WO2021141653A1

WO2021141653A1 - Multicopter-assisted systems and methods for launching and retrieving a fixed-wing aircraft into and from free flight

Info

Publication number: WO2021141653A1
Application number: PCT/US2020/056773
Authority: WO
Inventors: Andreas H. Von Flotow; Corydon C. Roeseler
Original assignee: Hood Technology Corporation
Priority date: 2020-01-08
Filing date: 2020-10-22
Publication date: 2021-07-15

Abstract

The present disclosure presents various embodiments of a system for retrieving a fixed-wing aircraft (8030) from free flight using a flexible capture member (8004). The system includes a GPS reference sensor (8020) and a communication link to guide the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member.

Description

Multicopter-Assisted Systems and Methods for Launching and Retrieving a Fixed-Wing Aircraft Into and From Free Flight

Priority Claim

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application No. 16/737,429 filed on January 8, 2020, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Summary

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for launching fixed-wing aircraft into free, wing-borne flight and for retrieving fixed-wing aircraft from free, wing-borne flight. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for retrieving fixed-wing aircraft from free, wing-borne flight using a multicopter.

Background

[0003] Aircraft capable of long-distance, efficient cruising flight typically require long runways for take-off and landing. This limits the locations from which the aircraft can take-off and at which the aircraft can land, since many locations — such as ships at sea — don’t have sufficient space for a runway. Hovering aircraft are also proposed for use where space is limited. However, hovering aircraft tend to be more wind susceptible and the relatively large spinning blades that hovering aircraft typically employ make them unwelcome on small ship decks. There is a need for new systems and methods that eliminate the need for these aircraft to use long runways to take-off and land.

Brief Description of the Figures

[0004] Figures 1 A-1 D are diagrammatic views showing one example parasail- assisted method of launching a fixed-wing aircraft into free, wing-borne flight using an aircraft launch system including two winches.

[0005] Figures 2A-2D are diagrammatic views showing one example parasail- assisted method of retrieving a fixed-wing aircraft from free, wing-borne flight using an aircraft retrieval system including two winches. [0006] Figure 3A is a perspective view of one example embodiment of the aircraft-launch apparatus of the present disclosure attached to a fixed-wing aircraft.

[0007] Figure 3B is a top plan view of the aircraft-launch apparatus and the fixed-wing aircraft of Figure 3A.

[0008] Figure 3C is a partially-exploded perspective view of the aircraft-launch apparatus of Figure 3A.

[0009] Figure 3D is a block diagram showing certain electrically-controlled components of the aircraft-launch apparatus of Figure 3A.

[0010] Figure 3E is a perspective view of the hub module of the aircraft-launch apparatus of Figure 3A.

[0011 ] Figure 3F is a partially exploded perspective view of the hub base of the hub module of Figure 3E.

[0012] Figure 3G is a partially exploded perspective view of one of the female blind mate assemblies of the hub base of Figure 3F.

[0013] Figure 3H is a partial cross-sectional view of one of the flexural mounts of the female blind mate assembly of Figure 3G.

[0014] Figure 3I is a perspective view of the fixed-wing aircraft of Figure 3A attached to the saddle of the hub module of Figure 3E.

[0015] Figure 3J is top perspective view of the saddle of Figure 3I.

[0016] Figure 3K is a cross-sectional view of the saddle of Figure 3I taken substantially along line 4C-4C of Figure 3J and with certain elements removed.

[0017] Figures 3L and 3M are, respectively, assembled and exploded top perspective views of a rear engager of the saddle of Figure 3I.

[0018] Figure 3N is an exploded top perspective view of the attachment/release device of the part of the saddle of Figure 3I.

[0019] Figures 30-3Q are cross-sectional side elevational views of the part of the saddle of Figure 3I showing different configurations of the lock arm and the front engager arm taken substantially along the line 4G-4G of Figure 3J.

[0020] Figure 3R is a perspective view of one of the arm modules of the aircraft- launch apparatus of Figure 3A. [0021 ] Figure 3S is perspective view of the locking assembly of the arm module of Figure 3R.

[0022] Figures 3T, 3U, and 3V are side elevational views of the arm module of Figure 3R detaching from the hub module of Figure 3E via the locking assembly of Figure 3S.

[0023] Figure 3W is a perspective view of one of the front landing gear modules of the aircraft-launch apparatus of Figure 3A.

[0024] Figure 3X is a perspective view of one of the rear landing gear modules of the aircraft-launch apparatus of Figure 3A.

[0025] Figure 3Y is a perspective view of an example aircraft-launch apparatus and hoisting device.

[0026] Figure 3Z is an enlarged perspective view of the aircraft-launch apparatus of Figure 3Y.

[0027] Figure 3AA is a perspective view of the launch apparatus of Figures 3Y and 3Z having an aircraft coupled via a release mechanism.

[0028] Figure 3BB is perspective views of a launch cradle in an operating position and a stowed position, showing how the launch cradle may be pivotably mounted to a parasail mast, to maintain azimuth alignment of the launch cradle and the hoisting device.

[0029] Figures 3CC and 3DD are perspective views of a release mechanism according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0030] Figures 4A-4E are diagrammatic views showing another example parasail-assisted method of launching a fixed-wing aircraft into free, wing-borne flight using an aircraft launch system including a single winch.

[0031] Figures 5A-5E are diagrammatic views showing another example parasail-assisted method of retrieving a fixed-wing aircraft from free, wing-borne flight using an aircraft retrieval system including a single winch.

[0032] Figures 6A-6C are diagrammatic views showing another example parasail-assisted method of launching a fixed-wing aircraft into free, wing-borne flight using an aircraft launch system including a winch and a hoist, wherein the hoist is supported by the parasail tow line. [0033] Figures 6D-6G are diagrammatic views showing another example parasail-assisted method of retrieving a fixed-wing aircraft from free, wing-borne flight using an aircraft launch system including a winch and a hoist, wherein the hoist is supported by the parasail tow line.

[0034] Figures 7A and 7B are diagrammatic views showing the spatial relationship between a hoist and parasail of various example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0035] Figures 8A, 8B, and 8C are diagrammatic views showing one example multicopter-assisted method of retrieving a fixed-wing aircraft from free, wing-borne flight, including one GPS receiver.

[0036] Figure 8D is rear perspective view showing the capture of the fixed-wing aircraft based on the multicopter-assisted method of Figures 8A-8C.

[0037] Figure 8E is a diagrammatic view showing the example multicopter-assisted method of Figures 8A-8C including two GPS receivers.

Detailed Description

[0038] While the features, methods, devices, and systems described herein may be embodied in various forms, there are shown in the drawings, and will hereinafter be described, some exemplary and non-limiting embodiments. Not all of the depicted components described in this disclosure may be required, however, and some implementations may include additional, different, or fewer components from those expressly described in this disclosure. Variations in the arrangement and type of the components; the shapes, sizes, and materials of the components; and the manners of attachment and connections of the components may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims as set forth herein. This specification is intended to be taken as a whole and interpreted in accordance with the principles of the disclosure as taught herein and understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The drawings are not to scale unless noted otherwise.

[0039] The parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft launch and retrieval systems (sometimes called the “launch system(s)” and the “retrieval system(s)” for brevity) of various embodiments of the present disclosure are usable to launch a fixed-wing aircraft 30 from a moving object into free, wing-borne flight and to retrieve the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from free, wing-borne flight back onto the moving object. The fixed-wing aircraft 30 may be any suitable fixed-wing aircraft, such as (but not limited to) the INTEGRATOR unmanned aerial vehicle (INTEGRATOR is a registered trademark of Insitu, Inc.), the SCANEAGLE unmanned aerial vehicle (SCANEAGLE is a registered trademark of the Boeing Company), or X400 (X400 is a registered trademark of Insitu, Inc.). The moving object is a ship in the example embodiments described below, but may be any other suitable moving object in other embodiments (such as a truck or a railcar).

1. Two-winch embodiment

1.1 Parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft launch system and method

[0040] Figures 1 A-1 D are diagrammatic views showing one example parasail- assisted fixed-wing aircraft launch system and method of the present disclosure. In this example embodiment, the aircraft launch system includes a parasail P, a ballast B, a fixed- wing aircraft-launch apparatus 10 (sometimes called the “aircraft-launch apparatus” for brevity), a first winch 1110, a first flexible member 1110a, a first flexible member attachment device 1112, a pulley 1114, a second winch 1120, and a second flexible member 1120a.

[0041] The parasail P may be any suitable parasail including a kite, left and right bridle sets attached to the kite, and suitable rigging connecting the left and right bridle sets to the first flexible member 1110a (described below). The parasail P is rated such that it is strong enough to carry the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 together with the fixed-wing aircraft 30 without breaking.

[0042] The ballast B may be any suitable container filled with any suitable material (such as water, rock, or sand), and is attached to the left and right bridle sets such that the mass of the ballast B is generally evenly distributed between the left and right bridle sets. The mass of the ballast B is large enough to stabilize the parasail P when the parasail P is flying. In this example embodiment, the mass of the ballast B is between 30-150 pounds, though it may have any other suitable mass required to stabilize the parasail P when open.

[0043] The first winch 1110 is any suitable reversible, non-backdriveable winch (though it may be any other suitable type of winch in other embodiments) that includes a shaft, a drum fixedly mounted to the shaft, and a motor operably connected to the shaft to rotate the shaft (and therefore the drum). In this example embodiment, the first winch 1110 is a 2-10 horsepower worm gear winch. The second winch 1120 is a suitable reversible, backdriveable winch (though it may be any other suitable type of winch in other embodiments) that includes a shaft, a drum fixedly mounted to the shaft, and a motor operably connected to the shaft to rotate the shaft (and therefore the drum). In this example embodiment, the second winch 1120 is a 1 horsepower winch backdriveable at 200 pounds of tension. As described below, the first and second winches 1110 and 1120 are independently controllable to payout and retract the first and second flexible members 1110a and 1120a, respectively, as described below.

[0044] The first and second flexible members 1110a and 1120a are suitable ropes or other similar flexible elements.

[0045] The first flexible member attachment device 1112 is a suitable device configured to removably attach to the first flexible member 1110a. In this example embodiment, the first flexible member attachment device 1112 is an ascender that, once attached to the first flexible member attachment device, can move along the first flexible member in one direction but not the other. In other embodiments, the first flexible member attachment device is not configured to move relative to the first flexible member once attached to the first flexible member. A rope grab is one example of such a device.

[0046] The pulley 1114 is attached to the first flexible member attachment device 1112 and includes a wheel (not labeled) rotatably mounted on a shaft (not labeled). The pulley 1114 may be configured as a one way pulley, which includes a suitable component or suitable components, that enable the wheel to rotate around the shaft in one rotational direction — here, counter-clockwise — and that prevent the wheel from rotating around the shaft in the other rotational direction — here, clockwise.

[0047] Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C show the aircraft-launch apparatus 10. The aircraft-launch apparatus 10 is modular in that it is assembled from (and can be disassembled into) a plurality of different modules or subassemblies. The aircraft-launch apparatus 10 is removably attachable to the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to facilitate launching the fixed-wing aircraft 30 into free, wing-borne flight (as described below). [0048] As best shown in Figure 3C, the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 includes the following nine modules or subassemblies: a hub module 100; first, second, third, and fourth arm modules 400a, 400b, 400c, and 400d; first and second front landing gear modules 600a and 600b; and first and second rear landing gear modules 600c and 600d.

[0049] As described in detail below, to assemble the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 from these nine modules or subassemblies, an operator: (1 ) attaches the first, second, third, and fourth arm modules 400a, 400b, 400c, and 400d to the hub module 100; (2) attaches the first and second front landing gear module 600a and 600b to the first and second arm modules 400a and 400b, respectively; and (3) attaches the first and second rear landing gear modules 600c and 600d to the third and fourth arm modules 400c and 400d, respectively.

[0050] The modularity of this aircraft-launch apparatus 10 is beneficial compared to non-modular or unitary construction. First, the modularity of this aircraft- launch apparatus 10 enables an operator to quickly and easily disassemble this relatively large apparatus into nine smaller modules or subassemblies. The operator can compactly store these modules or subassemblies into a single container, which makes the disassembled aircraft-launch apparatus 10 easy to store and transport compared to when it is assembled. Second, if a part of this aircraft-launch apparatus 10 breaks, its modularity enables the operator to quickly and easily replace the module(s) or subassembly(ies) including the broken part with a properly-functioning replacement module(s) or subassembly(ies) rather than waste time repairing the broken component(s).

[0051] Other embodiments of the aircraft-launch apparatus may include more or fewer modules.

[0052] Figure 3D is a block diagram of certain electrically-controlled components of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10. In this embodiment, although not shown in Figure 3D, a lithium-ion battery (or any other suitable power source(s)) powers these components. For a given component, the power source may be directly electrically connected to that component to power that component or indirectly electrically connected to that component (e.g., via another component) to power that component.

[0053] The hub module 100 includes a hub base 200 and a saddle 300. The hub base 200 includes a controller 272 and a communications interface 274 electrically and communicatively connected to the controller 272. The saddle 300 includes a front engager servo motor 6341 and a lock servo motor 6345 both electrically and communicatively connected to the controller 272. This is merely one example configuration, and these components may be located on any suitable part of the aircraft- launch apparatus in other embodiments.

[0054] The controller 272 includes a processor 272a and a memory 272b. The processor 272a is configured to execute program code or instructions stored in the memory 272b to control operation of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10, as described herein. The processor 272a may be one or more of: a general-purpose processor; a content-addressable memory; a digital-signal processor; an application-specific integrated circuit; a field-programmable gate array; any suitable programmable logic device, discrete gate, or transistor logic; discrete hardware components; and any other suitable processing device.

[0055] The memory 272b is configured to store, maintain, and provide data as needed to support the functionality of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10. For instance, in various embodiments, the memory 272b stores program code or instructions executable by the processor 272a to control the aircraft-launch apparatus 10. The memory 272b may be any suitable data storage device, such as one or more of: volatile memory (e.g., RAM, which can include non-volatile RAM, magnetic RAM, ferroelectric RAM, and any other suitable forms); non-volatile memory (e.g., disk memory, FLASH memory, EPROMs, EEPROMs, memristor-based non-volatile solid-state memory, etc.); unalterable memory (e.g., EPROMs); and read-only memory.

