WO2021123041A1 - Shaped charge liner with metal hydride - Google Patents

Abstract

According to some embodiments, a shaped charge liner is presented. The shaped charge liner includes a metal hydride powder. The metal hydride powder may undergo an oxidation reaction upon detonation of the shaped charge liner. In an aspect, the metal hydride powder includes zirconium hydride. A method of making the shaped charge liner including the metal hydride powder is disclosed. The shaped charge liner may be included in a shaped charge.

Description

SHAPED CHARGE LEVER WITH METAL HYDRIDE

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Patent Application No. 62/950,139 filed December 19, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] As part of a well completion process, cased-holes and wellbores are perforated to allow fluid or gas from rock formations (reservoir zones) to flow into the wellbore. Perforating gun string assemblies are conveyed into vertical, deviated or horizontal wellbores, which may include cemented-in casing pipes and other tubulars, by slickline, wireline or tubing conveyance perforating (TCP) mechanisms, and the perforating guns are fired to create openings/perforations in the casings and/or liners, as well as in surrounding formation zones. Such formation zones may include subterranean oil and gas shale formations, sandstone formations, and/or carbonate formations.

[0003] Shaped charges are used in perforating gun assemblies to form perforations (holes) in a wellbore by focusing a ballistic energy onto a target. The resulting holes are usually circular or rectangular, depending on the shape of the shaped charge case and a liner housed within the shaped charge case. The liners are typically made of powdered metallic and non-metallic materials, binders, and other materials that are pressed into a desired liner shape.

[0004] Shaped charge liners using energetic materials are commonly used for perforation. Typically, liners include various powdered metallic and non-metallic materials and/or powdered metal alloys, and binders, selected to generate a high-energy output or jet velocity upon detonation and create enlarged hole (commonly referred to as "big hole") or deep penetration ("DP") perforations. These liners, however, may leave undesirable slugs or residuals of the liner material in the perforation tunnel, which may reduce and/or block flow of the fluid/gas in the perforation tunnel. Additionally, the perforating jet formed by typical liners may form a crushed zone (i.e., perforation skin, or layer of crushed rock between the round perforation/slot-shaped perforation tunnel and the reservoirs) in the surrounding formation, which reduces the permeability of the surrounding formation and, in turn, limits the eventual flow of oil/gas from the reservoir. [0005] Energetic or reactive liners produce an exothermic reaction upon detonation, which heats the material in the perforation channel and results in a pressure pulse. This pressure pulse, which travels through the perforation tunnel, can lead to a removal of the crushed zone, cleaning the tunnel and allowing for improved function in subsequent stages of well completion. Alternative technologies employing proppants, which deflagrate in the tunnel, can also improve clean-up. Tip fractures, however, are observed for both technologies.

[0006] It is desirable to achieve removal of the crushed zone/clean-up of a perforation tunnel while avoiding drawbacks of current methods. In view of the disadvantages associated with currently available methods and devices for perforating wellbores using energetic or reactive shaped charge liners, there is a need for a device and method that provides a composition including metal powders for use in a shaped charge liner that requires less energy to initiate an exothermic reaction upon detonation of the shaped charge. Additionally, there is a need for a shaped charge that creates a pressure pulse more rapidly by a direct process without the need to transform energy from the pressure pulse from thermic into kinetic energy. Accordingly, there is a need for shaped charge liners having a metal hydride component that can provide improved results.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS [0007] An exemplary embodiment of a shaped charge liner may include a metal hydride powder, wherein the metal hydride powder undergoes an oxidation reaction upon detonation of the shaped charge liner.

[0008] An exemplary embodiment of a shaped charge may include a shaped charge case having a plurality of walls defining a hollow interior within the shaped charge case. An explosive load may be disposed within the hollow interior of the shaped charge case and a shaped charge liner may be disposed adjacent the explosive load. The shaped charge liner may be a metal hydride powder that undergoes an oxidation reaction upon detonation of the shaped charge liner. [0009] An exemplary embodiment of a method of forming a shaped charge liner may include mixing a composition to form a powder blend. According to an aspect, the composition includes a plurality of metal powders including a metal hydride powder, and the metal hydride powder comprises up to about 40% of a total weight of the plurality of metal powders. The method further includes forming the homogenous powder blend into a desired liner shape. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] A more particular description will be rendered by reference to exemplary embodiments that are illustrated in the accompanying figures. Understanding that these drawings depict exemplary embodiments and do not limit the scope of this disclosure, the exemplary embodiments will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

