493); the pB8 promoter (Orubu et ak, Expression and cellular immunogenicity of a transgenic antigen driven by endogenous poxviral early promoters at their authentic loci in MVA. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e40167); the pFl l promoter (Orubu et ak, Expression and cellular immunogenicity of a transgenic antigen driven by endogenous poxviral early promoters at their authentic loci in MVA. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e40167).

In some embodiments, the promoter is a pmH5 promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 154 ( AAAAATTGAAAAT AA AT AC AAAGGTTCTTGAGGGTT GT GTT AAATTGAAAGCGAGA AATAATCATAA).

In some embodiments, the promoter is a pl l promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 155 (TTTCATTTTGTTTTTTTCTATGCTATAA).

The DNA-construct can be introduced into the MVA infected cells by transfection, for example by means of calcium phosphate precipitation (Graham et al. 1973 Virol 52:456-467; Wigler et al. 1979 Cell 16:777-785), by means of electroporation (Neumann et al. 1982 EMBO J. 1 : 841 -845), by microinjection (Graessmann et al. 1983 Meth Enzymol 101 :482-492), by means of liposomes (Straubinger et al. 1983 Meth Enzymol 101 :512-527), by means of spheroplasts (Schaffher 1980 PNAS USA 77:2163-2167) or by other methods known to those skilled in the art.

The present MVA vector design and methods of manufacture are useful in producing effective MVA vaccine vectors for eliciting effective T-cell and antibody immune responses against SARS-CoV2. In some embodiments, the MVA vaccine vectors described herein are capable of eliciting effective immune responses and antibody production after a single homologous prime boost.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides recombinant viral vector (e.g., an MVA vector) comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding a SARS-CoV2 protein or immunogenic fragments thereof. The viral vector (e.g., an MVA vector) may be constructed using conventional techniques known to one of skill in the art. The one or more heterologous SARS- CoV2 gene inserts encode a polypeptide having desired immunogenicity, i.e., a polypeptide that can induce an immune reaction, cellular immunity and/or humoral immunity, in vivo by administration thereof. In the introduction of a gene encoding a polypeptide having immunogenicity, an appropriate promoter may be operatively linked upstream of the gene encoding a polypeptide having desired immunogenicity.

One or more nucleic acid sequences may be optimized for use in an MVA vector. Optimization includes codon optimization, which employs silent mutations to change selected codons from the native sequences into synonymous codons that are optimally expressed by the host-vector system. Other types of optimization include the use of silent mutations to interrupt homopolymer stretches or transcription terminator motifs. Each of these optimization strategies can improve the stability of the gene, improve the stability of the transcript, or improve the level of protein expression from the sequence. In exemplary embodiments, the number of homopolymer stretches in the heterologous DNA insert sequence will be reduced to stabilize the construct. A silent mutation may be provided for anything similar to a vaccinia termination signal.

In exemplary embodiments, the sequences are codon optimized for expression in MV A; sequences with runs of > 5 deoxyguanosines, > 5 deoxycytidines, > 5 deoxyadenosines, and > 5 deoxythymidines are interrupted by silent mutation to minimize loss of expression due to frame shift mutations.

In particular, the nucleic acid for insertion can be optimized by codon optimizing the original DNA sequence. For example, the “Invitrogen GeneArt Gene Software” can be used to codon optimize the DNA sequence. To fully optimize the gene sequence, homopolymer sequences (G/C or T/A rich areas) are interrupted via silent mutation(s). To the extent present in the nucleic acid insert sequence, the MVA transcription terminator (T5NT (UUUUUNU)) is interrupted via silent mutation(s). Further optimizations can include, for example, adding a Kozak sequence (GCCACC/ATG), adding a second stop codon, and adding a vaccinia virus transcription terminator, specifically “TTTTTAT”, or variations and/or combinations thereof.

The DNA insert encoding the one or more SARS-CoV2 proteins or fragments thereof can be inserted into the MVA genome at any suitable location, for example, a natural deletion site, a modified natural deletion site, in a non-essential MVA gene, for example the MVA thymidine kinase locus, or in an intergenic region between essential or non-essential MVA genes. Suitable insertion sites have been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,998,252, U.S. Pat. No. 9,133,478, Ober et ak, Immunogenicity and safety of defective vaccinia virus lister: comparison with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. J. Virol., Aug. 2002 (pg. 7713-7723), U.S. Pat No. 9,133,480, U.S. Pat. No. 8,288,125, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, the SARS-CoV2 peptide encoding sequence is inserted into a natural deletion site, for example a deletion site selected from the natural deletion sites I, II, III, IV, V or VI, a modified natural deletion site, for example the restructured and modified deletion III site between the MVA genes A50R and B1R (see, e.g., U.S. 9,133,480), between non-essential MVA genes, between essential MVA genes, for example I8R and GIL or A5R and A6L or other suitable insertion site, in a non-essential locus, for example in the MVA TK locus, or a combination thereof.

Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) Vaccine Constructs Provided herein are recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vectors comprising heterologous nucleic acid inserts encoding one or more SARS-CoV2 proteins, peptides, or fragments thereof, operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems that, upon expression, are capable of inducing protective immunity without inducing the immuno-pathologies associated with previous rMVA-related coronavirus vaccination strategies.

SARS-CoV2 S-E-M VLPs

In one aspect, the recombinant MVA vaccine expresses the M and E proteins of SARS- CoV2, and the SARS-CoV2 S protein, or a fragment or variant thereof, as provided further below. Upon expression in a host cell, the SARS-CoV2 are capable of forming a non-infectious virus-like particle (VLP), enhancing epitope display, and inducing potent anti-viral immune responses.

In some embodiments, an rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes the spike (S) protein (or fragment thereof), the envelope (E) protein, and the membrane (M) protein of the SARS-C0V2, wherein, upon expression of the S, E, and M protein, a VLP is formed. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the S, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding an S, E, and M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 1A. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein, for example, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 1, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 1, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein, for example, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 6, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 6, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 2, 41, and 44 or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the full- length S, E, and M proteins, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 3, 42, and 45. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for detection of the expressed proteins in an assay. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence known in the art. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of each protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences comprising the adjacent coding sequences of the full-length S, E, and M proteins are provided below in as SEQ ID NOS: 46, 47, or 156. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46 (FIG. 1B-1C-1D), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47 (FIG. 1E-1F-1G), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156 (FIG. 1H-1I-1J), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

Alternatively, an rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes the spike (S) protein, the envelope (E) protein, and the membrane (M) protein of the SARS-CoV2, wherein the S protein has been stabilized with one or more amino acid proline substitutions that stabilize the S protein trimer in the prefusion conformation, and wherein upon expression, the proteins form a VLP. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the stabilized S, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more proline substitutions at or near the boundary between a Heptad Repeat 1 (HR1) and a central helix of the promoters of the S ectodomain trimer. In some embodiments, the proline substitutions occur between amino acid residues 970 to 990 of the promoters in the trimer. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains two proline substitutions at amino acids K986 and V987. A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a stabilized S, an E, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 2A. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein comprising two proline substitutions at amino acids 986 and 987 of the S protein, for example, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 8, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 8, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein comprising two proline substitutions at amino acids 986 and 987 of the S protein, for example, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 11, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full- length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 11, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 9, 41, and 44, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the full-length proline substituted S protein, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 10, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the full- length proline substituted S protein, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 12, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’ end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the full-length stabilized S protein, the E protein, and the M protein are provided below as SEQ ID NOS: 48, 49, 50, or 156. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48 (FIG. 2B-2C-2D), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49 (FIG. 2E-2F-2G), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50 (2H-2I-2J), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157 (2K-2L- 2M), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 159 (2N-20- 2P), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 160 (2Q-2R-2S), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

Alternatively, an rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes a partial spike (S) protein, the envelope (E) protein, and the membrane (M) protein of the SARS-CoV2, wherein the partial S protein is the receptor biding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein, and optionally further comprises an initial methionine amino acid residue at the NH-terminus. In some embodiments, the RBD sequence is a coronavirus consensus sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the S RBD, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a partial S protein encoding amino acids 327 to 524, an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 3D. In some embodiments, the partial S protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 20, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 22, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 24, 41, and 44, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the partial S protein, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 24, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the partial S protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 32, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’ end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the S protein RBD region, the E protein, and the M protein are provided as SEQ ID NOS: 51 or 52. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51 (FIG. 3E), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52 (FIG. 3F), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

Alternatively, in some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein, and optionally further comprises a methionine at the NH-terminus of the RBD. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the S RBD(aa 331-524), E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a partial S protein encoding amino acids 331 to 524, an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 3A. In some embodiments, the partial S protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 21, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full- length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 23, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 25, 41, and 44, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the partial S protein, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 25, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the partial S protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 33, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the S protein RBD (aa 331-524) region, the E protein, and the M protein are provided as SEQ ID NOS: 53 or 54. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (FIG. 3B), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54 (FIG. 3C), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

In some embodiments, an rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes a partial spike (S) protein, the envelope (E) protein, and the membrane (M) protein of the SARS-CoV2, wherein the partial S protein is the receptor biding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein, and wherein the RBD binding protein is flanked on its NH-terminus by a S protein signal peptide derived from amino acids 1 to 13 of the S protein, and flanked on its carboxy terminus by a S protein transmembrane domain derived from amino acids 1214 to 1273, or a fragment thereof. The flanking S protein signal peptide (SP) is provided below in Table 12 as SEQ ID NO: 55, and its nucleic acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 56. An optimized nucleic acid sequence of the SP is provided in SEQ ID NO: 59. The S protein transmembrane domain (STM) is provided below in Table 8 as SEQ ID NO: 57, and its nucleic acid sequence is provided as SEQ ID NO: 58, and an optimized nucleic acid sequence provided as SEQ ID NO: 60. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein, flanked by the SP and STM. The SP-RBD(aa 327-524)-STM peptide is provided in SEQ ID NO: 61. In some embodiments, the linear S epitope comprises amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein, flanked by the SP and STM. The SP-RBD(aa 331-524)-STM peptide is provided in SEQ ID NO: 62. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the S SP-RBD-TM, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a partial S protein encoding amino acids 1-13 (SP), 331 to 524 (RBD), and 1214-1273 (STM), an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 3G. A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a partial S protein encoding amino acids 1-13 (SP), 327 to 524 (RBD), and 1214-1273 (STM), an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 3H. In some embodiments, the partial S protein SP-RBD (aa 327-524)-STM is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 61, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full- length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the partial S protein SP-RBD (aa 331- 524)-STM is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 62, the E protein is expressed as a full- length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 61 or 62, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 67 or 68, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 63 or 64, 41, and 44, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the partial S protein, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 65 or 66, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the S protein SP-RBD (327-524)-STM region, the E protein, and the M protein are provided as SEQ ID NOS: 69 or 70. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the S protein SP-RBD (33 l-524)-STM region, the E protein, and the M protein are provided as SEQ ID NOS: 71 or 72. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 69 (FIG. 3I-3J), 70 (FIG. 3K-3L), 71 (FIG. 3M-3N), or 72 (FIG. 30-3P), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

In an alternate embodiment, the nucleic acid insert encodes a linear S epitope which further comprises a signal peptide, the E protein, and the M protein (see, e.g., FIG. 3Q, FIG. 3R, FIG. 3S, FIG. 3T). The S protein signal peptide can comprise or be derived from, for example, amino acids 1-13 (MFVFLVLLPLVSS) (SEQ ID NO: 55) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the S protein encoded comprises an RBD consensus sequence. In some embodiments, the RBD consensus sequence further comprises an S protein signal peptide, for example derived from SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear RBD epitope comprising amino acids 327-524. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 20, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear RBD epitope comprising amino acids 331-524. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 21, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear RBD epitope comprising amino acids 327-598. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 161, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the linear RBD epitope comprising amino acids 331-598. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 162, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide comprises substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501 Y. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 32, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 33, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 163, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA expresses the amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 164, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55, 20, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, 21, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 55, 32, 40, and 43 or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55, 33, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55, 161, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55, 162, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55, 163, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 164, 33, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’ end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3 ’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises SEQ ID NO: 158 (FIG. 3U-3V), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

Table 12: SP Peptide, TM Peptide, SP-RBD-STM Peptide Sequences

Alternatively, an rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes a tandem repeat sequence, the envelope (E) protein, and the membrane (M) protein of the SARS-CoV2, wherein the tandem repeat sequence is derived from linear epitopes of the S protein RBD domain. In some embodiments, the tandem repeat is for example (RBD-spacer-RBD-spacer)x or (RBD Seq. 1- spacer-RBD Seq. 2-spacer)x, wherein RBD is any S protein RBD peptide, RBD Seq. l is a first S protein RBD peptide, and RBD Seq. 2 is a second S protein RBD peptide, and wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, the tandem repeat optionally comprises a methionine amino acid at the NH-terminus. In some embodiments, the RBD peptides are selected from one or more peptides derived from amino acids 331 to 524 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein or 327-524 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are selected from the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the sequence inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes a S protein RBD peptide containing tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)-spacer-(aa473-490)-spacer)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, x = 3-7. In some embodiments, x=5.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the tandem repeat, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a tandem repeat, an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 4A. In some embodiments, the tandem repeat is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 34, further optionally comprising a methionine at the NH-terminus, wherein x is 2- 10, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 34, wherein x is 2-10 or more than 10, SEQ ID NO: 40, and SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 38, wherein x is 2-10 or more than 10, SEQ ID NO: 40, and SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 39, wherein x is 2-10 or more than 10, SEQ ID NO: 40, and SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 35, wherein x is 2-10 or more than 10, SEQ ID NO: 41, and SEQ ID NO: 44, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 41, and SEQ ID NO: 44, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding a tandem repeat, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 37, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the tandem repeat, the E protein, and the M protein is provided as SEQ ID NOS: 73 or 74. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73 (FIG. 4B-4C), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74 (FIG. 4D-4E), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

Alternatively, an rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes a tandem repeat sequence, the envelope (E) protein, and the membrane (M) protein of the SARS-CoV2, wherein the tandem repeat sequence is derived from linear epitopes of the S protein RBD domain, and is flanked on its NH-terminus by a SP peptide, for example, SEQ ID NO: 55, and flanked on its carboxy terminus by an STM, for example SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the tandem repeat is for example (RBD-spacer-RBD-spacer)x or (RBD Seq. 1-spacer-RBD Seq. 2-spacer)x, wherein RBD is any S protein RBD peptide, RBD Seq. l is a first S protein RBD peptide, and RBD Seq. 2 is a second S protein RBD peptide, and wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, the RBD peptides are selected from one or more peptides derived from amino acids 331 to 524 of the SAR.S- CoV2 S protein or from amino acids 327 to 524 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are selected from the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the sequence inserted into the MVA viral vector encodes a S protein RBD peptide containing tandem repeat sequence ((aa504-524)-spacer-(aa473- 490)-spacer)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, x = 3-7. In some embodiments, x=5.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the SP-tandem repeat-TM, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a SP-tandem repeat-TM, an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 4F. In some embodiments, the SP-tandem repeat-TM is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 75, wherein x is 2-10, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full- length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 77, SEQ ID NO: 40, and SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 76, wherein x is 2-10, SEQ ID NO: 41, and SEQ ID NO: 44, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 78, SEQ ID NO: 41, and SEQ ID NO: 44, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding a SP-tandem repeat-TM, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 76 or 78, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto.

