WO2021160241A1 - Procédé et appareil pour l'extraction de lithium à partir de sources de lithium aqueuses contenant du lithium, du carbonate, du calcium et/ou du magnésium dissous à l'aide de membranes de nanofiltration et d'osmose inverse - Google Patents
Procédé et appareil pour l'extraction de lithium à partir de sources de lithium aqueuses contenant du lithium, du carbonate, du calcium et/ou du magnésium dissous à l'aide de membranes de nanofiltration et d'osmose inverse Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021160241A1 WO2021160241A1 PCT/EP2020/053298 EP2020053298W WO2021160241A1 WO 2021160241 A1 WO2021160241 A1 WO 2021160241A1 EP 2020053298 W EP2020053298 W EP 2020053298W WO 2021160241 A1 WO2021160241 A1 WO 2021160241A1
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- electrode
- dissolved
- ions
- aqueous
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 172
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 171
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000001728 nano-filtration Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 title description 23
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 title description 5
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 3
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- -1 lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229940058401 polytetrafluoroethylene Drugs 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910014549 LiMn204 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QTHKJEYUQSLYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co]=O.[Ni].[Li] Chemical class [Co]=O.[Ni].[Li] QTHKJEYUQSLYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IDSMHEZTLOUMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[O].[Co] Chemical class [Li].[O].[Co] IDSMHEZTLOUMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DCYOBGZUOMKFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);iron(3+);octadecacyanide Chemical group [Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] DCYOBGZUOMKFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical class [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;nickel;oxocobalt Chemical class [Li].[Mn].[Ni].[Co]=O VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical class [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002284 Cellulose triacetate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N [(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-diacetyloxy-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O1)OC(C)=O)COC(=O)C)[C@@H]1[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2].[Li+] QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960001078 lithium Drugs 0.000 claims 25
- 230000003245 working effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 13
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 6
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002097 Lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052493 LiFePO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002318 adhesion promoter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010842 industrial wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009528 severe injury Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002109 single walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XZPVPNZTYPUODG-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Cl-] XZPVPNZTYPUODG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B26/00—Obtaining alkali, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
- C22B26/10—Obtaining alkali metals
- C22B26/12—Obtaining lithium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/029—Multistep processes comprising different kinds of membrane processes selected from reverse osmosis, hyperfiltration or nanofiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/58—Multistep processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/08—Polysaccharides
- B01D71/12—Cellulose derivatives
- B01D71/14—Esters of organic acids
- B01D71/16—Cellulose acetate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/56—Polyamides, e.g. polyester-amides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/22—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by physical processes, e.g. by filtration, by magnetic means, or by thermal decomposition
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/08—Specific process operations in the concentrate stream
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/26—Further operations combined with membrane separation processes
- B01D2311/2684—Electrochemical processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2317/00—Membrane module arrangements within a plant or an apparatus
- B01D2317/02—Elements in series
- B01D2317/025—Permeate series
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2317/00—Membrane module arrangements within a plant or an apparatus
- B01D2317/08—Use of membrane modules of different kinds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/027—Nanofiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the extraction of lithium from aqueous lithium sources which contain dissolved lithium, carbonate, calcium and/or magnesium ions.
- Seawater is available in virtually unlimited supply and is thus a promising source of lithium despite its low concentration in lithium of approximately 0.17 ppm.
- Saline waste waters offer the advantage of increased lithium concentration due to their prior processing.
- Brines of desalination or zero liquid discharge plants or produced waters of gas or oil extraction wells are particularly attractive as sources of lithium since they are readily available and high in lithium compared to seawater.
- the recovery of pure lithium from aqueous lithium sources is challenging due to the presence of different anions and cations in these sources.
- anions and cations trigger parasitic side-reactions which degrade the electrode materials or produce undesired chemical species.
- a major problem are anions and cations, such as sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, bromide, carbon ate or sulphate, which form insoluble compounds at the surfaces of the electrodes.
