WO2021151251A1 - Traitement du diabète résistant à un traitement avec un activateur de glucokinase - Google Patents

Traitement du diabète résistant à un traitement avec un activateur de glucokinase Download PDF

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WO2021151251A1
WO2021151251A1 PCT/CN2020/074112 CN2020074112W WO2021151251A1 WO 2021151251 A1 WO2021151251 A1 WO 2021151251A1 CN 2020074112 W CN2020074112 W CN 2020074112W WO 2021151251 A1 WO2021151251 A1 WO 2021151251A1
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less
inhibitor
diabetes
resistant
treatment
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PCT/CN2020/074112
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English (en)
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Li Chen
Shuang REN
Jiayi Zhang
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Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Ltd.
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Priority to AU2020426356A priority Critical patent/AU2020426356A1/en
Priority to PCT/CN2020/074112 priority patent/WO2021151251A1/fr
Priority to CA3169432A priority patent/CA3169432A1/fr
Publication of WO2021151251A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021151251A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4155—1,2-Diazoles non condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4985—Pyrazines or piperazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics

Definitions

  • glucokinase activator optionally in combination with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.
  • Type 2 diabetes i.e., non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) , accounts for more than 90%of diabetes worldwide.
  • NIDDM non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  • Type 2 diabetes is a hyperglycemic, chronic, metabolic dysfunction resulting from an imbalance of blood glucose homeostasis in the human body caused by insulin secretion disorder and insulin resistance.
  • the blood glucose balance of the human body is mainly coordinated by two hormones that control blood glucose, including insulin and glucagon.
  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is involved in the regulation of insulin secretion.
  • GLP-1 is also a therapeutic drug for diabetes that plays an important role in the blood glucose balance in human body. Insulin and GLP-1 analogues have become important drugs for the treatment of diabetes.
  • Glucokinase plays a central role in stabilizing the blood glucose balance in human body.
  • GK as a glucose sensor in glucose homeostasis, regulates the secretion of glucagon, insulin, and GLP-1 stimulated by glucose.
  • GK is mainly distributed in the liver, where it rapidly converts glucose into hepatic glycogen for storage in response to elevated blood glucose and meanwhile lowers the glucose level in the blood. Defect of glucokinase causes impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes. However, there is currently no glucokinase activator approved for clinical use.
  • type-2 diabetes is an evolving disease that requires progressive treatment intensification over time in order to control glucose adequately.
  • Scheen, Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2017, 18, 503-515 Treatment resistance is common and a major challenge in managing type-2 diabetes. Id.; Stone et al., Diabetes Care 2013, 36, 2628-2638.
  • a large number of type-2 diabetes patients have poor glycemic control despite oral therapy combining metformin, a sulfonylurea, and another glucose-lowering agent.
  • Scheen, Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2017, 18, 503-515 Therefore, there is a clinical need to be met in the field of a diabetes, particularly in treating a treatment-resistant diabetes.
  • a method of treating an untreated or treatment-resistant diabetes comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (i) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucokinase activator and (ii) optionally a therapeutically effective amount of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor.
  • a glucokinase activator e.g., a glucokinase activator
  • DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4
  • Also provided herein is a method of treating an untreated or treatment-resistant diabetes, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a glucokinase activator.
  • a method of treating an untreated or treatment-resistant diabetes comprising administering to a subject in need thereof (i) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucokinase activator and (ii) a therapeutically effective amount of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor.
  • a glucokinase activator e.g., a glucokinase activator
  • DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4
  • glucokinase activator is (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide, or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • glucokinase activator is (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide, or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4
  • subject refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human) , cow, pig, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse.
  • primate e.g., human
  • subject and patient are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human subject. In one embodiment, the subject is a human.
  • treat, ” “treating, ” and “treatment” are meant to include alleviating or abrogating a disorder, disease, or condition, or one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder, disease, or condition; or alleviating or eradicating the cause (s) of the disorder, disease, or condition itself.
  • prevent, ” and “prevention” are meant to include a method of delaying and/or precluding the onset of a disorder, disease, or condition, and/or its attendant symptoms; barring a subject from acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition; or reducing a subject’s risk of acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition.
  • alleviate and “alleviating” refer to easing or reducing one or more symptoms (e.g., pain) of a disorder, disease, or condition.
  • the terms can also refer to reducing adverse effects associated with an active ingredient.
  • the beneficial effects that a subject derives from a prophylactic or therapeutic agent do not result in a cure of the disorder, disease, or condition.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount or “effective amount” is meant to include the amount of a compound that, when administered, is sufficient to prevent development of, or alleviate to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the disorder, disease, or condition being treated.
  • therapeutically effective amount or “effective amount” also refers to the amount of a compound that is sufficient to elicit a biological or medical response of a biological molecule (e.g., a protein, enzyme, RNA, or DNA) , cell, tissue, system, animal, or human, which is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or clinician.
  • a biological molecule e.g., a protein, enzyme, RNA, or DNA
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material.
  • each component is “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • the term “about” or “approximately” means an acceptable error for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 1, 2, 3, or 4 standard deviations. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 50%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.05%of a given value or range.
  • optically active and ” enantiomerically active refer to a collection of molecules, which has an enantiomeric excess of no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, no less than about 91%, no less than about 92%, no less than about 93%, no less than about 94%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.8%.
  • an optically active compound comprises about 95%or more of one enantiomer and about 5%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question.
