WO2021122263A1 - Procédés, appareils et systèmes destinés à fournir l'accès au réseau par un point d'accès - Google Patents

Procédés, appareils et systèmes destinés à fournir l'accès au réseau par un point d'accès Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021122263A1
WO2021122263A1 PCT/EP2020/085422 EP2020085422W WO2021122263A1 WO 2021122263 A1 WO2021122263 A1 WO 2021122263A1 EP 2020085422 W EP2020085422 W EP 2020085422W WO 2021122263 A1 WO2021122263 A1 WO 2021122263A1
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Prior art keywords
wtru
link
network
wtrus
transmission
Prior art date
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PCT/EP2020/085422
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Stephane Onno
Nicolas Le Scouarnec
Christoph Neumann
Original Assignee
Interdigital Ce Patent Holdings
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Publication of WO2021122263A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021122263A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
    • H04W52/46—TPC being performed in particular situations in multi hop networks, e.g. wireless relay networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
    • H04B17/309—Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0686—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0691—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission using subgroups of transmit antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0868—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and combining
    • H04B7/0874—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and combining using subgroups of receive antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H04L1/0002—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the transmission rate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
    • H04W52/14—Separate analysis of uplink or downlink
    • H04W52/143—Downlink power control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
    • H04W52/241—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters taking into account channel quality metrics, e.g. SIR, SNR, CIR, Eb/lo
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
    • H04W52/383—TPC being performed in particular situations power control in peer-to-peer links
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
    • H04W52/44—TPC being performed in particular situations in connection with interruption of transmission
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management
    • H04W72/50—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources
    • H04W72/54—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/14—Relay systems
    • H04B7/15—Active relay systems
    • H04B7/155—Ground-based stations
    • H04B7/15507—Relay station based processing for cell extension or control of coverage area

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to network communications, including, but not exclusively, to methods, apparatuses, systems, etc. directed to providing a wireless link by an Access Point (AP).
  • AP Access Point
  • Wireless devices such as for example any of laptops, tablets, and phones, may use a wireless link for connecting to networks or the Internet.
  • User devices may rank a plurality of access points only based on signal levels received from each of the APs and displaying best APs with highest received signal levels, user devices may know security credentials for some APs and automatically connect to the AP with the highest received signal level. Embodiments described herein have been designed with the foregoing in mind.
  • an AP may provide a network access to a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) via a first wireless link and adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of the first wireless link based on a quality variation of a second link, connecting the AP to the network.
  • WTRU wireless transmit receive unit
  • the AP may be configured to increase the performance of the first wireless link based on an increased quality of the second link.
  • the AP may be configured to decrease the performance of the first wireless link based on a decreased quality of the second link.
  • adapting e.g., a characteristic impacting
  • a performance of the local link may comprise any of a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission with an adjusted (e.g., decreased/increased) transmit power, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission with a beamforming adjustment, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission of a packet in a network connection for reducing the amount of resources used by the WTRU, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission comprising an updated subset of (e.g., supported) transmission modes, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission comprising an updated subset of active bandwidth parts, a forced (e.g., Wi-Fi) dissociation, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission for releasing a connection with the WTRU, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission for reconfiguring an adjustable resource of the WTRU.
  • a forced (e.g., Wi-Fi) dissociation
  • an AP connected to a network via a network link may adapt a first (e.g., a characteristic impacting a first) performance of a first (e.g., local) link for connection to a first WTRU based on a quality of the network link.
  • the AP may adapt a second (e.g., a characteristic impacting a second) performance of a second (e.g., local) link for connection to a second WTRU based on the same quality of the network link, wherein the adaptations of the fist and the second performances may be different.
  • FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented
  • FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;
  • WTRU wireless transmit/receive unit
  • FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;
  • RAN radio access network
  • CN core network
  • FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment
  • FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating an example of spatial multiplexing multiple input multiple output antenna beamforming
  • FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B illustrate two examples of sidelink relay operations
  • FIG. 4 is a system diagram illustrating an example of an AP adapting a performance of a first wireless link based on a quality of a second link
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for adapting a performance of a first wireless link based on a quality variation of a second link
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for differently adapting performances of links to different WTRUs based on a quality of a network link.
  • FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.
  • the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users.
  • the communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth.
  • the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • OFDMA orthogonal FDMA
  • SC-FDMA single-carrier FDMA
  • ZT UW DTS-s OFDM zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM
  • UW-OFDM unique word OFDM
  • FBMC filter bank multicarrier
  • the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/113, a ON 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like.
  • UE user equipment
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • HMD head-mounted display
  • a vehicle a drone
  • the communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b.
  • Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112.
  • the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.
  • the base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc.
  • BSC base station controller
  • RNC radio network controller
  • the base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum.
  • a cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors.
  • the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors.
  • the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell.
  • the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell.
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple output
  • beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.
  • the base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.).
  • the air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).
  • RAT radio access technology
  • the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like.
  • the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA).
  • WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (FI SPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (FISPA+).
  • HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (FISDPA) and/or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).
  • E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • LTE-A Pro LTE-Advanced Pro
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).
  • a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies.
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles.
  • DC dual connectivity
  • the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.
  • IEEE 802.11 i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)
  • IEEE 802.16 i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
  • CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO Code Division Multiple Access 2000
  • IS-95 Interim Standard 95
  • IS-856 Interim Standard 856
  • GSM Global System for
  • the base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like.
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN).
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN).
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell.
  • the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110.
  • the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.
  • the RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d.
  • the data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like.
  • QoS quality of service
  • the CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication.
  • the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.
  • the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.
  • the CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112.
  • the PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS).
  • POTS plain old telephone service
  • the Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite.
  • the networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.
  • Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links).
  • the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1 A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.
  • FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102.
  • the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others.
  • GPS global positioning system
  • the processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like.
  • the processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment.
  • the processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116.
  • a base station e.g., the base station 114a
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.
  • the transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122.
  • the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities.
  • the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.
  • the processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit).
  • the processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128.
  • the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132.
  • the non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device.
  • the removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like.
  • SIM subscriber identity module
  • SD secure digital
  • the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).
  • the processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102.
  • the power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102.
  • the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.
  • the processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102.
  • location information e.g., longitude and latitude
  • the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity.
  • the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e- compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like.
  • FM frequency modulated
  • the peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.
  • a gyroscope an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.
  • the WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous.
  • the full duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118).
  • the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).
  • a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).
  • FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment.
  • the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.
  • the RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology.
  • the eNode-B 160a for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.
  • Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.
  • the CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.
  • MME mobility management entity
  • SGW serving gateway
  • PGW packet data network gateway
  • the MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node.
  • the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.
  • the MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.
  • the SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface.
  • the SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • the SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.
  • the SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.
  • packet-switched networks such as the Internet 110
  • the CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks.
  • the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land line communications devices.
  • the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108.
  • IMS IP multimedia subsystem
  • the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.
  • the other network 112 may be a WLAN.
  • a WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP.
  • the AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS.
  • Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs.
  • Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations.
  • Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA.
  • the traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic.
  • the peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS).
  • the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS).
  • a WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other.
  • the IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc” mode of communication.
  • the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel.
  • the primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling.
  • the primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP.
  • Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems.
  • the STAs e.g., every STA, including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off.
  • One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.
  • High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.
  • VHT STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels.
  • the 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels.
  • a 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration.
  • the data, after channel encoding may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams.
  • Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing may be done on each stream separately.
  • IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
  • the streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA.
  • the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).
  • MAC Medium Access Control
  • Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11 ah.
  • the channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11h, and 802.11 ac.
  • 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum
  • 802.11 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum.
  • 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine-Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area.
  • MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths.
  • the MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).
  • WLAN systems which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11h, 802.11 ac, 802.11 af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel.
  • the primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS.
  • the bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode.
  • the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes.
  • Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.
  • STAs e.g., MTC type devices
  • NAV Network Allocation Vector
  • the available frequency bands which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.
  • FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment.
  • the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.
  • the RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology.
  • gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c.
  • the gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology.