- Such deposits act as a diffusion barrier for lithium ions and impair the uptake and the release of lithium at the electrodes.
- the electrodes presently available are very fragile and less resistant to harsh chemical treatments, the removal of solid deposits, in particular carbonates, from the electrodes is cumbersome, if at all possible, and frequently causes severe damage to the electrodes.
- the low chemical resistance of the electrodes also places limits on the salinity of the aqueous lithium source to be processed. Hence such lithium recovery processes are currently neither long term stable nor efficient.
- the present invention is therefore based on the object to overcome these disadvantages by providing a method and an apparatus for an efficient and long term stable lithium extraction from aqueous lithium sources containing dissolved lithium, carbonate, calcium and/or magnesium ions.
- a method for extracting lithium from an aqueous lithium source comprises the step of removing dissolved calcium ions Ca 2+ and/or dissolved magnesium ions Mg 2+ by nanofiltration from an aqueous lithium source containing dissolved lithium ions Li + , dissolved carbonate ions C0 3 2 , dissolved calcium ions Ca 2+ and/or dissolved magnesium ions Mg 2+ , the step of removing water from the aqueous lithium source by reverse osmosis, and the step of electro- chemically extracting dissolved lithium ions Li + from the aqueous lithium source in an electrochemical cell.
- the electrochemical cell comprises in a housing: a working electrode, a counter electrode and the aqueous lithium source as an electrolyte separating the working electrode and the counter electrode from each other.
- the working electrode of the electrochemical cell comprises a lithium storage material, a binder and an electrically conductive additive.
- the dissolved lithium Li + ions are electrochemically extracted from the aqueous lithium source by intercalating the dissolved lithium ions Li + into the lithium storage material of the working electrode.
- the described method thus allows a highly selective and efficient extraction of Li + ions from aqueous lithium sources which may be used to produce high purity lithium solutions and may be easily implemented in water desalination or zero liquid discharge plants.
- An aqueous lithium source may be an aqueous saline solution which exhibits a concentration of dissolved lithium ions Li + of at least 0.3 mg/I, preferably at least 10 mg/I, most preferably at least 30 mg/I.
- Aqueous lithium sources may be provided for example from sea water or saline industrial waste waters. They may exhibit a salinity of more than 30 g/l, more than 100 g/l or even more than 200 g/l. In this application, salinity refers to the total amount of salts dissolved as ions in the aqueous lithium source.
- intercalation and deintercalation refer to the reversible insertion and removal of lithium ions Li + into and from the crystal structure of a lithium storage material.
- the lithium storage material may be selected from the group of lithium iron phosphates, e.g. LiFeP0 4 , lithium cobalt oxides, e.g. LiCo0 2 , lithium nickel oxides, e.g. LiNi0 2 , lithium nickel cobalt oxides, e.g. LiNii- x Co x 0 2 , lithium manganese oxides, e.g. LiMn 2 0 4 , lithium nickel manga nese cobalt oxides, e.g.
- LiNii/ 3 Coi/3Mni/ 3 0 2 and/or lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides, e.g. LiNi 0.85 Co 0 .iAlo.o 5 0 2 .
- Working electrodes with these lithium storage materials enable the production of high purity lithium solution since the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium to the lithium storage material is highly selective to lithium ions.
- the lithium extraction and recov ery may be suppressed by the formation of solid carbonates at the surfaces of the electrodes.
- the described extraction method prevents such deposits without harsh chemical treatments or high losses in the lithium content of the aqueous lithium source.
- the nanofiltration is very effective in selectively removing polyvalent ions, including dissolved Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , while the reverse osmosis also retains monovalent ions, including dissolved ions Li + .
- high levels of dissolved lithium ions Li + remain in the aqueous lithium source while the counter-ions for the deposition of carbonates, e.g. Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , are removed. Therefore the formation of calcium carbonate and/or magnesium carbonate is prevented and high lithium extraction and recovery rates are maintained.
- purified desalinated water may be supplied by the method.
