WO2021133271A1

WO2021133271A1 - Emissions and pollutants annulling exhaust system for internal combustion engines

Info

Publication number: WO2021133271A1
Application number: PCT/TR2019/051214
Authority: WO
Inventors: Nurettin YALCIN; Mehmet YALCIN; Melis YALCIN
Original assignee: Galiboff Plastik Kompozit Ekstruzyon Teknolojileri Ltd. Şti.
Priority date: 2019-12-25
Filing date: 2019-12-25
Publication date: 2021-07-01

Abstract

The described exhaust system main purpose is to condensate water vapour to liquid water drops. At the same time mix all toxic gases, fumes and pollutants (A) coming from ICE cylinders (1) with condensed water drops and liquidities. Hydrophilic gases and particles (A) which have chemical reaction with water leave the exhaust system as liquids (C) to the Atmosphere. Hydrophobic gases and particles which do not mix with the water are connected to the air filter (11) or turbocharger (23) which is supplying ICE with fresh air. Therefore emission gases and pollutants (A) are floated and reduced as much as possible and leave the exhaust system as liquids and gas (C) to Atmosphere. Gases (B) which do not react with water and cannot be floated are supplied in closed loop to ICE air filter or turbocharger.

Description

EMISSIONS AND POLLUTANTS ANNULLING EXHAUST SYSTEM FOR

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Technical Field of the Invention

The described exhaust system embodiments relate to diesel, gasoline and LPG Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) for capturing and annulling of all toxic gases, fumes and pollutants after combustion of fossil fuels Hydrocarbons (HC) inside ICE cylinders.

The described exhaust system invention relates to a novel device to capture and hold exhaust gases coming from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) like smoke, emissions, dust, particles, ash and including Particulate Matter (PM) less than PM10 which is a mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air.

The described exhaust system main purpose is to condensate water vapour to water drops and liquids. At the same time mix all toxic gases, fumes and pollutants coming from ICE with the water drops and liquidities. Gases and particles which have chemical reaction with water leave the exhaust system as liquids to the Atmosphere. Gases and particles which do not have chemical reaction with water are supplied to the air filter or turbocharger which is feeding ICE with fresh air.

Background of the Invention

All Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) burn Hydrocarbons (HC) and leave CO₂ and Water Vapors. Emissions like NOx/NCh, PN/PM, Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, pollutants (NH₃, N₂O, CO, CH₂O) are formed when the laws of stoichiometry are observed.

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Exhaust System (1):

Exhaust system begins at the engine with the purpose of removing toxic gases and fumes from the vehicle. The components are a series of pipes, catalytic converters, sensors, mufflers, and often a resonator, as well as other emission devises. The exhaust system is exceptionally "hot" when the engine is running.

1

SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) Exhaust Manifold (2)

The exhaust manifold conducts gases from the combustion chambers of the engine to the exhaust pipe. It is usually constructed of cast iron and smooth curves to improve the flow of exhaust. The exhaust manifold is the first component of the exhaust system. It comprises a stainless steel, aluminum or cast-iron unit that adjoins the engine's combustion cylinders and collects exhaust gases from the combustion process.

The exhaust manifold connects to the cylinder head and takes each cylinder's exhaust, collecting it into one pipe. All modern vehicles have at least two oxygen sensors (O₂ sensors).

Catalytic Converter (26)

The catalytic converter reduces harmful emissions from engine exhaust. It uses a combination of heat and metals that act as catalysts. A catalyst is a metal (or chemical) that causes other chemicals to go through a reaction without being affected itself. The inside of the catalytic converter consists of metals like aluminum oxide, platinum, palladium. These metals cause the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to react and produce water vapor and carbon dioxide which are much less harmful to the atmosphere. As indicated by the meaning of chemistry, a catalyst is a substance that causes or quickens a compound response without itself being influenced. Catalysts take an interest in the responses; however are neither reactants nor results of the response they catalyze. The technology behind the catalytic converter involves a very small amount of catalytic metal - platinum, rhodium, and/or palladium - applied to acres of surface area contained within a stainless steel canister. The active metals cause a chemical reaction - converting NOx, HC, and CO to N₂, H₂O, and CO_{2 -} without being changed or consumed.

