WO2021157403A1 - 画像処理装置および方法、プログラム - Google Patents

画像処理装置および方法、プログラム Download PDF

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WO2021157403A1
WO2021157403A1 PCT/JP2021/002422 JP2021002422W WO2021157403A1 WO 2021157403 A1 WO2021157403 A1 WO 2021157403A1 JP 2021002422 W JP2021002422 W JP 2021002422W WO 2021157403 A1 WO2021157403 A1 WO 2021157403A1
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image
grid
scattered
scattered radiation
characteristic information
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French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
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真弥 勝間田
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Canon Inc
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Canon Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4291—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis the detector being combined with a grid or grating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
    • A61B6/032—Transmission computed tomography [CT]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/5258—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving detection or reduction of artifacts or noise
    • A61B6/5282—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving detection or reduction of artifacts or noise due to scatter

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an image processing apparatus, method, and program for processing an image obtained by using radiation.
  • X-ray imaging equipment is widely used in many fields such as medical imaging and non-destructive inspection for industrial use.
  • a digital X-ray image capturing device called a Flat Panel Detector (hereinafter abbreviated as FPD), which uses a large number of semiconductor elements for converting radiation into an electric signal arranged in a two-dimensional matrix, has become widespread. It is widespread.
  • FPD Flat Panel Detector
  • the X-rays that enter the FPD are mainly the primary X-rays that arrive straight from the X-ray source to the FPD, and the direction of the X-rays changes within the subject due to the Compton effect. After that, it is divided into secondary X-rays (hereinafter referred to as scattered rays) that reach the FPD.
  • the image obtained by the primary X-ray is the image that is originally desired to be observed, and the scattered rays change the direction of the X-ray and enter the FPD, so that the contrast of the image by the primary X-ray is lowered.
  • a scattered ray grid (hereinafter referred to as a grid) that shields scattered rays entering from a direction other than the X-ray focal point by a grid of lead foil opened in the X-ray focal direction. ) Is used. Further, in recent years, a photographed image obtained by photographing without using a grid and using a grid by estimating and reducing scattered rays in the photographed image by image processing (hereinafter, grid photographed image). ) Has also been used to reduce scattered radiation to create high-contrast images.
  • a low lattice ratio grid in which the length of the lead foil in the X-ray transmission direction is shorter than that of a commonly used grid with respect to the grid spacing of the lead foil.
  • a technique for using both treatments has been developed (see Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2).
  • X-ray photography using a low grid ratio grid has the advantage that shading is less likely to occur than X-ray photography using a general grid, and quantum noise can also be reduced because the reaching dose is reduced compared to radiography without a grid. There is.
  • a scattered radiation estimation process for estimating the scattered dose by the used photographing grid (low grid ratio grid) is performed, and the scattered radiation component is reduced from the image based on the processing result. ..
  • the characteristics of the shooting grid and the target grid such as the point spread function of the shooting grid and the kernel of the target grid and the shooting grid.
  • Conventional methods such as Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 require the characteristics of the target grid and the photographing grid in order to execute the scattered radiation estimation process, and correspond to all the photographing grids that the user may use. It wasn't easy to do. Therefore, when the low grid ratio grid and the scattered radiation reduction processing are used together, the low grid ratio grid that can be used as the photographing grid is limited.
  • the present invention provides a technique that makes it easier to use a wide variety of photographing grids together with scattered radiation reduction processing.
  • the image processing apparatus has the following configurations. That is, The first to acquire the target grid characteristic information indicating the primary radiation transmittance and the scattered ray transmittance of the target grid and the photographing grid characteristic information indicating the primary radiation transmittance and the scattered ray transmittance of the photographing grid used for photographing. Acquisition method and A second acquisition means for acquiring a photographed image obtained by radiography using the imaging grid, and An estimation means for estimating the scattered dose based on the relationship between the captured image, the primary radiation image, and the scattered radiation image, which is represented by using the primary radiation transmittance and the scattered radiation transmittance indicated by the imaging grid characteristic information. , The scattering dose estimated by the estimation means and the adjusting means for adjusting the scattering dose of the photographed image based on the target grid characteristic information and the photographing grid characteristic information are provided.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration example of an X-ray imaging apparatus according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating image processing according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a functional configuration example of the scattered radiation reduction processing according to the embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a method for acquiring scattered radiation characteristics.
  • X-rays are used as radiation
  • the radiation in the present invention is not limited to X-rays.