[0056] The communications interface 274 is a suitable wireless communication interface, such as a transceiver like an MM2 900 MHz Embedded Radio by Freewave Technologies, configured to establish and facilitate communication between the controller 272 and: (1 ) a computing device (such as a laptop computer, a tablet computer, or a mobile phone, not shown); and (2) an R/C controller (not shown) that the operator of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 controls. In operation, once the communications interface 274 establishes communication with the computing device, the controller 272 can send data (via the communications interface 274) associated with the operation of the aircraft- launch apparatus 10 to the computing device. Once the communications interface 274 establishes communication with the R/C controller, the controller 272 can receive signals (via the communications interface 274) from the R/C controller. More specifically, upon receipt of these signals from the R/C controller, the communications interface 274 converts these signals into a format readable by the controller 272 and sends the converted signals to the controller 272 for processing.

[0057] The above-described communication may be bidirectional or unidirectional. In some embodiments, the communications interface 274 enables the controller 272 to send data to the computing device but not receive data from the computing device. In other embodiments, the communications interface 274 enables the controller 272 to send data to the computing device and to receive data from the computing device. In some embodiments, the communications interface 274 enables the controller 272 to receive signals from the R/C controller but not send signals to the R/C controller. In other embodiments, the communications interface 274 enables the controller 272 to receive signals from the R/C controller and send signals to the R/C controller.

[0058] In certain embodiments, the communications interface 274 includes separate components for communicating with the computing device (such as a telemetry link) and the R/C controller (such as an R/C receiver).

[0059] Figure 3E shows the hub module 100. The hub module 100: (1) serves as the attachment point for the arm modules 400a to 400d; (2) is the portion of the aircraft- launch apparatus 10 to which the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is attached for launch; (3) includes the power source for the aircraft-launch apparatus 10; and (4) includes certain components used to control operation of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10.

[0060] The hub module 100 includes a hub base 200 and a saddle 300. The saddle 300 is attached to the underside of the hub base 200 via various brackets and fasteners (not labeled). This is merely one example of how the saddle can be attached to the hub base, and in other embodiments the saddle may be attached to the hub base in any suitable manner.

[0061] Figures 3F, 3G, and 3H show the hub base 200 or components thereof. The hub base 200 is the portion of the hub module 100 that: (1 ) serves as the attachment point for the arm modules 400a to 400d; (2) includes the power source for the aircraft- launch apparatus 10; and (3) includes certain components used to control operation of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10.

[0062] As best shown in Figure 3F, the hub base 200 includes four elongated tubular rectangular supports 210a, 210b, 210c, and 21 Od attached to a first mounting plate 202 with suitable brackets and fasteners. Stabilizing brackets (not labeled) extend between and connect the free ends of the supports 210a and 210b and the supports 210c and 21 Od. A second mounting plate 250b is attached to the supports 210a, 210b, 210c, and 21 Od such that the supports are sandwiched between the first and second mounting plates 202 and 250. A housing 270 is mounted to the second mounting plate 250. The housing 270 encloses various electrical components, such as the power source, the controller 272, and the communications interface 274.

[0063] A guard 282 is attached to a guard mounting bracket 280 (via suitable fasteners) that is attached to the second mounting plate 250 (via suitable fasteners). A snag-prevention member attachment device 284 is attached to the guard 282 near the center of the guard 282 (when viewed from the top). As described in detail below, a snag- prevention member 299 is attachable to the snag-prevention member attachment device 284 (such as a universal joint) such that the snag-prevention member 299 can rotate 360 degrees (or less in other embodiments) relative to the guard 282 and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and pivot relative to a vertical axis between an angle defined by the geometry of the guard 282 and the geometry of the snag-prevention member 299. In this embodiment, the snag-prevention member 299 includes a flexible rod (such as a carbon- fiber rod) that has a normal shape to which it is biased to return once flexed. The snag- prevention member 299 may attach to the snag-prevention member attachment device 284 in any suitable manner, such as via a carabiner or other hook-type manner of attachment.

[0064] The open free ends of the tubular supports 21 Oa-21 Od form arm module receiving sockets that can receive one of the arm modules 400a to 400d. Specifically, the support 210a forms a first arm module receiving socket 214a sized to receive the first arm module 400a, the support 210b forms a second arm module receiving socket (not shown) sized to receive the second arm module 400b, the support 210c forms a third arm module receiving socket (not shown) sized to receive the third arm module 400c, and the support 21 Od forms a fourth arm module receiving socket 214d sized to receive the fourth arm module 400d.

[0065] The connectors shown in Figures 3F, 3G, and 3H illustrate example arrangements of connecting components for connecting one or more arms to the hub module. It should be noted that some embodiments may not include arms or connectors (blind or otherwise). Further, in some embodiments the connectors may be used only for transmission of power to arm-mounted motors and not for connecting one or more arms to the hub module.

[0066] As best shown in Figure 3F, female blind mate assemblies are attached to the free ends of the hollow supports 210a-210d. Specifically, a first female blind mate assembly 230a is attached to the free end of the support 210a near the first arm module receiving socket 214a, a second female blind mate assembly 230b is attached to the free end of the support 210b near the second arm module receiving socket, a third female blind mate assembly 230c is attached to the free end of the support 210c near the third arm module receiving socket, and a fourth female blind mate assembly 230d is attached to the free end of the support 21 Od near the fourth arm module receiving socket 214d.

[0067] The female blind mate assemblies 230 (along with the corresponding male blind mate connectors described below with respect to the arm modules) facilitate mechanical attachment of the arm modules 400a, 400b, 400c, and 400d to the hub module 100.

[0068] Figures 3G and 3H show the second female blind mate assembly 230b. The female blind mate assemblies 230a, 230c, and 230d are similar to the second female blind mate assembly 230b and are therefore not separately shown or described.

[0069] The second female blind mate assembly 230b includes: (1 ) a female blind mate connector 231 b including a plurality of pin receptacles (not labeled); (2) three elastomeric grommets 232b; (3) three rigid, hollow cylindrical spacers 233b; (4) three fasteners 234b; (5) three nuts 235b; (6) a mounting bracket 236b; and (7) mounting bracket fasteners (not labeled).

[0070] The mounting bracket 236b is positioned at a desired location along the hollow support 210b, and the mounting bracket fasteners are tightened to clamp the mounting bracket 236b in place relative to the hollow support 210b. [0071] The female blind mate connector 231 b is flexurally mounted to the mounting bracket 236b via the elastomeric grommets 232b, the spacers 233b, the fasteners 234b, and the nuts 235b. Specifically, the elastomeric grommets 232b are fitted into corresponding cavities in the female blind mate connector 231 b. As best shown in Figure 3H, each cavity includes an inwardly-projecting annular rib that fits into a corresponding annular cutout of the corresponding elastomeric grommet 232b. The spacers 233b are disposed within longitudinal bores defined through the elastomeric grommets 232b. The fasteners 234b extend through the hollow spacers 233b and through corresponding fastener receiving openings defined through the mounting bracket 236b into their corresponding nuts 235b. This secures the female blind mate connector 231 b to the mounting bracket 236b.

[0072] This flexural mount of the female blind mate connector to the mounting bracket via the elastomeric grommets is beneficial compared to a rigid connection of the female blind mate connector to the mounting bracket. The flexural mount enables the female blind mate connector to move — via deformation of the elastomeric grommet — relative to the mounting bracket (and the rest of the hub module) when loads are applied to the female blind mate connector, such as loads imposed on the female blind mate connector by the attached arm module during flight. Because the female blind mate connector is not rigidly attached to the corresponding mounting bracket, it is less likely that the pins of the male blind mate connector (described below) received by the pin receptacles of the female blind mate connector will break when loads are applied to the female blind mate connector.

[0073] As best shown in Figure 3H, a latch plate 237 is attached to the underside of each hollow support 210a and 210b below each female blind mate connector 231 attached thereto. The latch plate 237 includes a claw engager 238 and a backstop 239. The latch plate 237 is described below with respect to the locking assemblies 420 of the arm modules 400a to 400d.

[0074] Figures 3I-3Q show the saddle 300 or components thereof. The saddle 300 is the portion of the hub module 100: (1 ) to which the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is attached for launch; (2) from which the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is released for launch. [0075] This embodiment of the saddle 300 is sized, shaped, arranged, and otherwise configured to attach to and release the fixed-wing aircraft 30 without requiring any modification to the fixed-wing aircraft 30. The size, shape, arrangement, and configuration of the components of the saddle 300 may be modified such that the saddle 300 can attach to and release other fixed-wing aircraft (such as the fixed-wing aircraft 30).

[0076] The saddle 300 includes a saddle base bracket 6310 and first and second saddle side brackets 6312 and 6314 straddling the saddle base bracket 6310. A cross-brace 6318 is connected to and extends between the first and second saddle side brackets 6312 and 6314 near their back ends. As described in more detail below, the front ends of the first saddle side bracket 6312, the second saddle side bracket 6314, and the saddle base bracket 6310 are connected or otherwise mounted to a front engager 6320 such that the front engager 6320 can rotate relative to the first saddle side bracket 6312, the second saddle side bracket 6314, and the saddle base bracket 6310. Although not shown for clarity, the saddle base bracket 6310 is fixedly connected to the hub base via suitable mounting brackets, and the first and second saddle side brackets 6312 and 6314 are fixedly connected to the hub base via suitable fasteners.

[0077] As best shown in Figures 3J and 3K, the front engager 6320 includes: a shaft 6321 ; first and second leading-edge engagers 6323 and 6326; sleeve bearings 6322, 6324, 6325, and 6327; and a stabilizer 6328.

[0078] The first leading-edge engager 6323 includes a generally triangular base 6323a having a tube 6323c extending therefrom. A shaft-receiving bore (not labeled) extends through the base 6323a and the tube 6323c. The base 6323a defines a contoured leading edge engaging surface 6323b that is shaped to receive and engage the portion of the leading edge of the wing of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to which the saddle 300 will attach, as described below. The base 6323a includes a plurality of strengthening ribs extending outward from the tube 6323c. Similarly, the second leading-edge engager 6326 includes a generally triangular base 6326a having a tube 6326c extending therefrom. A shaft-receiving bore (not labeled) extends through the base 6326a and the tube 6326c. The base 6326a defines a contoured leading edge engaging surface 6326b that is shaped to receive and engage the portion of the leading edge of the wing of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to which the saddle 300 will attach, as described below. The base 6326a includes a plurality of strengthening ribs extending outward from the tube 6326c.

[0079] As noted above, the front engager 6230 is connected or otherwise mounted to the saddle base bracket 6310 and the first and second saddle side brackets 6312 and 6314 such that the front engager 6320 is rotatable relative to those components. The saddle base bracket 6310 includes a tubular mounting portion 6310a that defines a shaft-receiving bore therethrough. Part of the shaft 6321 is received in the shaft-receiving bore of the tubular mounting portion 6310a such that first and second free ends of the shaft are positioned on opposing sides of the tubular mounting portion 6310a. The shaft 6321 is rotatably fixed relative to the saddle base bracket 6310, though in other embodiments the shaft 6321 may rotate relative to the saddle base bracket 6310. Suitable bearings may be incorporated at the interfaces between the saddle base bracket and the shaft to facilitate rotation of the shaft relative to the saddle base bracket.

[0080] The first and second leading-edge engagers 6323 and 6326 are rotatably mounted to the shaft 6321 on opposite sides of the tubular mounting portion 6310a of the saddle base bracket 6310 via the sleeve bearings 6322, 6324, 6325, and 6327. Specifically, the sleeve bearings 6322 and 6324 are press fit into the opposing ends of the shaft-receiving bore through the first leading-edge engager 6323 such that the sleeve bearings 6322 and 6324 cannot rotate relative to the first leading-edge engager 6323. Part of the shaft 6321 is received in the sleeve bearings 6322 and 6324 and the shaft-receiving bore of the first leading-edge engager 6323 such that the first end of the shaft 6321 protrudes from the sleeve bearing 6324. The first end of the shaft 6321 is received in a first retaining element 6329a fixedly attached to the second saddle side bracket 6314. The first retaining element 6329a prevents substantial axial movement of the shaft 6321 relative to the first retaining nub 6329a, and retains the first leading-edge engager 6323 on the shaft 6321. At this point, the first leading-edge engager 6323 is mounted to the shaft 6321 via the sleeve bearings 6322 and 6324 such that the first leading-edge engager 6323 is rotatable about the longitudinal axis of the shaft 6321 relative to the saddle base bracket 6310. The longitudinal axis of the shaft 6321 is above the leading edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30. [0081] Similarly, the sleeve bearings 6325 and 6327 are press fit into the opposing ends of the shaft-receiving bore through the second leading-edge engager 6326 such that the sleeve bearings 6325 and 6327 cannot rotate relative to the second leading- edge engager 6326. Part of the shaft 6321 is received in the sleeve bearings 6325 and 6327 and the shaft-receiving bore of the second leading-edge engager 6326 such that the second end of the shaft 6321 protrudes from the sleeve bearing 6325. The second end of the shaft 6321 is received in a second retaining element 6329b fixedly attached to the first saddle side bracket 6312. The second retaining element 6329b prevents substantial axial movement of the shaft 6321 relative to the second retaining element 6329a, and retains the second leading-edge engager 6326 on the shaft 6321. At this point, the second leading-edge engager 6326 is mounted to the shaft 6321 via the sleeve bearings 6325 and 6327 such that the second leading-edge engager 6326 is rotatable about the longitudinal axis of the shaft 6321 relative to the saddle base bracket 6310.

[0082] The stabilizer 6328 is attached to the base 6323a of the first leading- edge engager 6323 and to the base 6326a of the second leading-edge engager 6326 such that the stabilizer 6328 extends between and connects the first and second leading- edge engagers 6323 and 6326. The stabilizer 6328 ensures the first and second leading- edge engagers 6323 and 6326 rotate relative to the saddle base bracket 6310 and the first and second saddle side brackets 6312 and 6314 substantially simultaneously rather than independently of one another.