[0011] FIG. 1 A is a cross-sectional view of a conical shaped charge liner having a composition of metal powders, according to an embodiment;

[0012] FIG. IB is a cross-sectional view of a hemispherical shaped charge liner having a composition of metal powders, according to an embodiment;

[0013] FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view of a trumpet shaped charge liner having a composition of metal powders, according to an embodiment;

[0014] FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional, perspective view of a slot shaped charge having a shaped charge liner, according to an embodiment;

[0015] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a conical shaped charge having a shaped charge liner, according to an embodiment;

[0016] FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method of forming a shaped charge liner, according to an embodiment; and

[0017] FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method of forming a shaped charge including a shaped charge liner, according to an embodiment.

[0018] Various features, aspects, and advantages of the exemplary embodiments will become more apparent from the following detailed description, along with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like components throughout the figures and detailed description. The various described features are not necessarily drawn to scale in the drawings but are drawn to aid in understanding the features of the exemplary embodiments.

[0019] The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to limit the scope of the disclosure or the claims. To facilitate understanding, reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate like elements common to the figures. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments. Each example is provided by way of explanation and is not meant as a limitation and does not constitute a definition of all possible embodiments.

[0021] As used herein “grain size/(s)” refers to the diameters of each grain of a powder, such as a metallic / metal powder having generally spherical shaped grains, and also refers to irregular (non-spherical) shaped grains. One or more of the metal powders may include grains of two or more different grain sizes, each within a defined range, referred to as a “grain size distribution”. As used herein, “grain size distribution” refers to the apportionment of the grain sizes of a powder when, for instance, one grain has a size that is smaller or larger than the size of another grain. Accordingly, the term “grain size” as used throughout refers more broadly to the range of grain sizes within a particular grain size distribution, rather than one individual grain size, unless specified otherwise. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, manufacturers of metallic powders traditionally sell powders in stated ranges or grain size distributions. While it is possible to have individual grains present within a sample that vary in size, the predominant number of grain sizes (or the particle size distribution) within the sample will be in the stated range/(s). For purposes of illustrating features of the embodiments, an exemplary embodiment will now be introduced and referenced throughout the disclosure. This example is illustrative and not limiting and is provided for illustrating the exemplary features of a liner / shaped charge liner as described throughout this disclosure.

[0022] In the exemplary embodiments and as seen in FIGS. 1-3, a liner 10/10710’ 71 O’” (generally “10”) for use in a shaped charge 20, 30 (FIGS. 2-3) is illustrated. The liner 10 may have a variety of shapes, including conical shaped (e.g., liner 10') as shown in FIG. 1 A, hemispherical or bowl-shaped (e.g., liner 10") as shown in FIG. IB, or trumpet shaped (e.g., liner 10'") as shown in FIG. 1C. To be sure, the liner 10 may have any desired shape, which may include shapes other than those referenced herein.

[0023] As illustrated in FIGS. 2-3, the shaped charge 20, 30 includes a case / shell 40 having a plurality of walls 42. The plurality of walls 42 may include a side wall 44 and a back wall 46’, 46”, that together define a hollow interior / cavity 50 within the case 40. The case 40 includes an inner surface 47 and an outer surface 48. An explosive load 60 may be positioned within the hollow interior 50 of the case 40, along at least a portion of the inner surface 47 of the shaped charge case 40. According to an aspect, the liner 10 is disposed adjacent the explosive load 60, so that the explosive load 60 is disposed adjacent the side walls 44 and the back walls 46’, 46” of the case 40. The shaped charges 20, 30 have an open end 22, through which a jet is eventually directed, and a back end (closed end) 24, which is typically in communication with a detonating cord 70.

[0024] FIG. 2 illustrates the side wall 44 of the shaped charge 30 being configured such that the shaped charge 30 is a slot shaped charge 30. The slot shaped charge is illustrated having a rectangular case 40, and four side walls 44. According to an aspect, the four side walls 44 of the slot shaped charge 30 are planar. The liner 10 is secured in the slot shaped charge 30 so that at least a portion of the liner is in contact with each of the four side walls 44, and the inner surface 47 of the case 40.

[0025] FIG. 3 illustrates the side wall 44 of the shaped charge 20 being configured such that the shaped charge 20 is a conical shaped charge 20. The conical shaped charge 20 includes a cone-shaped side wall. A liner 10 secured therein may be configured with a similar conical shape. Upon detonation of the shaped charge 20 into a target, round perforation holes are formed in the target.