Resonator (27)

The muffler alone cannot always quiet all the engine noise. Many exhaust systems also include a resonator which is like a mini muffler. They are usually straight pipes filled with sound muffling materials. The resonator can be either before or after the muffler in the exhaust system.

2

SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) Exhaust Extention Pipe (25)

Exhaust pipe connects all the other parts of the exhaust system.

Muffler (28)

The muffler quiets the noise of the engine. There are two kinds of mufflers. One uses baffled chambers to reduce noise. As sound waves move through this type of muffler, they bounce off the baffles and expend their energy inside the muffler, losing force and volume. The other type forces the exhaust straight through a perforated pipe that contains metal, fiberglass, or some other kind of sound-absorbing material. This muffler is designed to reduce back pressure (exhaust going back up the pipes) and consequently makes a little more noise. Tail Pipe (29)

The tail pipe comes out of the muffler, past the rear bumper of the vehicle, directing exhaust gases away from the vehicle. On many newer cars it also serves as a decorative function and is tipped in chrome.

Oxygen (O2) Sensor I (30) and Oxygen (O2) Sensor II (31) Oxygen (O2) Sensor 1 (30), measures the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust coming out of the exhaust manifold (2).

Oxygen (02) Sensor 2 (31) measures the air-fuel ratio coming out of the catalytic converter (26).

Table: 1 - Material Characteristics for Vehicle Exhaust System Components

3

SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) Conclusion: None of Existing Exhaust Systems for ICE can reduce exhaust emissions under:

• Levels of NOx andN0₂ up to > 60 mg / km

• Levels of PN/PM emissions up to > 6xlO^u per km

• Levels of Hydrocarbons (HC) emissions up to > 60 mg / km

• Levels of emission of other pollutants (NH3, N₂0, CO, CH₂0) o NH3 Emissions up to > 30 mg / km o N₂0 Emissions up to > 15 mg / km o CO Emissions up to > 400 mg / km o CH₂0 Emissions up to > 10 mg / km

• Fuel efficiency (L/KM) up to > 5.5 1 / 100 km

• C0₂ Emissions up to 90 - 150 g/km (Passenger Cars)

Objects and Summary of the Invention

Fuels ⁽¹⁾

Fuels differ according to their components. The analysis of samples of pure and non additive fuels shows that the diesel fuel consists (by mass) of 87% of carbon (symbol C) and 13% of hydrogen (symbol H); the gasoline consists of 84% carbon and 16% hydrogen; the LPG, a mixture of liquid butane (C4H10) and propane (C3H8), consists of 82% carbon and 18% hydrogen. ⁽¹⁾

These proportions make it possible to establish the fictitious chemical formulas of each of these fuels, which will be used later to calculate all the other parameters of the combustion. Thus the diesel fuel formula is C7.25H13; the gasoline formula is C7H16; the LPG formula is C3.5H9. ⁽¹⁾

Diesel fuel combustion:

C7.25H13 + 10.5 O2 + (10.5 x 3.8) N₂ ® 7.25 C0₂ + 6.5 H₂0 + 40 N₂ (1)

Gasoline combustion:

C7H16 + 11 O2 + (11 x 3.8) N₂ ® 7 C0₂ + 8 H₂0 + 42 N₂ (2)

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) LPG combustion:

C3_.5H9 + 5.75 0₂ + (5.75 x 3.8) N₂ ® 3.5 C0₂ + 4.5 H₂0 + 22 N₂ (3)

Pollutant releases ⁽¹⁾

When the laws of stoichiometry are observed, the exhaust gas contains only nitrogen gas (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and steam (H2O). These bodies exist in large quantities in nature, they are chemically stable and are essential in order to maintain natural balances, and they are not pollutants. But what happens when the laws of stoichiometry are no longer respected?

Consider two opposite configurations: rich mixture (too much fuel, not enough air) and lean mixture (little fuel, too much air).