  • the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology.
  • WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).
  • CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).
  • TTIs subframe or transmission time intervals
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c).
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously.
  • eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.
  • UPF User Plane Function
  • AMF Access and Mobility Management Function
  • the CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.
  • SMF Session Management Function
  • the AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node.
  • the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like.
  • Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and/or the like.
  • URLLC ultra-reliable low latency
  • eMBB enhanced massive mobile broadband
  • MTC machine type communication
  • the AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like.
  • a PDU session type may be IP-based, non- IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.
  • the UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.
  • the UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.
  • the CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks.
  • the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108.
  • IMS IP multimedia subsystem
  • the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.
  • DN local Data Network
  • one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-ab, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown).
  • the emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein.
  • the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.
  • the emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network.
  • the emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network.
  • the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components.
  • the one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.
  • RF circuitry e.g., which may include one or more antennas
  • a WTRU such as, for example, any of a laptop, a tablet, a phone, a vehicle, and a (e.g., virtual/augmented reality) headset may use a wireless link for connecting to networks or the Internet via an Access Point (AP).
  • a WTRU may connect to the AP using a wireless link such as any of a Wi-Fi link and a 3G/4G/5G link.
  • Any device providing network access via any kind of wireless interface (e.g., any of Wi-Fi and 3G/4G/5G) may be referred to herein as an AP.
  • link in the embodiments described herein, any communication technology adapted to interconnect at least two end points of a network, such as, for example, two networking devices.
  • a link may either be a point to point link (e.g., a wired link) or a point to multipoint link (e.g., a wireless medium).
  • the AP may connect to the network via a second link.
  • the second link may connect the AP to another node (e.g., network element) and may be any of a wireless link and a wired link.
  • a WTRU may rank a plurality of access points based on signal levels received from each of the APs.
  • a signal level may be any of a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), a Received Channel Power Indicator (RCPI), a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), a Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) and a Signal to Interferences and Noise Ratio (SINR) obtained (e.g., measured) by the WTRU for (e.g., each of the) APs in the range.
  • SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
  • RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator
  • RCPI Received Channel Power Indicator
  • RSRP Reference Signal Received Power
  • RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality
  • SINR Signal to Interferences and Noise Ratio
  • the received signal level may be a metric representative (e.g., only) of a quality of the (e.g., first) wireless link between the WTRU and the AP.
  • the quality (e.g., performances) of the second link, connecting the AP to the network may be hidden to (not visible from) the WTRU, which may not be able to select the AP providing the best end to end network performances.
  • a WTRU connected to a cellular mobile network via a 3G/4G/5G interface may be configured in an AP mode for sharing the 3G/4G/5G interface with other wireless devices (e.g., WTRUs) via, for example, a Wi-Fi interface.
  • the AP-configured WTRU may experience a low (e.g., poor) cellular reception. This may be due, for example, to the location of the AP- configured WTRU (e.g., located indoor). This may also be due to the cell of the cellular network being overloaded, thus limiting the available bandwidth for the AP-configured WTRU.
  • Any other WTRU receiving a high level of (e.g., Wi-Fi) signal from the AP-configured WTRU, may try to connect to that AP-configured WTRU for accessing the cellular mobile network instead of connecting to another AP, or instead of using their own cellular connection.
  • a high level of e.g., Wi-Fi
  • a Wi-Fi repeater may have a bad (e.g., poor, congested) connection to a (e.g., main router) AP.
  • a WTRU receiving a high signal level from the repeater and a lower signal level from the (e.g., main router) AP may connect to the repeater instead of connecting directly to the (e.g., main router) AP although connecting directly the (e.g., main router) AP would provide better network performances (e.g., any of increased bandwidth and latency reduction).
  • a WTRU may be configured as a 4G/5G relay WTRU, for using sidelink communication (e.g., device to device (D2D), PC5 communication link) to provide access to the 4G/5G core network for a WTRU not being in a range of a RAN node, which may refer, in the embodiments described herein, any of an eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, and more generally any networking device connected to the RAN.
  • a WTRU located in a (e.g., close) neighborhood of a relay WTRU may receive a high level of signal from the relay WTRU, despite the relay WTRU having a low-quality link to the network.