  • an optically active compound comprises about 98%or more of one enantiomer and about 2%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question. In certain embodiments, an optically active compound comprises about 99%or more of one enantiomer and about 1%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question.
  • the prefixes R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the compound about its chiral center (s) .
  • the (+) and (-) are used to denote the optical rotation of the compound, that is, the direction in which a plane of polarized light is rotated by the optically active compound.
  • the (-) prefix indicates that the compound is levorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the left or counterclockwise.
  • the (+) prefix indicates that the compound is dextrorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the right or clockwise.
  • the sign of optical rotation, (+) and (-) is not related to the absolute configuration of the compound, R and S.
  • isotopically enriched refers to a compound that contains an unnatural proportion of an isotope at one or more of the atoms that constitute such a compound.
  • an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen ( 1 H) , deuterium ( 2 H) , tritium ( 3 H) , carbon-11 ( 11 C) , carbon-12 ( 12 C) , carbon-13 ( 13 C) , carbon-14 ( 14 C) , nitrogen-13 ( 13 N) , nitrogen-14 ( 14 N) , nitrogen-15 ( 15 N) , oxygen-14 ( 14 O) , oxygen-15 ( 15 O) , oxygen-16 ( 16 O) , oxygen-17 ( 17 O) , oxygen-18 ( 18 O) , fluorine-17 ( 17 F) , fluorine-18 ( 18 F) , phosphorus-31 ( 31 P) , phosphorus-32 ( 32 P) , phosphorus-33 ( 33 P) , sulfur-
  • an isotopically enriched compound is in a stable form, that is, non-radioactive.
  • an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen ( 1 H) , deuterium ( 2 H) , carbon-12 ( 12 C) , carbon-13 ( 13 C) , nitrogen-14 ( 14 N) , nitrogen-15 ( 15 N) , oxygen-16 ( 16 O) , oxygen-17 ( 17 O) , oxygen-18 ( 18 O) , fluorine-17 ( 17 F) , phosphorus-31 ( 31 P) , sulfur-32 ( 32 S) , sulfur-33 ( 33 S) , sulfur-34 ( 34 S) , sulfur-36 ( 36 S) , chlorine-35 ( 35 Cl) , chlorine-37 ( 37 Cl) , bromine-79 ( 79 Br) , bromine-81 ( 81 Br) , and iodine-127 ( 127 I) .
  • an isotopically enriched compound is in an unstable form, that is, radioactive.
  • an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, tritium ( 3 H) , carbon-11 ( 11 C) , carbon-14 ( 14 C) , nitrogen-13 ( 13 N) , oxygen-14 ( 14 O) , oxygen-15 ( 15 O) , fluorine-18 ( 18 F) , phosphorus-32 ( 32 P) , phosphorus-33 ( 33 P) , sulfur-35 ( 35 S) , chlorine-36 ( 36 Cl) , iodine-123 ( 123 I) , iodine-125 ( 125 I) , iodine-129 ( 129 I) , and iodine-131 ( 131 I) .
  • any hydrogen can be 2 H, as example, or any carbon can be 13 C, as example, or any nitrogen can be 15 N, as example, or any oxygen can be 18 O, as example, where feasible according to the judgment of one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • isotopic enrichment refers to the percentage of incorporation of a less prevalent isotope (e.g., D for deuterium or hydrogen-2) of an element at a given position in a molecule in the place of a more prevalent isotope (e.g., 1 H for protium or hydrogen-1) of the element.
  • a less prevalent isotope e.g., D for deuterium or hydrogen-2
  • a more prevalent isotope e.g., 1 H for protium or hydrogen-1
  • isotopic enrichment factor refers the ratio between the isotopic abundance in an isotopically enriched compound and the natural abundance of a specific isotope.
  • deuterium enrichment refers to the percentage of incorporation of deuterium at a given position in a molecule in the place of hydrogen. For example, deuterium enrichment of 1%at a given position means that 1%of molecules in a given sample contain deuterium at the specified position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of deuterium is about 0.0156%on average, deuterium enrichment at any position in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting materials is about 0.0156%on average. As used herein, when a particular position in an isotopically enriched compound is designated as having deuterium, it is understood that the abundance of deuterium at that position in the compound is substantially greater than its natural abundance (0.0156%) .
  • substantially pure and substantially homogeneous mean sufficiently homogeneous to appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by standard analytical methods used by one of ordinary skill in the art, including, but not limited to, thin layer chromatography (TLC) , gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , gas chromatography (GC) , nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) , and mass spectrometry (MS) ; or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical, chemical, biological, and/or pharmacological properties, such as enzymatic and biological activities, of the substance.
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • GC gas chromatography
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • substantially pure or “substantially homogeneous” refers to a collection of molecules, wherein at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%by weight of the molecules are a single compound, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, or a mixture of enantiomers, as determined by standard analytical methods.
  • a molecule that contains other than the designated isotope at the specified position is an impurity with respect to the isotopically enriched compound.
  • a deuterated compound that has an atom at a particular position designated as deuterium a compound that contains a protium at the same position is an impurity.
  • solvate refers to a complex or aggregate formed by one or more molecules of a solute, e.g., a compound provided herein, and one or more molecules of a solvent, which are present in stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount.
  • Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, and acetic acid.
  • the solvent is pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • the complex or aggregate is in a crystalline form.