In the first configuration, some atoms of the hydrocarbon molecule do not find an "oxygen partner" in sufficient numbers because the air is missing, so they are not completely oxidized and end up in the exhaust gases as carbonaceous particles, or unbumed hydrocarbons (chemical symbol HC) or carbon monoxide (chemical symbol CO), a gas that should not be confused with CO2: one is very toxic, the other not at all. ⁽¹⁾

In the second configuration, excess of air (this is the case when the engine is supercharged) strongly compressed at high temperature (this is particularly the case of diesel engines) can form nitric oxide (symbol NO), because of the chemical reaction between oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen (N₂). Once expelled, nitric oxide has the particularity to spontaneously transform into nitrogen dioxide (chemical symbol NO₂) when exposed to air, generating a mutation of atmospheric oxygen to ozone (chemical symbol O₃). Both of these gases are very toxic to living organisms. ⁽¹⁾

Problem Solving with Physics and Chemistry Theory of gases and particles

Internal combustion engines (ICE) work on the principle of the ideal gas law:

PV=nRT

Raising the temperature of a gas increases the pressure that makes the gas want to expand. An internal combustion engine has a chamber, which has fuel added to it which ignites in order to raise the temperature of the gas.

In equation,

PV=nRT (4)

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) n = number of moles

R = universal gas constant = 8.3145 J/mol K P = Pressure, Pa V = Volume, m³ T = Temperature, K°

New exhaust system is solving the problem using physics and chemistry theory of particles, gases and water physical and chemical properties. Adhesion at a solid / liquid / gas interface is controlled by the surface forces and fluid dynamics of the system.

New exhaust system main goal is to condensate water steam to liquid and at the same time mix all emitted gases (A) coming from ICE with water. There are two outlets in the system. Gases which have chemical reaction with water leave the exhaust from tail pipe (9) to the atmosphere as liquids (C). Gases (B) which do not mix with the water are leaving the last cover exhaust expansion chamber (8.7) and through gas return pipe (10) which has connection to the air filter (11) or air turbo compressor (23) which is supplying ICE with fresh air.

Therefore emissions gases and pollutants coming from ICE are floated, reacted with water and leave the exhaust as liquids. Gases which do not react with water and cannot be floated are supplied in closed loop to ICE air filter or to air supply turbine.

In equations (1), (2) and (3) main outputs of fuel combustion reactions are: nitrogen gas (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and steam (H2O).

In the equation (4) PV=nRT, which is known as universal gas constant?

R is constant.

If we reduce the temperature (T) of water vapors (A) in this case they will condensate to water drops and liquid. Water drops will catch and react with hydrophilic gases and particles.

Hydrophobic gases are supplied to ICE air filter or turbocharger.

In equation (4) PV=nRT, in left side, by increasing the volume (V) gases (A) will have large area to conduct heat to the wall of exhaust expansion chambers and contact with stainless steel wool surfaces which gives opportunity for water steam to condensate onto the surfaces. Hydrophilic particles will stick together with water drops to steel wool (16), (19) and expansion chamber surfaces (6), (7), (8).

In equation (4) PV=nRT, Pressure is increasing in left side which creates condition for chemical processes occurring under pressure.

Temperature of gases (A) is dropping down according to the volume (V) of expansion chambers.

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) This process is repeating several times according to numbers of expansion chambers in the system. Calculation of the system is made according to last expansion chamber temperature to get less than 50°C working temperature which means water steam condensates to liquids 100%.

This is scientifically basic explanation of emissions annulling exhaust system for ICE. Emissions and Pollutants Annulling Exhaust System Working Principle

ICE exhaust gases (A) leave manifold (2) and enter extension pipe with injection tube (4). Exhaust gases (A) suck fresh air and water (D) through injection tube (5) from Air Conditioner (AC). Exhaust gases (A) are filling Expansion Chamber 1 (6) where they expand and create pressure, mix with fresh air and water (D). They react with fresh air and water under pressure. Emissions and particles reacted with water droplets stick to steel wools and sieves (16) and onto inside surface of the chamber (6).

Exhaust gases (A) pass through Separating Plate Holes (6.3) to the other room of Expansion Chamber 1 (6). The same process of jamming, expanding and creating pressure is done. Mixing with fresh air and water is going on through passing steel wools and sieves. Emissions and particles reacted with water droplets stick to steel wools and sieves (16) and onto inside surface of the chamber (6).