- the method may therefore be implemented in a desalination plant or share processing steps, e.g. the reverse osmosis step, with desalination plants saving resources.
- Binders are materials which enhance the cohesion between the lithium storage material and the electrically conductive additive in the working electrodes. Binders are typically made of materials which are chemically and electrochemically inert in the aqueous lithium source.
- the binder may for example comprise or consist of fibrils. It may preferably be a fibrillated binder in which a material has been formed into fibrils during the fabrication of the working electrode.
- Suitable materials for binders may for example be chosen from the group of fluoropolymers, e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and/or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or from the group of rubbers, e.g. NBR and/or SBR.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- fibril may refer to an elongated filament with an aspect ratio of more than 10, preferably more than 50.
- the length of filaments may be in the range between 0.2 pm and 500 pm, while their diameter may be in a range between 2 nm and 1 pm.
- An electrically conductive additive is within this application meant to be a material which exhibits an electrical conductivity of more than 10 6 S/m at a temperature of 20 °C.
- the electrically conductive additive and/or the binder may be finely dispersed in the working electrode.
- the electrically conductive additive may be an electrochemically inactive carbon material, for example selected from carbon black, porous carbons, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite, carbon fibres or mixtures thereof.
- Carbon nanotubes may be single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), e.g. with a length in the range from 0.1 pm to 1000 pm, and a diameter in the range from 0.1 nm to 100 nm.
- MWCNTs multi-walled carbon nanotubes
- Nanofiltration is a pressure-driven membrane separation process that forms the transition between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. It may be typically conducted in a cross-flow mode in which the aqueous lithium source is fed in a tangential flow across a nanofiltration membrane at pressures in the range from 10 bar to 50 bar. The tangential flow may wash any residues off the surface of the nanofiltration membrane and may thus enable a stable continuous feed stream mode.
- the nanofiltra tion membrane may exhibit a pore size of 1 nm to 20 nm in diameter.
- the nanofiltra tion may, for example, be conducted with a composite membrane comprising a polyamide layer deposited on a polyethersulfone or polysulfone porous layer. These nanofiltration membranes may be especially permeable for dissolved, i.e. hydrated, lithium ions Li + and may thus enable a high lithium yield in the lithium extraction step.
- water is removed from the aqueous lithium source. While hydrated monovalent or polyvalent ions, larger molecules and/or particles may be retained in the aqueous lithium source at an osmosis membrane, water may move through the osmosis membrane if a pressure is applied to the aqueous lithium source which is higher than the osmotic pressure across the osmosis membrane.
- the applied pressure may be typically in the range from 50 bar to 100 bar, depending on the mechanical durability of the osmosis membrane.
- the osmosis membrane may be a water- permeable hollow fibre membrane comprising cellulose acetate and/or cellulose triacetate or a water-permeable composite membrane comprising a polyamide layer deposited on a polyethersulfone or polysulfone porous layer.
- the pore size of the osmosis membrane is typically in the range of 0.2 nm to 0.6 nm, thus water molecules which exhibit a diameter of approximately 0.1 nm may pass through the osmosis membrane.
- the reverse osmosis step may also be conducted in a continuous feed stream mode, e.g. in a single-pass operation or multiple-pass recirculation.
- a reversible intercalation of lithium may be enabled if the redox reactions at the electrodes take place within the electro chemical stability window of the aqueous lithium source in order to avoid the formation of hydrogen or oxygen gas.
- the electrochemical stability window ranges from 2.5 V to 3.8 V for pure water on a Li/Li+ potential scale and may range from 2 V to 5 V in saline solutions on a Li/Li + potential scale.
- the dissolved lithium ions Li + may thus be extracted from the aqueous lithium source at a working potentials of the working electrode in a range between 2.5 V to 3.8 V on a Li/Li + potential scale, possibly in a range between 2 V and 5 V on a Li/Li + potential scale.
- the working electrode of the electrochemical cell may be preferably a porous electrode and/or a film electrode.