In some embodiments, the SP-tandem repeat-TM is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 79, wherein x is 2-10, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 40, and SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the tandem repeat, the E protein, and the M protein are provided as SEQ ID NOS: 81 or 82. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 81 (FIG. 4G-4H), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 82 (FIG. 4I-4J), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. Table 13 - SP-RBD Tandem Repeat- TM

Alternatively, an rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes a modified, truncated form of the spike (S) protein, the envelope (E) protein, and the membrane (M) protein of the SARS- CoV2, wherein the truncated S protein comprises a SI + S2 region and lacks the carboxy terminus, and wherein upon expression, the proteins form a VLP. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the truncated S, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. In some embodiments, the truncated S protein comprises amino acids 1 to 1213 (SEQ ID NO: 13). A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a truncated S, an E, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 6A. In some embodiments, the truncated S protein contains two proline substitutions at amino acids 986 and 987, for example, as exemplified in FIG. 6H. In some embodiments, the truncated S protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14 or 18 or 19, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, and the M protein is expressed as a full length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 13 or 14 or 18 or 19, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 15 or 17, 41, and 44, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the truncated S protein, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 16 or 17, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’ end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequence for insertion encoding the truncated S protein, the E protein, and the M protein are provided below as SEQ ID NO: 83 or 84. Exemplary nucleic acid sequence for insertion encoding the truncated S protein +K986P and V987P, the E protein, and the M protein are provided below as SEQ ID NO: 85 or 86. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 83 (FIG. 6B-6C-6D), 84 (FIG. 6E-6F-6G), 85 (FIG. 6I-6J-6K), or 86 (FIG. 6L-6M-6N), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

S frasment-GP fusion VLPs

In an alternative aspect, provided herein is a rMVA viral vector designed to express one or more SARS-CoV2 S protein antigenic peptides as an in-frame fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises a signal sequence of an envelope glycoprotein (GPS), SARS-CoV2 S protein or protein fragment, a transmembrane domain of an envelope glycoprotein (GPTM), and, optionally, a cytosolic domain of an envelope glycoprotein (GPCD), wherein the envelope glycoprotein is not derived from a coronavirus. The rMVA viral vector is further designed to express a matrix protein from the same virus the envelope glycoprotein was derived from. By providing the SARS-CoV2 S protein fragment as a fusion with a GP protein, the S protein fragment-GP fusion can form a VLP with the rMVA expressed matrix protein. In some embodiments, the rMVA viral vector further expresses the membrane (M) protein and the envelope (E) protein of the SARS-CoV2, which, when expressed, are capable of forming a separate VLP. Thus, from a single rMVA viral vector, two VLPs are capable of being produced displaying antigenic epitopes of the SARS-CoV2.

Suitable glycoproteins and matrix proteins for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, those derived from: a Filoviridae , for example Marburg virus, Ebola virus, or Sudan virus; a Retroviridae, for example human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 ); an Arenaviridaea, for example Lassa virus; a Flaviviridae, for example Dengue virus and Zika virus.

In particular embodiments, the glycoprotein and matrix proteins are derived from Marburg virus (MARV). In particular embodiments, the glycoprotein is derived from the MARV GP protein (Genbank accession number AFV31202.1). The amino acid sequence of the MARV GP protein is provided as SEQ ID NO: 87 in Table 14 below. In particular embodiments, the MARV GPS domain comprises amino acids 1 to 19 of the glycoprotein (MWTTCFFISLILIQGIKTL) (SEQ ID NO: 88, which can be encoded by, for example the MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89), the GPTM domain comprises amino acid sequences 644-673 of the glycoprotein (WWTSDWGVLTNLGILLLLSIAVLIALSCICRIFTKYIG) (SEQ ID NO: 90, which can be encoded by, for example the MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91).

The MARV VP40 amino acid sequence is available at GenBank accession number JX458834, and provided below in Table 14 as SEQ ID NO: 92, which can be encoded by, for example, the MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid inserted into the rMVA is Seq.ID. No. 94, or a nucleic acid sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more homologous thereto.

Table 14: MARY Glycoprotein Domains for use in S Protein Fusion Constructs

In one alternative, a rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes for an S protein or protein fragment fused with a GP protein, the E protein from SARS-CoV2, the M protein from SARS-CoV2, and a matrix protein. In some embodiments, the S protein or protein fragment-GP fusion, E, and M protein encoding nucleic acid sequences are inserted in a single insertion site in the rMVA, and the MARV VP40 encoding nucleic acid sequence is inserted at a separated insertion site. In some embodiments, the S protein or protein fragment-GP fusion, E, and M protein, and MARV VP40 encoding nucleic acid sequences are inserted in a single insertion site in the rMVA. In some embodiments, the S protein fragment-GP fusion protein comprises an S protein receptor biding domain (RBD). In some embodiments, the RBD peptide is derived from amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide is derived from amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein. In some embodiments, the RBD is a consensus coronavirus sequence. The RBD peptide is flanked on its NH-terminus side by a signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-19 of the MAR.V glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 88), and on its carboxy-terminus side by the transmembrane domain of the MAR.V glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 90). The GPS-RBD (aa 327-524)-GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 95 in Table 15 below, which can be encoded by, for example, an MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence for example provided in SEQ ID NO: 97. The GPS-RBD (aa 331-524)-GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 96 in Table 15 below, which can be encoded by, for example, an MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence for example provided in SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the GPS-RBD-GPTM, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MAR.V VP 40 insert and a separate, single MVA insert encoding GPS-RBD-TM, an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 7A. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MAR.V VP 40 insert and a separate, single MVA insert encoding GPS-RBD (aa 331-524)-TM, an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 7B. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MAR.V VP 40 insert and a separate, single MVA insert encoding GPS-RBD (aa 327-524)-TM, an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 7G. In some embodiments, GPS-RBD-GPTM is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 95 (RBD aa 327-524) or SEQ ID NO: 96 (RBD aa 331- 524) or SEQ ID NO: 99 (RBD aa 327-524, E484K) or SEQ ID NO: 100 (RBD aa 331-524; E484K), the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, and the MAR.V VP protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 95 or 96 or 99 or 100, 40, 43, and 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 97 or 98, 41, and 44, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the GPS-RBD-GPTM, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 97 or 98, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’ end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the GPS-RBD-GPTM, the E protein, and the M protein are provided as SEQ ID NOS: 101, 102, 103, and 104. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 101 (FIG. 7H-7I), 102 (FIG. 7J-7K), 103 (FIG. 7C-7D), or 104 (FIG. 7E-7F), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA further comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93 or 94, or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto.

Table 15: GPS-RBD-GPTM Fusions

In one alternative, a rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes for an S protein peptide fused with a GP protein, the E protein from SARS-CoV2, the M protein from SARS-CoV2, and a matrix protein, wherein the S protein fragment-GP fusion protein comprises an S protein tandem repeat sequence. The S protein tandem repeat sequence is flanked on its NH-terminus side by a signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-19 of the MARV glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 88), and on its carboxy-terminus side by the transmembrane domain of the MARV glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 90). In some embodiments, the tandem repeat is for example (RBD-spacer-RBD-spacer)x or (RBD Seq. 1-spacer-RBD Seq. 2-spacer)x, wherein RBD is any S protein RBD peptide, RBD Seq. l is a first S protein RBD peptide, and RBD Seq. 2 is a second S protein RBD peptide, and wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, the RBD peptides are selected from one or more peptides derived from amino acids 331 to 524 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are selected from the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the tandem repeat sequence is ((aa504-524)- spacer-(aa473-490)-spacer)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, x = 3-7. In some embodiments, x=5. An exemplary amino acid sequence comprising a GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM is provided for in Table 16 as SEQ ID NO: 105, which can be encoded by the MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106. An exemplary amino acid sequence comprising a GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM, wherein x=5 for the tandem repeat, is provided for in Table 16 as SEQ ID NO: 107, which can be encoded by the MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM peptide, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and a separate, single MVA insert encoding GPS-tandem repeat- GPTM peptide, an E protein, and M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 8A. In some embodiments, GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM peptide is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 105 or 107 or 109 or 110, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, and the MARV VP protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 105 or 107 or 109 or 110, 40, and 43, and 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 106 or 108, 41, and 44, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM peptide, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 106 or 108, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’ end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the GPS- tandem repeat-GPTM peptide, the E protein, and the M protein are provided as SEQ ID NO: 111 and 112. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 111 (FIG. 8B-8C) or 112 (FIG. 8D-8E), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA further comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93 or 94, or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto.

Table 16: GPS-RBD Tandem Repeat- GPTM

In one alternative, a rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes for a modified S protein peptide fused with a GP protein, the E protein from SARS-CoV2, the M protein from SARS- CoV2, and a matrix protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an S 1 + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 truncated protein comprises amino acids 2 to 1213 of the S protein. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 truncated protein comprises amino acids 2 to 1213 of the S protein, and a proline substitution at amino acid 986 and/or 987 (SI + S2 truncated + K986P and V987P). In some embodiments, the truncated S protein-GP fusion, E, and M protein encoding nucleic acid sequences are inserted in a single insertion site in the rMVA, and the MARV VP40 encoding nucleic acid sequence is inserted at a separated insertion site.

In some embodiments, the truncated S protein-GP fusion protein comprises amino acids 2- 1213 of the S Protein. The truncated S protein is flanked on its NH-terminus side by a signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-19 of the MARV glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 88), and on its carboxy-terminus side by the transmembrane domain of the MARV glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 90). The GPS-truncated S protein-GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 113 in Table 17 below, which can be encoded by, for example, an MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence for example provided in SEQ ID NO: 115. The GPS-truncated S protein + K986P and V987P)- GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 114 in Table 17 below, which can be encoded by, for example, an MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence for example provided in SEQ ID NO: 116. The GPS-truncated S protein-GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 117 in Table 17 below, which further includes substitution K417T, E484K, and N501Y. The GPS- truncated S protein + K986P, V987P, K417T, E484K, and N501Y)-GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 118 in Table 17 below. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the GPS-truncated S-GPTM, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and a separate, single MVA insert encoding GPS-truncated S-TM, an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 9A. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is arranged so that the GPS-truncated S + K986P and V987P-GPTM, E, and M encoding sequences are linearly adjacent. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and a separate, single MVA insert encoding GPS-truncated S + K986P and V987P-TM, an E protein, and an M protein suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 9H. In some embodiments, GPS-Truncated S-GPTM is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 113 or SEQ ID NO: 114 or SEQ ID NO: 117 or SEQ ID NO: 118, the E protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 40, the M protein is expressed as a full-length protein, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 43, and the MARV VP protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 113 or 114 or 117 or 118, 40, and 43, and 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 115 or 116, 41, and 44, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the GPS-truncated S-GPTM, the E protein, and M protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 115 or 116, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the GPS-truncated S-GPTM or GPS-truncated S + K986P and V987P), the E protein, and the M protein are provided as SEQ ID NOS: 119, 120, 121, or 122. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from

SEQ ID NO: 119 (FIG. 9B-9C-9D), 120 (FIG. 9E-9F-9G), 121 (FIG. 9I-9J-9K), or 122 (FIG. 9L- 9M-9N), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA further comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93 or 94, or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto.

Table 17: GPS-Truncated S-GPTM

In an alternative aspect, provided herein is a rMVA viral vector designed to express one or more SARS-CoV2 S protein antigenic peptides as an in-frame fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises a signal sequence of an envelope glycoprotein (GPS), SARS-CoV2 S protein fragment, a transmembrane domain of an envelope glycoprotein (GPTM), and a cytosolic domain of an envelope glycoprotein (GPCD), wherein the envelope glycoprotein is not derived from a coronavirus. The rMVA viral vector is further designed to express a matrix protein from the same virus the envelope glycoprotein was derived from. By providing the SARS-CoV2 S protein fragment as a fusion with a GP protein, the S protein fragment-GP fusion can form a VLP with the rMVA expressed matrix protein.