  • the complex or aggregate is in a noncrystalline form.
  • the solvent is water
  • the solvate is a hydrate. Examples of hydrates include, but are not limited to, a hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, and pentahydrate.
  • phrases “atautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof” has the same meaning as the phrase “ (i) a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein; or (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug of the compound referenced therein, or (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug of a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein. ”
  • a method of treating an untreated or treatment-resistant diabetes comprising administering to a subject in need thereof: (i) a therapeutically effective amount of a glucokinase activator (GKA) ; and (ii) optionally a therapeutically effective amount of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor.
  • GKA glucokinase activator
  • DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4
  • provided herein is a method of treating an untreated or treatment-resistant diabetes, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a GKA.
  • a method of treating an untreated or treatment-resistant diabetes comprising administering to a subject in need thereof: (i) a therapeutically effective amount of a GKA and (ii) a therapeutically effective amount of a DPP-4 inhibitor.
  • the GKA is (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide, or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • This GKA is also known as dorzagliatin having the structure shown below.
  • the GKA is one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,741,327 B2 or 9,388,168 B2, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the GKA is deuterium-enriched. In certain embodiments, the GKA is carbon-13 enriched. In certain embodiments, the GKA is carbon-14 enriched. In certain embodiments, the GKA contains one or more less prevalent isotopes for other elements, including, but not limited to, 15 N for nitrogen; 17 O or 18 O for oxygen, and 33 S, 34 S, or 36 S for sulfur.
  • the GKA has an isotopic enrichment factor of no less than about 5, no less than about 10, no less than about 20, no less than about 30, no less than about 40, no less than about 50, no less than about 60, no less than about 70, no less than about 80, no less than about 90, no less than about 100, no less than about 200, no less than about 500, no less than about 1,000, no less than about 2,000, no less than about 5,000, or no less than about 10,000.
  • an isotopic enrichment factor for a specified isotope is no greater than the maximum isotopic enrichment factor for the specified isotope, which is the isotopic enrichment factor when the GKA at a given position is 100%enriched with the specified isotope.
  • the maximum isotopic enrichment factor is different for different isotopes.
  • the maximum isotopic enrichment factor is 6,410 for deuterium and 90 for carbon-13.
  • the GKA has a deuterium enrichment factor of no less than about 64 (about 1%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 130 (about 2%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 320 (about 5%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 640 (about 10%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 1,300 (about 20%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 3,200 (about 50%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 4,800 (about 75%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 5,130 (about 80%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 5,450 (about 85%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 5,770 (about 90%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,090 (about 95%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,220 (about 97%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,280 (about 98%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,350 (
  • the GKA has a carbon-13 enrichment factor of no less than about 1.8 (about 2%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 4.5 (about 5%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 9 (about 10%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 18 (about 20%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 45 (about 50%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 68 (about 75%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 72 (about 80%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 77 (about 85%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 81 (about 90%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 86 (about 95%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 87 (about 97%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 88 (about 98%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 89 (about 99%carbon-13 enrichment) , or no less than about 90 (about 99.5%carbon-13 enrichment) .
  • the carbon-13 enrichment can be
  • At least one of the atoms of the GKA as specified as isotopically enriched has isotopic enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • the atoms of the GKA as specified as isotopically enriched have isotopic enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • the isotopic enrichment of the isotopically enriched atom of the GKA is no less than the natural abundance of the isotope specified.
  • At least one of the atoms of the GKA as specified as deuterium-enriched has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • the atoms of the GKA as specified as deuterium-enriched have deuterium enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • At least one of the atoms of the GKA as specified as 13 C-enriched has carbon-13 enrichment of no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • the atoms of the GKA as specified as 13 C-enriched have carbon-13 enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • the GKA is isolated or purified. In certain embodiments, the GKA has a purity of at least about 50%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%by weight.
  • the GKA is intended to encompass all possible stereoisomers, unless a particular stereochemistry is specified.
  • the GKA may exist as one or mixture of geometric cis/trans (or Z/E) isomers.
  • structural isomers are interconvertible, the GKA may exist as a single tautomer or a mixture of tautomers. This can take the form of proton tautomerism in the GKA that contains, for example, an imino, keto, or oxime group; or so-called valence tautomerism in the GKA that contain an aromatic moiety. It follows that a single GKA may exhibit more than one type of isomerism.
  • the GKA can be enantiomerically pure, such as a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, or be stereoisomeric mixtures, such as a mixture of enantiomers, e.g., a racemic mixture of two enantiomers; or a mixture of two or more diastereomers.
  • a GKA in its (R) form is equivalent, for GKAs that undergo epimerization in vivo, to administration of the GSK in its (S) form.
  • Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor, asymmetric synthesis from achiral starting materials, or resolution of an enantiomeric mixture, for example, chiral chromatography, recrystallization, resolution, diastereomeric salt formation, or derivatization into diastereomeric adducts followed by separation.
  • GKA When the GKA contains an acidic or basic moiety, it can also be provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. See, Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, 2nd ed.; Stahl and Wermuth Eds.; Wiley-VCH and VHCA, Zurich, 2011.
  • Suitable acids for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the GKA include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, 2, 2-dichloroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, boric acid, (+) -camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+) - (1S) -camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1, 2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glu
  • Suitable bases for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the GKA including, but not limited to, inorganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide; and organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, including L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, 2- (diethylamino) -ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, L-lysine, morpholine, 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) -morpholine, methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrrolidine, 1- (2
  • the GKA may also be provided as a prodrug, which is a functional derivative of the GKA and is readily convertible into the parent GKA in vivo.
  • Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent GKA. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent GKA is not.
  • the prodrug may also have enhanced solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent GKA.
  • a prodrug may be converted into the parent drug by various mechanisms, including enzymatic processes and metabolic hydrolysis.
  • the GKA is formulated as a pharmaceutical composition comprising the GKA and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the GKA pharmaceutical composition can be formulated in various dosage forms, including, but not limited to, dosage forms for oral, parenteral, and topical administration.
  • the GKA pharmaceutical composition can also be formulated as modified release dosage forms, including delayed-, extended-, prolonged-, sustained-, pulsatile-, controlled-, accelerated-, fast-, targeted-, programmed-release, and gastric retention dosage forms.
  • These dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra; Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology, 2nd ed.; Rathbone et al., Eds.; Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences 184; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2008.
  • a GKA pharmaceutical composition is formulated in a dosage form for oral administration. In another embodiment, a GKA pharmaceutical composition is formulated in a dosage form for parenteral administration. In yet another embodiment, a GKA pharmaceutical composition is formulated in a dosage form for intravenous administration. In yet another embodiment, a GKA pharmaceutical composition is formulated in a dosage form for intramuscular administration. In yet another embodiment, a GKA pharmaceutical composition is formulated in a dosage form for subcutaneous administration. In still another embodiment, a GKA pharmaceutical composition is formulated in a dosage form for topical administration.
  • a GKA pharmaceutical composition provided herein can be provided in a unit-dosage form or multiple-dosage form.
  • a unit-dosage form refers to physically discrete a unit suitable for administration to a subject, and packaged individually as is known in the art. Each unit-dose contains a predetermined quantity of an active ingredient (s) (e.g., the GKA described herein) sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceutical excipient (s) .
  • an active ingredient e.g., the GKA described herein
  • Examples of a unit-dosage form include, but are not limited to, an ampoule, syringe, and individually packaged tablet and capsule.
  • a unit-dosage form may be administered in fractions or multiples thereof.
  • a multiple-dosage form is a plurality of identical unit-dosage forms packaged in a single container to be administered in a segregated unit-dosage form.
  • Examples of a multiple-dosage form include, are not limited to, a vial, bottle of tablets or capsules, or bottle of pints or gallons.
  • the GKA pharmaceutical composition can be administered at once or multiple times at intervals of time. It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment may vary with the age, weight, and condition of the subject being treated, and may be determined empirically using known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or in vitro test or diagnostic data. It is further understood that for any particular individual, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the subject’s need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the GKA pharmaceutical composition.
  • the GKA pharmaceutical composition contains a GKA described herein (e.g., dorzagliatin) in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 1,000, from about 5 to about 500, from about 10 to about 250, from about 10 to about 150, or from about 20 to about 100 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the GKA pharmaceutical composition contains a GKA described herein (e.g., dorzagliatin) in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 1,000 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the GKA pharmaceutical composition contains a GKA described herein (e.g., dorzagliatin) in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 500 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) . In certain embodiments, the GKA pharmaceutical composition contains a GKA described herein (e.g., dorzagliatin) in an amount ranging from about 10 to about 250 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) . In certain embodiments, the GKA pharmaceutical composition contains a GKA described herein (e.g., dorzagliatin) in an amount ranging from about 10 to about 150 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • a GKA described herein e.g., dorzagliatin
  • the GKA pharmaceutical composition contains a GKA described herein (e.g., dorzagliatin) in an amount ranging from about 25 to about 100 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the GKA pharmaceutical composition contains a GKA described herein (e.g., dorzagliatin) in an amount of about 10, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, or about 150 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the GKA pharmaceutical composition contains a GKA described herein (e.g., dorzagliatin) in an amount of about 25, about 50, about 75, or about 100 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the GKA pharmaceutical composition (hereinafter, “dorzagliatin formulation” ) described herein comprises (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide, or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the dorzagliatin formulation is one disclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2019/0328713 A1; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the dorzagliatin formulation is formulated for oral administration. In certain embodiments, the dorzagliatin formulation is formulated as capsule. In certain embodiments, the dorzagliatin formulation is formulated as a tablet. In certain embodiments, the tablet is film-coated.
  • the dorzagliatin formulation contains (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 1,000, from about 5 to about 500, from about 10 to about 250, from about 10 to about 150, or from about 20 to about 100 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the dorzagliatin formulation contains (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 1,000 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the dorzagliatin formulation contains (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 500 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the dorzagliatin formulation contains (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide in an amount ranging from about 10 to about 250 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the dorzagliatin formulation contains (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide in an amount ranging from about 10 to about 150 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the dorzagliatin formulation contains (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide in an amount ranging from about 20 to about 100 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the dorzagliatin formulation contains (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide in an amount of about 10, about 25, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, or about 150 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the dorzagliatin formulation contains (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide in an amount of about 25, about 50, about 75, or about 100 mg per unit (e.g., a tablet) .