[0083] As best shown in Figure 3J and 3M, an aircraft attaching/releasing assembly 6340 is attached to the saddle base bracket 6310 and to the front engager 6320 and controls rotation of the first engager 6320 about the longitudinal axis of the shaft 6321 relative to the saddle base bracket 6310. As best shown in Figure 3N, the aircraft attaching/releasing assembly 6340 includes: a front engager servo motor 6345 having a front engager servo motor shaft 6345a, a front engager arm 6342, a front engager arm lock device 6342a, a servo spacer 6344, first and second nut plates 6347a and 6347b, fasteners 6348 and corresponding nuts 6348a, a front engager rotation control link 6343 having connectors 6343a and 6343b at opposite ends, a lock servo motor 6341 having a lock servo motor shaft 6341a, a lock arm 6346 terminating at one end in a locking extension 6346a, and first and second front engager attachment brackets 6349a and 6349b.

[0084] The front engager servo motor 6345 and the lock servo motor 6341 are attached to one another and to the saddle base bracket 6310 via the fasteners 6348, the servo spacer 6344, the first and second nut plates 6347a and 6347b, and the nuts 6348a.

[0085] The front engager arm 6342 is attached near one end to the front engager servo motor shaft 6345a and near the other end to the connector 6343a. The connector 6343b is attached to the stabilizer 6328 of the front engager 6320 via the first and second front engager attachment brackets 6349a and 6349b (such as via suitable fasteners, not shown). This operatively links the front engager servo motor shaft 6345a to the front engager 6320. The front engager arm lock device 6342a is attached to the front engager arm 6342 between the connector 6343a and the front engager servo motor shaft 6345a.

[0086] The lock arm 6346 is attached to the lock servo motor shaft 6341 a near one end. The free end of the lock arm 6346 terminates in the locking extension 6346a, which is engageable to the front engager arm lock device 6342a in certain instances to prevent clockwise (from the viewpoint shown in Figures 30-3Q) rotation of the front engager arm 6342.

[0087] The front engager servo motor 6345 controls rotation of the front engager 6320 (and, specifically, the first and second leading-edge engagers 6323 and 6326) about the longitudinal axis of the shaft 6321 relative to the saddle base bracket 6310. To rotate the front engager 6320, the front engager servo motor 6345 rotates the front engager servo motor shaft 6345a, which rotates the attached front engager arm 6342, which in turn rotates the front engager 6320 via the front engager rotation control link 6343. The front engager servo motor 6345 can rotate the front engager 6320 between an attached rotational position — shown in Figures 30 and 3P — and a release rotational position — shown in Figure 3Q.

[0088] The lock servo motor 6341 controls rotation of the lock arm 6346 between a front engager rotation-preventing rotational position — shown in Figure 30 — and a front engager rotation-enabling rotational position — shown in Figures 3P and 3Q. When the front engager 6320 is in the attached rotational position and the lock arm 6346 is in the front engager rotation-preventing rotational position, the locking extension 6346a engages the front engager arm lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342. This prevents the front engager servo motor 6345 from rotating the front engager 6320 clockwise (from the viewpoint shown in Figures 30-3Q) from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position. As best shown in Figure 20, the servo spacer 6344 prevents counter-clockwise rotation (from the viewpoint shown in Figures 30-3Q) of the front engager arm 6342.

[0089] Figures 30-3Q show how the front engager servo motor 6345 and the lock servo motor 6341 cooperate to rotate the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position. Initially, the front engager arm 6342 is in the attached rotational position and the lock arm 6346 is in the front engager rotation preventing rotational position. Flere, the locking extension 6346a on the end of the lock arm 6346 engages the front engager arm lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342.

[0090] Since the locking extension 6346a engages the front engager lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342, the front engager servo motor 6345 cannot rotate the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position (clockwise from this viewpoint). And as indicated above, the servo spacer 6344b prevents counter-clockwise rotation of the front engager arm 6342 (from this viewpoint).

[0091] Rotating the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position is a two-step process. As shown in Figure 3P, the operator first operates the lock servo motor 6341 to rotate the lock arm 6346 into the front engager rotation-enabling rotational position (clockwise from this viewpoint). Second, as shown in Figure 3Q, the operator operates the front engager servo motor 6345 to rotate the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position (clockwise from this viewpoint).

[0092] As shown in Figure 3J, separate (but in this embodiment, identical) rear engagers 6360 (here, trailing-edge engagers) are attached to the first and second saddle side brackets 6312 and 6314. As best shown in Figures 3L and 3M, the rear engager 6360 includes a body 6362 and a pivotable portion 6364 pivotably connected to the body 6362 via a suitable pivot shaft (not shown). The body 6362 includes a trailing edge engaging surface 6362a. The pivotable portion 6364 includes multiple surfaces that define a trailing edge receiving channel 6364a sized and shaped to receive the trailing edge of a wing of the fixed-wing aircraft 30. Fasteners 6366 are threadably received in the pivotable portion 6364. The fasteners 6366 engage the top surface of the wing of the fixed-wing aircraft 30, and can be threaded further into or further out of the pivotable portion 6364 as desired to adjust clearance between the pivotable portion 6364 and the exterior upper surface of the wing. In one embodiment, the fasteners are formed from a relatively soft material, such as Teflon, and the pivotable portion is formed from a relatively harder material, such as aluminum.

[0093] The body 6362 is fixedly attached to the appropriate saddle side bracket via suitable fasteners (not shown for clarity) such that the trailing edge engaging surface 6362a and the pivotable portion 6364 extend below the body 6362.

[0094] In operation, the operator attaches the hub module 100 to the fixed-wing aircraft 30 by: (1 ) operating the front engager servo motor 6345 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the front engager 6320 to the release rotational position; (2) inserting the trailing edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 into the trailing edge receiving channels 6364a of the pivotable portions 6364 of the rear engagers 6360; (3) positioning the saddle 300 relative to the fixed-wing aircraft 30 such that the leading edge engaging surfaces 6323b and 6326b of the front engager 6320 are adjacent the leading edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30; (4) operating the front engager servo motor 6345 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the front engager 6320 to the attached rotational position such that the leading edge engaging surfaces 6323b and 6326b of the front engager 6320 contact the leading edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30; and (5) operating the lock servo motor 6341 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the lock arm 6346a into the front engager rotation-preventing rotational position so the locking extension 6346a on the end of the lock arm 6346 engages the front engager arm lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342.

[0095] At this point the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is attached to the saddle 300 (and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10) because the front engager 6320 and the rear engagers 6360 engage the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 therebetween. The pivotable portions 6364 of the rear engagers 6360 are rotationally positioned relative to the bodies 6362 of the rear engagers 6360 such that the trailing-edge engaging surfaces 6362a are not within the trailing-edge receiving channels of the pivotable portions 6364. The positioning of the servo spacer 6344b and the fact that the locking extension 6346a is engaged to the front engager arm lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342 ensure the front engager servo motor 6345 cannot rotate the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position. This prevents undesired release of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300 (and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10).

[0096] Releasing the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300 while the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 is airborne is a two-step process shown in Figures 3P and 3Q. To release the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300 (and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10), the operator first remotely controls the lock servo motor 6341 (via the R/C controller) to rotate the lock arm 6346 into the front engager rotation-enabling rotational position, as shown in Figure 3R Second, the operator remotely controls the front engager servo motor 6345 (via the R/C controller) to rotate the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position, as shown in Figure 3Q. As the front engager servo motor 6345 rotates the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position, the first and second leading edge engaging surfaces 6323b and 6326b of the front engager 6320 rotate away from and begin to lose contact with the leading edge of the wing of the fixed-wing aircraft 30. As the front engager 6320 continues to rotate clear of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30, the pivotable portions 6364 of the rear engagers 6360 enable the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to freely pivot relative to the saddle base bracket 6310, the first and second saddle side brackets 6312 and 6314, and the bodies 6362 of the rear engagers 6360 as gravity pulls the fixed-wing aircraft 30 downward. The center of gravity of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is positioned forward of the rear engagers. As this occurs, the trailing edge engaging surfaces 6362a of the bodies 6362 of the rear engagers 6360 gradually enter the trailing- edge receiving channels of the pivotable portions 6364. As this occurs, the trailing-edge engaging surfaces 6362a contact the trailing edge of the wings and force them out of the trailing edge receiving channels, thus releasing the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300 (and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10) into free flight. [0097] As the fixed-wing aircraft 30 rotates downward, its empennage rises relative to the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 as the nose of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 drops. The rear engagers are configured such that the trailing edges of the wings of the fixed- wing aircraft 30 are forced out of the trailing edge receiving channels before the empennage of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 contacts the aircraft-launch apparatus 10.

[0098] As noted above, this embodiment of the saddle 300 may be sized, shaped, arranged, and otherwise configured to attach to and release any suitable fixed- wing aircraft by clamping its wings between front and rear engagers. An operator could — without changing any other components of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 — swap out one saddle base bracket, front engager, and rear engager combination (or the entire saddle including those components) configured for one type of aircraft with another saddle base bracket, front engager, and rear engager combination (or the entire saddle including those components) configured for a different type of aircraft. This adds yet another layer of modularity to the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and enables it to carry many different types of fixed-wing aircraft without requiring any modification of those fixed-wing aircraft.

[0099] In other embodiments, the saddle may be the saddle described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0158318, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. That saddle is configured to attach to the fixed-wing aircraft 30 via a hook of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 (or any other fixed-wing aircraft including a suitable hook).

[00100] The arm modules 400a to 400d are mechanically attachable to and mechanically lockable to the hub module 200 and include locking assemblies that lock the arm modules 400a to 400d to the hub module 100. Figures 3R-3V show the first arm module 400a and components thereof. The other arm modules 400b, 400c, and 400d are similar to the first arm module 400a and are therefore not separately shown or described.

[00101] As best shown in Figure 3R, the first arm module 400a includes a generally rectangular elongated tubular arm 410a, a generally rectangular tubular first arm extension 410b, a generally rectangular second arm extension 410c, a locking assembly 420, and a male blind mate connector 431 . [00102] The first arm extension 41 Ob is attached to the arm 410a such that part of the first arm extension 410b is disposed within the arm 410a and the remainder of the first arm extension 410b extends from the arm 410a. Similarly, the second arm extension 410c is attached to the arm 410a such that part of the second arm extension 410c is disposed with in the arm 410a and the remainder of the arm extension 410c extends from the arm 410a. The locking assembly 420 is attached to the underside of the arm 410a near the end of the arm 410a from which the first arm extension 410b extends. The male blind mate connector 431 is attached to the end of the arm 410a from which the arm extension 410b extends.

[00103] As best shown in Figures 3T-3V, the male blind mate connector 431 — along with its counterpart female blind mate connector 231a of the hub module 100 — facilitate mechanical attachment of the first arm module 400a to the hub module 100. The male blind mate connector 431 includes a plurality of pins 431a configured to mate with the pin receptacles of the female blind mate connector 231a.

[00104] To attach the first arm module 400a to the hub module 100, an operator inserts the arm extension 410b into the first arm module receiving socket 214a of the hub module 100 and slides the first arm module 400a toward the hub module 100 with enough force to mate the pins of the male blind mate connector 431 with the pin receptacles of the female blind mate connector 231 a of the hub module 100.

[00105] As best shown in Figures 3S-3V, the locking assembly 420 includes a drawcatch 420a and a drawcatch lock 420b that facilitate attaching the first arm module 400a to the hub module 100, lock the first arm module 400a to the hub module 100, and facilitate detaching the first arm module 400a from the hub module 100.

[00106] As best shown in Figure 3S, the drawcatch 420a includes a base 421 , a lever 422, a claw 423, a first fastener 424 (such as a clevis pin or other suitable fastener), and a second fastener 425 (such as a clevis pin or other suitable fastener). The drawcatch lock 420b includes a base 426, a lock/release device 427 having a locking shelf 427a, a pin 428 (or other suitable connector), and a compression spring 429 (or other suitable biasing element).

[00107] The base 421 is attached to the underside of the arm 410a. The lever 422 is pivotably connected at one end to the base 421 via the first fastener 424. The other end of the lever 422 includes a handle 422a. The claw 423 is pivotably connected at one end to the lever 422 via the second fastener 425. The other end of the claw includes a latch plate engager 423a.

[00108] The base 426 is attached to the underside of the arm 410a. The lock/release device 427 is pivotably connected to the base 426 via the pin 428. The compression spring 429 is disposed between the base 426 and the lock/release device 427 and retained in place via cavities and/or projections defined in or extending from these components (not shown).

[00109] The lock/release device 427 is rotatable about the pin 428 from a lock rotational position to a release rotational position. The compression spring 429 biases the lock/release device 427 to the lock rotational position. To rotate the lock/release device 427 from the lock rotational position to the release rotational position, the operator pushes the lock/release device 427 inward with enough force to overcome the spring-biasing force and compress the compression spring 429.

[00110] The operator uses the locking assembly 420 to lock the male blind mate connector 431 with the female blind mate connector 231 a as follows. The operator rotates the handle 422a of the lever 422 around the first fastener 424 toward the latch plate 237 on the hollow support 210a of the hub module 100 and engages the claw engager 238 of the latch plate 237 with the latch plate engager 423a of the claw 423. The operator then rotates the handle 422a around the first fastener 424 and toward the lock/release device 427 until the handle 422a contacts the lock/release device 427. Continued rotation of the lever 422 forces the lock/release device 427 inward, which overcomes the spring-biasing force and begins compressing the compression spring 429. This causes the lock/release device 427 to being rotating to the release rotational position. Once the handle 422 rotates past the locking shelf 427a, the spring-biasing force of the compression spring 429 causes the lock/release device 427 to rotate back to the lock rotational position. At this point, the locking shelf 427a prevents the handle 422 from rotating back toward the latch plate 237, and the first arm module 400a and the hub module 100 are locked together.

[00111] As shown in Figures 3T-3V, the operator reverses this process to unlock the first arm module 400a from the hub module 100. The operator pushes the lock/release device 427 inward with enough force to overcome the spring-biasing force and to compress the compression spring 429, which causes the lock/release device 427 to rotate to the release rotational position. This frees the handle 422a to rotate. Once the handle 422a rotates past the locking shelf 427a, the operator rotates the handle 422a of the lever 422 around the first fastener 424 toward the latch plate 237 and disengages the latch plate engager 423a of the claw 423 from the claw engager 238 of the latch plate 237.