Suitable glycoproteins and matrix proteins for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, those derived from: a Filoviridae, for example Marburg virus, Ebola virus, or Sudan virus; a Retroviridae, for example human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 ); an Arenaviridaea, for example Lassa virus; a Flaviviridae, for example Dengue virus and Zika virus. In particular embodiments, the glycoprotein and matrix proteins are derived from Marburg virus (MA V). In particular embodiments, the glycoprotein is derived from the MARV GP protein (Genbank accession number AFV31202.1). The amino acid sequence of the MARV GP protein is provided as SEQ ID NO: 87 in Table 14. In particular embodiments, the MARV GPS domain comprises amino acids 1 to 19 of the glycoprotein (MWTTCFFISLILIQGIKTL) (SEQ ID NO: 88, which can be encoded by, for example the MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89), the GPTM domain comprises amino acid sequences 644-673 of the glycoprotein (WWTSDWGVLTNLGILLLLSIAVLIALSCICRIFTKYIG) (SEQ ID NO: 90, which can be encoded by, for example the MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91). The MARV VP40 amino acid sequence is available at Genbank accession number JX458834, and provided in Table 14 as SEQ ID NO: 92, which can be encoded by, for example, the MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the viral matrix protein can be contained as a bicistronic sequence with the GPS-S protein or protein fragment-GPTM nucleic acid sequence, or contained on a separate nucleic acid sequence inserted at a separate location within the MVA genome.

In one alternative, a rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes for a modified S protein peptide fused with a GP protein, wherein the modified S protein comprises an SI + S2 truncated protein lacking the carboxy terminus of the protein, and also encodes a matrix protein, for example the MARV VP40 protein. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 truncated protein comprises amino acids 2 to 1213 of the S protein. In some embodiments, the SI + S2 truncated protein comprises amino acids 2 to 1213 of the S protein and one or more proline substitutions, for example, K986P and/or V987P. In some embodiments, the truncated S protein-GP fusion and the MARV VP40 encoding nucleic acid sequence are inserted at a separated insertion site. In some embodiments, the truncated S protein-GP fusion and the MARV VP40 encoding nucleic acid sequence are inserted as a bicistronic sequence in the MVA genome.

In some embodiments, the truncated S protein-GP fusion protein comprises amino acids 2- 1213 of the S Protein. The truncated S protein is flanked on its NH-terminus side by a signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-19 of the MARV glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 88), and on its carboxy-terminus side by the transmembrane domain of the MARV glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 90). The GPS-truncated S protein-GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 113 or 114 in Table 17, which can be encoded by, for example, an MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence for example provided in SEQ ID NOS: 115 or 116. Alternatively, the GPS-truncated S protein- GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NOS: 117 or 118 in Table 17. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and a separate, single MVA insert encoding GPS-truncated S-TM, is provided for in FIG. 10A. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and a separate, single MVA insert encoding GPS-truncated S +K986P and V987P-TM, is provided for in FIG. 10F. In some embodiments, GPS-truncated S- GPTM is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NOS: 113 or 114 or 117 or 118, and the MARV VP protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing nucleic acid sequences encoding SEQ ID NOS: 113 or 114 or 117 or 118, and 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 70A or 70B or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the GPS-truncated S-GPTM, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 115 or 116 or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’ end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3 ’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the GPS-truncated S-GPTM is provided as SEQ ID NOS: 123, 124, 125, or 126. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 123 (FIG. 10B- IOC), 124 (FIG. 10D-10E), 125 (FIG. 10G-10H), or 126 (FIG. 10I-10J), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA further comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 93 or 94, or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto.

In some embodiments, the truncated S protein-GP fusion and the MARV VP40 encoding nucleic acid sequence are inserted as a bicistronic sequence in the MVA genome. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and GPS-truncated S-TM as a bicistronic nucleic acid is provided for in FIG. 10K. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert GPS-truncated S +K986P and V987P-TM as a bicistronic nucleic acid is provided for in FIG. 10R. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the GPS- truncated S or truncated S + K986P and V987P-GPTM/VP40 is provided as SEQ ID NOS: 127, 128, 129, or 130. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 127 (FIG. 10L-10M-10N), 128 (FIG. 100-10P-10Q), 129 (FIG. 10S-10T-10U), or 130 (FIG. 10V-10W-10X), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

In one alternative, a rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes for a S protein receptor binding domain (RBD) peptide fused with a GP protein, and also encodes a matrix protein, for example, the MARV VP40 protein. In some embodiments, the RBD-GP fusion and the MARV VP40 encoding nucleic acid sequence are inserted at a separated insertion site, as exemplified in FIG. 11 A. In some embodiments, the RBD GP fusion are inserted as a bicistronic sequence in the MVA genome as exemplified in FIG. 11H.

In some embodiments, the RBD peptide is derived from amino acids 327 to 524 of the S protein. In some embodiments, the RBD peptide is derived from amino acids 331 to 524 of the S protein. In some embodiments, the RBD is a consensus coronavirus sequence. The RBD peptide is flanked on its NH-terminus side by a signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-19 of the MARV glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 88), and on its carboxy-terminus side by the transmembrane domain of the MARV glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 90). The GPS-RBD (aa 327-524)-GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 95 in Table 15, which can be encoded by, for example, an MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence for example provided in SEQ ID NO: 97. The GPS-RBD (aa 331-524)-GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 96 in Table 15, which can be encoded by, for example, an MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence for example provided in SEQ ID NO: 98. Alternatively, the GPS-RBD (aa327-524)-GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 99. Alternatively, the GPS-RBD (aa327-524)-GPTM peptide expressed is provided in SEQ ID NO: 100. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and a separate GPS-RBD-TM insert suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 11a. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and a separate GPS- RBD (aa 33 l-524)-TM insert suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 1 lb. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and a separate GPS- RBD (aa 327-524)-TM insert suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 11E. In some embodiments, GPS-RBD-GPTM is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NOS: 95 or 99 (RBD (aa 327-524) or 96 or 100 (RBD (aa 331-524) and the MARV VP protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 95 or 96 or 99 or 100 and 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 97 or 98, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the GPS-RBD-GPTM, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 97 or 98, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3 ’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the GPS-RBD-GPTM is provided as SEQ ID NO: 131, 132, 133, or 134. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 131 (FIG. 1 IF), 132 (FIG. 11G), 133 (FIG. 11C), or 134 (FIG. 11D), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA further comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93 or 94, or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto.

In some embodiments, the RBD-GP fusion and the MARV VP40 encoding nucleic acid sequence are inserted as a bicistronic sequence in the MVA genome. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and GPS-RBD (aa 33 l-325)-TM as a bicistronic nucleic acid is provided for in FIG. 111. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and GPS-RBD (aa 327-325)-TM as a bicistronic nucleic acid is provided for in FIG. 1 IN. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the GPS-RBD-GPTM-VP40 is provided as SEQ ID NOS: 135 (FIG. 110-1 IP) and 136 (FIG. 1 IQ-11R) (RBD (aa 327-524)) or 137 (FIG. 11J-11K) and 138 (FIG. 11L-11M) (RBD (aa 331-524)) In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 135, 136, 137, or 138, or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

In one alternative, a rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes for an S protein peptide fused with a GP protein and also encodes a viral matrix protein, for example a MARV VP40 protein. In some embodiments, the S protein tandem repeat sequence is flanked on its NH- terminus side by a signal peptide derived from amino acids 1-19 of the MARV glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 88), and on its carboxy-terminus side by the transmembrane domain of the MARV glycoprotein (SEQ ID NO: 90). In some embodiments, the tandem repeat is for example (RBD- spacer-RBD-spacer)x or (RBD Seq. 1-spacer-RBD Seq. 2-spacer)x, wherein RBD is any S protein RBD peptide, RBD Seq. l is a first S protein RBD peptide, and RBD Seq. 2 is a second S protein RBD peptide, and wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, the RBD peptides are selected from one or more peptides derived from amino acids 331 to 524 or 327 to 524 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are selected from the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the linear epitopes encoded by the rMVA are the amino acids 504 to 524 and amino acids 473 to 490 of the SARS-CoV2 S protein. In some embodiments, the tandem repeat sequence is ((aa504-524)-spacer-(aa473-490)-spacer)x, wherein x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, x = 3-7. In some embodiments, x=5. An exemplary amino acid sequence comprising a GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM is provided for in Table 16 as SEQ ID NO: 105, which can be encoded by the MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106. Alternatively, an exemplary amino acid sequence comprising a GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM is provided for in Table 16 as SEQ ID NO: 109. An exemplary amino acid sequence comprising a GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM, wherein x=5 for the tandem repeat, is provided for in Table 16 as SEQ ID NO: 107, which can be encoded by the MVA optimized nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108. An alternative exemplary amino acid sequence comprising a GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM, wherein x=5 for the tandem repeat, is provided for in Table 16 as SEQ ID NO: 110. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and a separate, single MVA insert encoding GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM peptide suitable for forming a VLP upon expression is provided for in FIG. 12A. In some embodiments, GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM peptide is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 64 or 66, and the MARV VP protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 59, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing nucleic acid sequences encoding SEQ ID NOS: 105 or 106 or 109 or 110, and 92, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 106 or 108, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM peptide, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 106 or 108 or 109 or 110, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for use during assay detection. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’ end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3 ’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the GPS-tandem repeat- GPTM peptide are provided as SEQ ID NOS: 139 and 140. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 139 (FIG. 12B) or 140 (FIG. 12C), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the rMVA further comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 93 or 94, or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM and the MARV VP40 encoding nucleic acid sequence are inserted as a bicistronic sequence in the MVA genome. A linear representation of a rMVA comprising a MARV VP 40 insert and GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM as a bicistronic nucleic acid is provided for in FIG. 12D. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the GPS-tandem repeat-GPTM- VP40 are provided as SEQ ID NOS: 141 and 142. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 141 (FIG. 12E-12F) or 142 (FIG. 12G-12H), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto.

In some embodiments, an rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes only the spike (S) protein (or fragment thereof). A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding an S protein is provided for in FIG. 13 A. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein, for example, as provided for in SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 6, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 1, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 6, or sequences at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the full-length S protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA suitable for detection of the expressed proteins in an assay. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence known in the art. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’ end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of each protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences comprising the adjacent coding sequences of the full-length S protein are provided below in as SEQ ID NOS: 143 (FIG. 13B-13C) and 144 (FIG. 13D-13E). In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 143 or 144, or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto.

Alternatively, an rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes the spike (S) protein, wherein the S protein has been stabilized with one or more amino acid proline substitutions that stabilize the S protein trimer in the prefusion conformation. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains one or more proline substitutions at or near the boundary between a Heptad Repeat 1 (HR1) and a central helix of the promoters of the S ectodomain trimer. In some embodiments, the proline substitutions occur between amino acid residues 970 to 990 of the promoters in the trimer. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein and contains two proline substitutions at amino acids K986 and V987. A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a stabilized S protein is provided for in FIG. 14A. In some embodiments, the S protein is expressed as a full-length protein comprising two proline substitutions at amino acids 986 and 987 of the S protein, for example, as provided for in SEQ ID NO: 8 or 11, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 8 or 11 or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 9 or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the full- length proline substituted S protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 10 or 12, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’ end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the full-length stabilized S protein are provided below as SEQ ID NOS: 145 and 146. In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 145 (FIG. 14B-14C) or 146 FIG. 14D-14E), or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

Alternatively, an rMVA viral vector is provided which encodes a modified, truncated form of the spike (S) protein, wherein the truncated S protein comprises a SI + S2 region and lacks the carboxy terminus. In some embodiments, the truncated S protein comprises amino acids 1 to 1213 (SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 18). In some embodiments, the truncated S protein contains two proline substitutions at amino acids 986 and 987 (SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO: 19). A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a truncated S protein is provided for in FIG. 15 A. A linear representation of a single MVA insert encoding a truncated S protein + K986P and V987P is provided for in FIG. 15F. In some embodiments, the truncated S protein is expressed as provided for in SEQ ID NOS: 13, 14, 18, or 19, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a plasmid or MVA viral vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NOS: 13, 14, 18, or 19, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 15, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleic acid encoding the truncated S protein, wherein the nucleic acid has been optimized for expression in the MVA viral vector, for example as provided in SEQ ID NOS: 16 or 17, or sequences at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homologous thereto. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encodes for an additional amino acid sequence such as a tag, for example a C-terminus tag such as EPEA. The nucleic acid sequences may further comprise suitable promoter sequences such as, for example but not limited to, those derived from pmH5, pi 1, pSyn, pHyb, or any other suitable promoter sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include suitable translation initiation sequences, such as for example, a Kozak consensus sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence can include appropriate stop codons, for example TAA, TAG, or TGA, or combinations or multiples thereof, at the 3’end of the nucleic acid sequence following the last amino acid sequence of the protein or tag. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence can include a vaccinia virus termination sequence 3’ of the last stop codon of each encoded protein. In addition, the nucleic acid sequence for insertion may further include restriction enzyme sites useful for generating shuttle vectors for ease of insertion of the antigenic sequence. Exemplary nucleic acid sequences for insertion encoding the truncated S protein are provided below as SEQ ID NOS: 147 (FIG. 15B-15C), 148 (FIG. 15D-15E), 149 (FIG. 15G-15H), or 150 (FIG. 15I-15J). In some embodiments, the rMVA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 147, 148, 149, or 150, or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% homologous thereto.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The recombinant viral vectors of the present invention are readily formulated as pharmaceutical compositions for veterinary or human use, either alone or in combination. The pharmaceutical composition may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient, carrier, or adjuvant.

In one embodiment, the present invention is a vaccine effective to protect against and/or treat a SARS-CoV2 infection comprising a recombinant MVA vector that expresses at least one SARS-CoV2 antigenic polypeptide or an immunogenic fragment thereof. The vaccine composition may comprise one or more additional therapeutic agents.

The pharmaceutical composition may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4 or more than 4 different recombinant MVA vectors.

As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as those suitable for parenteral administration, such as, for example, by intramuscular, intraarticular (in the joints), intravenous, intradermal, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes. Examples of such formulations include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and nonaqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives. One exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is physiological saline. Other physiologically acceptable diluents, excipients, carriers, or adjuvants and their formulations are known to those skilled in the art.