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA (e.g., dorzagliatin) is ranging from about 0.1 to about 50, from about 0.2 to about 20, from about 0.5 to about 10, or from about 1 to about 5 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA (e.g., dorzagliatin) is ranging from about 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA (e.g., dorzagliatin) is ranging from about 0.2 to about 20 mg/kg per day.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA is ranging from about 0.5 to about 10 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA (e.g., dorzagliatin) is ranging from about 1 to about 5 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA (e.g., dorzagliatin) is about 0.5, about 0.7, about 1, about 1.2, about 1.5, about 1.7, about 2, about 2.2, about 2.5, about 2.7, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, or about 5 mg/kg per day.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA is ranging from about 5 to about 1,000, from about 10 to about 500, or from about 20 to about 200 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA (e.g., dorzagliatin) is ranging from about 5 to about 1,000 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA (e.g., dorzagliatin) is ranging from about 10 to about 500 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA (e.g., dorzagliatin) is ranging from about 20 to about 200 mg per day.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the GKA is about 20, about 40, about 60, about 80, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, or about 200 mg per day.
  • the GKA (e.g., dorzagliatin) is administered once daily (QD) , or divided into multiple daily doses such as twice daily (BID) , and three times daily (TID) .
  • the GKA e.g., dorzagliatin
  • the GKA is administered once daily (QD) .
  • the GKA is administered twice daily (BID) .
  • the GKA is administered three times daily (TID) .
  • the GKA is administered under fasted conditions. In certain embodiments, the GKA is administered without a food. In certain embodiments, the GKA is administered at least about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, or about 60 min before a meal. In certain embodiments, the GKA is administered at least 1, 2, or 3 hours after a meal.
  • the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject can be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific GKA (e.g., e.g., dorzagliatin) , the metabolic stability and length of action of the compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy.
  • GKA e.g., e.g., dorzagliatin
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is alogliptin, anaglipitin, dutogliptin, evogliptin, gemigliptin, gosogliptin, linagliptin, omarigliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, teneligliptin, trelagliptin, or vildagliptin; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is alogliptin, anaglipitin, evogliptin, gemigliptin, gosogliptin, linagliptin, omarigliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, teneligliptin, trelagliptin, or vildagliptin; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, or sitagliptin; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (R) -2- ( (6- (3-aminopiperidin-1-yl) -3-methyl-2, 4-dioxo-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-1 (2H) -yl) methyl) benzonitrile (also known as alogliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is alogliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (S) -N- (2- ( (2- (2-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) amino) -2-methylpropyl) -2-methylpyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyrimidine-6-carboxamide (also known as anaglipitin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is anaglipitin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is ( (2R) -1- (2- ( ( (3R) -pyrrolidin-3-yl) amino) acetyl) pyrrolidin-2-yl) boronic acid (also known as dutogliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is dutogliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (R) -4- ( (R) -3-amino-4- (2, 4, 5-trifluorophenyl) butanoyl) -3- (tert-butoxymethyl) piperazin-2-one (also known as evogliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is evogliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (S) -1- (2-amino-4- (2, 4-bis (trifluoromethyl) -5, 8-dihydropyrido [3, 4-d] pyrimidin-7 (6H) -yl) -4-oxobutyl) -5, 5-difluoropiperidin-2-one (also known as gemigliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is gemigliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (3, 3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl) ( (2S, 4S) -4- (4- (pyrimidin-2-yl) piperazin-1-yl) pyrrolidin-2-yl) methanone (also known as gosogliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is gosogliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (R) -8- (3-aminopiperidin-1-yl) -7- (but-2-yn-1-yl) -3-methyl-1- ( (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl) methyl) -3, 7-dihydro-1H-purine-2, 6-dione (also known as linagliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is linagliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (2R, 3S, 5R) -2- (2, 5-difluorophenyl) -5- (2- (methylsulfonyl) -2, 6-dihydropyrrolo [3, 4-c] pyrazol-5 (4H) -yl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-amine (also known as omarigliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is omarigliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (1S, 3S, 5S) -2- ( (S) -2-amino-2- ( (1r, 3R, 5R, 7S) -3-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl) acetyl) -2-azabicyclo [3.1.0] hexane-3-carbonitrile (also known as saxagliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is saxagliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (R) -3-amino-1- (3- (trifluoromethyl) -5, 6-dihydro- [1, 2, 4] triazolo [4, 3-a] pyrazin-7 (8H) -yl) -4- (2, 4, 5-trifluorophenyl) butan-1-one (also known as sitagliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is sitagliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is ( (2S, 4S) -4- (4- (3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperazin-1-yl) pyrrolidin-2-yl) (thiazolidin-3-yl) methanone (also known as teneligliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is teneligliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (R) -2- ( (6- (3-aminopiperidin-1-yl) -3-methyl-2, 4-dioxo-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-1 (2H) -yl) methyl) -4-fluorobenzonitrile (also known as trelagliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is trelagliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is (S) -1- ( ( (1r, 3R, 5R, 7S) -3-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl) glycyl) pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrilevildagliptin (also known as vildagliptin) :
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is vildagliptin.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is deuterium-enriched. In certain embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor is carbon-13 enriched. In certain embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor is carbon-14 enriched. In certain embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor contains one or more less prevalent isotopes for other elements, including, but not limited to, 15 N for nitrogen; 17 O or 18 O for oxygen, and 33 S, 34 S, or 36 S for sulfur.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor has an isotopic enrichment factor of no less than about 5, no less than about 10, no less than about 20, no less than about 30, no less than about 40, no less than about 50, no less than about 60, no less than about 70, no less than about 80, no less than about 90, no less than about 100, no less than about 200, no less than about 500, no less than about 1,000, no less than about 2,000, no less than about 5,000, or no less than about 10,000.