[0026] The present embodiments may be associated with use of a metal hydride in the shaped charge liner 10. The metal hydride powder may undergo an oxidation reaction upon detonation of a shaped charge in which the liner 10 is positioned. The metal hydride may be provided in a powder form and may be combined with one or more metal and non-metal powders to form the liner 10. The powders may be formed by any powder production techniques, such as, for example, grinding, crushing, atomization, and various chemical reactions.

[0027] As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, metal hydrides may encompass various metals or metalloids that are bonded to hydrogen. Such metal hydrides may include aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, caesium, calcium, copper, iron, lithium, magnesium, nickel, palladium, plutonium, potassium rubidium, sodium, thallium, titanium, uranium and zinc hydrides.

[0028] According to an aspect, the liner 10 includes zirconium hydride (ZrFh). The presence of ZrFh in the liner 10 facilitates one or more of the below reactions:

ZrFF decomposition, with a gas release; oxidation of zirconium (Zr); and oxidation of FF, with a heat release.

[0029] The decomposition reaction and the dual oxidation reactions may improve the quality of perforation tunnels formed in a wellbore. For example, the decomposition and dual oxidation reactions may help to form cleaner perforation tunnels by clearing a compacted zone in the perforation tunnel, and forming fractures at a tip of the perforation tunnel.

[0030] ZrFF is stable up to temperatures of about 500°C. At temperatures above around 500°C, the ZrFF shaped charge liner 10 undergoes a decomposition reaction. The decomposition reaction may include ZrFF decomposing into Zr and FF gas. The decomposition reaction results in the release of 22.4L/mole of FF gas at atmospheric pressure and 0°C. It is contemplated that the decomposition reaction and the release of FF gas take place in the perforation tunnel. The FF gas release may create a pressure pulse in the perforation tunnel, which removes the crushed zone and cleans debris from the perforation tunnel to facilitate improved function in subsequent stages of well completion.

[0031] Upon detonation of the shaped charge including the ZrFF shaped charge liner 10, available oxygen, which may be a product of detonation of the shaped charge or formation fluids in the wellbore, may react with ZrFF. The ZrFF shaped charge liner 10 may undergo a dual oxidation reaction. According to an aspect, the dual oxidation reaction may produce an energy release of up to about 1100 kJ/mol. According to an aspect, the energy release may be about 1055 kJ/mol.

[0032] According to an aspect, Zr reacts with the oxygen in the perforation tunnel. The reaction between Zrand oxygen results in an energy release of between about 810 kJ/mol and about 820 kJ/mol. In an aspect, about 813 kJ/mol is released in the Zr-oxygen oxidation reaction. According to an aspect, the Zr-oxygen oxidation reaction takes place at a temperature of between about 4600°C to about 4700°C. The Zr-oxygen reaction may take place at a temperature of about 4660°C.

[0033] A further oxidation reaction between FF and oxygen may take place, releasing between about 240 kJ/mol and about 250 kJ/mol. In an aspect, the FF-oxygen reaction releases about 241.8 kJ/mol, which is twice as much as in a NiAl reaction.

[0034] The liner 10 may include a composition 12 of powders. In an aspect, the composition 12 of powders includes the ZrFF powder. In an aspect, the liner 10 may include a composition 12 of a plurality of powder. The plurality of powders may one or more metal powders. According to an aspect, the composition 12 may include at least one of a bronze metal powder, a lead metal powder, and a nickel metal powder. Each type of powder may include a grain size range or distribution that may be the same or different from the grain size ranges of another powder. For example, a metal powder may include grain size ranges from between about 50 micrometers to about 150 micrometers, while another metal powder includes grain size ranges from about above 150 micrometers to about 300 micrometers. The differences in the grain size ranges of the powders in the composition 12 may help facilitate a uniform / homogenous mixture of the powders throughout the liner structure, which may aid in improving the high velocity / energy jet formed by the liner 10 upon detonation of the shaped charge 20, 30. As used herein, the term “homogenous powder blend” refers to an even/uniform particle size distribution of all the powders of the composition, as measured along the length of the liner and along the cross-wise portion (or width) of the liner. A liner having a homogenous powder blend includes an even distribution of grain size ranges and types of powders throughout both the width and the length of the liner. The use of different grain size ranges in the composition 12 may help to increase consolidation of the metal powders, increase uniformity /homogeneity of the resultant composition 12 following mixture and compression, and ultimately enhance jet formation of the shaped charge liner 10. Such homogeneity within the liner composition may also produce a more uniform hydrodynamic jet upon detonation of the shaped charge 20/30. The distribution of the grain sizes in the liner 10 may also help facilitate a consistent collapse process of the liner 10, thereby helping to enhance performance of the shaped charges 20, 30 within which they are used. In an embodiment, the thermal energy formed upon detonation of the shaped charges 20,30 may melt some of the powders of the composition 12, and/or at least reduce internal stress in the individual grains of the powders, which may also improve jet formation and enhance its uniformity. Additionally, the different grain size ranges or distribution utilized can also improve the density or porosity of the liner 10.