[00112] At this point, the operator can either physically pull the first arm module 400a and the hub module 100 apart to separate the male and female blind mate connectors 431 and 231a or use the locking assembly 420 to aid in detachment. When using the locking assembly 420 to aid in detachment, as shown in Figure 3U, after disengaging the latch plate engager 423a from the claw engager 238, the operator continues rotating the handle 422a toward the latch plate 237 until the latch plate engager 423a contacts the backstop 239 of the latch plate 237. Afterward, continued rotation of the handle 422a toward the latch plate 237 causes the latch plate engager 423a to impose a pushing force against the backstop 239, which forces the first arm module 400a and the hub module 100 apart.

[00113] Figure 3W shows the first front landing gear module 600a. The front landing gear modules (along with the rear landing gear modules, described below) support the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 when assembled but not flying, and facilitate launch and landing of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 without damaging the aircraft- launch apparatus 10. The second front landing gear module 600b is similar to the first front landing gear module 600a and is therefore not separately shown or described.

[00114] The first front landing gear module 600a includes a base 640a, a generally cylindrical leg 620a attached to and extending from the base 640a, and a generally rectangular tubular arm module receiving arm 610a attached to and extending from the base 640a. The leg 620a terminates in a generally semicircular foot 630a. The arm module receiving arm 610a defines an arm module receiving socket (not labeled) sized to receive the first arm module 400a.

[00115] The operator attaches the first front landing gear module 600a to the first arm module 400a by inserting the free end of the second arm extension 410c into the arm module receiving socket of the arm module receiving arm 610a of the first front landing gear module 600a. The operator then locks these two modules together, such as via suitable fasteners.

[00116] Figure 3X shows the first rear landing gear module 600c. The rear landing gear modules (along with the front landing gear modules, described above) support the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 when assembled but not flying, and facilitate launch and landing of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 without damaging the aircraft- launch apparatus 10. The rear landing gear modules are shaped such that they act as vertical stabilizers (or fins) during flight, ensuring that the front of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 (and the nose of the fixed-wing aircraft 30, if attached thereto) points generally into the airflow when in flight. The second rear landing gear module 600d is similar to the first rear landing gear module 600c and is therefore not separately shown or described.

[00117] The first rear landing gear module 600c includes a body 670c having a generally triangular cross-section that tapers from front to back. The body 670c transitions at its bottom into a generally circular foot 680c. A generally rectangular tubular arm module receiving arm 690c is attached to and extends through the body 670c.

[00118] The operator attaches the first rear landing gear module 600c to the third arm module 400c by inserting the free end of the third arm extension into the arm module receiving socket of the arm module receiving arm 690a of the first rear landing gear module 600c. The operator then locks these two modules together, such as via suitable fasteners.

[00119] Once attached, the rear landing gear modules are oriented such that the side surfaces of the bodies of the rear landing gear modules are substantially aligned with the saddle side brackets 612 and 614 of the saddle 300. When the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is attached to the aircraft-launch apparatus 10, these side surfaces of the rear landing gear modules are substantially parallel to a plane containing the roll axis of the fuselage of the fixed-wing aircraft 30. The relatively long length of these side surfaces of the rear landing gear modules cause the rear landing gear module to act as fins in flight. This weather vane effect ensures that the nose of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is oriented into the airflow when airborne. [00120] One or more operators may use the components of the aircraft launch system to launch the fixed-wing aircraft 30 into free, wing-borne flight. A single operator is referred to below for brevity and clarity.

[00121] To prepare for launch, the operator attaches the first and second winches 1110 and 1120 to suitable areas of the ship S in a suitable manner. In this example embodiment, the first winch 1110 is attached below the deck of the ship S while the second winch 1120 is attached to the deck of the ship S via mounting brackets and fasteners (not shown). The operator attaches one end of the first flexible member 1110a to the drum of the first winch 1110 and controls the first winch 1110 to retract most of the first flexible member 1110a. Similarly, the operator attaches one end of the second flexible member 1120a to the drum of the second winch 1120 and controls the second winch 1120 to retract most of the second flexible member 1120a.

[00122] The operator attaches the free end of the first flexible member 1110a to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P. This attaches the parasail P to the first winch 1110. The operator also attaches the ballast B to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P such that the mass of the ballast B is distributed between the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P. The operator may decide to bias the ballast to force the parasail to fly off to the left or right side of the ship.

[00123] In certain situations, the ship S may already be equipped with the first winch, the first flexible member, the parasail, and/or the ballast. In these situations, the operator need not take the above-described steps, and instead leverages the equipment already on the moving object (along with the additional components described above) to launch the fixed-wing aircraft into free, wing-borne flight.

[00124] The operator positions the fixed-wing aircraft 30 on the deck, such as on a launch-assist structure that can be removably attached to the deck and that retains the fixed-wing aircraft in a desired orientation. The operator attaches the hub module 100 of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 to the fixed-wing aircraft 30 by: (1) operating the front engager servo motor 6341 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the front engager 6320 to the release rotational position; (2) inserting the trailing edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 into the trailing edge receiving channels 6364a of the pivotable portions 6364 of the rear engagers 6360; (3) positioning the saddle 300 relative to the fixed-wing aircraft 30 such that the leading edge engaging surfaces 6323b and 6326b of the front engager 6320 are adjacent the leading edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30; (4) operating the front engager servo motor 6341 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the front engager 6320 to the attached rotational position such that the leading edge engaging surfaces 6323b and 6326b of the front engager 6320 contact the leading edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30; and (5) operating the lock servo motor 6345 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the lock arm 6346a into the front engager rotation-preventing rotational position so the locking extension 6346a on the end of the lock arm 6346 engages the front engager arm lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342.

[00125] In some example embodiments, the rear engager may be linked to the front engager, such that the rear engager disengages the trailing edge wing root as the front engager releases the leading edge wing root. This is illustrated in Figures 3CC and 3DD. The rear engager 350 is linked to the front engager 352 by a linking mechanism 354, such that when the front engager 352 releases, the rear engager 350 also releases. The release process is shown in Figure 3DD.

[00126] The use of the linking mechanism may allow both the front engager 352 and rear engager 350 to be actuated, causing an engaged aircraft to have no more coupling to the hub. Other embodiments may include a “center of gravity hook” or other component of the aircraft that is used to couple the aircraft to the hub. Flowever by using the linking mechanism to control both the front engager and rear engager, the hook is no longer needed. Removal of the hook can remove drag and weight from the aircraft, and allow any fixed-wing aircraft of suitable size to be coupled to the hub and released.

[00127] In some examples, the front engager may be actuated and thereby cause the rear engager to actuate via the linking mechanism. In this case, the aircraft may only actuate the front engager, and may not have a separate actuator for the rear engager. In other examples, both the front engager and the rear engager may have separate actuators configured to move them individually. Still further, in some examples the rear engager may be coupled to an actuator that causes it to move, and via the linking mechanism, may cause the front engager to move as well. [00128] At this point the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is attached to the saddle 300 because the front engager 6320 and the rear engagers 6360 engage the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 therebetween. The pivotable portions 6364 of the rear engagers 6360 are rotationally positioned relative to the bodies 6362 of the rear engagers 6360 such that the trailing-edge engaging surfaces 6362a are not within the trailing-edge receiving channels of the pivotable portions 6364. The positioning of the servo spacer 6344b and the fact that the locking extension 6346a is engaged to the front engager arm lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342 ensure the front engager servo motor 6341 cannot rotate the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position. This prevents undesired release of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300 (and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10).

[00129] After the hub module 100 is attached to the fixed-wing aircraft 30, the operator attaches the front and rear landing gear modules 600a to 600d to their respective arm modules 400a to 400d and attaches and locks the arm modules 400a to 400d to the hub module 100 to complete assembly of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10.

[00130] The operator starts up the engine of the fixed-wing aircraft 30, and controls the ship S to head into the wind and maintain this course throughout the launch process.

[00131] The operator opens the parasail P and controls the first winch 1110 to payout the first flexible member 1110a until the parasail P reaches a stable flying height. At this point in this example embodiment, about 50-100 feet of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the first winch 1110 and the parasail P. As shown in Figure 1A, the operator attaches the first flexible member attachment device 1112 (and its attached one way pulley 1114) to the first flexible member 1110 a first distance from the parasail P. In this example embodiment, the first distance is about 50-100 feet, though it may be any suitable distance in other embodiments. After attachment, the first flexible member attachment device 1112 is movable along the first flexible member 1110 toward the parasail P but not in the opposite direction.

[00132] The operator feeds the free end of the second flexible member 1120a through a guide loop (not labeled) on a mast M of the ship S, wraps the second flexible member 1120a around the wheel of the pulley 1114, and attaches the free end of the second flexible member 1120a to the snag-prevention member 299 of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10. This attaches the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 to the second winch 1120 and the first flexible member 1110a to the second flexible member 1120a. The operator controls the second winch 1120 to retract the second flexible member 1120a and remove any slack in the second flexible member 1120a, which draws the pulley 1114 and the snag-prevention member 299 together. Once the slack is removed and the snag- prevention member 299 is at or near the pulley 1114, the operator controls the second winch 1120 to maintain enough tension in the second flexible member 1120a to retain the snag-prevention member 299 (and therefore the aircraft-launch apparatus 10) at or near the pulley 1114.

[00133] As shown in Figure 1 B, the operator controls the first and second winches 1110 and 1120 such that the first and second flexible members 1110a and 1120a are respectively paid out from the first and second winches 1110 and 1120. More specifically, in this example embodiment, the operator controls: (1 ) the first winch 1110 to actively payout the first flexible member 1110a; and (2) the second winch 1120 to maintain sufficient tension in the second flexible member 1120a to retain the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 at or near the pulley 1114. As the first winch 1110 pays out the first flexible member 1110a, it causes the second winch 1120 to backdrive and payout the second flexible member 1120a (since they’re connected via the first flexible capture member attachment device 1112) while retaining the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 at or near the pulley 1114 (since the second winch 1120 maintains sufficient tension in the second flexible member 1120a and the wheel of the pulley 1114 resists lowering of the aircraft- launch apparatus 10). In other embodiments, the operator simultaneously controls the first and second winches to actively payout the first and second flexible members, respectively, rather than relying on the first winch causing the second winch to backdrive to payout the second flexible member.

[00134] As the first and second flexible members 1110a and 1120b are paid out from the respective first and second winches 1110 and 1120, the parasail P ascends via the wind and the continued motion of the ship S and lifts the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the attached fixed-wing aircraft 30 off of the deck of the ship S. Once the aircraft- launch apparatus 10 and the attached fixed-wing aircraft 30 are airborne, as the ship S travels into the wind, the rear landing gear of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 act as vertical stabilizers (or fins) that ensure that the front of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the nose of the attached fixed-wing aircraft 30 point generally into the wind.

[00135] The operator controls the first and second winches 1110 and 1120 to stop paying out the first and second flexible members 1110a and 1120a, respectively, once about 700 feet (or any other suitable amount) of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the first winch 1110 and the parasail P. More specifically, in this example embodiment, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to stop actively paying out the first flexible member 1110a once about 700 feet of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the first winch and the parasail P. This stops the first flexible member 1110a from causing the second winch 1120 to backdrive to pay out the second flexible member 1120a.

[00136] As shown in Figure 1 C, at this point the operator controls the second winch 1120 to payout the second flexible member 1120a such that gravity pulls the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and attached fixed-wing aircraft 30 downward relative to the first flexible member 1110a, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, and the pulley 1114. While the pulley 1114 resists descent of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 relative to the pulley 1114 (e.g. , where pulley 1114 is a one-way pulley), the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 is heavy enough such that gravity overcomes this resistive force. The operator controls the second winch 1120 to stop paying out the second flexible member 1120a once about 100 feet (or any suitable amount) of the second flexible member extends between the pulley 1114 and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10. This provides a buffer area between the fixed-wing aircraft 30 and the first flexible member 1110a that reduces the likelihood of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 contacting the first flexible member 1110a after release.

[00137] If the aircraft is not heavy enough to overcome sliding friction of the pulley 1114 where pulley 1114 is a one-way pulley, a two way pulley may be used in its place.

[00138] The operator then controls the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 to release the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300, as shown in Figure 1 D. Releasing the fixed- wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300 is a two-step process. To release the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300 (and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10), the operator first remotely controls the lock servo motor 6345 (via the R/C controller) to rotate the lock arm 6346 into the front engager rotation-enabling rotational position. Second, the operator remotely controls the front engager servo motor 6341 (via the R/C controller) to rotate the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position. As the front engager servo motor 6341 rotates the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position, the first and second leading edge engaging surfaces 6323b and 6326b of the front engager 6320 rotate away from and begin to lose contact with the leading edge of the wing of the fixed-wing aircraft 30. As the front engager 6320 continues to rotate clear of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30, the pivotable portions 6364 of the rear engagers 6360 enable the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to freely pivot relative to the saddle base bracket 6310, the first and second saddle side brackets 6312 and 6314, and the bodies 6362 of the rear engagers 6360 as gravity pulls the nose of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 downward. As this occurs, the trailing edge engaging surfaces 6362a of the bodies 6362 of the rear engagers 6360 gradually enter the trailing- edge receiving channels of the pivotable portions 6364. As this occurs, the trailing-edge engaging surfaces 6362a contact the trailing edge of the wings and force them out of the trailing edge receiving channels, thus releasing the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300 (and the aircraft-launch apparatus) into free, wing-borne flight.

[00139] After the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is released into free, wing-borne flight, the operator controls the second winch 1120 to retract the second flexible member 1120a such that the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 (and attached fixed-wing aircraft 30) ascends back toward the first flexible member 1110a, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, and the one-way pulley 1114. The operator controls the second winch 1120 such that the second flexible member 1120a stops retracting once the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 reaches the pulley 1114, yet maintains enough tension in the second flexible member 1120a to retain the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 at or near the pulley 1114.