  • an isotopic enrichment factor for a specified isotope is no greater than the maximum isotopic enrichment factor for the specified isotope, which is the isotopic enrichment factor when the DPP-4 inhibitor at a given position is 100%enriched with the specified isotope.
  • the maximum isotopic enrichment factor is different for different isotopes.
  • the maximum isotopic enrichment factor is 6410 for deuterium and 90 for carbon-13.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor has a deuterium enrichment factor of no less than about 64 (about 1%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 130 (about 2%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 320 (about 5%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 640 (about 10%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 1,300 (about 20%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 3,200 (about 50%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 4,800 (about 75%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 5,130 (about 80%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 5,450 (about 85%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 5,770 (about 90%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,090 (about 95%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,220 (about 97%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,280 (about 98%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor has a carbon-13 enrichment factor of no less than about 1.8 (about 2%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 4.5 (about 5%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 9 (about 10%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 18 (about 20%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 45 (about 50%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 68 (about 75%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 72 (about 80%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 77 (about 85%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 81 (about 90%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 86 (about 95%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 87 (about 97%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 88 (about 98%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 89 (about 99%carbon-13 enrichment) , or no less than about 90 (about 99.5%carbon-13 enrichment) .
  • the carbon-13 enrichment factor of
  • At least one of the atoms of the DPP-4 inhibitor as specified as isotopically enriched has isotopic enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • the atoms of the DPP-4 inhibitor as specified as isotopically enriched have isotopic enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • the isotopic enrichment of the isotopically enriched atom of the DPP-4 inhibitor is no less than the natural abundance of the isotope specified.
  • At least one of the atoms of the DPP-4 inhibitor as specified as deuterium-enriched has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • the atoms of the DPP-4 inhibitor as specified as deuterium-enriched have deuterium enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • At least one of the atoms of the DPP-4 inhibitor as specified as 13 C-enriched has carbon-13 enrichment of no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • the atoms of the DPP-4 inhibitor as specified as 13 C-enriched have carbon-13 enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is isolated or purified. In certain embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor has a purity of at least about 50%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%by weight.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitors described herein are intended to encompass all possible stereoisomers, unless a particular stereochemistry is specified.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor may exist as one or mixture of geometric cis/trans (or Z/E) isomers.
  • structural isomers are interconvertible, the DPP-4 inhibitor may exist as a single tautomer or a mixture of tautomers. This can take the form of proton tautomerism in the DPP-4 inhibitor that contains, for example, an imino, keto, or oxime group; or so-called valence tautomerism in the DPP-4 inhibitor that contain an aromatic moiety. It follows that a single DPP-4 inhibitor may exhibit more than one type of isomerism.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor can be enantiomerically pure, such as a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, or be stereoisomeric mixtures, such as a mixture of enantiomers, e.g., a racemic mixture of two enantiomers; or a mixture of two or more diastereomers.
  • a DPP-4 inhibitor in its (R) form is equivalent, for DPP-4 inhibitors that undergo epimerization in vivo, to administration of the DPP-4 inhibitor in its (S) form.
  • Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor, asymmetric synthesis from achiral starting materials, or resolution of an enantiomeric mixture, for example, chiral chromatography, recrystallization, resolution, diastereomeric salt formation, or derivatization into diastereomeric adducts followed by separation.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor when it contains an acidic or basic moiety, it can also be provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. See, Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, 2nd ed.; Stahl and Wermuth Eds.; Wiley-VCH and VHCA, Zurich, 2011.
  • Suitable acids for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the DPP-4 inhibitor include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, 2, 2-dichloroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, boric acid, (+) -camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+) - (1S) -camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1, 2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid,
  • Suitable bases for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the DPP-4 inhibitor including, but not limited to, inorganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide; and organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, including L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, 2- (diethylamino) -ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, L-lysine, morpholine, 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) -morpholine, methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrrolidine,
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor may also be provided as a prodrug, which is a functional derivative of a DPP-4 inhibitor, for example, (S) -2- (4- (2-chlorophenoxy) -2-oxo-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) -N- (1- ( (R) -2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) -4-methylpentanamide, and is readily convertible into the parent DPP-4 inhibitor in vivo.
  • Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent DPP-4 inhibitor. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent DPP-4 inhibitor is not.
  • the prodrug may also have enhanced solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent DPP-4 inhibitor.
  • a prodrug may be converted into the parent drug by various mechanisms, including enzymatic processes and metabolic hydrolysis.
  • alogliptin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is formulated as described in the package insert for In certain embodiments, anaglipitin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is formulated as described in the package insert for In certain embodiments, evogliptin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is formulated as described in the package insert for In certain embodiments, gemigliptin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is formulated as described in the package insert for In certain embodiments, gosogliptin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is formulated as described in the package insert for In certain embodiments, linagliptin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is formulated as described in the package insert for In certain embodiments, omarigliptin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is formulated as described in the package insert for In certain embodiments, saxagliptin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is formulated as described in the package insert for In certain embodiments, sitagliptin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is formulated as described in the package insert for
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the DPP-4 inhibitor is ranging from about 1 to about 1,000, from about 10 to about 500, from about 20 to about 250, or from about 50 to about 200 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., sitagliptin) is ranging from about 1 to about 1,000 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., sitagliptin) is ranging from about 10 to about 500 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., sitagliptin) is ranging from about 20 to about 250 mg per day.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the DPP-4 inhibitor is ranging from about 50 to about 200 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., sitagliptin) is about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, or about 150 mg per day.