[0035] The composition 12 of the liner 10 may be substantially uniform when measured at one or more positions along the length of the liner 10. For instance, a measurement of the constituents (i.e., the types of powders and the grain sizes of each powder) of the liner 10 taken at a first end 14 of the liner 10 may be identical to another measurement of the constituents of the liner 10 taken at a second end 16 of the liner 10. In an embodiment, an apex 18 (i.e., a midpoint between the first and second ends 14, 16) of the liner 10 includes constituents that are identical to the constituents of at least one of the first and second ends 14, 16. It is contemplated that the constituents of the first and second ends 14, 16 may be substantially identical, while the constituents at the apex 18 may be dissimilar to the constituents at the first and second ends 14,

16 of the liner 10.

[0036] The shaped charge liner 10 may generally have a thickness T/T1/T2 (generally “T”) ranging from between about 0.5mm to about 5.0mm, as measured along its length. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 A and IB, the thickness T is uniform along the liner length L. In an alternative embodiment and as illustrated in FIG. 2, the thickness T may vary along the liner length L, such as by having a thickness T2 that is larger/gr eater closer to the walls of the case 40 and a thickness T1 that decreases or gets thinner closer to the center of the shaped charge 20, 30 (or apex 18 of the liner). Further, in an aspect, the liner 10 (e.g., liner 10’) may extend across the full diameter of the cavity 50 as shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. It is also contemplated that the liner IOVIO'710'" may extend only partially across the diameter of the cavity 50, such that it does not completely cover the explosive load 60.

[0037] Additionally, the composition of the illustrative liners 10, as seen for instance in FIGS. 1A-1C, may be formed as a single layer (as shown). In an alternative embodiment, the liner 10' may have multiple layers (not shown).

[0038] Each powder in the composition 12 may be a powdered pure metal or a metal alloy.

In an embodiment, the composition 12 is a blended mixture of metal powders. The blended mixture of metal powders may have a bulk density of up to about 15 g/cm . In an embodiment, the bulk density of all the blended powders in the composition is about 8 g/cm , alternatively about 6 g/cm . In an embodiment, the bulk density is from about 4 g/cm to about 5 g/cm .

[0039] Turning now to FIG. 4, a flow chart is provided that illustrates a method 100 of forming a shaped charge liner 10. According to an aspect, the method 100 includes the steps of providing 120 a composition that includes a plurality of metal powders including a metal hydride powder, mixing 140 the composition of metal powders to form a homogenous metal powder blend, and forming 160 the homogenous metal powder blend to form a desired liner shape. The forming 160 may include compressing the homogenous powder blend under a specified force, such as a force of about of up to about 1,000 kilonewtons (kN) to form the desired liner shape. During the forming 160 step, the homogenous powder blend may also be subjected to one or more of a vibrational and a rotational force. The composition may include the various embodiments of the composition as substantially described hereinabove. The method may, optionally, include sintering 180 the homogenous powdered blend to form a pressed metallic shaped geometry and forming 190 the pressed metallic shaped geometry into the desired liner shape. The shaped charge liner 10 described herein may, optionally, be formed by a molding process, whereby the composition of metal powders are combined with a binder and placed into an injection mold having a negative imprint of the desired shape of the liner.