- Such working electrodes require only small amounts of electrode materials but offer large active surface areas for the extraction and release of lithium.
- the working electrodes may in particular exhibit porosities of at least 50 %, more preferably at least 55 % and/or film thickness in the range of 500 pm to 50 pm, more preferably in the range of 250 pm to 50 pm.
- High porosities and thin film thicknesses may be achieved with fibrillated binders, which may for example comprise or consist of PTFE fibrils, and carbon nanotubes in the working electrode.
- the fibrils and the carbon nanotubes are chemically inert and act as a highly efficient binder. They enhance the chemical and mechanical stability of the working electrode.
- porous electrodes and/or thin film electrodes may be resistant to harsh chemical environments, e.g. concentrated aqueous lithium sources as produced in the reverse osmosis step of the described method, and may also be resistant to wear from the flow of the aqueous lithium source, rinsing liquids or recovery solutions past the surfaces of the electrodes, for example in a continuous feed or cyclic operation mode of the electrochemical cell.
- harsh chemical environments e.g. concentrated aqueous lithium sources as produced in the reverse osmosis step of the described method
- rinsing liquids or recovery solutions past the surfaces of the electrodes for example in a continuous feed or cyclic operation mode of the electrochemical cell.
- the working electrode may be a dry-film electrode.
- an electrode is meant to be regarded a dry-film electrode if the electrode is fabricated in a solvent-free dry-film process in which a film electrode is formed from particulate dry electrode materials without the use of solvents.
- dry and solvent-free electrode materials i.e. the lithium storage material, the binder and the electrically conductive additive, may be mixed and homogenised in a mortar to form a dry and solvent-free powder mixture.
- the mixture may be heated and rolled out to a dry and solvent-free film forming the dry-film electrode.
- the binder e.g. PTFE
- fibrillated meaning that fibrils are formed in the fabrication of the electrode.
- the extraction of lithium may for example be performed with a working electrode that comprises spinel-type lithium manganese (III, IV) oxide LiMn 2 0 4 as lithium storage material.
- Spinel-type lithium manganese (III, IV) oxide LiMn 2 0 4 is a very promising lithium storage material since it allows a highly selective and reversible electrochemical extraction of lithium ions within the electrochemical stability window of aqueous lithium sources and exhibits a good environmental compatibility. Hence the postprocessing of the delithiated aqueous lithium source may be reduced.
- the working electrode may further comprise polytetrafluoroethyl- ene (PTFE) fibrils as binder and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as electrically conductive additive.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethyl- ene
- MWCNTs multi-walled carbon nanotubes
- the working electrode may for example comprise 85 weight-% to 95 weight-% LiMn 2 0 4 , 2 weight-% to 5 weight-% polytetrafluorethylene fibrils and 3 weight-% to 10 weight-% multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
- These working electrodes may be operated with a large lithium capacity within the electrochemical stability window of aqueous lithium sources and may be configured as porous electrodes and/or dry-film electrodes which exhibit a prolonged-lifetime even in concentrated aqueous lithium sources.
- the working electrode may further comprise an electrically conducting current collector electrode, which may reinforce the working electrode.
- This electrode is typically designed as a planar current collector.
- the current collector electrode is chemically and electrochemically inert to the aqueous lithium source and typically exhibits a higher electrical conductivity than the working electrode.
- the working electrode may be laminated onto the current collector electrode, facing the counter electrode.
- the counter electrode may be an activated or inert carbon electrode, a graphite electrode, an Ag/AgCI electrode, an electrode based on the Prussian blue structure or a noble metal electrode.
- the counter electrode may preferably be a non-porous electrode, i.e. an electrode which is manufactured from a non-porous material, in order to avoid the co adsorption of lithium or other ionic species at the counter electrode.
- the counter electrode may be an inert redox electrode, which merely acts as an electron donor and acceptor in an electrochemical water splitting reaction, such as electrodes comprising glassy carbon, platinum or titanium. These electrodes do not absorb or discharge anions or cations of the aqueous lithium source. Hence they are very durable and show a long-term stable performance without any additional means of protection or specific requirements to the ionic composition of the electrolyte in the electrochemi cal cell.