In some embodiments, adjuvants are used as immune response enhancers. In various embodiments, the immune response enhancer is selected from the group consisting of alum-based adjuvants, oil based adjuvants, Speed, RIB I, TiterMax, Montanide ISA50 or Montanide ISA 720, GM-CSF, nonionic block copolymer-based adjuvants, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammoniumbromide (DDA) based adjuvants AS-1 , AS-2, Ribi Adjuvant system based adjuvants, QS21 , Quil A, SAF (Syntex adjuvant in its microfluidized form (SAF-m), dimethyl-dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), human complement based adjuvants m. vaccae, ISCOMS, MF-59, SBAS-2, SBAS-4, Enhanzyn®, RC-529, AGPs, MPL-SE, QS7, Escin; Digitonin; Gypsophila; and Chenopodium quinoa saponins.

The compositions utilized in the methods described herein can be administered by a route selected from, e.g., parenteral, intramuscular, intraarterial, intravascular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, dermal, transdermal, ocular, inhalation, buccal, sublingual, perilingual, nasal, topical administration, and oral administration. The preferred method of administration can vary depending on various factors (e.g., the components of the composition being administered and the severity of the condition being treated). Formulations suitable for oral administration may consist of liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the composition dissolved in a diluent (e.g., water, saline, or PEG-400), capsules, sachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the vaccine. The pharmaceutical composition may also be an aerosol formulation for inhalation, e.g., to the bronchial passageways. Aerosol formulations may be mixed with pressurized, pharmaceutically acceptable propellants (e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, or nitrogen).

For the purposes of this invention, pharmaceutical compositions suitable for delivering a therapeutic or biologically active agent can include, e.g., tablets, gelcaps, capsules, pills, powders, granulates, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, gels, hydrogels, oral gels, pastes, eye drops, ointments, creams, plasters, drenches, delivery devices, suppositories, enemas, injectables, implants, sprays, or aerosols. Any of these formulations can be prepared by well-known and accepted methods of art. See, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (21 st ed.), ed. A. R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005, and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, ed. J. Swarbrick, Informa Healthcare, 2006, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The immunogenicity of the composition (e.g., vaccine) may be significantly improved if the composition of the present invention is co-administered with an immunostimulatory agent or adjuvant. Suitable adjuvants well-known to those skilled in the art include, e.g., aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, QS21, Quil A (and derivatives and components thereof), calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, glycolipid analogs, octodecyl esters of an amino acid, muramyl dipeptides, polyphosphazene, lipoproteins, ISCOM-Matrix, DC-Choi, DDA, cytokines, and other adjuvants and derivatives thereof.

Formulations suitable for oral administration can consist of (a) liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the vaccine dissolved in diluents, such as water, saline or PEG 400; (b) capsules, sachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the vaccine, as liquids, solids, granules or gelatin; (c) suspensions in an appropriate liquid; (d) suitable emulsions; and (e) polysaccharide polymers such as chitins. The vaccine, alone or in combination with other suitable components, may also be made into aerosol formulations to be administered via inhalation, e.g., to the bronchial passageways. Aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like.

Suitable formulations for rectal administration include, for example, suppositories, which consist of the vaccine with a suppository base. Suitable suppository bases include natural or synthetic triglycerides or paraffin hydrocarbons. In addition, it is also possible to use gelatin rectal capsules which consist of a combination of the vaccine with a base, including, for example, liquid triglycerides, polyethylene glycols, and paraffin hydrocarbons. The vaccines of the present invention may also be co-administered with cytokines to further enhance immunogenicity. The cytokines may be administered by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., as a nucleic acid molecule in plasmid form or as a protein or fusion protein.

This invention also provides kits comprising the vaccines of the present invention. For example, kits comprising a vaccine and instructions for use are within the scope of this invention.

Methods of Use

The compositions of the invention can be used as vaccines for inducing an immune response to SARS-CoV2. In exemplary embodiments, the present invention provides a method of preventing a SARS-CoV2 infection to a subject in need thereof (e.g., an unexposed subject), said method comprising administering the composition of the present invention to the subject in a prophylactically effective amount. The result of the method is that the subject is partially or completely immunized against the virus.

In exemplary embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a SARS- CoV2 infection in a subject in need thereof (e.g., an exposed subject, such as a subject who has been recently exposed but is not yet symptomatic, or a subject who has been recently exposed and is only mildly symptomatic), said method comprising administering the composition of the present invention to the subject in a therapeutically effective amount. The result of treatment is a subject that has an improved therapeutic profile.

A subject to be treated according to the methods described herein (e.g., a subject infected with SARS-CoV2) may be one who has been diagnosed by a medical practitioner as having such a condition. Diagnosis may be performed by any suitable means. A subject in whom the development of an infection is being prevented may or may not have received such a diagnosis. One skilled in the art will understand that a subject to be treated according to the present invention may have been identified using standard tests or may have been identified, without examination, as one at high risk due to the presence of one or more risk factors (e.g., exposure to SARS-CoV2, etc.).

Prophylactic treatment may be administered, for example, to a subject not yet exposed to or infected by SARS-CoV2 but who is susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of exposure or infection with a SARS-CoV2.

Therapeutic treatment may be administered, for example, to a subject already exposed to or infected by SARS-CoV2 who is not yet ill, or showing symptoms or infection, suffering from a disorder in order to improve or stabilize the subject's condition (e.g., a patient already infected with SARS-CoV2). The result is an improved therapeutic profile. In some instances, as compared with an equivalent untreated control, treatment may ameliorate a disorder or a symptom thereof by, e.g., 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% as measured by any standard technique. In some instances, treating can result in the inhibition of viral replication, a decrease in viral titers or viral load, eradication or clearing of the virus. In other embodiments, treatment may result in amelioration of one or more symptoms of the infection, including any symptom identified above. According to this embodiment, confirmation of treatment can be assessed by detecting an improvement in or the absence of symptoms.

In other embodiments, treatment may result in reduction or elimination of the ability of the subject to transmit the infection to another, uninfected subject. Confirmation of treatment according to this embodiment is generally assessed using the same methods used to determine amelioration of the disorder, but the reduction in viral titer or viral load necessary to prevent transmission may differ from the reduction in viral titer or viral load necessary to ameliorate the disorder.

In one embodiment, the present invention is a method of inducing an immune response in a subject (e.g., a human) by administering to the subject a recombinant viral vector that encodes at least one gene from SARS-CoV2. The immune response may be a cellular immune response or a humoral immune response, or a combination thereof.

In a particular embodiment, the present invention is a method of inducing an immune response in a subject (e.g., a human) by administering to the subject a recombinant viral vector that encodes at least one gene from SARS-CoV2. The immune response may be a cellular immune response or a humoral immune response, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the immune response is a broadly neutralizing antibody response.

In a particular embodiment, the present invention is a method of inducing an immune response in a subject (e.g., a human) by administering to the subject a recombinant viral vector that encodes at least one gene from SARS-CoV2. In certain embodiments, the recombinant viral vector encodes at least two genes from a SARS-CoV2. The immune response may be a cellular immune response or a humoral immune response, or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention features a method of treating SARS-CoV2 infection in a subject (e.g., a human) by administering to the subject a recombinant viral vector that encodes at least one gene from SARS-CoV2. The subject being treated may not have, but is at risk of developing, an infection by SARS-CoV2.

The composition may be administered, e.g., by injection (e.g., intramuscular, intraarterial, intravascular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous).

It will be appreciated that more than one route of administering the vaccines of the present invention may be employed either simultaneously or sequentially (e.g., boosting). In addition, the vaccines of the present invention may be employed in combination with traditional immunization approaches such as employing protein antigens, vaccinia virus and inactivated virus, as vaccines. Thus, in one embodiment, the vaccines of the present invention are administered to a subject (the subject is “primed” with a vaccine of the present invention) and then a different vaccine is administered (the subject is “boosted” with a different vaccine). In another embodiment, a different vaccine is first administered to the subject followed by administration of a vaccine of the present invention. In yet another embodiment, a different vaccine and a vaccine of the present invention are co-administered. In some embodiments, the different vaccine is mRNA-1273 (Moderna, Inc.), AZD-1222 (AstraZeneca and University of Oxford), BNT162 (Pfizer and BioNTech), CoronaVac (Sinovac), NVX-CoV 2372 (NovoVax), SCB-2019 (Sanofi and GSK), ZyCoV-D (Zydus Cadila), or CoVaxin(Bharat Biotech).

While not to be bound by any specific mechanism, it is believed that upon inoculation with a pharmaceutical composition as described herein, the immune system of the host responds to the vaccine by producing antibodies, both secretory and serum, specific for SARS-CoV2 proteins; and by producing a cell-mediated immune response specific for SARS-CoV2. As a result of the vaccination, the host becomes at least partially or completely immune to SARS-CoV2 infection, or resistant to developing moderate or severe disease caused by SARS-CoV2 infection.

In one aspect, methods are provided to alleviate, reduce the severity of, or reduce the occurrence of, one or more of the symptoms (e.g., fever, severe headache, muscle pain, malaise, extreme asthenia, conjunctivitis, popular rash, dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea followed by diffuse hemorrhages, delirium, shock, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia, focal necrosis in various organs (e.g., kidneys and liver), and acute respiratory distress) associated with SARS-CoV2 infection comprising administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant MVA viral vector that comprises a SARS-CoV2 protein or fragment thereof.

In one embodiment, administration is repeated at least twice, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 7 times, at least 8 times, or more than 8 times.

In one embodiment, administration is repeated twice.

In one embodiment, about 2-8, about 4-8, or about 6-8 administrations are provided.

In one embodiment, about 1 -4-week, 2-4 week, 3-4 week, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks or more than 4 week intervals are provided between administrations.

In one specific embodiment, a 4-week interval is used between 2 administrations. The invention includes methods of prevention and treatment of a SARS-CoV2 infection, including drug resistant and multidrug resistant forms of the virus and related disease states, conditions, or complications of the viral infection, including pneumonia, such as 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia (NCIP), acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Additional non-limiting complications include hypoxemic respiratory failure, acute respiratory failure (ARF), acute liver injury, acute cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, blood clots, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, chronic fatigue, rhabdomyolysis, and cytokine storm.

In another alternative embodiment, a method to prevent transmission is provided that includes administering an effective amount of one or more of the rMVA viral vectors described herein to humans to induce a sufficient immune response that prevents transmission of SARS- CoV2.

The invention is directed to a method of treating a SARS-CoV2 infection, including drug resistant and multidrug resistant forms of the virus and related disease states, conditions, or complications of the viral infection, including pneumonia, such as 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia (NCIP), acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Additional non-limiting complications include hypoxemic respiratory failure, acute respiratory failure (ARF), acute liver injury, acute cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, blood clots, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, chronic fatigue, rhabdomyolysis, and cytokine storm.

In one embodiment, the administration of a rMVA described herein results in a reduction in the incidence of progressive respiratory insufficiency (PRI) as measured by greater than or equal to a 1-tier or even a 2-tier or more increase in respiratory support methods required to maintain satisfactory oxygenation (Sp02 > 93%) using the 6-tier hierarchical levels of respiratory support methods described below, wherein the subject has acquired a SARS-CoV2 infection but has previously been, or will be, administered a rMVA viral vector described herein.

The scale of increasing respiratory support levels includes:

Level 1: Normal oxygenation on room air (Sp02 > 93%), no need for supplemental 02

Level 2: Persistent hypoxemia on room air (Sp02 > 93) with requirement for low-level supplemental 02 by nasal cannular or mask (up to 2L/min) to maintain Sp02 > 93 Level 3: Requirement for higher levels of passive supplemental 02 by nasal cannular or mask (up to 2L/min) to maintain Sp02 > 93

Level 4: Requirement for oxygenation by positive-pressure devices, e.g., Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) or Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) or other non- invasive positive-pressure respiratory support methods to main satisfactory oxygenation and/or ventilation

Level 5: Requires invasive respiratory support (intubated mechanical ventilation or ECMO)

Level 6: Death

In one embodiment, the reduction in PRI is an increase from level 5 to level 3, level 5 to level 2, or level 5 to level 1 in comparison to a non-immunized subject. In one embodiment, the reduction in PRI is an increase from level 4 to level 2 or level 4 to level 1 in comparison to a non- immunized subject. In one embodiment, the reduction in PRI is an increase from level 3 to level 1 in comparison to a non-immunized subject.

In one embodiment, the administration of rMVA viral vector described herein reduces the median time to Clinical Recovery (status 6, 7, or 8 in the NIAID Clinical Status scale using an adapted National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) ordinal scale of Clinical Status) by at least 3, 4, 5, or more days. In one embodiment, the administration of a rMVA viral vector described herein results in an improvement as measured by the adapted ordinal scale of Clinical Status in a subject that develops a SARS-CoV2 infection.

From most severe disease to progressively less severe disease, the stages of the adapted ordinal scale of overall Clinical Status are defined as follows:

1. Death

2. Hospitalized, on invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO

3. Hospitalized, on non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen devices

4. Hospitalized, requiring supplemental oxygen

5. Hospitalized, not requiring supplemental oxygen - requiring ongoing medical care (COVID-19 related or otherwise)

6. Hospitalized, not requiring supplemental oxygen; no longer requires close medical care for COVID-19 7. Not hospitalized, but with limitation on activities and needing close outpatient care for COVID-19 manifestations

8. Not hospitalized, no limitations on activities, no need for continued close medical care

In one embodiment, the administration of a rMVA viral vector described herein reduces the median time to Clinical Recovery (status 6, 7, or 8 in the NIAID Clinical Status scale using an adapted National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) ordinal scale of Clinical Status) by at least 5 days, at least 6 days, at least 7 days, at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at least 10 days compared to a non -immunized subject.

In one embodiment, the administration of a rMVA viral vector described herein reduces the duration of hospitalization for a patient infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus compared to a non-immunized subject.

In one embodiment, the administration of a rMVA viral vector described herein reduces the time to sustained non-detectable SARS-CoV-2 virus in the nose and/or throat in a patient infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus compared to a non-immunized subject.

In one embodiment, the administration of a rMVA viral vector described herein reduces respiratory failure or death compared to a non-immunized subject.