[0040] In an embodiment of a method 200, a shaped charge 20, 30 is formed having a liner / shaped charge liner 10 utilizing the steps described in FIG. 5. The method 200 of forming the shaped charge may include forming a case 220 having a side wall, a back wall, a hollow interior defined by the side wall and the back wall, and an initiation point positioned adjacent to (or within) the back wall. The method further includes disposing an explosive load 240 within the hollow interior of the case, so that the explosive load is adjacent the back wall, the initiation point, and at least a portion of the side wall. According to an aspect, the explosive load includes one or more explosive powders that are arranged within the hollow interior. The explosive powders may be loosely place in the hollow interior. In an embodiment, the explosive load is compressed 242 within the hollow interior of the case at a force of between about 20kN to about 1,000 kN. In an alternative embodiment, the explosive load is compressed at a force of between about 30 kN to about 600 kN. According to an aspect, the method further includes mixing 260 a blend of metal powders including a metal hydride powder, and optionally non-metal powders and a lubricant. The method further includes compressing 280 the blended composition to form a shaped charge liner. The composition contemplated is substantially as described hereinabove with respect to the shaped charge liners 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1C, and 2-3. According to an aspect, the shaped charge liner is homogeneous along its length, i.e., no individual portion of the liner includes more or less of any individual constituent (powders or lubricant) of the composition. The method may further include installing the shaped charge liner 290 adjacent the explosive load and compressing it into the explosive load, such that the explosive load is positioned between the back and side walls, and the shaped charge liner.

[0041] The present invention may be understood further in view of the following example, which is not intended to be limiting in any manner. All of the information provided represents approximate values, unless specified otherwise.

EXAMPLE 1 [0042] Various compositions 12 for use in shaped charge liners may be made according to the embodiments of the disclosure. The percentages presented in the Example shown in Table 1 are based on the total % w/w of the powders in the composition 12 and exclude reference to deminimis amounts of processing oils or lubricants that may be utilized. Such oils or lubricants may be present in a final mix in an amount of between about 0.01% and 1% of the total % w/w of the powders in the composition 12. The composition 12 may include the following powder components, each component having a selected grain size range.

Table 1

[0043] The composition 12 presented in Table 1 - Sample Composition - may include a bronze metal powder, a lead metal powder, and a nickel powder. In at least an embodiment, the Sample Composition may include two or more grain size ranges/distributions of the bronze metal powder. The bronze metal powder may have grains ranging in size from between 160 pm to 180pm, 125pm to 159pm, and 100pm to 124pm. The lead metal powder may include two different grain size ranges, such as, from between an amount larger than 0pm to 120pm, and from 150pm to 300 pm. The Sample Composition may include a nickel metal powder. The nickel metal powder may include a grain size, such as, from between about 50pm to about 150pm. The Sample Composition may include a metal hydride powder. The metal hydride powder may have a grain size range from between 50pm to 150pm. In an aspect, the metal hydride powder may be zirconium hydride.

[0044] In an embodiment, the metal hydride powder may be provided in an amount up to about 30-40% w/w of the composition. In a further embodiment, the metal hydride powder may be provided in an amount ranging from between about 5% to about 25% w/w of the composition 12. In an embodiment, the metal hydride powder may be provided in an amount ranging from between about 15% to about 20% w/w of the composition 12.

[0045] This disclosure, in various embodiments, configurations and aspects, includes components, methods, processes, systems, and/or apparatuses as depicted and described herein, including various embodiments, sub-combinations, and subsets thereof. This disclosure contemplates, in various embodiments, configurations and aspects, the actual or optional use or inclusion of, e.g., components or processes as may be well-known or understood in the art and consistent with this disclosure though not depicted and/or described herein.

[0046] The phrases "at least one", "one or more", and "and/or" are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions "at least one of A, B and C", "at least one of A, B, or C", "one or more of A, B, and C", "one or more of A, B, or C" and "A, B, and/or C" means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together.

[0047] In this specification and the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms that have the following meanings. The terms "a" (or "an") and "the" refer to one or more of that entity, thereby including plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As such, the terms "a" (or "an"), "one or more" and "at least one" can be used interchangeably herein. Furthermore, references to "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "an embodiment" and the like are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term such as "about" is not to be limited to the precise value specified. In some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Terms such as "first," "second," "upper," "lower" etc. are used to identify one element from another, and unless otherwise specified are not meant to refer to a particular order or number of elements.

[0048] As used herein, the terms "may" and "may be" indicate a possibility of an occurrence within a set of circumstances; a possession of a specified property, characteristic or function; and/or qualify another verb by expressing one or more of an ability, capability, or possibility associated with the qualified verb. Accordingly, usage of "may" and "may be" indicates that a modified term is apparently appropriate, capable, or suitable for an indicated capacity, function, or usage, while taking into account that in some circumstances the modified term may sometimes not be appropriate, capable, or suitable. For example, in some circumstances an event or capacity can be expected, while in other circumstances the event or capacity cannot occur - this distinction is captured by the terms "may" and "may be."