[00140] The operator then controls the first and second winches 1110 and 1120 to respectively retract the first and second flexible members 1110a and 1120a until the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 reaches the deck of the ship S, at which point the operator controls the winches to stop retracting. At this point, deck hands secure the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and detach the first flexible member attachment device 1112 from the first flexible member 1110a, which disconnects the first flexible member 1110a from the second flexible member 1120a. The deck hands disassemble and stow the aircraft-launch apparatus 10. The operator controls the first winch 1110 to retract the remainder of the first flexible member 1110a such that the deck hands can collapse and stow the parasail P and the ballast B.

[00141] In certain embodiments, the launch system includes a compliant structure, such as a trampoline, to aid in the launch process. In these embodiments, the compliant structure is erected over part of the deck of the ship (or other moving object), and the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is positioned on the compliant structure before (or after) the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 is attached to the fixed-wing aircraft 30. The compliant structure acts as a damper that dampens forces that would otherwise be exerted on the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to be damaged as the ship S moves (especially in rough seas), which reduces the potential for damage to these apparatuses.

[00142] In other embodiments in which the saddle is that described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0158318, the fixed-wing aircraft launch method incorporates the procedure for releasing the fixed-wing aircraft from the saddle described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0158318.

[00143] Figures 3Y and 3Z show an example aircraft launch apparatus 310 and a hoist 320. Aircraft launch apparatus 310 may be similar or identical to aircraft launch apparatus 10 described above. Aircraft launch apparatus 310 is described in more detail below with respect to Figure 3Z.

[00144] Figure 3Y shows the aircraft launch apparatus 310 and a hoist 320. The hoist 320 may be similar or identical in some respects to the hoist described with respect to Figures 6A-G and 7A-B below. In particular, the hoist 320 may include a winch or other mechanism configured to extend and/or retract a flexible member attached to the aircraft launch apparatus 310. The flexible member may include a suitable rope or other similar flexible element. [00145] The hoist 320 also includes a suitable device configured to removably attach to a first flexible member attached to a parasail to raise the hoist into the air. This is described in further detail with respect to Figures 6A-G and 7A-B.

[00146] Figure 3Z illustrates an enlarged view of the aircraft launch apparatus 310. Launch apparatus 310 may include a hub base 312 and a saddle 314. The hub base 312 may be similar or identical to the hub base 200 described herein. Further, the saddle 314 may be similar or identical to the saddle 300 described elsewhere within this disclosure. In particular, a release mechanism of the saddle 314 may be similar or identical to a release mechanism of the saddle 300 described elsewhere.

[00147] The launch apparatus 310 may also include one or more trailing members 316. These may be referred to as tail feathers, and may serve to maintain an orientation or direction of the launch apparatus 310. The trailing members 316 may operate in a manner similar to the rear landing gear modules 600c and 600d described herein, specifically by maintaining the direction/orientation of the launch apparatus. Notably, however, the launch apparatus 310 may not include landing gear or other members configured to extend below an attached aircraft in order to touch down or land on a ship (such as landing gear modules 600a-d described with respect to Figure 3C).

[00148] Figure 3AA illustrates the launch apparatus 310 having an aircraft attached to the saddle 314.

[00149] Figure 3BB illustrates an example embodiment wherein a launch cradle 340 is in an operating position and a stowed position. The launch cradle 340 may be configured to carry or hold an aircraft, removing the need for landing gear or other members to hold the aircraft prior to and after it is released and/or captured. The launch cradle 340 may be configured to rotate between the operating position generally horizontal to the deck of the ship, and the stowed position wherein the cradle 340 is vertical to the deck of the ship. This can allow for a reduced footprint on the ship.

[00150] Figure 3BB also illustrates an example position of the storage device 330 of Figure 3Y on the ship. The storage device 330 of Figure 3BB may be configured to store the aircraft launch apparatus 310, the hoist 320, and/or one or more other components or devices described herein such as flexible members, aircraft components, hoists, winches, etc. The storage device 330 may be configured to fit onto a ship, such as those described herein.

1 .2 Parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft retrieval system and method

[00151 ] Figures 2A-2D are diagrammatic views showing one example parasail- assisted fixed-wing aircraft retrieval system and method of the present disclosure. In this example embodiment, the aircraft retrieval system includes the parasail P, the ballast B, the first winch 1110, the first flexible member 1110a, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, the one-way pulley 1114, the second winch 1120, the second flexible member 1120a, a drag-producing device 1130, a retrieval flexible member 1140, and a GPS receiver 1150.

[00152] The parasail P, the ballast B, the first winch 1110, the first flexible member 1110a, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, the one-way pulley 1114, the second winch 1120, and the second flexible member 1120a are described above.

[00153] The retrieval flexible member 1140 is a suitable rope or other similar flexible element.

[00154] The drag-producing device 1130 is a suitable device configured to produce drag when being pulled through the air. In this example embodiment, the drag- producing device includes a parachute.

[00155] The global positioning system (GPS) receiver 1150 is communicatively connectable with (such as via a suitable wireless protocol) GPS satellites (not shown), as is known in the art. The GPS receiver 1150 is configured to receive signals from one or more of the GPS satellites, to determine the multicopter’s location using those signals, and to transmit signals representing the multicopter’s location to a suitable external device. In this example embodiment, the GPS receiver 1150 is removably connectable to the retrieval flexible member 1140 in any suitable manner, and is used to communicate the position of the retrieval flexible member to the control system of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to enable retrieval (as described in detail below).

[00156] To prepare for retrieval, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to retract most of the first flexible member 1110a and controls the second winch to retract most of the second flexible member 1120a. The operator attaches the free end of the first flexible member 1110a to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P. This attaches the parasail P to the first winch 1110. The operator also attaches the ballast B to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P such that the mass of the ballast B is generally evenly distributed between the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P.

[00157] In certain situations, the ship may already be equipped with the first winch, the first flexible member, the first parasail, and/or the ballast. In these situations, the operator need not take the above-described steps, and instead leverages the equipment already on the moving object (along with the additional components described above) to retrieve the fixed-wing aircraft from free, wing-borne flight.

[00158] The operator controls the ship S to head into the wind and maintain this course throughout the retrieval process. The operator opens the parasail P and controls the first winch 1110 to payout the first flexible member 1110a until the parasail P reaches a stable flying height, as shown in Figure 2A. At this point in this example embodiment, about 50-100 feet of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the first winch 1110 and the parasail P. The operator then fixedly attaches the first flexible member attachment device 1112 (and its attached pulley 1114) to the first flexible member 1110 the first distance from the parasail P. In this example embodiment, the first distance is about 50- 100 feet, though it may be any suitable distance in other embodiments. After attachment, the first flexible member attachment device 1112 is movable along the first flexible member 1110 toward the parasail P but not in the opposite direction.

[00159] The operator wraps the second flexible member 1020a around the wheel of the pulley 1114 and attaches it to a free end of the retrieval flexible member 1140, as shown in Figure 2A. This attaches the first flexible member 1110a to the second flexible member 1120a and the retrieval flexible member 1140. The remainder of the retrieval flexible member 1140 is stored in a container C on the deck at this point. The operator attaches the drag-producing device 1130 to the second flexible member 1120a near its attachment point to the retrieval flexible member 2110c. The operator attaches the GPS receiver 1150 to the second flexible member 1120a between the pulley 1114 and the drag- producing device 1130. The operator controls the second winch 1120 to retract the second flexible member 1120a and remove any slack in the second flexible member 1120a, which draws the pulley 1114 and the GPS receiver 1150 toward one another. Once the slack is removed and the GPS receiver 1150 is at or near the pulley 1114, the operator controls the second winch 1120 to maintain enough tension in the second flexible member 1120a to retain the GPS receiver 1150 at or near the pulley 1114.

[00160] The operator controls the first and second winches such that the first and second flexible members 1110a and 1120a are respectively paid out from the first and second winches 1110 and 1120. More specifically, in this example embodiment, the operator controls: (1 ) the first winch 1110 to actively payout the first flexible member 1110a; and (2) the second winch 1120 to maintain sufficient tension in the second flexible member 1120a to retain the GPS receiver 1150 at or near the pulley 1114. As the first winch 1110 pays out the first flexible member 1110a, it causes the second winch 1120 to backdrive and payout the second flexible member 1120a (since they’re connected via the first flexible capture member attachment device 1112) while retaining the GPS receiver 1150 at or near the pulley 1114 (since the second winch 1120 maintains sufficient tension in the second flexible member 1120a and the retrieval flexible member 1140), as shown in Figure 2B. In other embodiments, the operator simultaneously controls the first and second winches to payout the first and second flexible members, respectively, rather than relying on the first winch causing the second winch to backdrive to payout the second flexible member.

[00161] As the first and second flexible members 1110a and 1120a are paid out from the respective first and second winches 1110 and 1120, the parasail P ascends via the wind and the continued motion of the ship S. This causes the retrieval flexible member 1140 to be paid out of the container C.

[00162] The operator controls the first and second winches 1110 and 1120 to stop paying out the first and second flexible members 1110a and 1120a, respectively, once about 250 feet of the first flexible member extend between the first winch 1110 and the parasail P. More specifically, in this example embodiment, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to stop actively paying out the first flexible member 1110a once about 250 feet (or any other suitable amount) of the first flexible member 1110a extends between the first winch 1110 and the parasail P. This stops the first flexible member 1110a from causing the second winch 1120 to backdrive to pay out the second flexible member 1120a. [00163] At this point the operator controls the second winch 1120 to payout the second flexible member 1120a to enable gravity to pull the drag-producing device 1130 and the GPS receiver 1150 downward relative to the first flexible member 1110a, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, and the pulley 1114, as shown in Figure 2C. As this occurs, the drag-producing device 1130 begins producing drag via its interaction with the air. Specifically, the drag-producing device 1130 operates to straighten and tension the portion of the second flexible member 1120a extending between the pulley 1114 and the drag-producing device 1130.

[00164] The operator controls the second winch 1120 to stop paying out the second flexible member 1120a once about 100 feet of the second flexible member 1120a extend between the pulley 1114 and the drag-producing device 1130.

[00165] As shown in Figure 2D, using the GPS coordinates received from the GPS receiver 1150, the operator controls the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to contact and capture a portion of the second flexible member 1120a in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 6,264,140, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. After capture, the operator controls the second winch 1120 to retract the second flexible member 1120a such that the fixed-wing aircraft 30, the drag-producing device 1130, and the GPS receiver 1150 ascend toward the first flexible member 1110a, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, and the pulley 1114. The operator controls the second winch 1120 such that the second flexible member 1120a stops retracting once the GPS receiver 1150 reaches the pulley 1114, yet maintains enough tension in the second flexible member 1120a to retain the GPS receiver 1150 at the pulley 1114.

[00166] The operator then controls the first and second winches 1110 and 1120 to respectively retract the first and second flexible members 1110a and 1120a until the fixed-wing aircraft 30 reaches the deck of the ship S, at which point the operator controls the winches to stop retracting. At this point, deck hands secure the fixed-wing aircraft 30 and detach the first flexible member attachment device 1112 from the first flexible member 1110a, which disconnects the first flexible member 1110a from the second flexible member 1120a and the retrieval flexible member 1130. The deck hands stow the fixed- wing aircraft 30. The operator controls the first winch 1110 to retract the remainder of the first flexible member 1110a such that the deck hands can collapse and stow the parasail P and the ballast B.

2. One-winch embodiment

2.1 Parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft launch system and method

[00167] Figures 4A-4E are diagrammatic views showing another example parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft launch system and method of the present disclosure. In this example embodiment, the aircraft launch system includes the parasail P, the ballast B, the aircraft-launch apparatus 10, the first winch 1110, the first flexible member 1110a, a second flexible member 2110b, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, the pulley 1114, a flexible member guide 2116, a second flexible member attachment device 2118, and a feed-control device 2120.

[00168] The parasail P, the ballast B, the aircraft-launch apparatus 10, the first winch 1110, the first flexible member 1110a, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, and the pulley 1114 are described above.

[00169] The second flexible member 2110b is a suitable rope or other similar flexible element.

[00170] The second flexible member attachment device 2118 is a suitable device configured to removably attach to the first flexible member 1110a. In this example embodiment, the second flexible member attachment device 2118 includes an ascender that, once attached to the first flexible member 1110a, can move along the first flexible member in one direction but not the other. This enables the operator to easily reposition the second flexible member attachment device 2118 (in one direction) along the first flexible member 1110a without removing the second flexible member attachment device 2118 from the first flexible member 1110a. In other embodiments, the second flexible member attachment device is not configured to move along the second flexible member once attached to the first flexible member. A rope grab is one example of such a device.

[00171] The feed-control device 2120, which is attached to the second flexible member attachment device 2118, is a suitable device configured to receive a flexible member and to enable an operator to regulate whether and at what rate the flexible member can pass therethrough. A belay is one example of a feed-control device. [00172] The flexible member guide 2116 is attachable to the first flexible member 1110a in any suitable manner and includes a guiding element — such as a closed loop — sized and shaped such that the second flexible member 2110b can pass therethrough. Other embodiments of the aircraft launch system do not include the flexible member guide.

[00173] One or more operators may use the components of the aircraft launch system to launch the fixed-wing aircraft 30 into free, wing-borne flight. A single operator is referred to below for brevity and clarity.

[00174] To prepare for launch, the operator attaches the first winch 1110 to a suitable area of the ship S in a suitable manner. In this example embodiment, the first winch 1110 is attached below the deck of the ship S. The operator attaches one end of the first flexible member 1110a to the drum of the first winch 1110 and controls the first winch 1110 to retract most of the first flexible member 1110a. The operator attaches the free end of the first flexible member 1110a to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P. This attaches the parasail P to the first winch 1110. The operator also attaches the ballast B to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P such that the mass of the ballast B is generally evenly distributed between the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P.

[00175] In certain situations, the ship S may already be equipped with the first winch, the first flexible member, the parasail, and/or the ballast. In these situations, the operator need not take the above-described steps, and instead leverages the equipment already on the moving object (along with the additional components described above) to launch the fixed-wing aircraft into free, wing-borne flight.