Dosage

The vaccines are administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in such amount as will be therapeutically effective, immunogenic and protective. The quantity to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, including, for example, the capacity of the immune system of the individual to synthesize antibodies, and, if needed, to produce a cell- mediated immune response. Precise amounts of active ingredient required to be administered depend on the judgment of the practitioner and may be monitored on a patient-by-patient basis. However, suitable dosage ranges are readily determinable by one skilled in the art and generally range from about 5.0 c 10⁶ TCID₅₀ to about 5.0 c 10⁹ TCID₅₀. The dosage may also depend, without limitation, on the route of administration, the patient's state of health and weight, and the nature of the formulation.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are administered in such an amount as will be therapeutically effective, immunogenic, and/or protective against a pathogenic species of ebolavirus. The dosage administered depends on the subject to be treated (e.g., the manner of administration and the age, body weight, capacity of the immune system, and general health of the subject being treated). The composition is administered in an amount to provide a sufficient level of expression that elicits an immune response without undue adverse physiological effects. Preferably, the composition of the invention is a heterologous viral vector that includes one or more polypeptides of the SARS-CoV2 or a nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more genes of SARS-CoV2, and is administered at a dosage of, e.g., between 1.0 c 10⁴ and 9.9 c 10¹² TCID₅₀ of the viral vector, preferably between 1.0 c 10⁵ TCID₅₀ and 1.0 c 10¹¹ TCID₅₀ pfu, more preferably between 1.0 c 10⁶ and 1.0 c 10¹⁰ TCID₅₀ pfu, or most preferably between 5.0 c 10⁶ and 5.0 c 10⁹ TCID₅₀. The composition may include, e.g., at least 5.0 c 10⁶ TCID₅₀ of the viral vector (e.g., 1.0 c 10⁸ TCID₅₀ of the viral vector). A physician or researcher can decide the appropriate amount and dosage regimen.

The composition of the method may include, e.g., between 1.0 c 10⁴ and 9.9 c 10¹² TCID50 of the viral vector, preferably between 1.0 c 10⁵ TCID50 and 1.0 c 10¹¹ TCID50 pfu, more preferably between 1.0 c 10⁶ and 1.0 c 10¹⁰ TCID50 pfu, or most preferably between 5.0 c 10⁶ and 5.0 c 10⁹ TCID50. The composition may include, e.g., at least 5.0 c 10⁶ TCID50 of the viral vector (e.g., 1.0 c 10⁸ TCID50 of the viral vector). The method may include, e.g., administering the composition to the subject two or more times.

The invention also features a method of inducing an immune response to SARS-CoV2 in a subject (e.g., a human) that includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a recombinant viral vector that encodes at least one gene from SARS-CoV2. The subject being treated may not have, but is at risk of developing, an infection by an arenavirus. Alternatively, the subject may already be infected with a SARS-CoV2. The composition may be administered, e.g., by injection (e.g., intramuscular, intraarterial, intravascular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous).

The term “effective amount” is meant the amount of a composition administered to improve, inhibit, or ameliorate a condition of a subject, or a symptom of a disorder, in a clinically relevant manner (e.g., improve, inhibit, or ameliorate infection by arenavirus or provide an effective immune response to infection by SARS-CoV2). Any improvement in the subject is considered sufficient to achieve treatment. Preferably, an amount sufficient to treat is an amount that prevents the occurrence or one or more symptoms of SARS-CoV2 or is an amount that reduces the severity of, or the length of time during which a subject suffers from, one or more symptoms of SARS-CoV2 infection (e.g., by at least 10%, 20%, or 30%, more preferably by at least 50%, 60%, or 70%, and most preferably by at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more, relative to a control subject that is not treated with a composition of the invention). A sufficient amount of the pharmaceutical composition used to practice the methods described herein (e.g., the treatment of SARS-CoV2 infection) varies depending upon the manner of administration and the age, body weight, and general health of the subject being treated. Ultimately, the prescribes or researchers will decide the appropriate amount and dosage.

In some instances, it may be desirable to combine the immunogenic SARS-CoV2 compositions of the present invention with immunogenic compositions which induce protective responses to other agents, particularly other viruses. For example, the vaccine compositions of the present invention can be administered simultaneously, separately or sequentially with other genetic immunization vaccines such as those for influenza (Ulmer, J. B. et al., Science 259: 1745-1749 (1993); Raz, E. et al., PNAS (USA) 91 :9519-9523 (1994)), malaria (Doolan, D. L. et al., J. Exp. Med. 183:1739-1746 (1996); Sedegah, M. et al., PNAS (USA) 91 :9866-9870 (1994)), and tuberculosis (Tascon, R. C. et al., Nat. Med. 2:888-892 (1996)).

Administration

As used herein, the term “administering” refers to a method of giving a dosage of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention to a subject. The compositions utilized in the methods described herein can be administered by a route selected from, e.g., parenteral, dermal, transdermal, ocular, inhalation, buccal, sublingual, perilingual, nasal, rectal, topical administration, and oral administration. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intraarterial, intravascular, and intramuscular administration. The preferred method of administration can vary depending on various factors (e.g., the components of the composition being administered, and the severity of the condition being treated).

Administration of the pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., vaccines) of the present invention can be by any of the routes known to one of skill in the art. Administration may be by, e.g., intramuscular injection. The compositions utilized in the methods described herein can also be administered by a route selected from, e.g., parenteral, dermal, transdermal, ocular, inhalation, buccal, sublingual, perilingual, nasal, rectal, topical administration, and oral administration. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular administration. The preferred method of administration can vary depending on various factors, e.g., the components of the composition being administered, and the severity of the condition being treated.

In addition, single or multiple administrations of the compositions of the present invention may be given to a subject. For example, subjects who are particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infection may require multiple treatments to establish and/or maintain protection against the virus. Levels of induced immunity provided by the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be monitored by, e.g., measuring amounts of neutralizing secretory and serum antibodies. The dosages may then be adjusted or repeated as necessary to maintain desired levels of protection against viral infection.

Combinations

The rMVA vaccines described herein can be administered in addition to the current standard of care for patients suffering from SARS-CoV2, or in combination or alternation with any other compound or therapy that the healthcare provider deems beneficial to the patient, as described in more detail below. The combination and/or alternation therapy can be preventative, therapeutic, adjunctive, or palliative.

The method also comprises administering to a host in need thereof, typically a human, an effective amount of an rMVA described herein optionally in combination with at least one additional bioactive agent, for example, an additional anti-viral agent, further optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier additive and/or excipient.

In some embodiments, the rMVA described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with an additional SARS-CoV2 vaccination. In some embodiments, the additional vaccination can be selected from an mRNA-based vaccine, an adenovirus vaccine, a non replicating vaccine, a DNA vaccine, a live attenuated vaccine, a plant-based adjuvant vaccine, a multipope peptide-based vaccine, an inactivated virus, and a peptide vaccine, or combinations thereof. Additional vaccines suitable for use with the rMVA viral vectors and methods described herein include, but are not limited to, mRNA-1273 (MODERNA COVID-19 VACCINE; Modema, Inc.), AZD-1222 (COVIDSEQELD; AstraZeneca and University of Oxford), BNT162 (COMIRNATY; Pfizer and BioNTech), Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute, Acellena Contract Drug Research and Development), CoronaVac (Sinovac), NVX-CoV 2372 (NovoVax), SCB-2019 (Sanofi and GSK), ZyCoV-D (Zydus Cadila), BBIBP-CorV (Beijing Institute of Biological Products; China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm)), EpiVacCorona (Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology), Convidicea (CanSino Biologies), Covid-19 Vaccine (Wuhan Institute of Biological Products; China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm), JNJ-78436735 (Johnson & Johnson), ZF2001 ) Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), CVnCoV (CureVac; GSK), INO-4800 (Inovio Pharmaceuticals), VIR-7831 (Medicago; GSK; Dynavax), Covid-19 adenovirus bases vaccine (ImmunityBio; NantKwest), UB-612 (COVAXX), or CoVaxin (Bharat Biotech), or combinations thereof.

TherMVA viral vectors described herein can be administered on top of the current standard of care for COVID patients, or in combination or alternation with any other compound or therapy that the healthcare provider deems beneficial for the patient. The combination and/or alternation therapy can be therapeutic, adjunctive, or palliative.

In some embodiments, the rMVA viral vector is administered with an anti-infective agent, for example a NS5B inhibitor including, but not limited to remdesivir, a protease inhibitor such as lopinavir or ritonavir, previously approved for HIV, may also be administered. In some embodiments, the anti-infective is selected from favipiravir, fmgolimod (Gilenya), methylprednisolone, bevacizumab (Avastin), Actemra (tocilizumab), umifenovir, losartan and the monoclonal antibody combination of REGN3048 and REGN3051, ribavirin, AT-527 (Atea Pharmaceuticals, described in US Pat No. 10,519,186, incorporated by reference herein) or AT- 511 (Atea Pharmaceuticals, described in US Pat. No. 10,519, 186, incorporated by reference herein). Any of these drugs or vaccines can be used in combination or alternation with the rMVA provided herein to treat or prevent a SARS-CoV2 viral infection susceptible to such.

EMBODIMENTS

At least the following embodiments are provided herein:

1. A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vector comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a Spike (S) protein, peptide fragment, or variant thereof, a Membrane (M) protein, and an Envelope (E) protein derived from severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems, wherein, upon expression in a host cell, the S protein, peptide fragment, or variant thereof, M protein, and E protein are capable of together forming a virus like particle.

2. The rMVA of embodiment 1, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes a full-length S protein.

3. The rMVA of embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the full-length S protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

4. The rMVA of embodiment 3, wherein the full-length S protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

5. The rMVA of embodiments 1-2, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 3, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

6. The rMVA of embodiment 5, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length S protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 3.

7. The rMVA of embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the full-length S protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

8. The rMVA of embodiment 7, wherein the full-length S protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.

9. The rMVA of embodiments 1-8, wherein the E protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

10. The rMVA of embodiment 9, wherein the E protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

11. The rMVA of embodiments 1-10, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

12. The rMVA of embodiment 11, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42.

13. The rMVA of embodiments 1-12, wherein the M protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

14. The rMVA of embodiment 13, wherein the M protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.

15. The rMVA of embodiments 1-14, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the M protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto. 16. The rMVA of embodiment 15, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45.

17. The rMVA of embodiment 1, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 1, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

18. The rMVA of embodiment 17, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 1, 40, and 43.

19. The rMVA of embodiment 1, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 3, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

20. The rMVA of embodiments 19, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 3, 42, and 45.

21. The rMVA of embodiment 1, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 6, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

22. The rMVA of embodiment 21, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 6, 40, and 43.

23. The rMVA of embodiments 1-22, wherein the S protein comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selected from K986P, V987P, K417T, K417N, E484K, or N501Y.

24. The rMVA of embodiment 23, wherein the S protein comprises the amino substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

25. The rMVA of embodiments 1-24, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pi 1 promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

26. The rMVA of embodiment 25, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

27. The rMVA of embodiment 26, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

28. The rMVA of embodiment 26, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

29. The rMVA of embodiment 27, wherein the promoter is SEQ ID NO: 154.

30. The rMVA of embodiment 28, wherein the promoter is SEQ ID NO: 155.

31. The rMVA of embodiment 1, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 46, 47, 156. 32. A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vector comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a stabilized Spike (S) protein, peptide fragment, or variant thereof, a Membrane (M) protein, and an Envelope (E) protein derived from severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems, wherein, upon expression in a host cell, the stabilized S protein, peptide fragment, or variant thereof, M protein, and E protein are capable of together forming a virus like particle.

33. The rMVA of embodiments 32, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes a full-length stabilized S protein.

34. The rMVA of embodiments 32 or 33, wherein the full-length stabilized S protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

35. The rMVA of embodiment 34, wherein the full-length stabilized S protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.

36. The rMVA of embodiments 32-33, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the stabilized S protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 10, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

37. The rMVA of embodiment 36, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the full-length stabilized S protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 10.

38. The rMVA of embodiments 32 or 33, wherein the full-length stabilized S protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

39. The rMVA of embodiment 38, wherein the full-length stabilized S protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.

40. The rMVA of embodiments 32-39, wherein the E protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

41. The rMVA of embodiment 40, wherein the E protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

42. The rMVA of embodiment 32-41, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

43. The rMVA of embodiment 42, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42. 44. The rMVA of embodiments 32-43, wherein the M protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

45. The rMVA of embodiment 4, wherein the M protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.

46. The rMVA of embodiments 32-45, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the M protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

47. The rMVA of embodiment 46, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45.

48. The rMVA of embodiment 32, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 8, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

49. The rMVA of embodiment 48, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 8, 40, and 43.

50. The rMVA of embodiment 32, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 10, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

51. The rMVA of embodiment 50, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 10, 42, and 45.

52. The rMVA of embodiment 32, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 11, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

53. The rMVA of embodiment 52, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 11, 40, and 43.

54. The rMVA of embodiment 32, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 12, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

55. The rMVA of embodiment 54, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 12, 42, and 45.

56. The rMVA of embodiments 32-55, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pi 1 promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

57. The rMVA of embodiment 56, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter. 58. The rMVA of embodiment 56, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

59. The rMVA of embodiment 56, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

60. The rMVA of embodiment 58, wherein the promoter is SEQ ID NO: 154.

61. The rMVA of embodiment 59, wherein the promoter is SEQ ID NO: 155.

62. The rMVA of embodiment 32, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence is selected from nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 48, 49, 50, 157, 159, 160, or a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

63. A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vector comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a linear epitope of the Spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD), a Membrane (M) protein, and an Envelope (E) protein derived from severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems, wherein, upon expression in a host cell, the linear epitope, M protein, and E protein are capable of together forming a virus like particle.

64. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

65. The rMVA of embodiments 63 or 64, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

66. The rMVA of embodiment 65, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.

67. The rMVA of embodiments 63-66, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 24, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

68. The rMVA of embodiment 67, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 24.

69. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

70. The rMVA of embodiments 63 or 69, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

71. The rMVA of embodiment 70, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. 72. The rMVA of embodiments 63 or 69-71, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 25, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

73. The rMVA of embodiment 72, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 25.

74. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the RBD domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from K417N, K417T, E484K, or N501Y.