  • the relay WTRU may, for example, be on the move and/or use high frequencies (e.g., subject to coverage issues) for connecting to a gNB.
  • the relay WTRU may be a fixed (e.g., not moving) WTRU of a vehicle-to-infrastructure.
  • the WTRU may be configured as an 802.11 p relay WTRU, for using device to device communication to provide access for a vehicle to another vehicle or to an element of the fixed infrastructure.
  • a WTRU may obtain (e.g., measure) a level of a signal received from an AP.
  • a received signal level such as, for example, any of a RSSI, a SNR, a RCPI, a RSRP, a RSRQ and a SINR. may be used by a WTRU to determine the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) that may be used for a subsequent wireless transmission.
  • MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
  • beamforming may allow to focus a wireless signal towards a (e.g., specific) direction, for example towards a (e.g., specific) WTRU.
  • Beamforming may improve the spectral efficiency by allowing to improve a signal level (e.g., a SNR) for a WTRU.
  • a signal level e.g., a SNR
  • Beamforming may comprise transmitting a (e.g., full) stream on any number of physical antennas, with different amplitude/phase applied at an (e.g., each) antenna.
  • Arrays of antennas may be used to direct radiated power towards a (e.g., desired) angular sector. Any of the number, geometrical arrangement, and relative amplitudes and phases of the array elements (e.g., antennas, antenna ports) may depend on an angular pattern that may be targeted.
  • An array designed to focus towards a (e.g., particular) direction may be refocused to another direction by changing (e.g., adjusting, updating) relative phases of any of the array elements. Refocusing an array from one direction to another may be referred to herein as steering or scanning.
  • Any of WTRUs, APs, and RAN nodes may have multiple receive/transmit antennas, enabling a variety of transmission techniques, such as, for example, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) with Spatial Multiplexing (SM).
  • MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
  • SM-MIMO may also provide Multi Users MU-MIMO.
  • FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating an example of SM MIMO beamforming.
  • Transmitter 20 comprising two Tx antenna ports 201, 202 may transmit an (e.g., original) stream S to a receiver 21 comprising two Rx antenna ports 211, 212.
  • the original stream S may be split in two sub streams S1, S2, wherein the first sub stream S1 may be transmitted by the first Tx antenna port 210 and the second sub stream S2 may be transmitted by the second Tx antenna port 202.
  • Applying different phase/amplitude at each Tx antenna port 201, 202 may allow to adjust the beam in the direction of the receiver 21 and to improve reception at the receiver 21.
  • FIG. 2 also illustrates reflections of the transmitted first and second sub streams over walls 200.
  • a (e.g., full, not split) stream may be transmitted on any number of antenna ports at the same time, and may have different phases at (e.g., each) antenna port.
  • a large number of antennas may be used at high (e.g., millimetric) frequencies.
  • An (e.g., original) stream may be split in any number of (e.g., two or more than two) sub streams, and a (e.g., each) sub stream may be transmitted.
  • An antenna port may be any of a single physical antenna, a combination of any number of physical antennas or antenna elements.
  • a (e.g., propagation) channel over which a symbol on an antenna port may be conveyed may be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna port may be conveyed.
  • a receiver may obtain (e.g., estimate, infer) a channel by using (e.g., known, pre-determined) pilots (e.g., reference signals).
  • a Wi-Fi WTRU may announce supported rates and modulations (e.g., MCS, which may be referred to herein as transmission modes) by transmitting an information element carried within (e.g., a set of) management frames.
  • MCS Mobility Management Function
  • a Supported Rate Information Element may be present in Beacons, Probe Requests, Probe Responses, Association Requests, Association Responses, Reassociation Requests and Reassociation Responses.
  • the Supported Rate IE may comprise an eight-byte field, a (e.g., each) byte indicating a single supported rate, the most significant bit (MSB), indicating whether the data rate is a basic rate (MSB set to 1) or a supported rate (MSB set to 0).