  • ⁇ -rays, ⁇ -rays, ⁇ -rays, etc. which are beams produced by particles (including photons) emitted by radioactive decay
  • beams with similar or higher energies such as X-rays, particle beams, and cosmic rays, are also available. , Shall be included.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration example of a radiography apparatus (hereinafter, X-ray imaging apparatus) according to an embodiment.
  • the X-ray tube 100 irradiates the subject 1 and the FPD 200 on the extension line thereof with X-rays.
  • the FPD 200 irradiated with X-rays converts the X-rays into an image and sends it to the I / O unit 301 of the image processing apparatus 300.
  • imaging information such as dose and tube voltage may be sent from the X-ray tube 100 to the image processing device 300.
  • the I / O unit 301 functions as an interface with the X-ray tube 100, the FPD 200, the display unit 400, and the operation unit 500.
  • the image processing device 300 stores the image acquired from the FPD 200 via the I / O unit 301 and the photographing information acquired from the X-ray tube 100 in the image / photographing information storage unit 305 of the storage unit 302.
  • the saved image and shooting information can be used for scattered radiation estimation processing, scattered radiation adjustment processing, and the like, which will be described later.
  • the storage unit 302 has a target grid information storage unit 303 and a photographing grid information storage unit 304. The target grid information and the shooting grid information will be described later.
  • the program storage unit 306 stores a program loaded in the memory 307 and executed by the CPU 308.
  • the memory 307 stores a program loaded from the storage unit 302 for execution by the CPU 308, and provides a work area for the CPU 308.
  • the CPU 308 realizes various processes by executing the program stored in the program storage unit 306.
  • an arithmetic unit such as a GPU or an image processing chip may be used instead of the CPU 308.
  • the display unit 400 performs various displays under the control of the image processing device 300.
  • the image processing device 300 displays the result of image processing on the display unit 400.
  • the operation unit 500 is used for operating the image processing device 300, inputting shooting information, inputting target grid information, shooting grid information, and the like.
  • This image processing can be realized, for example, by the CPU 308 executing a predetermined program stored in the program storage unit 306 of the storage unit 302.
  • the CPU 308 executing a predetermined program stored in the program storage unit 306 of the storage unit 302.
  • it may be realized by a dedicated arithmetic unit (hardware).
  • the CPU 308 corrects the device-specific characteristics of the FPD 200 with respect to the image stored in the image / photographing information storage unit 305 of the storage unit 302 (S101).
  • S101 the process of S101 is referred to as a basic correction process.
  • Specific basic correction processing includes gain correction that corrects variations in sensitivity between pixels, defect correction that corrects missing pixels based on peripheral pixel values, and dark current that flows through the electronic circuit of the FPD 200, which is generated in the image.
  • the CPU 308 performs a scattered radiation reduction process on the image after the basic correction (S102).
  • the scattered radiation reduction process is a process of reducing the scattered dose in an image and improving the contrast to the contrast of a target grid image.
  • the specific contents of the scattered radiation reduction processing will be described later with reference to FIG.
  • the CPU 308 performs noise reduction processing for reducing noise in the image on the image subjected to the scattered radiation reduction processing (S103).
  • a known noise reduction technique can be used for the noise reduction processing.
  • the CPU 308 performs compression / enhancement processing on the image after the noise reduction processing (S104).
  • the purpose of the compression / enhancement process is to stabilize the brightness between images by the compression process and improve the visibility by the enhancement process.
  • the CPU 308 separates the high-frequency component and the low-frequency component of the image with a low-frequency filter, reduces the number of gradations of the low-frequency component from the original number of gradations, performs compression processing, and adds a coefficient to the high-frequency component. Performs emphasis processing to multiply and emphasize.
  • the CPU 308 performs gradation processing on the image obtained in S104 in order to improve the visibility of the final X-ray diagnostic image (S105). For example, the CPU 308 improves the contrast by increasing the number of gradations of the pixel values corresponding to the image in the diagnostic area.
  • each functional unit shown in FIG. 3 may be realized by the CPU 308 executing a predetermined program, or may be realized by a dedicated arithmetic unit (hardware).
  • the target grid information storage unit 303 holds the target grid characteristic information 351 and the shooting grid information storage unit 304 holds the shooting grid characteristic information 352.
  • the target grid characteristic information 351 indicates the primary X-ray transmittance and the scattered ray transmittance of the target grid
  • the photographing grid characteristic information 352 is the primary X-ray transmittance and the scattered ray transmittance of the photographing grid used for photographing. Is shown.