75. The rMVA of embodiment 74, wherein the RBD domain comprises the substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

76. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

77. The rMVA of embodiment 77, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33.

78. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

79. The rMVA of embodiment 78, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32.

80. The rMVA of embodiments 63-79, wherein the E protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

81. The rMVA of embodiment 80, wherein the E protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

82. The rMVA of embodiments 63-81, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

83. The rMVA of embodiment 82, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42.

84. The rMVA of embodiments 62-83, wherein the M protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

85. The rMVA of embodiment 84, wherein the M protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.

86. The rMVA of embodiment 63-85, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the M protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto. 87. The rMVA of embodiment 86, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45.

88. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 20, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

89. The rMVA of embodiment 88, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 20, 40, and 43.

90. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 24, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

91. The rMVA of embodiment 90, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 24, 42, and 45.

92. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 21, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

93. The rMVA of embodiment 92, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 21, 40, and 43.

94. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 25, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

95. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 25, 42, and 45.

96. The rMVA of embodiments 63-95, wherein the S RBD domain which further comprises a signal peptide and a transmembrane peptide derived from the S protein.

97. The rMVA of embodiment 96, wherein the S signal peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 55.

98. The rMVA of embodiments 96 or 97, wherein the S transmembrane peptide comprises

SEQ ID NO: 57.

99. The rMVA of embodiments 63-98, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pi 1 promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

100. The rMVA of embodiment 99, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

101. The rMVA of embodiment 99, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter. 102. The rMVA of embodiment 99, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

103. The rMVA of embodiment 101, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 154.

104. The rMVA of embodiment 102, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 155.

105. The rMVA of embodiment 63, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence is selected from the sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 51, 52, 53, or 54, or a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

106. A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vector comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a linear epitope of the Spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD), a Membrane (M) protein, and an Envelope (E) protein derived from severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems, wherein the linear S epitope RBD domain further comprises a signal peptide and a transmembrane peptide derived from the S protein, wherein, upon expression in a host cell, the linear S epitope RBD domain, M protein, and E protein are capable of together forming a virus like particle.

107. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the S signal peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 55.

108. The rMVA of embodiments 106 or 107, wherein the S transmembrane peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 57.

109. The rMVA of embodiments 106-108, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

110. The rMVA of embodiments 106-109, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

111. The rMVA of embodiment 110, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61.

112. The rMVA of embodiments 106-110, wherein the S protein RBD is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 65, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

113. The rMVA of embodiment 112, wherein the S protein RBD is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 65.

114. The rMVA of embodiments 106-108, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

115. The rMVA of embodiments 106-108, and 114, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto. 116. The rMVA of embodiment 115, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62.

117. The rMVA of embodiments 114-117, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 66, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

118. The rMVA of embodiment 117, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 66.

119. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the RBD domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from K417N, K417T, E484K, or N501Y.

120. The rMVA of embodiment 119, wherein the RBD domain comprises the substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

121. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

122. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67.

123. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

124. The rMVA of embodiment 123, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68.

125. The rMVA of embodiments 106-124, wherein the E protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

126. The rMVA of embodiment 125, wherein the E protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

127. The rMVA of embodiments 106-126, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

128. The rMVA of embodiment 127, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42.

129. The rMVA of embodiments 106-128, wherein the M protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

130. The rMVA of embodiment 129, wherein the M protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. 131. The rMVA of embodiments 106-130, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the M protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

132. The rMVA of embodiment 131, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45.

133. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 61, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

134. The rMVA of embodiment 133, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 61, 40, and 43.

135. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 65, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

136. The rMVA of embodiment 135, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 65, 42, and 45.

137. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 62, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

138. The rMVA of embodiment 137, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 62, 40, and 43.

139. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 66, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

140. The rMVA of embodiment 139, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 66, 42, and 45.

141. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 67, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

142. The rMVA of embodiment 141, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 67, 40, and 43.

143. The rMVA of embodiment 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 68, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto. 144. The rMVA of embodiment 144, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 68, 40, and 43.

145. The rMVA of embodiments 106-144, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pi 1 promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

146. The rMVA of embodiment 145, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

147. The rMVA of embodiment 145, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

148. The rMVA of embodiment 145, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

149. The rMVA of embodiment 147, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 154.

150. The rMVA of embodiment 148, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 155.

151. The rMBA embodiment 106, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence is selected from a sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 69, 70, 71, or 72, or a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

152. A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vector comprising one or more heterologous nucleic acid sequences encoding i) a linear epitope of the Spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) fusion peptide derived from the RBD domain of SARS-CoV2, wherein the fusion peptide comprises an a) envelope glycoprotein signal peptide of Marburgvirus, b) the linear epitope of the RBD domain, and c) an envelope glycoprotein transmembrane domain, and ii) a Marburgvirus matrix protein, operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems, wherein, upon expression in a host cell, the RBD fusion peptide and matrix protein are capable of together forming a virus like particle.

153. The rMVA of embodiment 152, wherein glycoprotein signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

154. The rMVA of embodiments 152 or 153, wherein the glycoprotein transmembrane domain comprises SEQ ID NO: 90, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

155. The rMVA of embodiments 152-154, wherein the matrix protein is the VP40 protein.

156. The rMVA of embodiment 155, wherein the VP40 protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

157. The rMVA of embodiment 156, wherein the VP40 protein is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 93, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto. 158. The rMVA of embodiments 152-157, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

159. The rMVA of embodiment 158, wherein the RBD fusion peptide is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 97.

160. The rMVA of embodiments 152-157, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

161. The rMVA of embodiment 160, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

162. The rMVA of embodiment 161, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96.

163. The rMVA of embodiments 160-162, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the RBD fusion peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 98, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

164. The rMVA of embodiment 163, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the RBD fusion peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 98.

165. The rMVA of embodiments 152-157, wherein the RBD domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from K417N, K417T, E484K, or N501Y.

166. The rMVA of embodiment 165, wherein the RBD domain comprises the substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

167. The rMVA of embodiments 152-157, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

168. The rMVA of embodiment 167, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99.

169. The rMVA of embodiments 152-157, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

170. The rMVA of embodiment 169, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99.

171. The rMVA of embodiments 152-173, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pi 1 promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb. 172. The rMVA of embodiment 171, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

173. The rMVA of embodiment 171, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

174. The rMVA of embodiment 171, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

175. The rMVA of embodiment 173, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 154.

176. The rMVA of embodiment 174, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 155.

177. The rMVA of embodiments 152-176, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence is selected from a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, or 138, or a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

178. A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vector comprising one or more heterologous nucleic acid sequences encoding i) a linear epitope of the Spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) fusion peptide derived from the RBD domain of SARS-CoV2, wherein the fusion peptide comprises an a) a signal peptide of the S protein and the linear epitope of the RBD domain, and c) an envelope glycoprotein transmembrane domain, ii) the M protein of SARS- CoV2, and iii) a E protein of SARS-CoV2, operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems, wherein, upon expression in a host cell, the RBD fusion peptide, E, and M proteins are capable of together forming a virus like particle.

179. The rMVA of embodiment 178, wherein signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

180. The rMVA of embodiments 178-179, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

181. The rMVA of embodiment 180, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 20, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

182. The rMVA of embodiments 178-179, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

183. The rMVA of embodiment 182, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 21, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

184. The rMVA of embodiment 161, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 21.

185. The rMVA of embodiments 178-179, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-598 of the S protein RBD domain. 186. The rMVA of embodiment 185, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 161, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

187. The rMVA of embodiment 186, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 161.

188. The rMVA of embodiments 178-179, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-598 of the S protein RBD domain.

189. The rMVA of embodiment 185, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 162, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

190. The rMVA of embodiment 189, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 162.

191. The rMVA of embodiments 178-190, wherein the RBD domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from K417N, K417T, E484K, or N501Y.

192. The rMVA of embodiment 191, wherein the RBD domain comprises the substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

193. The rMVA of embodiment 192, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

194. The rMVA of embodiment 193, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 32, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

195. The rMVA of embodiment 191, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

196. The rMVA of embodiment 195, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 33, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

197. The rMVA of embodiment 196, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 33.

198. The rMVA of embodiment 191, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-598 of the S protein RBD domain.

199. The rMVA of embodiment 198, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 163, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

200. The rMVA of embodiment 199, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 163. 201. The rMVA of embodiment 191, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-598 of the S protein RBD domain.

202. The rMVA of embodiment 201, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 164, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

203. The rMVA of embodiment 202, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 164.

204. The rMVA of embodiments 179-203, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pi 1 promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

205. The rMVA of embodiment 204, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

206. The rMVA of embodiment 204, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

207. The rMVA of embodiment 204, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

208. The rMVA of embodiment 206, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 154.

209. The rMVA of embodiment 207, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 155.

210. The rMVA of embodiments 179-209, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 158, or a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

211. A method of reducing or preventing a SARS-CoV2 infection in a human comprising administering an effective amount of an rMVA viral vector of any of embodiments 1-181.

212. The method of embodiment 211, wherein the rMVA is administered as a prophylactic primary vaccination.

213. The method of embodiment 211, wherein the rMVA is administered as a boost vaccination.

214. The method of embodiment 213, wherein the human has previously been administered a SARS-CoV2 vaccine.

215. The method of embodiment 214, wherein the previous vaccine is selected from an mRNA- based vaccine, an adenovirus vaccine, a non-replicating vaccine, a DNA vaccine, a live attenuated vaccine, a plant-based adjuvant vaccine, a multipope peptide-based vaccine, an inactivated virus, a peptide vaccine,

216. The method of embodiment 214, wherein the previous vaccine is selected from mRNA- 1273 (MODERNA COVID-19 VACCINE; Moderna, Inc ), AZD-1222 (COVIDSHIELD; AstraZeneca and University of Oxford), BNT162 (COMIRNATY; Pfizer and BioNTech), Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute, Acellena Contract Drug Research and Development), CoronaVac (Sinovac), NVX-CoV 2372 (NovoVax), SCB-2019 (Sanofi and GSK), ZyCoV-D (Zydus Cadila), BBIBP-CorV (Beijing Institute of Biological Products; China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm)), EpiVacCorona (Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology), Convidicea (CanSino Biologies), Covid-19 Vaccine (Wuhan Institute of Biological Products; China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm), JNJ- 78436735 (Johnson & Johnson), ZF2001 )Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), CVnCoV (CureVac; GSK), INO-4800 (Inovio Pharmaceuticals), VIR-7831 (Medicago; GSK; Dynavax), Covid-19 adenovirus bases vaccine (ImmunityBio; NantKwest), UB-612 (COVAXX), or CoVaxin (Bharat Biotech).

217. The method of embodiment 213, wherein the human has previously been infected with SARS-CoV2.

218. The method of embodiment 211, wherein the rMVA is administered as both a prime and a boost vaccine.

219. The method of embodiments 213-216, wherein the rMVA is administered as a boost vaccine 2 or more times.

219. The method of embodiment 216, wherein the rMVA boost is administered 4 or more weeks after the prime vaccination.

The claimed invention is further described by way of the following non-limiting examples. Further aspects and embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, in view of the above disclosure and following experimental exemplification, included by way of illustration and not limitation, and with reference to the attached figures.

Examples

Example 1: Construction of S Protein-E-M rMVA Viral Vector GEO-CMOl

A recombinant MVA vaccine candidate (GEO-CMOl) was constructed using the S, M, and E proteins from the COVID-19 Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus (GenBank Accession number MT039888.1). SEQ ID NO: 156 was inserted into parental attenuated strain Modified Vaccinia Ankara, MVA 1974/NIH Clone 1 (ATCC #PTA-5095), which was developed by Dr. Bernard Moss of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Laboratory of Viral Diseases (LVD), using the pAD-l/S-ME shuttle vector (FIG. 24) for insertion between two vaccinia genes, A5R and A6L. The pAD-l/S-ME shuttle vector was derived from the pAD- l/pUC57 shuttle vector (FIG. 26). The inserted sequence was codon optimized for MVA. Silent mutations were introduced to interrupt homo-polymer sequences (>4G/C and >4A/T), which reduces RNA polymerase errors that possibly lead to frameshifts. The sequences were edited for vaccinia-specific terminators to remove motifs that could lead to premature termination. The modified H5 early/late promoter was used to drive transcription of the S and M inserts, while the pl l promoter was used to drive transcription of the E insert. The rMVA were made by homologous recombination and serial plaque purification in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Briefly, the pAD-l/S-ME was transfected into primary chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) cells that were infected with parental MVA. The recombinant virus was obtained from supernatants and lysates, then subjected to multiple rounds of plaque purification using reporter gene screening.

To verify insertion of SEQ ID NO: 156 into the parental strain, PCR amplification of the nucleic acid sequence expressing the S protein was performed. The antigen insert was amplified using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid pAD-l/S-ME used to generate GEO-CMOl (positive control), GEO-CMOl, MVA parental (negative control) in 25ul reactions with lOmM of primers: forward primer p55 (5’-AGATCGGAGATGACTGCGATG-3’)(SEQ ID NO: 151) and reverse primer p54 (5 ’ -CGAT GGT AGGT C AG ATT GTCC-3 ’ )(SEQ ID NO: 152). Reactions were visualized by loading lOul of the PCR reaction on a 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. As shown in FIG. 17 and FIG. 18, the PCR of GEO-CMOl rMVA generated the appropriate signal (5384 base pairs).

To verify expression of SME VLPs, CEF cells were infected with GEO-CMOl and 48 hours later analyzed by immunocytochemistry. Briefly, cells were fixed with 1:1 Methanol: Acetone, stained with primary mouse anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody (GeneTex #GTX632604) and secondary anti-mouse HRP, and developed with AEC peroxidase substrate, which mediates a colorimetric readout of plaques. Positive staining plaques were identified (See FIG. 16).