[00176] The operator positions the fixed-wing aircraft 30 on the deck, such as on a launch-assist structure (not shown) that can be removably attached to the deck and that retains the fixed-wing aircraft 30 in a desired launch orientation. The operator attaches the hub module 100 of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 to the fixed-wing aircraft 30 by: (1 ) operating the front engager servo motor 6341 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the front engager 6320 to the release rotational position; (2) inserting the trailing edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 into the trailing edge receiving channels 6364a of the pivotable portions 6364 of the rear engagers 6360; (3) positioning the saddle 300 relative to the fixed-wing aircraft 30 such that the leading edge engaging surfaces 6323b and 6326b of the front engager 6320 are adjacent the leading edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30; (4) operating the front engager servo motor 6341 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the front engager 6320 to the attached rotational position such that the leading edge engaging surfaces 6323b and 6326b of the front engager 6320 contact the leading edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30; and (5) operating the lock servo motor 6345 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the lock arm 6346a into the front engager rotation-preventing rotational position so the locking extension 6346a on the end of the lock arm 6346 engages the front engager arm lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342.

[00177] At this point the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is attached to the saddle 300 because the front engager 6320 and the rear engagers 6360 engage the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 therebetween. The pivotable portions 6364 of the rear engagers 6360 are rotationally positioned relative to the bodies 6362 of the rear engagers 6360 such that the trailing-edge engaging surfaces 6362a are not within the trailing-edge receiving channels of the pivotable portions 6364. The positioning of the servo spacer 6344b and the fact that the locking extension 6346a is engaged to the front engager arm lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342 ensure the front engager servo motor 6341 cannot rotate the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position. This prevents undesired release of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300 (and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10).

[00178] After the hub module 100 is attached to the fixed-wing aircraft 30, the operator attaches the front and rear landing gear modules 600a to 600d to their respective arm modules 400a to 400d and attaches and locks the arm modules 400a to 400d to the hub module 100 to complete assembly of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10.

[00179] The operator starts up the engine of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 and controls the ship S to head into the wind and maintain this course throughout the launch process. The operator opens the parasail P and controls the first winch 1110 to payout the first flexible member 1110a until the parasail P reaches a stable flying height, as shown in Figure 4A. At this point in this example embodiment, about 50-100 feet of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the first winch 1110 and the parasail P. [00180] As shown in Figure 4B, the operator attaches the first flexible member attachment device 1112 (and its attached pulley 1114) to the first flexible member 1110a a first distance from the parasail P. In this example embodiment, the first distance is about 50-100 feet, though it may be any suitable distance in other embodiments. The operator also attaches the second flexible member attachment device 2118 (and its attached feed- control device 2020) to the first flexible member 1110a between the first winch 1110 and the first flexible member attachment device 1112. The operator also attaches the flexible member guide 2116 to the first flexible member 1110a between the first and second flexible member attachment devices 1112 and 2118, respectively.

[00181 ] After attachment: (1 ) the first flexible member attachment device 1112 is movable along the first flexible member 1110a toward the parasail P but not in the opposite direction; (2) the second flexible member attachment device 2118 is movable along the first flexible member 1110a away from the parasail P but not in the opposite direction; and (3) the flexible member guide 2116 is not movable along the first flexible member 1110a.

[00182] The operator feeds one end of the second flexible member 2110b through the feed-control device 2120 and through the flexible member guide 2116, wraps the second flexible member 2110b around the wheel of the pulley 1114, and attaches the second flexible member 2110b to the snag-prevention member 299 of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10, as shown in Figure 4B. This attaches the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 to the second winch 1120 and the first flexible member 1110a to the second flexible member 2110b. At this point, the remainder of the second flexible member 2110b is stored in a container C on the deck.

[00183] While holding the feed-control device 2120, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to actively payout the first flexible member 1110a. As that occurs: (1) the paid out first flexible member 1110a travels through the second flexible member attachment device 2118 (which is held stationary relative to the ship S due to the operator holding the feed-control device 2120), which enables the parasail P to ascend via the wind and the continued motion of the ship S; and (2) the operator simultaneously controls the feed-control device 2120 to enable the second flexible member 2110b to payout from the container C. While doing so, the operator controls the feed-control device 2120 to maintain enough tension in the second flexible member 2110b to overcome the force of gravity and maintain the snag-prevention device 299 at or near the pulley 1114. As the parasail P ascends, it lifts the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the attached fixed-wing aircraft 30 off of the deck of the ship S (via the first flexible member attachment device 1112 and the pulley 1114). Once the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the attached fixed- wing aircraft 30 are airborne, as the ship S travels into the wind, the rear landing gear of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 act as vertical stabilizers (or fins) that ensure that the front of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the nose of the attached fixed-wing aircraft 30 point generally into the wind.

[00184] The operator controls the first winch 1110 to stop actively paying out the first flexible member 1110a and controls the feed-control device 2120 to stop enabling the second flexible member 2110b to pay out of the container C once about 230 feet (or any other suitable amount) of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the first flexible member attachment device 1112 and the second flexible member attachment device 2118, as shown in Figure 4C. The operator controls the feed-control device 2120 to enable gravity to pull the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the attached fixed-wing aircraft 30 downward relative to the first flexible member 1110a, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, and the pulley 1114, as shown in Figure 4D. While the pulley 1114 resists descent of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 relative to the pulley 1114, the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 is heavy enough such that gravity overcomes this resistive force. Once a stop device at the free end of the second flexible member 2110b engages the feed-control device 2120, the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 has descended as far as it can relative to the pulley 1114 (since the stop device cannot fit through the feed-control device 2120).

[00185] The operator controls the first winch 1110 to payout the first flexible member 1110a until about 700 feet of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the winch 1110 and the parasail P. The operator controls the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 to release the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300, as shown in Figure 4E and as explained above.

[00186] After the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is released into free, wing-borne flight, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to retract the first flexible member 1110a until the second flexible member attachment device 2118 reaches the operator. The operator grasps the second flexible member 2110b and removes the second flexible member attachment device 2118 from the first flexible member 1110a. While holding the second flexible member 2110b, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to payout the first flexible member 1110a such that the parasail P ascends. Once the snag-prevention member 299 reaches the one-way pulley, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to retract the first flexible member 1110a. As this occurs, the operator maintains sufficient tension in the second flexible member 2110b to maintain the snag-prevention device 299 at or near the pulley 1114.

[00187] Once the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 reaches the deck of the ship S, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to stop retracting. At this point, deck hands secure the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and detach the first flexible member attachment device 1112 from the first flexible member 1110a, which disconnects the first flexible member 1110a from the second flexible member 1120a. The deck hands disassemble and stow the aircraft-launch apparatus 10. The operator controls the first winch 1110 to retract the remainder of the first flexible member 1110a such that the deck hands can collapse and stow the parasail P and the ballast B.

[00188] In certain embodiments, the aircraft launch system includes a compliant structure, such as a trampoline, to aid in the launch process. In these embodiments, the compliant structure is erected over part of the deck of the ship (or other moving object), and the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is positioned on the compliant structure before (or after) the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 is attached to the fixed-wing aircraft 30. The compliant structure acts as a damper that dampens forces that would otherwise be exerted on the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to be damaged as the ship S moves (especially in rough seas), which reduces the potential for damage to these apparatuses.

[00189] In other embodiments in which the saddle is that described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0158318, the fixed-wing aircraft launch method incorporates the procedure for releasing the fixed-wing aircraft from the saddle described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0158318. [00190] In another embodiment, the aircraft launch system includes a receptacle attached to the pulley and a locking element attached to the end of the second flexible member near the aircraft launch apparatus. The receptacle is sized to receive the locking element and is configured to engage the locking element responsive to receiving the locking element to retain the locking element therein. The receptacle is also configured to release the locking element responsive to the operator tugging the second flexible member.

[00191] In operation, before controlling the first winch to payout the first flexible capture member to enable the parasail to ascend, the operator ensures the locking element is received in the receptacle and that the receptacle engages the locking element to retain the locking element therein. This ensures the aircraft launch apparatus is positioned near the pulley during this part of the launch process. Once the operator desires the aircraft launch apparatus to descent, the operator tugs on the second flexible member to cause the receptacle to disengage the locking element, thereby causing the aircraft launch apparatus to descend. After release of the fixed-wing aircraft, the operator controls the second winch to retract the second flexible member until the locking element is received in the receptacle such that the receptacle retains the locking element therein.

2.2 Parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft retrieval system and method

[00192] Figures 5A-5E are diagrammatic views showing another example parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft retrieval system and method of the present disclosure. In this example embodiment, the aircraft retrieval system includes the parasail P, the ballast B, the first winch 1110, the first flexible member 1110a, the second flexible member 2110b, a third flexible member 2110c, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, the pulley 1114, the second flexible member attachment device 2118, the feed- control device 2120, the drag-producing device 1130, and the GPS receiver 1150. These components are described above.

[00193] To prepare for retrieval, the operator attaches the first winch 1110 to a suitable area of the ship S in a suitable manner. In this example embodiment, the first winch 1110 is attached below the deck of the ship S. The operator attaches one end of the first flexible member 1110a to the drum of the first winch 1110 and controls the first winch 1110 to retract most of the first flexible member 1110a. The operator attaches the free end of the first flexible member 1110a to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P. This attaches the parasail P to the first winch 1110. The operator also attaches the ballast B to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P such that the mass of the ballast B is generally evenly distributed between the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P.

[00194] In certain situations, the ship may already be equipped with the first winch, the first flexible member, the parasail, and/or the ballast. In these situations, the operator need not take the above-described steps, and instead leverages the equipment already on the moving object (along with the additional components described above) to retrieve the fixed-wing aircraft from free, wing-borne flight.

[00195] The operator controls the ship S to head into the wind and maintain this course throughout the retrieval process. The operator opens the parasail P and controls the first winch 1110 to payout the first flexible member 1110a until the parasail P reaches a stable flying height, as shown in Figure 5A. At this point in this example embodiment, about 50-100 feet of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the first winch 1110 and the parasail P.

[00196] As shown in Figure 5B, the operator attaches the first flexible member attachment device 1112 (and its attached pulley 1114) to the first flexible member 1110a a first distance from the parasail P. In this example embodiment, the first distance is about 50-100 feet, though it may be any suitable distance in other embodiments. The operator also attaches the second flexible member attachment device 2118 (and its attached feed- control device 2020) to the first flexible member 1110a between the first winch 1110 and the first flexible member attachment device 1112. After attachment: (1) the first flexible member attachment device 1112 is movable along the first flexible member 1110a toward the parasail P but not in the opposite direction; and (2) the second flexible member attachment device 2118 is movable along the first flexible member 1110a away from the parasail P but not in the opposite direction.

[00197] The operator feeds one end of the second flexible member 2110b through the feed-control device 2120 and through the flexible member guide 2116, wraps the second flexible member 2110b around the wheel of the pulley 1114, and attaches the second flexible member 2110b to a free end of the third flexible member 2110c, as shown in Figure 5B. This attaches the first flexible member 1110a to the second flexible member 2110b and to the third flexible member 2110c. At this point, the remainder of the second flexible member 2110b is stored in a container C1 on the deck and the remainder of the third flexible member 2110c is stored in a container C2 on the deck. The operator attaches the drag-producing device 1130 to the second flexible member 2110b near its attachment point to the third flexible member 2110c. The operator attaches the GPS receiver 1150 to the second flexible member 2110b between the pulley 1114 and the drag-producing device 1130.

[00198] While holding the feed-control device 2120, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to actively payout the first flexible member 1110a. As that occurs: (1) the paid out first flexible member 1110a travels through the second flexible member attachment device 2118 (which is held stationary relative to the ship S due to the operator holding the feed-control device 2120), which enables the parasail P to ascend via the wind and the continued motion of the ship S; (2) the operator simultaneously controls the feed-control device 2120 to enable the second flexible member 2110b to payout from the container C1 and the third flexible member 2110c to payout from the container C2 (since it’s connected to the second flexible member 2110b). While doing so, the operator controls the feed-control device 2120 to maintain enough tension in the second flexible member 2110b to overcome the force of gravity and maintain the GPS receiver 1150 at or near the pulley 1114 and also maintains some amount of tension in the third flexible member 2110c. As the parasail P ascends, it lifts the GPS receiver 1150 and the drag-producing device 1130 off of the deck of the ship S (via the first flexible member attachment device 1112 and the pulley 1114).

[00199] The operator controls the first winch 1110 to stop actively paying out the first flexible member 1110a and controls the feed-control device 2120 to stop enabling the second flexible member 2110b to pay out of the container C1 once about 200 feet (or any other suitable amount) of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the first flexible member attachment device 1112 and the second flexible member attachment device 2118, as shown in Figure 5C. The operator controls the feed-control device 2120 to enable gravity to pull the GPS receiver 1150 and the drag-producing device 1130 downward relative to the first flexible member 1110a, the first flexible member attachment device 1112, and the pulley 1114, as shown in Figure 5D. While the pulley 1114 resists descent of the GPS receiver 1150 and the drag-producing device 1130 relative to the pulley 1114, the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 is heavy enough such that gravity overcomes this resistive force. Once a stop device at the free end of the second flexible member 2110b engages the feed-control device 2120, the GPS receiver 1150 and the drag-producing device 1130 have descended as far as they can relative to the pulley 1114 (since the stop device cannot fit through the feed-control device 2120). As this occurs, the drag-producing device 1130 begins producing drag via its interaction with the air. Specifically, the drag-producing device 1130 operates to straighten and tension the portion of the second flexible member 2110b extending between the pulley 1114 and the drag-producing device 1130.

[00200] As shown in Figure 5E, using the GPS coordinates received from the GPS receiver 1150, the operator controls the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to contact and capture a portion of the second flexible member 2110b in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 6,264,140, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. After capture, the operator grasps the second flexible member attachment device 2118 and, while holding the second flexible member attachment device 2118, controls the first winch 1110 to payout the first flexible member 1110a. The paid out first flexible member 1110a travels through the second flexible member attachment device 2118 (which is held stationary relative to the ship S), which enables the parasail P to ascend via the wind and the continued motion of the ship S. This causes captured fixed- wing aircraft 30, the GPS receiver 1150, and the drag-producing device 1130 to ascend toward the pulley 1114.