[0049] As used in the claims, the word "comprises" and its grammatical variants logically also subtend and include phrases of varying and differing extent such as for example, but not limited thereto, "consisting essentially of' and "consisting of." Where necessary, ranges have been supplied, and those ranges are inclusive of all sub-ranges therebetween. It is to be expected that the appended claims should cover variations in the ranges except where this disclosure makes clear the use of a particular range in certain embodiments.

[0050] The terms "determine", "calculate" and "compute," and variations thereof, as used herein, are used interchangeably and include any type of methodology, process, mathematical operation or technique.

[0051] This disclosure is presented for purposes of illustration and description. This disclosure is not limited to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the Detailed Description of this disclosure, for example, various features of some exemplary embodiments are grouped together to representatively describe those and other contemplated embodiments, configurations, and aspects, to the extent that including in this disclosure a description of every potential embodiment, variant, and combination of features is not feasible. Thus, the features of the disclosed embodiments, configurations, and aspects may be combined in alternate embodiments, configurations, and aspects not expressly discussed above. For example, the features recited in the following claims lie in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment, configuration, or aspect. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this disclosure.

[0052] Advances in science and technology may provide variations that are not necessarily express in the terminology of this disclosure although the claims would not necessarily exclude these variations.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A shaped charge liner 10 comprising: a metal hydride powder, wherein the metal hydride powder undergoes an oxidation reaction upon detonation of the shaped charge liner.

2. The shaped charge liner 10 of claim 1, wherein the metal hydride powder comprises zirconium hydride (ZrTL).

3. The shaped charge liner 10 of claims 1 or 2, wherein the metal hydride powder is one of a plurality of metal powders, and the metal hydride powder comprises up to about 40% of a total weight of the plurality of metal powders.

4. The shaped charge liner 10 of claims 1 or 2, wherein the metal hydride powder is one of a plurality of metal powders, and the metal hydride powder comprises about 15% to about 20% of a total weight of the plurality of metal powders.

5. The shaped charge liner 10 of claims 3 or 4, wherein the shaped charge liner 10 further includes at least one of a bronze metal powder, a lead metal powder, and a nickel metal powder.

6. The shaped charge liner 10 of claim 2, wherein the oxidation reaction comprises at least one of: a reaction between zirconium and oxygen; and a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.

7. The shaped charge liner 10 of claim 6, wherein the oxidation reaction produces an energy release of up to 1100 kJ/mol.

8. A shaped charge 30 comprising: a shaped charge case 40 having a plurality of walls 42 defining a hollow interior 50 within the shaped charge case 40; an explosive load 60 disposed within the hollow interior 50; and a shaped charge liner 10 disposed adjacent the explosive load 60, wherein the shaped charge liner 10 comprises a metal hydride powder, wherein the metal hydride powder undergoes an oxidation reaction upon detonation of the shaped charge liner.

9. The shaped charge 30 of claim 8, wherein the metal hydride powder comprises zirconium hydride (Zrth).

10. The shaped charge 30 of claims 8 or 9, wherein the metal hydride powder is one of a plurality of metal powders, and the metal hydride powder comprises up to about 40% of a total weight of the plurality of metal powders.

11. The shaped charge 30 of claims 8 or 9, wherein the metal hydride powder is one of a plurality of metal powders, and the metal hydride powder comprises about 15% to about 20% of a total weight of the plurality of metal powders.

12. The shaped charge 30 of any one of claims 10 or 11, wherein the shaped charge liner 10 further includes at least one of a bronze metal powder, a lead metal powder, and a nickel metal powder.

13. The shaped charge 30 of claim 8, wherein the oxidation reaction comprises at least one of: a reaction between zirconium and oxygen; and a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.

14. The shaped charge liner 10 of claim 13, wherein the oxidation reaction produces an energy release of up to 1100 kJ/mol.

15. A method of forming a shaped charge liner 10, the method comprising: mixing a composition of metal powders to form a powder blend, wherein: the plurality of metal powders include a metal hydride powder, and the metal hydride powder comprises up to about 40% of a total weight of the plurality of metal powders; and forming the powder blend into a desired liner shape.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of forming comprises compressing the powder blend to form the desired liner shape.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of compressing is performed at a force of up to about 1,000 kN.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of forming comprises sintering the powder blend to form the desired liner shape.

19. The method of any one of claims 15-18, wherein the metal hydride powder comprises zirconium hydride (ZrTh).

20. The method of claim 15, wherein the metal hydride powder comprises about 15% to about 20% of a total weight of the plurality of metal powders.