- the aqueous lithium source may be replaced with an aqueous recovery solution in the electrochemical cell, for example an aqueous lithium chloride LiCI or lithium hydroxide LiOH solution.
- the extracted lithium ions Li + may be electrochemically recovered from the working electrode to this aqueous recovery solution by reversing the electro chemical cell polarity.
- the extracted lithium ions Li + may be electrochemically recovered at a working potential of the working electrode in the range between 2.5 V and 3.8 V on a Li/Li + potential.
- a lithium-recovery unit comprises a nanofiltration unit, a reverse osmosis unit and an electrochemical cell.
- the nanofiltration unit is configured to remove dissolved calcium ions Ca 2+ and/or dissolved magnesium ions Mg 2+ from an aqueous lithium source containing dissolved lithium ions Li + , dissolved carbonate ions C0 3 2 , dissolved calcium ions Ca 2+ and/or dissolved magnesium ions Mg 2+ .
- the reverse osmosis unit is configured to remove water from the aqueous lithium source and the electrochemical cell is configured to electro chemically extract dissolved lithium ions Li + from the aqueous lithium source.
- the electrochemical cell comprises in a housing: a working electrode, an inert counter electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the working electrode com prises a lithium storage material, a binder and an electrically conductive additive.
- the electrochemical cell is configured to electrochemically extract the dissolved lithium ions Li + , wherein the dissolved lithium ions Li + are intercalated into the storage material of the working electrode using the aqueous lithium source as the electrolyte in the electrochemical cell.
- the lithium-recovery unit described is set up to carry out the described method, that is the described method, can be carried out in particular with the lithium-recovery unit described.
- Fig. 1 illustrates schematically an example of a method for extracting lithium from an aqueous lithium source in a lithium-recovery unit
- Fig. 2 illustrates schematically an example of an electrochemical cell of a lithium-recovery unit for extracting lithium from an aqueous lithium source
- Fig. 3 displays the cyclovoltammogram of an electrochemical cell of a lithium-recovery unit
- Fig. 4 displays discharging/charging voltage curves of an electrochemical cell of a lithium-recovery unit.
- Figure 1 illustrates schematically an example of a method for extracting lithium from an aqueous lithium source in a lithium-recovery unit.
- dissolved calcium ions Ca 2+ and/or dissolved magnesium ions Mg 2+ are removed by nanofiltration SI from an aqueous lithium source containing dissolved lithium ions Li + , dissolved carbonate ions C0 3 2 , dissolved calcium ions Ca 2+ and/or dissolved magnesium ions Mg 2+ .
- water is removed from an aqueous lithium source by reverse osmosis S2 and dissolved lithium ions Li + are electrochemically extracted S3 from the aqueous lithium source in an electrochemical cell.
- the electrochemical cell may be configured as illustrated and described in the example of figure 2.
- the working electrode 3 comprises a lithium storage material, a binder and an electrically conductive additive.
- the dissolved lithium Li + ions are electrochemically extracted from the aqueous lithium source 5 by intercalating the dissolved lithium ions Li + into the lithium storage material of the working electrode 3.
- the aqueous lithium source 5 is a waste water brine of a desalination plant with a concentration of dissolved lithium ions Li + of 0.3 mg/I.
- brines from desalination plants or produced waters of gas or oil production plants are readily accessible since they are mere waste products.
- the lithium extraction method may also be conducted with other aqueous lithium sources 5, in particular aqueous lithium sources 5 with a salinity of more than BO g/l, more than 100 g/l or even more than 200 g/l and a concen tration of dissolved lithium ions Li + of at least 0.3 mg/I, preferably at least 10 mg/I, most preferably at least 30 mg/I.
- dissolved calcium ions Ca 2+ and/or dissolved magnesium ions Mg 2+ are removed from the aqueous lithium source 5.