[00201] Once the captured fixed-wing aircraft reaches the pulley 1114, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to retract the first flexible member 1110a. As this occurs, the operator maintains sufficient tension in the second flexible member 2110b to maintain the captured fixed-wing aircraft 30 at or near the pulley 1114 and maintains sufficient tension in the third flexible member 2110c to prevent substantial movement of the fixed-wing aircraft 30. Once the fixed-wing aircraft 30 reaches the deck of the ship S, the operator controls the first winch 1110 to stop retracting. At this point, deck hands secure the fixed-wing aircraft 30 and detach the first and second flexible member attachment devices 1112 and 2118 from the first flexible member 1110a, which disconnects the first flexible member 1110a from the second flexible member 2110b and the third flexible member 2110c. The operator controls the first winch 1110 to retract the remainder of the first flexible member 1110a such that the deck hands can collapse and stow the parasail P and the ballast B.

3. Winch and Hoist embodiment

3.1 Parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft launch system and method

[00202] Figures 6A to 6C are diagrammatic views showing another example parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft launch system and method of the present disclosure. In this example embodiment, the aircraft launch system includes the parasail P, the ballast B, the aircraft-launch apparatus 10, the winch 1110, the first flexible member 1110a, a hoist 3120, and a second flexible member 3120b.

[00203] The parasail P, the ballast B, the aircraft-launch apparatus 10, the winch 1110, and the first flexible member 1110a are described above.

[00204] The hoist 3120 includes a winch or other mechanism configured to extend and/or retract the second flexible member 3120b. The second flexible member 3120b includes a suitable rope or other similar flexible element.

[00205] The hoist 3120 includes a suitable device configured to removably attach to the first flexible member 1110a. In this example embodiment, the hoist 3120 includes one or more locking members or connecting members that attach the hoist 3120 to the first flexible member 1110a. This enables the operator to easily extend or retract the hoist 3120 from the ship S by controlling the winch 1110 and enabling the parasail P to ascend and descend. It should be noted that once the hoist 3120 is attached to the first flexible member 1110a, it may remain a fixed distance from the ballast B and/or parasail P. In other words, once the hoist 3120 has been attached to the first flexible member 1110a, the hoist 3120 may rise upward along with the parasail P as the winch 1110 lets out more of the first flexible member 110a. Figures 7A and 7B illustrate this feature. This example maintains the benefits of keeping the launching aircraft clear of the area during parasail launch and landing. Further, the hoist is affixed to the first flexible member, so there is no need to synchronize parallel lengths of tether during the critical phases of the launch sequence. [00206] Figure 7 A shows the first flexible member 1110a comprising a first segment 7000 between the ballast B and the hoist 3120, and a second segment 7002 between the hoist 3120 and the winch 1110. Once the hoist 3120 is attached to the first flexible member, the length of the first segment 7000 will not change.

[00207] Figure 7B shows that the parasail has been let out and has risen into the air. The length of segment 7000 remains unchanged, and thus the hoist 3120 has risen along with the parasail. Figure 7B shows that the length of segment between the hoist 3120 and the winch 1110 has increased. This is segment 7004 in Figure 7B. Segment 7004 is longer than segment 7002. Consequently, the hoist 3120 and aircraft have departed the aft deck of the ship S.

[00208] Referring back to Figures 6A to 6C, one or more operators may use the components of the aircraft launch system to launch the fixed-wing aircraft 30 into free, wing-borne flight. A single operator is referred to below for brevity and clarity.

[00209] To prepare for launch, the operator attaches the winch 1110 to a suitable area of the ship S in a suitable manner. In this example embodiment, the winch 1110 is attached to the deck of the ship S. The operator attaches one end of the first flexible member 1110a to the drum of the winch 1110 and controls the winch 1110 to retract most of the first flexible member 1110a. The operator attaches the free end of the first flexible member 1110a to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail R This attaches the parasail P to the first winch 1110. The operator also attaches the ballast B to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P such that the mass of the ballast B is distributed between the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P The operator may deliberately distribute the mass unevenly, to force the parasail P to follow the ship off-center, thus maximizing clearance between the flexible members and the launching aircraft during release and climb-out.

[00210] In certain situations, the ship S may already be equipped with the winch, the first flexible member, the parasail, and/or the ballast. In these situations, the operator need not take the above-described steps, and instead leverages the equipment already on the moving object (along with the additional components described above) to launch the fixed-wing aircraft into free, wing-borne flight. [00211] The operator opens the parasail P, exposing it to the headwind, and controls the winch 1110 to payout the first flexible member 1110a until the parasail P reaches a stable flying height, as shown in Figure 6A. At this point in this example embodiment, about 50-100 feet of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the first winch 1110 and the parasail P.

[00212] The operator positions the fixed-wing aircraft 30 on the deck, such as on a launch-assist structure (not shown) that can be removably attached to the deck and that retains the fixed-wing aircraft 30 in a desired launch orientation. The operator attaches the hub module 100 of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 to the fixed-wing aircraft 30 by: (1 ) operating the front engager servo motor 6341 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the front engager 6320 to the release rotational position; (2) inserting the trailing edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 into the trailing edge receiving channels 6364a of the pivotable portions 6364 of the rear engagers 6360; (3) positioning the saddle 300 relative to the fixed-wing aircraft 30 such that the leading edge engaging surfaces 6323b and 6326b of the front engager 6320 are adjacent the leading edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30; (4) operating the front engager servo motor 6341 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the front engager 6320 to the attached rotational position such that the leading edge engaging surfaces 6323b and 6326b of the front engager 6320 contact the leading edges of the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30; and (5) operating the lock servo motor 6345 (either manually or remotely via the R/C controller) to rotate the lock arm 6346a into the front engager rotation-preventing rotational position so the locking extension 6346a on the end of the lock arm 6346 engages the front engager arm lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342.

[00213] At this point the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is attached to the saddle 300 because the front engager 6320 and the rear engagers 6360 engage the wings of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 therebetween. The pivotable portions 6364 of the rear engagers 6360 are rotationally positioned relative to the bodies 6362 of the rear engagers 6360 such that the trailing-edge engaging surfaces 6362a are not within the trailing-edge receiving channels of the pivotable portions 6364. The positioning of the servo spacer 6344b and the fact that the locking extension 6346a is engaged to the front engager arm lock device 6342a of the front engager arm 6342 ensure the front engager servo motor 6341 cannot rotate the front engager 6320 from the attached rotational position to the release rotational position. This prevents undesired release of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300 (and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10).

[00214] After the hub module 100 is attached to the fixed-wing aircraft 30, the operator attaches the front and rear landing gear modules 600a to 600d to their respective arm modules 400a to 400d and attaches and locks the arm modules 400a to 400d to the hub module 100 to complete assembly of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10.

[00215] The operator starts up the engine of the fixed-wing aircraft 30 and controls the ship S to head into the wind and maintains this course throughout the launch process. As shown in Figure 6A, the operator attaches the hoist 3120 to the first flexible member 1110a a first distance from the parasail P. In this example embodiment, the first distance is about 50-100 feet, though it may be any suitable distance in other embodiments.

[00216] The operator attaches one end of the second flexible member 3120b to the snag-prevention member 299 of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10, as shown in Figure 6B. This attaches the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 to the hoist 3120, and the first flexible member 1110a to the second flexible member 2110b. At this point, the remainder of the second flexible member 2110b is stored in the hoist 3120.

[00217] The operator controls the winch 1110 to actively payout the first flexible member 1110a. As that occurs, the paid out first flexible member 1110a enables the parasail P to ascend along with the aircraft-launch apparatus 10. While ascending, the hoist 3120 maintains enough tension in the second flexible member 3120b to overcome the force of gravity and maintain the aircraft-launch apparatus at or near the hoist 3120. As the parasail P ascends, it lifts the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the attached fixed- wing aircraft 30 off of the deck of the ship S. Once the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the attached fixed-wing aircraft 30 are airborne, as the ship S travels into the wind, the rear landing gear or fins of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 act as vertical stabilizers ensuring the front of the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the nose of the attached fixed- wing aircraft 30 point generally into the relative wind.

[00218] The operator controls the winch 1110 to payout the first flexible member 1110a to a predetermined height. In some examples, about 700 feet of the first flexible member 1110a extends between the winch 1110 and the parasail P. The operator controls the hoist to lower the aircraft launch apparatus to about 100 feet below the first flexible member. Then the operator controls the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 to release the fixed- wing aircraft 30 from the saddle 300, as shown in Figure 6C and as explained above.

[00219] After the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is released into free, wing-borne flight, the operator controls the hoist to elevate the aircraft launch apparatus to the first flexible member, and the winch 1110 to retract the first flexible member 1110a until the hoist 3120 and the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 reach the operator. The operator grasps the aircraft- launch apparatus 10 and the hoist 3120 and removes them from the first flexible member 1110a. The deck hands disassemble and stow the aircraft-launch apparatus 10. The operator controls the winch 1110 to retract the remainder of the first flexible member 1110a such that the deck hands can collapse and stow the parasail P and the ballast B.

[00220] In certain embodiments, the aircraft launch system includes a compliant structure, such as a trampoline, to aid in the launch process. In these embodiments, the compliant structure is erected over part of the deck of the ship (or other moving object), and the fixed-wing aircraft 30 is positioned on the compliant structure before (or after) the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 is attached to the fixed-wing aircraft 30. The compliant structure acts as a damper that dampens forces that would otherwise be exerted on the aircraft-launch apparatus 10 and the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to be damaged as the ship S moves (especially in rough seas), which reduces the potential for damage to these apparatuses.

[00221] In other embodiments in which the saddle is that described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0158318, the fixed-wing aircraft launch method incorporates the procedure for releasing the fixed-wing aircraft from the saddle described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0158318.

3.2 Parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft retrieval system and method

[00222] Figures 6D-6G are diagrammatic views showing another example parasail-assisted fixed-wing aircraft retrieval system and method of the present disclosure. In this example embodiment, the aircraft retrieval system includes the parasail P, the ballast B, the winch 1110, the first flexible member 1110a, the hoist 3120, the second flexible member 3120b, a reel 3130, a third flexible member 3130c, and the GPS receiver 3150. Some of these components are described above.

[00223] To prepare for retrieval, the operator attaches the winch 1110 to a suitable area of the ship S in a suitable manner. In this example embodiment, the winch 1110 is attached to the deck of the ship S. The operator attaches one end of the first flexible member 1110a to the drum of the winch 1110 and controls the winch 1110 to retract most of the first flexible member 1110a. The operator attaches the free end of the first flexible member 1110a to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P. This attaches the parasail P to the winch 1110. The operator also attaches the ballast B to the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P such that the mass of the ballast B is distributed between the left and right bridle sets of the parasail P.

[00224] In certain situations, the ship may already be equipped with the winch, the first flexible member, the parasail, and/or the ballast. In these situations, the operator need not take the above-described steps, and instead leverages the equipment already on the moving object (along with the additional components described above) to retrieve the fixed-wing aircraft from free, wing-borne flight.

[00225] The operator controls the ship S to head into the wind and maintains this course throughout the retrieval process. The operator opens the parasail P and controls the winch 1110 to payout the first flexible member 1110a until the parasail P reaches a stable flying height, as shown in Figure 6D. At this point in this example embodiment, about 50-100 feet of the first flexible member 1110a extend between the winch 1110 and the parasail P.

[00226] As shown in Figure 6D, the operator attaches the hoist 3120 to the first flexible member 1110a a first distance from the parasail P. In this example embodiment, the first distance is about 50-100 feet, though it may be any suitable distance in other embodiments.

[00227] The operator attaches the second flexible member 3120b to a free end of the third flexible member 3130c, as shown in Figure 6D. This attaches the first flexible member 1110a to the second flexible member 3120b and to the third flexible member 3130c. At this point, the remainder of the second flexible member 3120b is stored in the hoist 3120, and the remainder of the third flexible member 3130c is stored on the reel 3130. The operator may attach a drag-producing device to the second flexible member 3120b near its attachment point to the third flexible member 3130c. The operator attaches the GPS receiver 3150 to the second flexible member 3120b, also near this location. Alternatively, the GPS receiver may be attached at the hoist location, but the location described above may be preferred when accuracy and clearance to the first flexible member is important.

[00228] The operator controls the winch 1110 to actively payout the first flexible member 1110a. As that occurs, the operator allows the reel 3130 to pay-out the third flexible member 3130c from the reel 3130. While doing so, the operator controls the hoist 3120 to maintain enough tension in the second flexible member 3120b to overcome the force of gravity and maintain the GPS receiver 3150 at or near hoist 3120 and also maintains some amount of tension in the third flexible member 3130c. As the parasail P ascends, it lifts the GPS receiver 3150 and any attached drag-producing device off of the deck of the ship S.

[00229] The operator controls the winch 1110 to stop actively paying out the first flexible member 1110a and controls the reel 3130 to stop enabling the third flexible member 3130c to pay out of the reel 3130 once a sufficient length of the first flexible member 1110a extends from the winch 1110 to the parasail P, as shown in Figure 6E. The operator controls the hoist 3120 to enable gravity and aerodynamic drag to pull the GPS receiver 3150 downward relative to the first flexible member 1110a as shown in Figure 6E.

[00230] As shown in Figure 6F, using the GPS coordinates received from the GPS receiver 3150, the operator controls the fixed-wing aircraft 30 to contact and capture a portion of the second flexible member 3120b in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 6,264,140, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. After capture, the operator controls the hoist 3120 to retract the second flexible member 3120B into the hoist 3120, and raise the captured fixed-wing aircraft 30 toward the first flexible member 1110a.

[00231] Once the captured fixed-wing aircraft reaches the hoist 3120, the operator controls the winch 1110 to retract the first flexible member 1110a. As this occurs, the operator maintains sufficient tension in the third flexible member 3130c using the reel 3130 to keep the GPS receiver from dipping into the water. Once the fixed-wing aircraft 30 reaches the deck of the ship S, the operator controls the winch 1110 to stop retracting. At this point, deck hands secure the fixed-wing aircraft 30 and detach the hoist from the first flexible member 1110a, which disconnects the first flexible member 1110a from the second flexible member 3120b The operator then controls the winch 1110 to retract the remainder of the first flexible member 1110a such that the deck hands can collapse and stow the parasail P and the ballast B.