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor e.g., sitagliptin
  • the DPP-4 inhibitor is administered under fasted conditions. In certain embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., sitagliptin) is administered without a food. In certain embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., sitagliptin) is administered at least about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, or about 60 min before a meal. In certain embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., sitagliptin) is administered at least 1, 2, or 3 hours after a meal.
  • the diabetes is an untreated or treatment-resistant type 1 diabetes. In another embodiment, the diabetes is an untreated or treatment-resistant type 2 diabetes.
  • the diabetes is a diabetes with persistent hyperglycemia. In certain embodiments, the diabetes is a diabetes with a glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c) of no less than about 7%. In certain embodiments, the diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 8%. In certain embodiments, the diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 9%. In certain embodiments, the is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 10%.
  • HbA1c glycated hemoglobin level
  • the diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 64 mmol/mol. In certain embodiments, the diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 75 mmol/mol. In certain embodiments, the diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 86 mmol/mol.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is a diabetes with persistent hyperglycemia despite pharmacological treatment with at least three oral glucose-lowering medications. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 7%despite pharmacological treatment with at least three oral glucose-lowering medications. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 8%despite pharmacological treatment with at least three oral glucose-lowering medications. In certain embodiments, the treatment- resistant diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 9%despite pharmacological treatment with at least three oral glucose-lowering medications. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 10%despite pharmacological treatment with at least three oral glucose-lowering medications.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 64 mmol/mol despite pharmacological treatment with at least three oral glucose-lowering medications. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 75 mmol/mol despite pharmacological treatment with at least three oral glucose-lowering medications. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is a diabetes with an HbA1c of no less than about 86 mmol/mol despite pharmacological treatment with at least three oral glucose-lowering medications.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is a diabetes with persistent poorly-controlled diabetes despite standard care with three oral glucose-lowering medications.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a DPP-4 inhibitor, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, an insulin, a meglitinide, metformin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, a sulfonylurea, a thiazolidinedione, or a combination thereof.
  • a DPP-4 inhibitor a GLP-1 receptor agonist
  • an insulin a meglitinide, metformin
  • SGLT-2 sodium-glucose cotransporter-2
  • SGLT-2 sodium-glucose cotransporter-2
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a DPP-4 inhibitor. In another embodiment, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to an SGLT-2 inhibitor. In yet another embodiment, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to metformin. In yet another embodiment, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a DPP-4 inhibitor and an SGLT-2 inhibitor. In yet another embodiment, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a DPP-4 inhibitor and metformin. In yet another embodiment, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to an SGLT-2 inhibitor and metformin. In still another embodiment, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a DPP-4 inhibitor, an SGLT-2 inhibitor, and metformin.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a DPP-4 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to alogliptin, anaglipitin, dutogliptin, evogliptin, gemigliptin, gosogliptin, linagliptin, omarigliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, teneligliptin, trelaglitin, or vildagliptin.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to alogliptin, anaglipitin, evogliptin, gemigliptin, gosogliptin, linagliptin, omarigliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, teneligliptin, trelaglitin, or vildagliptin.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, or sitagliptin.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a GLP-1 receptor agonist. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, or semaglutide.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to an insulin. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a fast-acting insulin, a short-acting insulin, an intermediate-acting insulin, a long-acting insulin, or an ultra-long acting insulin.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a meglitinide. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to nateglinide or repaglinide.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to an SGLT-2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, lipragliflozin, luseogliflozin, remogliflozin, sergliflozin, or tofogliflozin. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, or ertugliflozin.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a sulfonylurea. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to cloropropamide, gliclazide, glimepiride, or tolazamide.
  • the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to a thiazolidinedione. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to balaglitazone, ciglitazone, darglitazone, englitazone, lobeglitazone, netoglitazone, pioglitazone, rivoglitanzone, rosiglitazone, or troglitazone. In certain embodiments, the treatment-resistant diabetes is resistant to lobeglitazone, rosiglitazone, or pioglitazone.
  • the subject with a treatment-resistant diabetes fails a monotherapy. In certain embodiments, the subject with a treatment-resistant diabetes fails a dual-agent therapy.
  • the subject is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • a method provided herein encompasses treating a subject regardless of subject’s age, although some diseases are more common in certain age groups.
  • provided herein is a method of treating a treatment-resistant diabetes, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of dorzagliatin.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of dorzagliatin is about 150 mg per day.
  • dorzagliatin is administered in an amount of about 75 mg twice daily.
  • a method of treating a treatment-resistant diabetes comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of dorzagliatin and a therapeutically effective amount of sitagliptin.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of dorzagliatin is about 150 mg per day and the therapeutically effective amount of sitagliptin is about 100 mg per day.
  • dorzagliatin is administered in an amount of 75 mg twice daily and sitagliptin is administered in an amount of about 100 mg daily.
  • This phase I study accessed the pharmacokinetic interaction between dorzagliatin and sitagliptin in T2DM subjects. This study also evaluated the safety and tolerability of dorzagliatin with simultaneous administration of sitagliptin in T2DM subjects. Moreover, this study accessed the pharmacodynamic responses of glucose, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, and C-peptide following dorzagliatin, sitagliptin, or simultaneous administration of dorzagliatin and sitagliptin in T2DM subjects.