The same processes are repeating in Expansion Chamber 2 (7). The target of repeating this process is: to increase the time of travelling of Exhaust gases (A) and keep them for long time inside Expansion Chambers. This process of pressurizing and expansion is repeating several times until Exhaust gases (A) temperature drop under 50°C and all water steam condensate to water drops and liquidity. According to formula (1), (2), (3) even all water vapor is condensed it’s not sufficient to catch for matching of all emissions and particles. So that fresh air and water from Air Conditioner is added to the system.

The target of adding fresh air and water (D) from Air Conditioning System is to increase water drops formation for fast cooling of Exhaust gases (A). Adding more water to the system purpose is to increase the probability of matching emissions and particles with water drops.

Felt kit to hold condensed water (17) especially designed for last Exhaust Expansion Chamber purpose is to carry and hold as much as water in. By this way Felt kit catches and holds Particulate Matter under PM10 and send to ICE air filter (20) or turbocharger (23) clean air rich of Hydrocarbons (HC).

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) Detailed Description of the Invention

Fig. 1: Cross sectional general view illustration of basic exhaust system.

Fig. 2: Cross sectional general view illustration of a serial, consecutive configuration arrangement of expansion chamber modules exemplary Emissions and Pollutants Annulling Exhaust System for ICE in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 3: Cross sectional view illustration of Extension Pipe with Injection Tube. Illustration shows Air Conditioner (AC) condensed water and air (D) supply connections to the Exhaust System.

Fig. 4: Cross sectional view illustration of Expansion Chamber Module 1. Illustration shows mixing chambers and elements where pollutants (A) and condensed water and air (D) from AC where water drops, fresh air and particles collision and particle attachment to water drops start.

Fig. 5: Cross sectional view illustration of Expansion Chamber Module 2. Illustration shows mixing chambers and elements where pollutants (A) and condensed water and air (D) from AC where water drops, fresh air and particles collision, particle attachment and formation of stable and of the formation of a stable three-phase contact to water drops is going on.

Fig. 6: Cross sectional view illustration of Exhaust with Expansion Chambers Modules (8). Illustration shows chambers and elements and travel path of exhaust gases and pollutants (A), Formation and separation of liquids (C) and gases (B). Gases (B) supplying to ICE air filter or turbocharger and liquids and gases (C) releasing to the Atmosphere.

Fig. 7: Cross sectional general view illustration of an intertwined configuration arrangement of expansion chamber modules exemplary Emissions and Pollutants Annulling Exhaust System for ICE in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

The parts in the figures have been numbered as follows:

1. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

2. Manifold

3. Manifold Connection Pipe

4. Extension Pipe with Injection Tube 4.1 Pipe Cooling Flights

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) 5. Air and Water Injection Tube from Air Condition

5.1 Pipe Fixture Elements

6. Expansion Chamber Module 1

6.1 Expansion Chamber Cooling Flights 1

6.2 Chamber Separating Plate 1

6.3 Separating Plate Holes 1

7. Expansion Chamber Module 2

7.1 Expansion Chamber Cooling Flights 2

7.2 Chamber Separating Plate 2

7.3 Separating Plate Holes 2

8. Exhaust with Expansion Chambers Modules

8.1 Expansion Chamber Cooling Flights

8.2 Chamber Inner Separating Plate

8.3 Separating Plate Holes 3

8.4 Outside Expansion Chamber Module

8.5 Middle Expansion Chamber Module

8.6 Inside Expansion Chamber Module

8.7 Cover Expansion Chamber Module

9. Elbow type 90° Tail Pipe

10. Gas Return Pipe

11. Air Filter

12. Flexible/Rigid Pipe for Air and Water Supply

12.1 Flexible/Rigid Pipe Connecting Parts to Air Conditioner

13. Flexible/Rigid Pipe for Gas Supply

14. Expansion Chamber Module Separating Plate with holes

14.1 Separating Plate holes 4

15. Connecting Flange

16. Stainless Steel Wool Kit and sieves for Chamber 1 and 2

17. Felt kit to hold condensed water for Last Exhaust Chamber

18. Fixed Expansion Chamber Separating Plate with holes

19. Stainless Steel Wool Kit for Exhaust Expansion Chambers 0. Fixing Elements for Flexible/Rigid Pipes and Tubes 1. Connecting Pipe 90° Elbow Type 2. Clamp