  • the remaining lowest significant bits (bits (0-6)) may indicate the data rate value of the transmission mode in units of 500kbps. For example, 6 Mbps (12 x500kbps units)
  • the basic rates may represent the lower range while the supported rates may represent the upper range of the transmission modes supported by a WTRU.
  • the table here below depicts an example of a "Supported Rates” field of a Beacon management frame, that may be transmitted by an AP.
  • An extended supported rates IE may be transmitted by an AP for indicating more than eight supported rates.
  • a beacon frame may be transmitted by an AP for indicating the existence of a network.
  • a beacon frame may be transmitted at regular intervals to allow (e.g., mobile) stations to find and identify a network, as well as match parameters for joining the network.
  • Beacon frames may be transmitted in broadcast mode.
  • FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B illustrate two examples of sidelink relay operations.
  • sidelink may be referred to herein as (e.g., direct) device to device communication, e.g., without transmitting via a base station.
  • FIG. 3A is a system diagram illustrating a WTRU 30A configured to operate as a WTRU- to-network relay.
  • a gNB 33 may provide a radio coverage 300.
  • WTRUs 31A, 30A located within the cell coverage 300 may communicate via the gNB 33.
  • the WTRU 32A not in the range of the gNB 33 may access the network by transmitting data to any of the gNB and WTRUs 31 A via the WTRU relay 30A.
  • the (e.g., out of range) WTRU 32A may use sidelink to transmit data to the WTRU relay 30A.
  • 3B is a system diagram illustrating a WTRU 30B configured to operate as a WTRU- to-WTRU relay.
  • the WTRU relay 30B may be configured to provide connectivity to a WTRU 31 B via, for example, a PC5 interface, for another WTRU 32B.
  • the WTRU relay 30B may be configured to relay data between two WTRUs 31 B, 32B via sidelink.
  • device to device communication may include transmitting information from a vehicle to any entity that may affect the vehicle and vice versa (which may be referred to herein as V2X)
  • V2X may include various type of communication such as any of Vehicle-to- Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-Network (V2N), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), Vehicle-to-Device (V2D) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G).
  • V2I Vehicle-to- Infrastructure
  • V2N Vehicle-to-Network
  • V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle
  • V2P Vehicle-to-Pedestrian
  • V2D Vehicle-to-Device
  • V2G Vehicle-to-Grid
  • an AP connected to a network via a second link may provide WTRUs with an access to that network via a first wireless link.
  • a WTRU intending to connect to the network may display an information indicating signal levels of APs in the range of the WTRU.
  • the (e.g., displayed) signal levels may (e.g., only) reflect the performance of the first wireless link (e.g., between the WTRU and candidate APs), and may hide the performance of the second links connecting candidate APs to the network.
  • Automatic connection algorithms for example, based on ordering candidate APs based on the received signal strength may fail to select the candidate AP providing the best overall network performance.
  • Embodiments described herein may allow a WTRU to obtain, use and for example display an indication of a quality of the network access including a signal level or the first link and a quality indicator of the second link.
  • Embodiments described herein may enable overall network performance improvements by allowing choosing the AP providing the best end to end performances.
  • the quality indicator of the second link may be based on any metric representative of the wireless signal quality and/or a network load (e.g., the number of WTRUs in a cell).
  • multi homing transport protocols e.g., Multi Path Transport Control Protocol (MPTCP), Multi Patch Quick User datagram protocol Internet Connection (MPQUIC)
  • MPTCP Multi Path Transport Control Protocol
  • MPQUIC Multi Patch Quick User datagram protocol Internet Connection
  • Embodiments described herein may allow, for example, to select the best connection as the primary connection (e.g., used for the initial handshake).
  • FIG. 4 is a system diagram illustrating an example of an AP providing a network connection to a WTRU via a local wireless link and adapting a performance of the local wireless link based on a quality of a remote link, connecting the AP to the network.
  • An AP 40 may provide wireless access to any number of WTRUs 401 , 402 via a first wireless link 411 , 412, which may be referred to herein as a local link.
  • the AP 40 may be further connected to a network 42 via a second link 420, which may be referred to herein as any of a remote link and a network link.
  • a WTRU 401, 402 may access the network 42, to which the AP 40 is connected via the remote link 420.