- dissolved calcium ions Ca 2+ and/or dissolved magnesium ions Mg 2+ are removed in a continuous cross-flow nanofiltration using a composite nanofiltration membrane comprising a polyamide layer deposited on a polyethersulfone or polysulfone nanoporous layer with a pore size of 1 nm to 20 nm.
- water is removed from the aqueous lithium source 5 at a pressure in the range from 50 bar to 100 bar using a water- permeable composite reverse osmosis membrane comprising a cross-linked aromatic polyamide layer deposited on a polyethersulfone or polysulfone porous layer which exhibits a pore diameter in the range from 0.2 nm to 0.6 nm.
- a water- permeable composite reverse osmosis membrane comprising a cross-linked aromatic polyamide layer deposited on a polyethersulfone or polysulfone porous layer which exhibits a pore diameter in the range from 0.2 nm to 0.6 nm.
- dissolved lithium ions Li + are electrochemi- cally extracted from the aqueous lithium source 5 to the lithium storage material at a working potential of the working electrode 3 (discharging) in the range between 2.5 V and 3.8 V on a Li/Li + potential scale.
- the aqueous lithium source 5 may be replaced with an aqueous recovery solution, for example an aqueous lithium chloride LiCI solution or an aqueous lithium hydroxide LiOH solution.
- the extracted lithium ions Li + may be electrochemically recovered from the working electrode 3 by reversing the electrochemical cell polarity and applying a working potential in range between 2.5 V and 3.8 V on a Li/Li + potential scale at the working electrode 3 (charging) to deintercalate the extracted lithium ions Li + from the lithium storage material to the aqueous recovery solution.
- a working potential in range between 2.5 V and 3.8 V on a Li/Li + potential scale at the working electrode 3 (charging) to deintercalate the extracted lithium ions Li + from the lithium storage material to the aqueous recovery solution.
- Figure 2 illustrates schematically an example of an electrochemical cell of a lithium-recovery unit for extracting lithium from an aqueous lithium source 5.
- the electrochemical cell comprises in a housing 1: a working electrode 3, a counter electrode 4 and an electrolyte separating the working electrode 3 and the counter electrode 4 from each other; wherein the working electrode 3 comprises a lithium storage material, binder and an electrically conductive additive.
- the electrochemical cell is configured to electrochemically extract dissolved lithium ions Li + from the aqueous lithium source 5 using the aqueous lithium source 5 as the electrolyte, wherein the dissolved lithium ions Li + are intercalated into the storage material of the working electrode 3.
- Intercalation and deintercalation refer to the reversible insertion and removal of lithium ions Li + into and from the crystal structure of the lithium storage material of the working electrode 3. Electroneutrality is preserved by provid ing or removing electrons to or from the working electrode 3 through an electrochemical reaction at the counter electrode 4 which is connected to the working electrode 3 in a closed electrochemical circuit 2, 3, 3a, 4, 5 via an electron conductor 2, a power source 2a and the aqueous lithium source 5 or the aqueous recovery solution, which represent ionic conductors.
- the working electrode 3 comprises spinel-type lithium manganese (III, IV) oxide LiMn 2 0 4 as lithium storage material, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibrils as binder and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as electrically conductive additive, for example 85 % to 95 % LiMn 2 0 4 , 2 % to 5 % PTFE fibrils and 3 % to 10 % (MWCNTs by weight.
- LiMn 2 0 4 exhibits a good thermal stability compared to other lithium storage materials and is chemically and electrochemically stable within the electro chemical stability window of the aqueous lithium source 5 in the range between 2.5 V and 3.8 V on a Li/Li + potential scale.
- the lithium storage material may be selected from the group of lithium iron phosphates, lithium cobalt oxides, lithium nickel oxides, lithium nickel cobalt oxides, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides and/or lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides
- the binder may be selected from the group of fluoropolymers including polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or from the group of rubbers, e.g. NBR and/or SBR
- the electrically active additive may be selected of the group of electrochemically inactive carbon materials including carbon black, porous carbons, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite, carbon fibres or mixtures thereof.