  • the primary X-ray transmittance and the scattered ray transmittance are the basic characteristics of the grid as defined by IEC60627Ed2.
  • the target grid characteristic information 351 and the photographing grid characteristic information 352 are input from the operation unit 500 by the user, for example. Further, the photographed image 353 obtained by X-ray photography using the photographing grid and having undergone the above-mentioned basic correction processing (S101) is held in the image / photographing information storage unit 305.
  • the grid fringe reduction unit 361 performs grid fringe reduction processing on the captured image 353 to reduce fringes due to the grid from the captured image 353.
  • the scattered radiation estimation unit 362 performs a scattered radiation estimation process using the image after the grid fringe reduction processing and the captured grid characteristic information 352, and obtains a scattered radiation estimated image by estimating the scattered dose.
  • the scattered ray adjusting unit 363 scatters so as to approach the image contrast of the target grid characteristic by using the scattered ray estimated image, the target grid characteristic information 351 and the captured grid characteristic information 352 based on the captured image after the grid fringe reduction processing.
  • the dose is reduced and a scattered radiation reduced image 354 is obtained.
  • the scattered radiation reduction image 354 is held in the image / photographing information storage unit 305 and displayed on the display unit 400.
  • the target grid characteristic information 351 refers to the grid characteristic that is the target of the image contrast of the scattered radiation reduction image 354 that is the output, and is used by the scattered radiation adjusting unit 363.
  • the grid characteristics refer to the primary radiation transmittance (hereinafter, primary X-ray transmittance) and the scattered radiation transmittance of the grid.
  • the target grid characteristic information 351 can be acquired by the user directly inputting the grid characteristic information using the operation unit 500.
  • the present invention is not limited to this, and the target grid information may be indirectly acquired.
  • the correspondence between the type of the shooting grid and the target grid characteristic information is stored in the storage unit 302 or an external storage device, and the image processing device 300 stores the target grid characteristic information according to the type of the shooting grid used for shooting. You may choose.
  • the storage unit 302 or an external storage device holds the correspondence between the imaging portion and the target grid characteristic information, and the image processing device 300 obtains the target grid characteristic information corresponding to the imaging region input by the user from the operation unit 500. May be selected.
  • the shooting grid characteristic information 352 is the grid characteristic information of the grid used for shooting, and is used by the scattered radiation estimation unit 362 and the scattered radiation adjusting unit 363.
  • the shooting grid characteristic information 352 can be directly input by the user via the operation unit 500 in the same manner as the target grid characteristic information.
  • the image processing apparatus 300 may be configured to automatically identify the photographing grid used for photographing.
  • the captured image 353 is an image after the basic correction process (S101) is performed on the image captured using the photographing grid.
  • the captured image 353 may be stored in the storage unit 302 or may be temporarily stored in the memory 307.
  • the grid fringe reduction unit 361 performs a process (grid fringe reduction process) of reducing the fringes appearing in the image by the pixel size of the FPD 200 and the slit of the lead foil for removing the scattered rays in the grid.
  • This grid fringe reduction processing may be omitted if the grid fringes are difficult to see or cannot be seen due to the relationship between the grid density of the grid and the pixel size.
  • a known technique can be used for the grid fringe reduction treatment. As an example of such processing, a grid that causes stripes at high frequencies in the image is selected from the relationship between the pixel pitch of the FPD 200 and the grid density of the grid, and a low frequency filter is used for the captured image. There is a method of removing the stripes.
  • the scattered radiation estimation unit 362 performs scattered radiation estimation processing on the captured image after the grid fringe reduction processing, and derives a scattered radiation estimation image which is an image representing the scattered dose.
  • the scattered radiation estimation process of the present embodiment is based on the relationship between the captured image, the primary radiation image, and the scattered radiation image, which is represented by using the primary X-ray transmittance and the scattered radiation transmittance indicated by the imaging grid characteristic information. , Estimate the scattered dose.
  • the obtained scattered radiation estimation image is used by the scattered radiation adjusting unit 363.
  • a scattered radiation image is obtained by using an iterative method such as the maximum likelihood method or the least squares method based on the relational expression shown by the following equation (1).
  • x and y are the coordinates of the X-ray and the Y-axis in the image
  • P is the primary radiation image (hereinafter, the primary X-ray image)
  • S is the scattered ray image
  • M is the photographing grid.