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) 23. Air Turbo Compressor

24. Turbine

25. Extansion Pipe

26. Catalytic Converter

27. Resonator

28. Muffler

29. Tail Pipe

30. O2 Sensor I

31. O2 Sensor II

Explanations of physical and chemical processes in the figures have been made as follows:

A. Exhausted Gases Flow from ICE

B. Return Gases Flow to ICE

C. Liquids and Gases Flow to Atmosphere

D. Air and Water flow from Air Condition to Extension Pipe with Injection Tube

An internal combustion engine (ICE) exhaust system for catching and floating emission gases and pollutants (A) comprises of:

- An Extension Pipe with Injection Tube (4) which feeds gases and emissions (A) from internal combustion engines (ICE) (1) manifold (2) to Expansion Chamber Modules (6, 7, 8),

- A Stainless Steel Wool Kit (16) fibers as ball shapes filed inside the Expansion Chamber Modules (6, 7, and 8).

- Sieves (19) installed perpendicular to gas flow in the middle of Wool kit (16) to give straight direction flow of the mixed gases.

- Separating Plate with holes (14) fixed inside the Expansion Chamber Modules (6, 7, and 8) which acts as a barrier to reduce Gas (A, D) flow speed and create pressure inside Chambers (6, 7, and 8).

- A Chamber Separating Plate 1 (6.2), Chamber Separating Plate 2 (7.2) and Chamber Inner Separating Plate (8.2) which stop Gases and Pollutants (A) flow and increase inside pressure in the Chambers (6, 7, 8).

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) - A Felt kit (17) which holds condensed water drops and particles.

- A Gas Return Pipe (10) and Flexible/Rigid Pipe (13) for Hydrophobic Gases to internal combustion engines (ICE) (1) Air Filter (11) or Turbocharger (23).

- A Tail Pipe (9) to exhaust Hydrophilic floated particles, condensed water and small amount of gases (C) to the Atmosphere.

Gases and emissions (A) are travelling through Extension Pipe with Injection Tube (4) from ICE (1) manifold (2) to Expansion Chamber Module (6), Air and Water Injection Tube (5) feeds Exhaust System with Fresh Air and Water (D) from Air Conditioner.

An Expansion Chamber Module is filed inside with ball shape Stainless Steel Wool Kit (16) fibers. In the middle of Wool kit (16) there is a Sieve (19) installed perpendicular to gas flow. Sieves wires (19) have small mesh holes. These holes are giving a straight flow direction to the Exhaust Gases (A) and mix them with Fresh Air and Water (D).

Gases and Emissions (A) and Fresh Air and Water (D) mix is entering Expansion Chamber Module (6) and they get expanded and collide with Wool kit (16) fibres and the Sieve wires (19). Gases (A, D) lose their heat and cooling process is starting. Water vapours are turning to liquidity and stick to Wool kit (16) fibres, Sieves (19) wires and on the walls of the Expansion Chamber Module 2 (7). Hydrophilic particles intercept and hold by water drops are sticking to Stainless Steel Wool Kit (16) fibers, Sieves wires (19) and to the walls of Expansion Chamber Module 1 (6).

The same process of Cooling, pressurizing and mixing is going on in Expansion Chamber Module 2 (7) and Exhaust with Expansion Chambers Modules (8).

Expansion Chamber Module Separating Plate with holes (14) acts as a barrier to reduce gas (A, D) flow speed and create pressure inside the chamber.

Chemistry of Emissions and Pollutants Annulling Exhaust System for ICE

Diesel fuel combustion:

C7_.25H13 + 10.5 0₂ + (10.5 x 3.8) N₂ ® 7.25 C0₂ + 6.5 H₂0 + 40 N₂ (1)

Gasoline combustion:

11

SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) C7H16 + 11 0₂ + (11 X 3.8) N₂ ® 7 C0₂ + 8 H₂0 + 42 N₂ (2)

LPG combustion:

C3_.5H9 + 5.75 0₂ + (5.75 x 3.8) N₂ ® 3.5 C0₂ + 4.5 H₂0 + 22 N₂ (3)

From combustion of fuels in ICE combustion engine are creating pollutants and emissions like: a) Levels of NOx and N0₂

Emissions of NOx from combustion are primarily in the form of NO. Water vapor and carbon dioxide decrease nitric oxide readings 3N0₂ + H2O = 2HNO3 + NO

Nitrogen Dioxide + Water = Hydrogen Nitrate + Nitric Oxide. Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water.