  • Study drugs were administered according to the dosing scheme summarized in Table 1. Study drugs are each taken 60 ( ⁇ 5) min prior to meals.
  • Eligible subjects had a minimum 12-day run-in period prior to admission to a clinical research center (CRC) , during which time they self-administered sitagliptin (100 mg QD) each morning up until and including Day -2.
  • CRC clinical research center
  • Subjects completed a diary to record sitagliptin doses taken each day and were advised to monitor their blood glucose levels and report changes in health status to the CRC.
  • a telephone call was placed to all subjects at approximately Day 6 ( ⁇ 2 day) of the run-in period to assess general health and collect adverse event (AE) information.
  • AE adverse event
  • PD Pharmacodynamic
  • Vital signs were assessed at screening, on Days -1 -15 within 60 min prior to each morning and evening dose, and on Day 17. Blood glucose was measured using a glucometer three times each day on Days -2 (prior to first meal after admission) through 16, within 60 min before each meal and after study drug dosing when applicable.
  • Clinical laboratory evaluations (chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis) were performed at screening, and on Days -1, 5, 10, 15, and 17.
  • a resting 12-lead ECG was completed at screening, on Day -1, and 2 h post-dose on Days 5, 10, 15, and 17. Physical examinations were conducted at screening and on Days -1 and 17.
  • Eligible subjects for the study were subjects diagnosed with T2DM at least 3 months prior to screening and were taking at the time a stable dose of either of the following therapy with no change in the dose for at least 4 weeks prior to screening: (i) ⁇ 1000 mg per day of metformin; (ii) a DPP-4 inhibitor; (iii) an SGLT-2 inhibitor; (iv) metformin plus a DPP-4 inhibitor; (v) metformin plus an SGLT-2 inhibitor. Subjects must agree to change their therapy to 100 mg sitagliptin QD for at least 14 days prior to dosing on Day 1.
  • Additional inclusion criteria for the eligible subjects included (i) in stable general health as determined by an investigator at screening evaluation performed no more than 42 days prior to dosing on Day 1; (ii) male and/or female subjects between the ages of 30 and 65 years; (iii) body mass index (BMI) of 19 to 38 kg/m 2 , inclusive, at screening; (iv) fasting C-peptide test result > 0.3 nmol/L (> 0.90 ng/mL) ; (v) HbA1c ⁇ 7%and ⁇ 10.5%; and (vi) nonsmoker, defined as not having smoked or used any form of tobacco for more than 6 months prior to screening.
  • BMI body mass index
  • Dorzagliatin was provided as a film-coated tablets in 75 mg strength for oral administration 60 min prior to a meal.
  • Sitagliptin was provided as 100 mg tablets for oral administration 60 min prior to a meal.
  • the total duration of participation in the study for each subject was about 59 days (up to 28-day screening period, 12-day run-in period, and 19-day in-clinic period) .
  • the plasma concentration-time data for dorzagliatin and sitagliptin were analyzed using noncompartmental methods to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters.
  • Sitagliptin did not have a significant effect on dorzagliatin PK parameters based on the analysis of plasma dorzagliatin C max and AUC 0-24h .
  • Least squares geometric means for C max were 833 and 814 for dorzagliatin in combination with sitagliptin and dorzagliatin alone, respectively, with a percent ratio of geometric means (GMR) of 102% (90%CI: 87, 120) .
  • Dorzagliatin did not have a significant effect on sitagliptin PK parameters based on the analysis of plasma sitagliptin C max and AUC 0-24h .
  • Least squares geometric means for C max were 403 and 410 for sitagliptin in combination with dorzagliatin and sitagliptin alone, respectively, with a percent GMR of 98% (90%CI: 84, 115) .
  • Least squares geometric means for AUC 0-24h were 2,722 and 2,938 for sitagliptin in combination with dorzagliatin and sitagliptin alone, respectively, with a percent GMR of 93% (90%CI: 86, 100) .
  • baseline corrected AUEC 0-4h , CE max , and CE av of insulin trended to be higher after combination administration of sitagliptin and dorzagliatin than after sitagliptin and dorzagliatin monotherapy.
  • baseline corrected AUEC 0-4h , CE max , and CE av of C-peptide following combination administration of sitagliptin and dorzagliatin were numerically higher than those for administration of either sitagliptin or dorzagliatin alone.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne une méthode pour traiter, prévenir ou améliorer un ou plusieurs symptômes d'un diabète non traité ou résistant à un traitement avec un activateur de glucokinase, éventuellement en combinaison avec un inhibiteur de la dipeptidyl peptidase-4.
PCT/CN2020/074112 2020-01-31 2020-01-31 Traitement du diabète résistant à un traitement avec un activateur de glucokinase WO2021151251A1 (fr)

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WO2013173417A2 (fr) * 2012-05-17 2013-11-21 Transtech Pharma, Inc. Compositions d'activateur de la glucokinase pour le traitement du diabète
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CN113750100A (zh) * 2021-08-31 2021-12-07 海南中济医药科技有限公司 一种含有多扎格列艾汀与西格列汀的药物组合物及其制备方法
CN113750100B (zh) * 2021-08-31 2022-12-30 海南中济医药科技有限公司 一种含有多扎格列艾汀与西格列汀的药物组合物及其制备方法

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