- the working electrode 3 in the example of figure 2 is a dry-film electrode with a film thickness of 231 pm, a density of 1.9 g/cm 3 and a porosity of 55 %. It has been laminated onto a current collector electrode 3a, e.g. a platinum chip, using an electrically conductive adhesion promoter.
- the counter electrode 4 may be an activated or inert carbon electrode, a graphite electrode, an Ag/AgCI electrode, an electrode based on the Prussian Blue structure or a noble metal electrode.
- a mesh of non-porous platinized titanium is used as an inert redox counter electrode.
- Inert redox counter electrodes provide and remove electrons in an electrochemical water splitting reaction without absorbing or discharging anions or cations from the aqueous lithium source. They may therefore be operated independently of specific ionic species in the electrolyte of the electrochemical cell.
- Figures 4 and 5 display a cyclovoltammogram and discharging/charging voltage curves of an electrochemical cell of a lithium recovery unit as de scribed in the example of figures 1 and 2. Both, the cyclovoltammogram in figure 4 and the discharging/charging voltage curves of figure 5 display the typical voltage plateaus of the reversible two-fold phase changes in the lithium storage material during the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium without any parasitic side-reactions.
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Abstract
La présente invention concerne un procédé et un appareil d'extraction de lithium à partir d'une source de lithium aqueuse (5) comprenant les étapes d'élimination par nanofiltration (S1) des ions calcium dissous Ca2+ et/ou des ions magnésium dissous Mg2+ à partir d'une source de lithium aqueuse (5) contenant des ions lithium dissous Li+,des ions carbonate dissous C03
2-, des ions calcium dissous Ca2+ et/ou des ions magnésium dissous Mg2+, d'élimination par osmose inverse (S2) de l'eau provenant de la source de lithium aqueuse (5), et d'extraction électrochimique (S3) des ions lithium dissous Li+ de la source de lithium aqueuse (5) dans une cellule électrochimique qui comprend dans un boîtier (1), une électrode de travail (3), une contre-électrode (4) et un électrolyte séparant l'électrode de travail (3) et la contre-électrode (4). L'électrode de travail (3) comprend un matériau de stockage de lithium, un liant et un additif électroconducteur, et les ions lithium dissous Li+ sont extraits électrochimiquement de la source de lithium aqueuse (5) en intercalant les ions lithium dissous Li+ dans le matériau de stockage de lithium de l'électrode de travail (3) à l'aide de la source de lithium aqueuse (5) en tant qu'électrolyte dans la cellule électrochimique.
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CN103074502A (zh) * | 2013-01-29 | 2013-05-01 | 中国科学院青海盐湖研究所 | 用于从高镁锂比的盐湖卤水分离锂的盐湖卤水处理方法 |
WO2014047347A1 (fr) * | 2012-09-19 | 2014-03-27 | Consejo Nacional De Investigaciones Cientificas Y Tecnicas (Conicet) | Récupération de lithium à partir de solutions aqueuses à faible impact sur l'environnement |
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WO2014047347A1 (fr) * | 2012-09-19 | 2014-03-27 | Consejo Nacional De Investigaciones Cientificas Y Tecnicas (Conicet) | Récupération de lithium à partir de solutions aqueuses à faible impact sur l'environnement |
CN103074502A (zh) * | 2013-01-29 | 2013-05-01 | 中国科学院青海盐湖研究所 | 用于从高镁锂比的盐湖卤水分离锂的盐湖卤水处理方法 |
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MARIA SOFIA PALAGONIA ET AL: "Influence of Hydrodynamics on the Lithium Recovery Efficiency in an Electrochemical Ion Pumping Separation Process", JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 164, no. 14, 30 December 2017 (2017-12-30), pages E586 - E595, XP055741065, ISSN: 0013-4651, DOI: 10.1149/2.1531714jes * |
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