2N0₂ + H₂0 HNO3 + HN0₂

Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to produce nitric acid and nitrous acid.

Emissions and Pollutants Annulling Exhaust System target is early and more condensation of water vapors more acid NOx catching and more nitric acid and nitrous acid forming.

Emissions and Pollutants Annulling Exhaust System do not need the EGR valve (Exhaust Gas Recirculation), the SCR (Selective Catalyst Reduction) technology and any kind of liquids. b) Levels of PN/PM emissions

Adhesion at a solid / liquid / gas interface is controlled by the surface forces and fluid dynamics of the system. Adhesion occurs when a bubble, droplet, or particle of material transfers to and remains at the interface of two other materials due to surface forces. The adhering species has a greater affinity for residing at the interface than for either of the other two phases.

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) The ability of a solid particle to attach to a bubble surface in a liquid is dependent upon the surface properties of the system. For adhesion to occur, a three-phase contact must exist such that the attractive and repulsive forces of the solid species are in equilibrium. Often, the liquid is an aqueous solution and the bubbles consist of air. An adhering particle will therefore be at least slightly hydrophobic; that is, it will prefer the air phase to the water phase.

Particle to bubble attachment can be modeled as a series of sub processes. Each of these sub processes has a probability of occurrence, so that the overall probability of adhesion of a particle to a rising bubble, P, is defined as:

P Overall - Pc * PA * PTPC * Pstab (5)

Where:

Pc is the probability of bubble particle collision,

PA is the probability of particle attachment,

PTPC is the probability of the formation of a stable three-phase contact,

Pstab is the probability that an adsorbed particle will remain stably attached.

The first and second of these probabilities depend strongly on the fluid dynamics of the system, while the third and fourth probabilities depend upon the surface phenomena.

Particle Attachment to Bubble Surface

The probability of collision only denotes that a particle has a chance to adsorb to the bubble surface.

Probability of Formation of Three-Phase Contact

Once the thin film has ruptured, three-phase contact points must form between the bubble, particle, and liquid. A contact point must form quickly to prevent the particle from immediately detaching from the surface.

Probability of Attachment Stability

If attachment does occur, a particle must remain adsorbed to the bubble surface in order to be successfully floated.

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) Probability of Attachment by Sliding

This equation requires an estimate for the particle induction time, which is not available. The particle induction time is dependent upon the particle size.

Probability of Formation of Three-Phase Contact Point

The probability of the formation of the three-phase contact point is assumed to be unity for all particle sizes.

Probability of Attachment Stability

It’s the probability of particle stability from the forces of attachment and detachment. According to equation (5) and experiments done with Emissions and Pollutants Annulling Exhaust System process report records show that there is no possibility for Particulate Matter (PM) to escape therefore the invention is capturing Particulate Matters (PM) with 100 % efficiency. c) Levels of Hydrocarbons (HC) emissions

What is a hydrocarbon and how do hydrocarbons behave in water?

Gasoline and water do not mix because nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules would disrupt the water in such a way as to produce a structure that was actually lower entropy; therefore, the mixture is less likely to exist than the separate liquids. Because C-C and C-H bonds that characterize hydrocarbon chain are relatively non polar and water is a polar solvent. Like dissolve like means polar solvent dissolved polar solutes and non-polar solvent dissolved non polar solutes.

Because of their relatively no polarity, all hydrocarbons are insoluble in water.

HC do not react with water. So that in Emissions and Pollutants Annulling Exhaust System there is connection pipe (13) from Last Expansion Chamber (8) to Air Filter (11) or Turbocharger (23) which supplies HC (B) to the ICE cylinders (1). d) Levels of emission of other pollutants (ME. N?0. CO. CH?Q)

ME Emissions:

ME + H2O MEOH

Ammonia + water = ammonium hydroxide

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) Ammonia dissolved in water.