To further confirm antigen expression in GEO-CMOl, Western blot analysis of GEO- CMOl antigen expression was performed. DF1 cells were infected at a low m.o.i. (0.5) with GEO- CMOl or MVA parental. Two days following infection, cell lysate and supernatant were harvested and equal volumes were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane and probed with an anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike/RBD (rabbit) antibody (Sino Biologicals , # 40592-T62) and secondary anti -rabbit IgG (FIG. 19). Membranes were visualized on an Odyssey infrared scanner. As shown in FIG. 19, DF1 cell lysate and supernatant of GEO-CMOl infection show expression of the spike protein.

Electron microscopic (EM) images were taken of virus-like particle formation in DF1 cells that had been infected with GEO-CMOl (FIG. 20).

Example 2 - Animal Protection Challenges using GEO-CMOl

The initial preclinical efficacy of GEO-CMOl was determined using a hamster model. The studies were carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations described in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Research Council. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and all procedures involving potential pain were performed with the appropriate anesthetic or analgesic. The number of hamsters used was scientifically justified based on statistical analyses of virological and immunological outcomes.

Seven-week-old golden Syrian female hamsters (Envigo) were anesthetized with 5% isoflurane prior to immunization and blood collections and with ketamine/xylazine prior to the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Hamsters (N=10 per group) were vaccinated once or twice at a 29-day interval with the MVA-SME vaccine (GEO-CMOl) at a dose of 10⁸ TCID50 per animal via the intramuscular route (100 mΐ delivered as 50 mΐ per hind leg), while the control group received saline. Vena cava blood collections were performed four days prior to the first immunization and on 27 days post immunization (days 27 and 56). On day 59, vaccinated and control animals were exposed intranasally to the targeted dose of 10⁵ PFU of passage 5 of isolate SARS-CoV-2 USA- WAl/2020. Animals were monitored daily for weight loss and signs of disease. Five animals in each group were euthanized by overdose of injectable anesthetics (ketamine/xylazine) 3 days post challenge for viral load determination. Remaining animals were euthanized 14 days post infection by overdose of ketamine/xylazine.

Sera collected from animals were tested for neutralizing capabilities against SARS-CoV- 2. Briefly, serum samples were heat-inactivated (30 minutes at 56°C). 10-fold diluted sera were further diluted in a 2-fold serial fashion, and 60 mΐ of each serum dilution was mixed with 60 mΐ of SARS-CoV-2-mNG (200 PFU). The serum/virus mixtures were incubated for 1 hr at 37°C. 100 mΐ of the serum/virus mixtures were then transferred to Vero E6 cell monolayers in black flat-bottom 96-well plates and incubated for 2 days at 37°C. Virus fluorescence was measured with a Cytation Hybrid Multi -Mode reader at 488 nm (Biotek Instruments). Results of the ability of GEO-CMOl to induce neutralizing are shown in FIG. 21 and FIG. 22. Results demonstrate the dilution at which there was a 50% reduction in SARS-CoV-2 plaque formation (FIG. 21). Half of the animals that received a prime/boost dose of GEO-CMOl generated antibodies that neutralized SARS-CoV-2, indicating the capability of GEO-CMOl to elicit neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a golden hamster model.

Serum from GEO-CMOl immunized animals was analyzed by ELISA for levels of antibody specific to recombinant Spike-Membrane (S-M) fusion, Spike (S) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) proteins (FIG. 22). Following single-dose immunization (Day 27), detectable levels of antibodies to S-M, S and RBD are observed. A further increase in the levels of binding antibody to these proteins is observed following prime-boost vaccination, indicating that GEO-CMOl induces robust antibodies to Spike, including RBD, and Membrane proteins in a golden hamster model.

Animals were vaccinated in a single-dose or prime-boost regimen, challenged with SARS- CoV-2, then monitored for morbidity. Body weight and health scores were recorded daily following challenge (FIG. 23). Single-dose immunization modestly protects animals from clinical disease and weight loss, whereas prime-boost immunization offers complete protection from clinical disease and significantly reduces weight loss following SARS-CoV-2 challenge, indicating that vaccination with GEO-CMOl significantly reduces morbidity, protecting animals from disease following SARS-CoV-2 challenge in a golden hamster model.

Example 3 - Construction of Stabilized S Protein-E-M rMVA Viral Vector GEO-CM02

A recombinant MVA vaccine candidate (GEO-CM02) was constructed using a stabilized S protein and the M, and E proteins from the COVID-19 Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus (GenBank Accession number MT039888.1). SEQ ID NO: 157 was inserted into parental attenuated strain Modified Vaccinia Ankara, MVA 1974/NIH Clone 1 (ATCC #PTA-5095), which was developed by Dr. Bernard Moss of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Laboratory of Viral Diseases (LVD), using the pAD-l/sS-ME shuttle vector (FIG. 25) for insertion between two vaccinia genes, A5R and A6L. The pAD-l/sS-ME shuttle vector was derived from the pAD-l/pUC57 shuttle vector (FIG. 26). The inserted sequence was codon optimized for MVA. Silent mutations were introduced to interrupt homo-polymer sequences (>4G/C and >4A/T), which reduces RNA polymerase errors that possibly lead to frameshifts. The sequences were edited for vaccinia-specific terminators to remove motifs that could lead to premature termination. The modified H5 early/late promoter was used to drive transcription of the S and M inserts, while the pi 1 promoter was used to drive transcription of the E insert. The rMVA were made by homologous recombination and serial plaque purification in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Briefly, the pAD-l/sS-ME was transfected into primary chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) cells that were infected with parental MVA. The recombinant virus was obtained from supernatants and lysates, then subjected to multiple rounds of plaque purification using reporter gene screening.

To verify insertion of SEQ ID NO: 157 into the parental strain, PCR amplification of the nucleic acid sequence expressing the stabilized S protein was performed. The antigen insert was amplified using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid pAD-l/sS-ME used to generate GEO- CM02 (positive control), GEO-CM02, MVA parental (negative control) in 25ul reactions with lOmM of primers: forward primer p55 (5’-AGATCGGAGATGACTGCGATG-3’)(SEQ ID NO: 151) and reverse primer p54 (5’-CGATGGTAGGTCAGATTGTCC-3’)(SEQ ID NO: 152). Reactions were visualized by loading lOul of the PCR reaction on a 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. As shown in FIG. 18 and 31, the PCR of GEO-CM02 rMVA generated the appropriate signal (5384 base pairs).

To further confirm antigen expression in GEO-CM02, Western blot analysis of GEO- CM02 antigen expression was performed. DF1 cells were infected at a low m.o.i. (0.5) with GEO- CM02 or MVA parental. Two days following infection, cell lysate and supernatant were harvested and equal volumes were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane and probed with anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike/RBD (rabbit) antibody (Sino Biologicals , # 40592-T62) and secondary anti-rabbit IgG (FIG. 20).

Example 4 - Animal Protection Challenges using GEO-CM02

The initial preclinical efficacy of GEO-CM02 is being determined using a hamster model.

Hamsters were initially immunized intramuscularly using 10⁸ PFU of GEO-CM02 on day 0 and day 29 (prime/boost group) or on day 29 only (prime group). The hamsters will be administered SARS-CoV-2 intranasal on Day 59. A group of hamsters will be sacrificed at day 3 post challenge (day 62) and a group will be sacrificed at day 14 post challenge (day 73).

The SARS-CoV2 antibodies will be analyzed by ELISA, and neutralization capacity of the antibodies will be determined. The lungs will be harvested for histopathology and examination of viral loads.

Example 5 - Construction of SP-RBD-E/M rMVA Viral Vector

A recombinant MVA vaccine candidate (GEO-CM03) was constructed using the RBD sequence of the S protein (aa 327-527), the M, and E proteins from the COVTD-19 Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus (GenBank Accession number MT039888.1). The RBD sequence was flanked on its N-terminus by the signal peptide of the S protein, and on its Carboxy-terminus by the transmembrane region of the S protein, thus allowing the formation of a VLP displaying the RBD on the VLP surface upon expression. SEQ ID NO: 158 was inserted into parental attenuated strain Modified Vaccinia Ankara, MVA 1974/NIH Clone 1 (ATCC #PTA-5095), which was developed by Dr. Bernard Moss of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Laboratory of Viral Diseases (LVD), using the pAD-1 /SP-RBD-TM/E/M shuttle vector for insertion between two vaccinia genes, A5R and A6L. The pAD-l/SP-RBD/E/M shuttle vector was derived from the pAD-l/pUC57 shuttle vector (FIG. 26). The inserted sequence was codon optimized for MVA. Silent mutations were introduced to interrupt homo-polymer sequences (>4G/C and >4A/T), which reduces RNA polymerase errors that possibly lead to frameshifts. The sequences were edited for vaccinia-specific terminators to remove motifs that could lead to premature termination. The modified H5 early/late promoter was used to drive transcription of the SP-RBD fusion and M inserts, while the pi 1 promoter was used to drive transcription of the E insert. The rMVA were made by homologous recombination and serial plaque purification in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Briefly, the pAD-l/SP-RBD-E/M was transfected into primary chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) cells that were infected with parental MVA. The recombinant virus was obtained from supernatants and lysates, then subjected to multiple rounds of plaque purification using reporter gene screening.

To verify insertion of SEQ ID NO: 158 into the parental strain, PCR amplification of the nucleic acid sequence expressing the RBD insert was performed. The antigen insert was amplified using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid used to generate GEO-CM03 (positive control), GEO-CM03, MVA parental (negative control) in 25ul reactions with lOmM of primers: forward primer p55 (5’-AGATCGGAGATGACTGCGATG-3’)(SEQ ID NO: 151) and reverse primer p54 (5’-CGATGGTAGGTCAGATTGTCC-3’)(SEQ ID NO: 152). Reactions were visualized by loading lOul of the PCR reaction on a 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. As shown in FIG. 18 and 31, the PCR of GEO-CM03 rMVA generated the appropriate signal (2422 base pairs).

To further confirm antigen expression in GEO-CM03, Western blot analysis of GEO- CMOS antigen expression was performed. DF1 cells were infected at a low m.o.i. (0.5) with GEO- CMOS or MVA parental. Two days following infection, cell lysate and supernatant were harvested and equal volumes were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane and probed with anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike/RBD (rabbit) antibody (Sino Biologicals , # 40592-T62) and secondary anti-rabbit IgG (FIG. 20).

Example 6 - Animal Protection Challenges using GEO-CM03

The initial preclinical efficacy of GEO-CM03 is being determined using a hamster model.

Example 7 - Construction of MarvGP-RBD and MARV VP40 rMVA Viral Vector

A recombinant MVA vaccine candidate (GEO-CM03b) was constructed using sequences from the COVID-19 Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus (accession number MT039888.1) and Marburg virus (MARV) Marburg marburgvirus isolate MARV/H.sapiens-tc/COD/2000/24 DRC, ACCESSION JX458834). SEQ ID NO: 134 was inserted into parental attenuated strain Modified Vaccinia Ankara, MVA 1974/NIH Clone 1 (ATCC #PTA-5095), which was developed by Dr. Bernard Moss of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Laboratory of Viral Diseases (LVD). The COVID-19 spike gene receptor binding domain was fused between the signal sequence of Marburg virus glycoprotein at the amino terminus and the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of Marburg virus glycoprotein at the carboxy terminus (SignalMARV- RBDCOVTD-TMMARV). SignalMARV-RBDCOVID-TMMARV were subcloned into the pLW76 shuttle vector for insertion between two essential vaccinia genes, A5R and A6L. The MARV matrix protein (SEQ ID NO: 92), VP40, was subcloned into the pAD2/67 shuttle vector for insertion between two essential vaccinia genes, A50R and B1R. The inserted sequences were codon optimized for MVA (SEQ ID NO: 94). Silent mutations were introduced to interrupt homo polymer sequences (>4G/C and >4A/T), which reduce RNA polymerase errors that possibly lead to frameshifts. The sequences were edited for vaccinia-specific terminators to remove motifs that could lead to premature termination. The modified H5 early/late promoter was used to drive transcription of gene inserts. The recombinants were made by homologous recombination and serial plaque purification. Briefly, the recombinant plasmid was transfected into primary chicken embryonic fibroblasts that have been infected with parental MVA. The recombinant virus was obtained from supernatants and lysates, then subjected to multiple rounds of plaque purification using reporter gene screening.

To verify insertion of SEQ ID NO: 134 into the parental strain, PCR amplification of the nucleic acid sequence expressing the RBD insert was performed. The antigen insert was amplified using 50ng of DNA from the shuttle plasmid MTRDB used to generate GEO-CM03b (positive control), GEO-CM03b, MVA parental (negative control) in 25ul reactions with lOmM of primers: forward primer p55 (5’-AGATCGGAGATGACTGCGATG-3’)(SEQ ID NO: 151) and reverse primer p54 (5’-CGATGGTAGGTCAGATTGTCC-3’)(SEQ ID NO: 152) or forward primer p53 (5'- C AG A AGTT A AT A AGC GT AT AGC CATC -3')(SEQ ID NO: 153) and reverse primer p54. Reactions were visualized by loading lOul of the PCR reaction on a 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. As shown in FIG. 28, the PCR of GEO-CM03b rMVA generated the appropriate signal (p54/p55 - 1288 base pairs; p54/p53 - 1558 base pairs - see middle two arrows).

Claims

2. The rMVA of claim 1, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes a full- length S protein.

3. The rMVA of claims 1 or 2, wherein the full-length S protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

4. The rMVA of claim 3, wherein the full-length S protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

5. The rMVA of claims 1-2, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 3, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

6. The rMVA of claim 5, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the full- length S protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 3.