  • the photographed image ⁇ u is the primary X-ray transmission rate of the photographing grid, and ⁇ u is the scattered ray transmittance of the photographing grid.
  • Equation (2) a method of estimating the scattered ray image S while modifying the primary X-ray image P by using the maximum likelihood method based on the following equation (2) will be described.
  • P n is a primary X-ray image during the nth iterative process
  • Sn is a scattered ray image during the nth iterative process
  • M is a grid image
  • ⁇ u is the primary image of the imaging grid.
  • ⁇ u is the scattered ray transmittance of the photographing grid.
  • scattered radiation image S n may be determined by using the scattered radiation model from the primary X-ray image P n.
  • x of the scattered radiation image S n the pixel values of the y-coordinate S n (x, y) can be determined from the following equation (3).
  • i and j are the coordinates of the X and Y axes of the image
  • Q is the pixel value corresponding to the dose directly reaching the FPD200
  • k is the coefficient when the spread function of the scattered radiation is approximated by the Gaussian distribution. Is.
  • the pixel value Q corresponding to the dose directly reaching the FPD 200 of the formula (3) can be calculated by, for example, the NDD method from the imaging conditions.
  • the method of acquiring the pixel value Q is not limited to this.
  • the pixel value of that region may be used as the pixel value Q, or if there is no direct line region, the pixel value of the captured image is a representative value of the attenuation coefficient of the subject.
  • the pixel value Q may be obtained by multiplying by the reciprocal of.
  • the factor "-P n (i, j) ⁇ log (P n (i, j) / Q)" is an approximation of the overall intensity of the scattered radiation
  • the factor "exp ⁇ -" is an approximation of the spread function of the scattered radiation with a Gaussian distribution.
  • the coefficient k can be obtained by approximating the profile.
  • the scattered radiation dose is proportional to the irradiation dose, but the scattered shape of the scattered radiation does not change. Therefore, a coefficient k that does not depend on the dose can be obtained by normalizing using the pixel value of the X-ray that has passed through the extremely small hole of the shielding plate 401 with the subject 402 removed.
  • the coefficient k of the spread function changes depending on the thickness of the subject 402 and the tube voltage
  • a correspondence table may be created and the coefficient k for each condition at the time of shooting may be used.
  • the user inputs the body thickness of the subject 1 from, for example, the operation unit 500.
  • the image processing apparatus 300 uses the input body thickness and the tube voltage obtained from the imaging information stored in the image / imaging information storage unit 305 to obtain the coefficient k by referring to the correspondence table.
  • the scattered ray estimation unit 362 repeats until the first-order X-ray image P converges by the maximum likelihood method.
  • Sometimes a method of determining that the convergence has occurred, or the like can be used.
  • Scattered radiation estimation unit 362 and passes the scattered radiation adjusting section 363 scattered radiation image S n when it is determined to have converged as scattered radiation estimated image S '.
  • the scattered radiation adjusting unit 363 performs a scattered radiation adjusting process using the scattered radiation estimated image, the target grid characteristic information 351 and the photographing grid characteristic information 352 provided by the scattered radiation estimating unit 362, and performs a scattered radiation adjusting process to reduce the scattered radiation image.
  • the purpose of the scattered radiation adjustment process is to bring the contrast of the captured image closer to the contrast of the target grid.
  • a method using the equation (4) will be described.
  • M c (x, y) is x of scattered radiation reduction image
  • E is the scattered radiation reduction rate obtained from the target grid characteristics and the photographing grid characteristics
  • S'(x, y) is the pixel value of the x, y coordinates of the scattered radiation estimated image estimated by the scattered radiation estimation unit 362. ..
  • the scattered radiation reduction image Mc is subtracted from the captured image M by multiplying the scattered radiation estimated image S'by the target grid characteristic and the scattered radiation reduction rate E obtained from the captured grid characteristics. It can be obtained by.
  • scattered radiation reduction factor E refers to the contrast of the scattered radiation reduction image M c, the ratio to approximate the same contrast and imaging using a target grid.
  • E is the scattered radiation reduction rate
  • ⁇ t and ⁇ t are the primary X-ray transmittance and scattered radiation transmittance of the target grid, respectively
  • ⁇ u and ⁇ u are the primary X-ray transmittance of the photographing grid, respectively.
  • Rate and scattered light transmittance
  • Equation (5) represents an equation for calculating the scattered radiation reduction rate E.
  • This equation (5) is an equation obtained by transforming the following equation (6), which is an equivalent equation between the contrast of the target grid and the contrast of the photographing grid, with respect to the scattered radiation reduction rate E.