N2O emissions:

N2O + 2H2O = NH4NO3

Ammonium Nitrate = Dinitrogen Oxide + Water H₂O + ION₂O = IOH₂O + ION₂ The thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 N2O + 2H₂0

The thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate produces dinitrogen monoxide and water. This reaction takes place at a temperature of 200-260 °C.

CO emissions:

What is the standard enthalpy of the reaction CO+H2O — > CO2+H2?

Answer:

This is the water gas shift reaction; for which reams of thermodynamic data are available. Explanation:

C0(g)+H₂0(g) C0₂(g)+H₂(g) Answer: The standard enthalpy of reaction is +2.85 kJ. Explanation:

We can use the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products to calculate the standard enthalpy of reaction.

List of their values are below the corresponding formulas.

Note that the substances must be in their most stable states at 298 K and 1 bar, so water is listed as a liquid.

C0(g)l+lH₂0(l) C02(g)+H2(g)

CH2O emissions:

CH₂0+NH₃ CH₂NH+H₂0

Since this reaction has been proposed as one of the steps in interstellar synthesis of glycine, the simplest amino acid, this work suggests that the formation of amino acids is occurring in and/or on interstellar water ice grains, and not in the gas phase. e) Fuel Efficiency

Unburned HC, O2 and EE released from chemical reactions (B) in the System are supplied with Gas Return Pipe (10) to Air Filter (11) or Turbocharger (23) which supplies O2, EE and unbumed HC (B) in closed loop to the ICE cylinders (1). f) Levels of emission of CO2 pollutants

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) Emissions and Pollutants Annulling Exhaust System main target is to reduce C02 emissions as much as possible!

You get carbonated or fizzy water. The process requires that the cold/cool water be saturated with CO₂. (When the CO₂ returns to a gas, it is endothermic, requires input heat) then when capped off while it forms more carbonic acid, H₂CO₃. H20 itself is also very stable - when there's no water around. When there is water around, it can decompose to H+ and OH-.

They form carbonic acid in an equilibrium reaction:

However, mind you that the equilibrium lies so far to the left that a solution of carbonated water (think 'soda') is actually nothing more that dissolved carbon dioxide in water. Furthermore, water acts as a self-destructive catalyst to any formed carbonic acid, so they quickly revert back to carbon dioxide and water. Hence, there is very little H2C03(aq) present in such a solution.

Why does C0₂ + H₂0 = H2CO2 and not H2CO3?

Indeed, the correct answer is CO₂ + H₂O H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid). Carbonic acid is the weak conjugate acid of the weak conjugate base HCO₃- (think sodium bicarbonate NaHCCb) and the stronger conjugate base CC>₃= (think Na₂CC>₃, sodium carbonate). Sodium bicarbonate is pH neutral. Sodium carbonate is caustic and corrosive. Please don’t ever get them confused!

If the reaction takes place in water, then H₂CO₃ which is a weak acid dissociates into H₂CO₂ and a proton H+.

The formula should read CO₂ + H₂OHT₂CO₂+ H+

If we start condensation of water vapors early, condense much water vapor and add water and fresh air from AC to the System we will increase the possibility of CO₂ to react with H₂O.

Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) ^(1>

What is CO₂? How is it formed? How is it recycled? What are its dangers? How are the amounts of CO₂ emitted by automobile engines calculated? How can we reduce CO₂ emissions related to car traffic? Here are some answers.

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) What is CO 2? ⁽¹⁾

CO₂ is the chemical name of the carbon dioxide molecule. This molecule is composed of one carbon atom (chemical symbol C) and two oxygen atoms (chemical symbol O), hence its name.

What are the properties of CO₂? ⁽¹⁾

CO₂ is a colorless, odorless and non-toxic gas that can dissolve in water. Its density is about 2 grams per liter, a density 1.5 times higher than that of air. From a chemical point of view, CO₂ belongs to the category of neutral gases, in other words it combines with only a very small number of elements.

These physicochemical properties and its sour taste make CO₂ a very useful product in the food industry, to keep fresh products packaged in a controlled atmosphere or to gasify drinks like mineral waters, juices and sodas.