[00232] In some embodiments, usage of the concepts described herein may take the form of a primary or host ship and its tender. For example, the host ship may be a larger ship configured to store the secondary ship as its tender. The tender in turn may be a rigid hulled inflatable boat (RHIB) specially configured for launch and retrieval of the aircraft. As such, the tender may be configured to store specialized hardware such as the parasail winch or winches, parasail launching mast, aircraft launch cradle, engine cooling system for the aircraft, and engine starter for the aircraft. Further, the tender may have an enlarged deck for use in connection with the launching and retrieval of the aircraft as described herein.

[00233] In some examples, the hardware may also be engaged with suitable quick disconnect fittings to the tender. This can allow quick swapping of the hardware with seats or other components when not in use.

3.3 Multicopter-assisted fixed-wing aircraft retrieval system and method

[00234] Figures 8A-8E illustrate various views of a multicopter-assisted aircraft retrieval system. Certain aspects or components of the multicopter-assisted retrieval system shown in Figures 8A-8E may be similar or identical to the systems shown in Figures 2A-2D, 5A-5E, and 6D-6G. As such, one or more aspects or components may not be described in detail with respect to Figures 8A-8E.

[00235] In the example embodiment shown in Figures 8A-8D, the aircraft retrieval system includes a multicopter 8010, a winch 8002, a flexible member 8004, and a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit 8020. Some of these components are described above. [00236] To prepare for retrieval, the operator places the winch 8002 in a suitable area with sufficient clearance above the winch 8002. In this example embodiment, the winch 8002 is placed directly on the ground. However, it should be understood that the winch 8002 can instead be positioned on a movable surface, such as a boat, vehicle bed or trailer. The operator attaches one end of the flexible member 8004 to the drum of the winch 8002 and controls the winch 8002 to retract most of the flexible member 8004. The operator attaches the free end of the flexible member 8004 to the multicopter 8010.

[00237] As shown in Figure 8B, the operator controls the multicopter 8010 to fly above the winch 8002, simultaneously controlling the winch 8002 to payout the flexible member 8004 until the multicopter reaches a suitable flying height above any structures or obstructions on the ground (such as trees, rocks, etc.). At this point in this example embodiment, about 50-100 feet of the flexible member 8004 extends between the winch 8002 and the multicopter 8010. However, it should be understood that the height of the multicopter may be greater or less depending on the environment in which the system is used.

[00238] As shown best in Figures 8A and 8B, the GPS unit 8020 is attached to the flexible capture member 8004 at a fixed distance from the end of the flexible capture member 8004 attached to the multicopter 8010. This enables the GPS unit 8020 to remain at a relatively fixed distance from the multicopter 8010.

[00239] As shown in Figure 8C, using GPS coordinates received from the GPS unit 8020, the operator controls the fixed-wing aircraft 8030 to contact and capture a portion of the flexible member 8004, in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 6,264,140. After capture, the operator controls the multicopter 8010 and winch 8002 to lower the captured fixed-wing aircraft 8030 toward the winch 8002. The operator can then secure the fixed-wing aircraft 8030, and land the multicopter 8010.

[00240] In some examples, the fixed-wing aircraft 8030 may be controlled to contact the flexible capture member 8004 at a particular distance below or above the GPS unit 8020. This distance is illustrated as distance 8040 in Figure 8C. Furthermore, the fixed-wing aircraft 8030 may be controlled to contact the flexible capture member 8004 at a particular lateral offset. This offset is illustrated as lateral offset 8050 in Figure 8D. This lateral offset may be determined based on a spanwise length of the fixed-wing aircraft wing, and/or a location of a capturing mechanism (e.g., cleat) of the fixed-wing aircraft 8030. For example, a first aircraft having a short wing may be controlled to have a short lateral offset, while a second aircraft having a relatively longer wing may be controlled to have a relatively longer lateral offset.

[00241] The GPS unit 8020 may be configured to periodically report its location, either directly to the fixed-wing aircraft 8030, or to another computing device controllable by the operator, such that the fixed-wing aircraft 8030 can be adjusted to contact the flexible capture member at the appropriate vertical and lateral distance with respect to the GPS unit 8020. In various embodiments, the GPS unit 8020 can receive and transmit data (including its location or location data) wirelessly. In some examples, the GPS unit 8020 is a sealed device, including onboard power supplied by one or more of a battery, fuel cell, wind turbine, and solar panel.

[00242] In one example, the sequence of capturing the fixed-wing aircraft 8030 includes determining, at a first point in time: (1 ) a location of the GPS unit 8020, and (2) a location of the fixed-wing aircraft 8030. The location of the GPS unit 8020 and the fixed- wing aircraft 8030 are subsequently determined at many subsequent different points in time. The fixed-wing aircraft 8030 heading, speed, elevation, and other information can also be determined. Further, wind data including, for example, wind speed and wind direction can be determined. Based on some or all of the determined information, particularly the GPS unit 8020 location and fixed-wing aircraft location 8030, the fixed- wing aircraft 8030 can be controlled to steer toward the GPS unit location (i.e. , by controlling the pitch, yaw, and roll). The steering can also factor in: (1) the vertical offset (i.e., the distance above or below the GPS unit 8020 at which the flexible capture member 8004 is intended to contact the fixed-wing aircraft), and (2) the lateral offset (i.e., the distance between a GPS unit of the fixed-wing aircraft 8030 and the position of the capture mechanism, for example a cleat on the edge of the wing).

[00243] The fixed-wing aircraft can be continually steered at successive points in time, based on successively captured location data from the GPS unit 8020 and the fixed-wing aircraft 8030, wind data, and the vertical and lateral offsets. In this way, the aircraft can be steered toward a desired capture spot of the flexible capture member, captured, and lowered. [00244] In some examples, the multicopter 8010 may remain stationary, or as stationary as possible during the capture sequence. The fixed-wing aircraft can be controlled to account for: (1 ) the difference in location of the GPS unit 8020 and fixed- wing aircraft 8030, (2) wind data, (3) vertical offset, and (4) lateral offset, such that the desired capture spot is contacted. In other examples, the multicopter 8010 may be controlled to move up, down, and/or laterally to account for (1 ) the differences in location of the GPS unit 8020 and fixed-wing aircraft 8030, (2) wind data, (3) vertical offset, and (4) lateral offset, such that the desired capture spot is contacted. In still further examples, control of both the multicopter 8010 and the fixed-wing aircraft 8030 can be done to account for (1) the differences in location of the GPS unit 8020 and fixed-wing aircraft 8030, (2) wind data, (3) vertical offset, and (4) lateral offset, such that the desired capture spot is contacted.

[00245] In some examples, a fixed-wing aircraft recovery system configured to carry out the methods described herein includes a lower restraint coupled to a second end of the flexible capture member opposite the first end. The lower restraint is configured to provide tension to the flexible capture member. In some examples, the lower restraint comprises one or more of a weight suspended from the flexible capture member, an anchor device positionable on the ground, an anchor device positionable on a water craft, and a winch.

[00246] Figure 8E illustrates a second embodiment, in which the first GPS unit 8020 and a second GPS unit 8022 are both attached to the flexible capture member 8004. In this embodiment, either or both of the GPS units 8020 and 8022 can be configured to periodically transmit information (e.g., wirelessly transmit information) used to control the fixed-wing aircraft 8030. In one example, the fixed-wing aircraft may be controlled to contact the flexible capture member at a midpoint between the two GPS units 8020 and 8022. In another example, the fixed-wing aircraft may be controlled to contact the flexible capture member 8004 closer to a first GPS unit (e.g., GPS Unit 8020) than a second GPS unit (e.g., GPS unit 8022).

[00247] Information from the GPS units 8020 and 8022, either alone or in addition to information from the multicopter 8010, can be used to determine a model of the position of the flexible capture member 8004. Where there are heavy winds present, the flexible capture member 8004 may bend or move in the space between the winch 8002 and the multicopter 8010, rather than extending in a straight line. This bending can ordinarily result in significant differences in the expected position of the flexible capture member with respect to the fixed-wing aircraft. As such, the likelihood of a successful capture decreases as the amount of sway or movement of the flexible capture member increases. By using one or a plurality of GPS units (e.g., one, two, or more), a more accurate position of the flexible capture member 8004 can be determined for contact by the fixed-wing aircraft prior to any attempted contact.

[00248] Various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. These changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present subject matter and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for fixed-wing aircraft recovery comprising: attaching a GPS unit to a flexible capture member; attaching a first end of the flexible capture member to a lifting device; controlling the lifting device to carry the first end of the flexible capture member to a predetermined height; intercepting a fixed-wing aircraft via the flexible capture member at a location along a length of the flexible capture member based on a location of the GPS unit; and controlling the lifting device to lower the fixed-wing aircraft.

2. The method of Claim 1 , wherein the lifting device is a multicopter, parasail, or kite.

3. The method of Claim 1 , further comprising: attaching the GPS unit to the flexible capture member at a predetermined length from the first end of the flexible capture member, such that the predetermined length of the flexible capture member between the GPS unit and the lifting device is fixed.

4. The method of Claim 1 , wherein intercepting the fixed-wing aircraft via the flexible capture member comprises: controlling the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member such that when contact is made between the flexible capture member and the fixed-wing aircraft, the fixed-wing aircraft is at a predetermined location offset from the location of the GPS unit.

5. The method of Claim 4, wherein the predetermined location offset from the location of the GPS unit is a predetermined distance above or below the GPS unit.

6. The method of Claim 4, wherein the predetermined location offset from the location of the GPS unit is a predetermined spanwise distance laterally offset from the GPS unit.

7. The method of Claim 6, wherein the fixed-wing aircraft has a spanwise wing length, and wherein controlling the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member comprises controlling the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member at the predetermined spanwise distance laterally offset from the location of the GPS unit based on the wing length.

8. The method of Claim 6, wherein the fixed-wing aircraft includes a capture mechanism, and wherein controlling the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member comprises controlling the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member at the predetermined spanwise distance laterally offset from the location of the GPS unit based on a location of the capture mechanism.

9. The method of Claim 1 , further comprising: periodically transmitting location data from the GPS unit to the fixed-wing aircraft; and controlling the fixed-wing aircraft based on the periodically transmitted location data from the GPS unit.

10. The method of Claim 1 , wherein the GPS unit is a first GPS unit, the method further comprising: attaching a second GPS unit to the flexible capture member; and intercepting the fixed-wing aircraft via the flexible capture member at a location along the length of the flexible capture member based on the location of the first GPS unit and a location of the second GPS unit.

11. A fixed-wing aircraft recovery system comprising: a lifting device; a flexible capture member attached at a first end to the lifting device; and a GPS unit attached to the flexible capture member, wherein the lifting device is configured to carry the first end of the flexible capture member to a predetermined height, and wherein the flexible capture member is configured to intercept a fixed-wing aircraft at a location along a length of the flexible capture member based on the location of the GPS unit.

12. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 11 , wherein the lifting device is a multicopter, parasail, or kite.

13. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 11, wherein the GPS unit is attached to the flexible capture member at a predetermined length from the first end of the flexible capture member, such that the predetermined length of the flexible capture member between the GPS unit and the lifting device is fixed.

14. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 11 , further comprising a controller configured to control the fixed-wing aircraft, wherein the controller is configured to control the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member such that when contact is made between the flexible capture member and the fixed-wing aircraft, the fixed-wing aircraft is at a predetermined location offset from the location of the GPS unit.

15. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 14, wherein the predetermined location offset from the GPS unit is a predetermined distance above or below the GPS unit.

16. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 14, wherein the predetermined location offset from the location of the GPS unit is a predetermined spanwise distance laterally offset from the location of the GPS unit.

17. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 16, wherein the fixed-wing aircraft has a spanwise wing length, and wherein controlling the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member comprises controlling the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member at the predetermined spanwise distance laterally offset from the location of the GPS unit based on the wing length.

18. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 16, wherein the fixed-wing aircraft includes a capture mechanism, and wherein controlling the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member comprises controlling the fixed-wing aircraft to intercept the flexible capture member at the predetermined spanwise distance laterally offset from the location of the GPS unit based on a location of the capture mechanism.

19. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 11 , wherein the GPS unit is configured to periodically transmit location data from the GPS unit to the fixed-wing aircraft.

20. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 19, wherein the location data is transmitted wirelessly.

21. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 19, wherein the GPS unit is a sealed device, including onboard power supplied by one or more of a battery, fuel cell, wind turbine, and solar panel.

22. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 11 , further comprising: a lower restraint coupled to a second end of the flexible capture member opposite the first end, the lower restraint configured to provide tension to the flexible capture member, wherein the lower restraint comprises one or more of a weight suspended from the flexible capture member, an anchor device positionable on the ground, an anchor device positionable on a water craft, and a winch.

23. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 11 , wherein the GPS unit is a first GPS unit, the system further comprising: a second GPS unit attached to the flexible capture member, wherein the flexible capture member is configured to intercept the fixed-wing aircraft at a location along a length of the flexible capture member based on the location of the first GPS unit and the location of the second GPS unit.

24. The method of Claim 1 , wherein the lifting device is motorized.

25. The method of Claim 1 , wherein the lifting device is not motorized.

26. The method of Claim 1 , wherein the location of the GPS tracks above a moving ship, and is not fixed in Earth coordinates.

27. The method of Claim 1 , wherein location data from the GPS unit is transmitted wirelessly to a ground station, and is relayed from the ground station to the fixed-wing aircraft for navigational guidance to the flexible capture member.

28. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 11 , wherein the lifting device is motorized.

29. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 11 , wherein the lifting device is not motorized.

30. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 11 , wherein the location of the GPS tracks above a moving ship, and is not fixed in Earth coordinates.

31. The fixed-wing aircraft recovery system of Claim 11 , wherein the GPS unit is configured to wirelessly transmit location data to a ground station, and wherein the ground station is configured to relay the location data to the fixed-wing aircraft for navigational guidance to the flexible capture member.