  • x 1 and x 2 are the X-axis coordinates of the image
  • y 1 and y 2 are the Y-axis coordinates of the image.
  • M t (x, y) is the pixel value of the x, y coordinates of the target grid image that would be obtained when the target grid is used
  • M'(x, y) is the ideal scattered ray reduction process. It is a pixel value of the x, y coordinates of the scattered ray reduction image which will be obtained when it is performed.
  • Equation (6) shows the difference between the pixel values of two different pixels of the image obtained by logarithmically converting each of the target grid image M (left side) and the scattered radiation reduction image M'(right side).
  • the logarithmic conversion is performed because the general X-ray diagnostic image observed by the user is a logarithmic conversion of the image acquired by the FPD 200. It can be said that the difference between two different pixels in the image on both sides of the formula (6) indicates the contrast (difference in brightness) of each image. That is, the fact that both sides are equal as in the equation (6) indicates that the contrast of the target grid image and the contrast of the scattered radiation reduction processed image are equal.
  • M t and M'of the equation (6) will be described using the following equations (7) and (8).
  • the M t of the formula (6) is represented by the following formula (7)
  • the M'of the formula (6) is represented by the following formula (8).
  • M t (x, y) is a pixel value of the x, y coordinates in the target grid image.
  • P (x, y) is the pixel value of the x, y coordinate in the primary X-ray image before reaching the grid
  • S (x, y) is the pixel value of the x, y coordinate in the scattered ray image before reaching the grid.
  • the image P is an image of the primary X-ray component before reaching the grid
  • the image S is an image of the scattered ray component before reaching the grid.
  • ⁇ t and ⁇ t are the primary X-ray transmittance and the scattered ray transmittance of the target grid, respectively.
  • the target grid image M t has the primary X-ray transmittance ⁇ t of the target grid characteristics for each of the primary X-ray image P before reaching the target grid and the scattered ray estimated image S before reaching the target grid. It is shown that it is obtained by multiplying and adding the scattered ray transmittance ⁇ t.
  • M'(x, y) is a pixel value at the x, y coordinates of the scattered radiation reduced image that would be obtained when the ideal scattered radiation reduction process is performed.
  • P (x, y) is the pixel value of the x, y coordinates in the primary X-ray image before reaching the grid
  • S (x, y) is the pixel of the coordinates x, y in the scattered ray image before reaching the grid.
  • ⁇ u and ⁇ u are the primary X-ray transmittance and the scattered radiation transmittance of the photographing grid, respectively
  • E is the scattered radiation reduction rate represented by the equation (5).
  • the scattered radiation reduction image M' has a term obtained by multiplying the primary X-ray image P before reaching the grid by the primary X-ray transmittance ⁇ u of the photographing grid, and the scattered radiation image S before reaching the grid. It is shown that it is the sum of the term obtained by multiplying the scattering ray transmittance ⁇ u of the photographing grid by.
  • the scattered radiation reduction rate E is modified according to the equations (6) to (8)
  • the equation (5) is obtained.
  • the scattered radiation adjusting unit 363 is subjected to the processing represented by the formula (4) using the scattered radiation reduction rate E represented by the formula (5), so that the contrast is adjusted so as to correspond to the target grid when the target grid is used.
  • the scattered radiation reduced image Mc is obtained.
  • the scattered radiation adjusting section 363 obtains a scattered radiation reduction image M c by the following equation (9).
  • the embodiment it is possible to perform the scattered radiation estimation process from the primary X-ray transmittance and the scattered radiation transmittance, and generate a scattered radiation reduced image that matches the contrast of the target grid. That is, according to the present embodiment, the scattered radiation reduction having the same contrast as the contrast of the target grid from the target grid characteristic information and the captured grid characteristic information composed of the primary X-ray transmittance and the scattered ray transmittance, and the captured image. An image is generated.
  • the primary X-ray transmittance and the scattered ray transmittance are the basic characteristics defined in IEC60627Ed2, and since these basic characteristics can be used to realize the scattered ray reduction processing for the captured image, X using various imaging grids is used. It becomes easier to handle line photography.
  • the present invention supplies a program that realizes one or more functions of the above-described embodiment to a system or device via a network or storage medium, and one or more processors in the computer of the system or device reads and executes the program. It can also be realized by the processing to be performed. It can also be realized by a circuit (for example, ASIC) that realizes one or more functions.
  • a circuit for example, ASIC

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