Where the CO ₂ comes from? ⁽¹⁾

CO₂ is formed during any combustion of wood, coal, gas or hydrocarbon by reaction of carbon (C) with oxygen (O₂). Automotive fuels contain about 84% carbon (gasoline), about 87% (diesel), this reaction with oxygen of the air providing the energy needed to run the engine.

Note that CO₂ emissions are proportional to the amount of fuel consumption, and note that modern engine clean-up techniques (oxidation catalyst, reduction catalyst, particulate filter, etc.) do not reduce these emissions.

What happens to the CO ₂? ⁽¹⁾

Carbon dioxide is biodegradable, which means it recycles naturally. Green plants and especially trees, thanks to their leaves, capture the CO₂ present in the atmosphere to assimilate carbon, the main constituent of wood (carbon cycle), and release oxygen into the air (process of photosynthesis). Hence, no life possible on Earth without carbon dioxide!

The CO₂ released over the oceans dissolves in seawater. Some of the marine CO₂ is captured by aquatic plants and phytoplankton that need carbon for their growth. The oxygen

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) thus released maintains the underwater life. Hence, no life possible in the seas without carbon dioxide!

The other part of the marine CO2 reacts with the calcium (chemical symbol Ca) present in the seawater to form calcium carbonate (CaCCL) like the coral reef, one of the constituent of the seabed.

What is the problem by CO2? ⁽¹⁾

Like many other gases present in the air (water vapor, methane, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, ozone, etc.), atmospheric CO2 has the property of absorbing a part of the infrared radiation emitted by the Earth, thus hindering its cooling is what is called the greenhouse effect. How to calculate car's CO2 emissions? ⁽¹⁾

Example:

- A diesel engine with a fuel consumption of 5 1 / 100 km emits approximately 5 x 27 = 135 grams of CO2 per kilometer driven.

Note this point: The CO2 emissions mentioned on the homologation forms are only indicative. The real quantities depend on the condition of the car, its load, the route taken, the traffic conditions and, above all, the driving style of the driver! This means that, depending on your mood or motivation, any driver can do better ... or less well!

How to reduce CO 2 emissions?

Bicarbonate ion (HCO₃)- is naturally produced by the reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) with water (H₂O) to produce carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), which dissociates to a bicarbonate ion and a proton (H+ ).

C0₂ + H2O H₂C0₃ H+ +HCO3-

Bicarbonate ion (HCO₃) is liquid (C) and is going to the outlet of Elbow type 90° Tail Pipe (9) in the Emissions and Pollutants Annulling Exhaust System. A proton (H+ ) is a gas (B) and is supplied to ICE Air Filter (11) or to Turbocharger (23).

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26) References:

(1) Adilca association “www.adilca.com”

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26)

Claims

1. An internal combustion engine (ICE) exhaust system for catching and floating emission gases and pollutants (A) comprises of:

- Extension Pipe with Injection Tube (4) which feeds gases and emissions (A) from internal combustion engines (ICE) (1) manifold (2) to Expansion Chamber Modules (6, 7, 8),

Stainless Steel Wool Kit (16) fibers as ball shapes filed inside the Expansion Chamber Modules (6, 7, and 8).

Sieves (19) installed perpendicular to gas flow in the middle of Wool kit (16) to give straight direction flow of the mixed gases.

Separating Plate with holes (14) fixed inside the Expansion Chamber Modules (6, 7, and 8) which acts as a barrier to reduce Gas (A, D) flow speed and create pressure inside Chambers (6, 7, and 8).

2. A system according to claim 1, comprises of Chamber Separating Plate 1 (6.2), Chamber Separating Plate 2 (7.2) and Chamber Inner Separating Plate (8.2) which stop Gases and Pollutants (A) flow and increase inside pressure in the Chambers (6, 7, 8).

3. A system according to claim 2, comprises of Felt kit (17) which holds condensed water drops and particles.

4. A system according to claim 3, comprises of Gas Return Pipe (10) and Flexible/Rigid Pipe (13) for Hydrophobic Gases to internal combustion engines (ICE) (1) Air Filter (11) or Turbocharger (23).

5. A system according to claim 4, comprises of Tail Pipe (9) to exhaust Hydrophilic floated particles, condensed water and small amount of gases (C) to the Atmosphere.

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SUBSTITUTE SHEETS (RULE 26)