7. The rMVA of claims 1 or 2, wherein the full-length S protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

8. The rMVA of claim 7, wherein the full-length S protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.

9. The rMVA of claims 1-8, wherein the E protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

10. The rMVA of claim 9, wherein the E protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

11. The rMVA of claims 1-10, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

12. The rMVA of claim 11, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42.

13. The rMVA of claims 1-12, wherein the M protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

14. The rMVA of claim 13, wherein the M protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.

15. The rMVA of claims 1-14, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the M protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

16. The rMVA of claim 15, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45.

17. The rMVA of claim 1, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 1, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

18. The rMVA of claim 17, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 1, 40, and 43.

19. The rMVA of claim 1, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 3, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

20. The rMVA of claim 19, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 3, 42, and 45.

21. The rMVA of claim 1, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 6, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

22. The rMVA of claim 21, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 6, 40, and 43.

23. The rMVA of claims 1-22, wherein the S protein comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selected from K986P, V987P, K417T, K417N, E484K, or N501Y.

24. The rMVA of claim 23, wherein the S protein comprises the amino substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

25. The rMVA of claim 1-24, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pl l promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

26. The rMVA of claim 25, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

27. The rMVA of claim 26, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

28. The rMVA of claim 26, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

29. The rMVA of claim 27, wherein the promoter is SEQ ID NO: 154.

30. The rMVA of claim 28, wherein the promoter is SEQ ID NO: 155.

31. The rMVA of claim 1, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 46, 47, 156.

32. A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vector comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a stabilized Spike (S) protein, peptide fragment, or variant thereof, a Membrane (M) protein, and an Envelope (E) protein derived from severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems, wherein, upon expression in a host cell, the stabilized S protein, peptide fragment, or variant thereof, M protein, and E protein are capable of together forming a virus like particle.

33. The rMVA of claim 32, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes a full- length stabilized S protein.

34. The rMVA of claims 32 or 33, wherein the full-length stabilized S protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

35. The rMVA of claim 34, wherein the full-length stabilized S protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.

36. The rMVA of claims 32-33, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the stabilized S protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 10, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

37. The rMVA of claim 36, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the full- length stabilized S protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 10.

38. The rMVA of claims 32 or 33, wherein the full-length stabilized S protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

39. The rMVA of claim 38, wherein the full-length stabilized S protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.

40. The rMVA of claims 32-39, wherein the E protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

41. The rMVA of claim 40, wherein the E protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

42. The rMVA of claims 32-41, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

43. The rMVA of claim 42, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42.

44. The rMVA of claims 32-43, wherein the M protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

45. The rMVA of claim 44, wherein the M protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.

46. The rMVA of claims 32-45, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the M protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

47. The rMVA of claim 46, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45.

48. The rMVA of claim 32, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 8, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

49. The rMVA of claim 48, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 8, 40, and 43.

50. The rMVA of claim 32, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 10, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

51. The rMVA of claim 50, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 10, 42, and 45.

52. The rMVA of claim 32, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 11, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

53. The rMVA of claim 52, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 11, 40, and 43.

54. The rMVA of claim 32, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 12, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

55. The rMVA of claim 54, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 12, 42, and 45.

56. The rMVA of claims 32-55, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pll promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

57. The rMVA of claim 56, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

58. The rMVA of claim 56, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

59. The rMVA of claim 56, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

60. The rMVA of claim 58, wherein the promoter is SEQ ID NO: 154.

61. The rMVA of claim 59, wherein the promoter is SEQ ID NO: 155.

62. The rMVA of claim 32, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence is selected from nucleic acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 48, 49, 50, 157, 159, 160, or a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

64. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

65. The rMVA of claims 63 or 64, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

66. The rMVA of claim 65, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.

67. The rMVA of claims 63-66, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 24, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

68. The rMVA of claim 67, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 24.

69. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

70. The rMVA of claims 63 or 69, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

71. The rMVA of claim 70, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.

72. The rMVA of claims 63 or 69-71, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 25, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

73. The rMVA of claim 72, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 25.

74. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the RBD domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from K417N, K417T, E484K, or N501Y.

75. The rMVA of claim 74, wherein the RBD domain comprises the substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

76. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

77. The rMVA of claim 77, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33.

78. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

79. The rMVA of claim 78, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32.

80. The rMVA of claims 63-79, wherein the E protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

81. The rMVA of claim 80, wherein the E protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

82. The rMVA of claims 63-81, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

83. The rMVA of claim 82, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42.

84. The rMVA of claims 62-83, wherein the M protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

85. The rMVA of claim 84, wherein the M protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.

86. The rMVA of claims 63-85, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the M protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

87. The rMVA of claim 86, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45.

88. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 20, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

89. The rMVA of claim 88, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 20, 40, and 43.

90. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 24, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

91. The rMVA of claim 90, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 24, 42, and 45.

92. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 21, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

93. The rMVA of claim 92, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acid sequences comprising SEQ ID NOS: 21, 40, and 43.

94. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 25, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

95. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 25, 42, and 45.

96. The rMVA of claims 63-95, wherein the S RBD domain which further comprises a signal peptide and a transmembrane peptide derived from the S protein.

97. The rMVA of claim 96, wherein the S signal peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 55.

98. The rMVA of claim 96 or 97, wherein the S transmembrane peptide comprises SEQ ID

NO: 57.

99. The rMVA of claims 63-98, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pll promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

100. The rMVA of claim 99, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

101. The rMVA of claim 99, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

102. The rMVA of claim 99, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

103. The rMVA of claim 101, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 154.

104. The rMVA of claim 102, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 155.

105. The rMVA of claim 63, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence is selected from the sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 51, 52, 53, or 54, or a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

107. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the S signal peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 55.

108. The rMVA of claims 106 or 107, wherein the S transmembrane peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 57.

109. The rMVA of claims 106-108, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

110. The rMVA of claims 106-109, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

111. The rMVA of claim 110, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61.

112. The rMVA of claims 106-110, wherein the S protein RBD is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 65, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

113. The rMVA of claim 112, wherein the S protein RBD is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 65.

114. The rMVA of claims 106-108, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

115. The rMVA of claims 106-108, and 114, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

116. The rMVA of claim 115, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62.

117. The rMVA of claims 114-117, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 66, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

118. The rMVA of claim 117, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein RBD comprises SEQ ID NO: 66.

119. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the RBD domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from K417N, K417T, E484K, or N501Y.

120. The rMVA of claim 119, wherein the RBD domain comprises the substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

121. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

122. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67.

123. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

124. The rMVA of claim 123, wherein the S protein RBD comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68.

125. The rMVA of claims 106-124, wherein the E protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

126. The rMVA of claim 125, wherein the E protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.

127. The rMVA of claim 106-126, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

128. The rMVA of claim 127, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 42.

129. The rMVA of claims 106-128, wherein the M protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

130. The rMVA of claim 129, wherein the M protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.

131. The rMVA of claims 106-130, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the M protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

132. The rMVA of claim 131, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the E protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 45.

133. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 61, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

134. The rMVA of claim 133, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 61, 40, and 43.

135. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 65, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

136. The rMVA of claim 135, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 65, 42, and 45.

137. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 62, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

138. The rMVA of claim 137, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 62, 40, and 43.

139. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 66, 42, and 45, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

140. The rMVA of claim 139, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 66, 42, and 45.

141. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 67, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

142. The rMVA of claim 141, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 67, 40, and 43.

143. The rMVA of claim 106, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 68, 40, and 43, or sequences at least 95% homologous thereto.

144. The rMVA of claim 144, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 68, 40, and 43.

145. The rMVA of claims 106-144, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pl l promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

146. The rMVA of claim 145, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

147. The rMVA of claim 145, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

148. The rMVA of claim 145, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

149. The rMVA of claim 147, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 154.

150. The rMVA of claim 148, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 155.

151. The rMBA claim 106, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence is selected from a sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 69, 70, 71, or 72, or a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

153. The rMVA of claim 152, wherein glycoprotein signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

154. The rMVA of claims 152 or 153, wherein the glycoprotein transmembrane domain comprises SEQ ID NO: 90, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

155. The rMVA of claims 152-154, wherein the matrix protein is the VP40 protein.

156. The rMVA of claim 155, wherein the VP40 protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

157. The rMVA of claim 156, wherein the VP40 protein is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 93, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

158. The rMVA of claims 152-157, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

159. The rMVA of claim 158, wherein the RBD fusion peptide is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 97.

160. The rMVA of claims 152-157, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

161. The rMVA of claim 160, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

162. The rMVA of claim 161, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96.

163. The rMVA of claims 160-162, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the RBD fusion peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 98, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

164. The rMVA of claim 163, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the RBD fusion peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 98.

165. The rMVA of claims 152-157, wherein the RBD domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from K417N, K417T, E484K, or N501Y.

166. The rMVA of claim 165, wherein the RBD domain comprises the substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

167. The rMVA of claims 152-157, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

168. The rMVA of claim 167, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99.

169. The rMVA of claims 152-157, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

170. The rMVA of claim 169, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99.

171. The rMVA of claims 152-173, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pl l promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

172. The rMVA of claim 171, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

173. The rMVA of claim 171, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

174. The rMVA of claim 171, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

175. The rMVA of claim 173, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 154.

176. The rMVA of claim 174, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 155.

177. The rMVA of claim 152-176, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence is selected from a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, or 138, or a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

178. A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) viral vector comprising one or more heterologous nucleic acid sequences encoding i) a linear epitope of the Spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) fusion peptide derived from the RBD domain of SARS-CoV2, wherein the fusion peptide comprises an a) a signal peptide of the S protein and the linear epitope of the RBD domain, and c) an envelope glycoprotein transmembrane domain, ii) the M protein of SAR.S- CoV2, and iii) a E protein of SARS-CoV2, operably linked to a promoter compatible with poxvirus expression systems, wherein, upon expression in a host cell, the RBD fusion peptide, E, and M proteins are capable of together forming a virus like particle.

179. The rMVA of claim 178, wherein signal peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

180. The rMVA of claims 178-179, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

181. The rMVA of claim 180, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 20, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

182. The rMVA of claims 178-179, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

183. The rMVA of claim 182, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 21, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

184. The rMVA of claim 161, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 21.

185. The rMVA of claims 178-179, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-598 of the S protein RBD domain.

186. The rMVA of claim 185, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 161, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

187. The rMVA of claim 186, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO S : 55 and 161.

188. The rMVA of claims 178-179, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-598 of the S protein RBD domain.

189. The rMVA of claim 185, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 162, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

190. The rMVA of claim 189, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 162.

191. The rMVA of claims 178-190, wherein the RBD domain comprises one or more substitutions selected from K417N, K417T, E484K, or N501Y.

192. The rMVA of claim 191, wherein the RBD domain comprises the substitutions K417T, E484K, and N501Y.

193. The rMVA of claim 192, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

194. The rMVA of claim 193, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 32, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

195. The rMVA of claim 191, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-524 of the S protein RBD domain.

196. The rMVA of claim 195, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 33, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

197. The rMVA of claim 196, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 33.

198. The rMVA of claim 191, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 327-598 of the S protein RBD domain.

199. The rMVA of claim 198, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 163, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

200. The rMVA of claim 199, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 163.

201. The rMVA of claim 191, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes amino acids 331-598 of the S protein RBD domain.

202. The rMVA of claim 201, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 164, or a sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

203. The rMVA of claim 202, wherein the RBD fusion peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 55 and 164.

204. The rMVA of claims 179-203, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding the S protein, E protein, and M protein is operably linked to one or more promoters compatible with poxvirus expression systems selected from a pl l promoter, pmH5 promoter, pH5 promoter, p7.5 promoter, pSyn, and pHyb.

205. The rMVA of claim 204, wherein the promoter is p7.5 promoter.

206. The rMVA of claim 204, wherein the promoter is a pmH5 promoter.

207. The rMVA of claim 204, wherein the promoter is a pi 1 promoter.

208. The rMVA of claim 206, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 154.

209. The rMVA of claim 207, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 155.

210. The rMVA of claim 179-209, wherein the rMVA heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 158, or a nucleic acid sequence at least 95% homologous thereto.

211. A method of reducing or preventing a SARS-CoV2 infection in a human comprising administering an effective amount of an rMVA viral vector of any of claims 1-181.

212. The method of claim 211, wherein the rMVA is administered as a prophylactic primary vaccination.

213. The method of claim 211, wherein the rMVA is administered as a boost vaccination.

214. The method of claim 213, wherein the human has previously been administered a SARS- CoV2 vaccine.

215. The method of claim 214, wherein the previous vaccine is selected from an mRNA-based vaccine, an adenovirus vaccine, a non-replicating vaccine, a DNA vaccine, a live attenuated vaccine, a plant-based adjuvant vaccine, a multipope peptide-based vaccine, an inactivated virus, a peptide vaccine,

216. The method of claim 214, wherein the previous vaccine is selected from mRNA-1273 (MODERNA COVID-19 VACCINE; Moderna, Inc ), AZD-1222 (COVIDSHIELD; AstraZeneca and University of Oxford), BNT162 (COMIRNATY; Pfizer and BioNTech), Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute, Acellena Contract Drug Research and Development), CoronaVac (Sinovac), NVX-CoV 2372 (NovoVax), SCB-2019 (Sanofi and GSK), ZyCoV-D (Zydus Cadila), BBIBP- CorV (Beijing Institute of Biological Products; China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm)), EpiVacCorona (Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology), Convidicea (CanSino Biologies), Covid-19 Vaccine (Wuhan Institute of Biological Products; China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm), JNJ- 78436735 (Johnson & Johnson), ZF2001 )Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Institute of

Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), CVnCoV (CureVac; GSK), INO-4800 (Inovio Pharmaceuticals), VIR-7831 (Medicago; GSK; Dynavax), Covid-19 adenovirus bases vaccine (ImmunityBio; NantKwest), UB-612 (COVAXX), or CoVaxin (Bharat Biotech).

217. The method of claim 213, wherein the human has previously been infected with SARS- CoV2.

218. The method of claim 211, wherein the rMVA is administered as both a prime and a boost vaccine.

219. The method of claims 213-216, wherein the rMVA is administered as a boost vaccine 2 or more times. 219. The method of claim 216, wherein the rMVA boost is administered 4 or more weeks after the prime vaccination.