  • another (e.g., alternative) AP 41 may be in the range of the WTRU 402.
  • the (e.g., alternative) AP 41 may be connected to the same network 42 via another remote link 423 and propose to the WTRU 402 to connect to the network 42 via an alternative local link 413.
  • the WTRU 402 may select an AP 40, 41 for connecting to the network 42 based on performance of the respective wireless local links 412, 413.
  • the AP 40, 41 may be any access point providing wireless access for connecting to a network.
  • the AP 40, 41 may be, for example, a WTRU configured in an access point and performing tethering for sharing the cellular connection with other wireless devices.
  • the AP 40, 41 may be, for example, configured in any of a gateway, a wireless repeater, and a relay.
  • the AP 40, 41 may be, for example, any of a V2X, V2I, smart city device.
  • the AP 40, 41 may be, for example, a RAN node (e.g., any of an eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, and more generally any networking device connected to the RAN).
  • the AP 40, 41 may be, for example, any of a WTRU-to-WTRU relay and a WTRU-to-network relay.
  • the network 42 may be, for example, any of a cellular (e.g., 3G/4G/5G) network, Internet, etc. More generally, the network may be any network to which a WTRU 401 , 402 may connect via a wireless interface.
  • the local link 411, 412, 413 may be any kind of wireless link through which a WTRU 401, 402 may connect to the AP 40, 41.
  • the local link 411, 412, 413 may be, for example, any of a IEEE 802.11 / Wi-Fi link, a 3G/4G/5G link, a wireless personal area network link (e.g., Bluetooth, Zigbee).
  • the remote link 420, 423 may be any kind of wired (e.g., any Digital Subscriber Loop (xDSL), Fiber to anything (FTTx), Cable) or wireless link (e.g., 3G/4G/5G cellular, Fixed Wireless Access (FWA)) through which the AP 40, 41 may connect to the network 42.
  • the remote link 420, 423 may refer to any of a layer two connection (e.g., a link between the AP 40, 41 and the next network device), a layer three or four connection (e.g., a network connection going through multiple network devices).
  • network connection it meant in the embodiments described herein, any connection between two logical endpoints located in two different devices of a network.
  • a network connection may be any of a network layer connection or a transport layer connection.
  • a connection may be described (e.g., identified) by five-tuples including a source and destination (e.g., IP) addresses, a source and destination (e.g., TCP, UDP) port, and a protocol indication (e.g., TCP, UDP).
  • IP source and destination
  • TCP source and destination
  • UDP protocol indication
  • the AP 40 may be configured to adapt a (e.g., characteristic impacting a) performance 4110, 4120 of a local link 411, 412 for connection to a WTRU 401, 402 based on a quality 4200 variation of the remote link 420.
  • the (e.g., characteristic impacting the) performance 4110, 4120 may be adjusted (e.g., increased or decreased) as a function of (e.g., in proportion of) the quality variation (increase or decrease) of the remote link.
  • the performance 4110, 4120 of the local link 411, 412 may increase on a condition that the quality 4200 of the second link increases, and/or the performance 4110, 4120 of the local link 411, 412 may decrease on a condition that the quality 4200 of the second link decreases.
  • the AP 40 may be configured to (e.g., only) decrease the performance of the local link when the quality of the second link decreases and may keep a decreased performance of the local link even if the quality of the second link may increase again afterwards.
  • the AP 40 may monitor at least one characteristic of the remote link 420 and may modify a characteristic of the local link 411, 412 accordingly, by performing (e.g., a variety of) adaptions impacting the performance 4110, 4120 of the local link 411, 412, for adapting (e.g., adjusting) the behavior of the WTRU 401, 402.
  • the local link 411, 412 may be seen as a resource shared among multiple WTUs connected to the AP 40 via the local link 411, 412.
  • Adapting at least one characteristic of the local link 411, 412 may target (e.g., impact) any of a single, several and all WTRUs at a time.
  • the adaptation may apply to a group of (e.g., similar) device type (e.g., phones, laptop%) or target a single WTRU (e.g., closest to the AP).
  • a device type may be inferred based on, for example, fingerprinting any of the operating system, network connections and protocols such as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) headers.
  • HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
  • adapting e.g., a characteristic impacting
  • a performance may target (e.g., impact) a single network connection flowing between a WTRU and the AP.
  • the adaptation may target a set of connection types (e.g., connections belonging to a same differentiated service class). For example, if the quality of the remote link degrades, performances of the local link may be degraded on network connections based on service priorities (e.g. public safety services being less impacted than telephony, which may be less impacted than multimedia, ).
  • service priorities e.g. public safety services being less impacted than telephony, which may be less impacted than multimedia, .
  • adaptations targeting a WTRU may be performed independently from adaptations targeting a network connection. For example, an adaptation may target a particular service for laptops (e.g., only).
  • an AP may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a first local link for connection to a WTRU while (e.g., at the same time), the AP may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a second local link for connection to another WTRU, the second adaptation being different from the first.
  • the AP may for instance degrade the performance for a first WTRU while (e.g., at the same time) improving the performance for a second WTRU.
  • the AP may degrade the performances for both the first and the second WTRUs, the performance of one of the WTRUs being more degraded than the performance of the other WTRU.
  • the AP may, for example, force a WTRU to use an MCS corresponding to the bandwidth of the network link, while (e.g., at the same time) forcing a second WTRU to use a (e.g., very) low MCS, for inciting this second WTRU to disconnect from the AP via the first local link (or for discouraging this second WTRU to connect to the AP via this first local link.
  • adapting e.g., a characteristic impacting
  • a performance may comprise adaptations at different levels (Physical/Data I i n k/network/T ransport) of any of the user plane and/or the control plane of the communication stack in use within the local link.
  • the communication stack may include any of a Wi-Fi stack, a 3GPP stack with a common part above the IP Layer and Information Centric Communication stacks.
  • adapting e.g., a characteristic impacting
  • a performance of the local link may comprise any of a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission with an adjusted (e.g., decreased/increased) transmit power, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission with a beamforming adjustment, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission of a packet in a network connection for reducing the amount of resources used by the WTRU, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission comprising an updated subset of (e.g., supported) transmission modes, a forced (e.g., Wi-Fi) dissociation, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission comprising an updated subset of active bandwidth parts, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission for releasing a connection with the WTRU, a (e.g., subsequent) AP transmission for reconfiguring an adjustable resource of the WTRU.
  • an AP may detect a degradation of a quality of the remote link, such as, for example, a reduction of the available (e.g., any of uplink and down link) bandwidth, a congestion on the remote link, a low level of reception in case of wireless signals etc.
  • the AP may detect a quality degradation of the remote link by detecting a reduction of any metric representative of a signal quality, such as any of a RSSI, a SNR, a RCPI a RSRP, a RSRQ and a SINR from a RAN Node AP.
  • the AP may detect a remote link quality degradation by detecting an increase any of loss packet (e.g., rate, number), retransmitted packet (e.g., rate, number), at any protocol of the communication stack of the remote link. Based on a detected quality degradation, the AP may initiate (e.g., trigger) an adaption (e.g., of a performance) on the local link.
  • a WTRU connected to (or trying to connect to, e.g., associate with) the AP via the local link may detect a change in performance of the local link because, for example, the AP may have adjusted a characteristic of the transmission to the WTRU which may impact the reception at the WTRU. In another example the AP may have notified the WTRU to update its transmission to the AP, impacting the performance of the local link.
  • an adaptation targeting a particular characteristic may result in an adaptation of the WTRU transmission to modify another characteristic. For example, if the AP adjusts the transmit power, the WTRU may experience a lower reception and as a result may decide to update the transmission mode (e.g., transmission rate) characteristics towards a more robust transmission mode. For example, the AP may adjust a set of parameters (e.g., characteristics) to constrain (e.g., all) WTRUs to share the radio resources of the local link, according to an allocation of resources dedicated to (e.g., each of) the WTRUs.
  • parameters e.g., characteristics
  • the AP may prioritize a WTRU close to the AP, by, for example, terminating the connection of (e.g., disassociating) a WTRU receiving a low level of signal from the AP (e.g. because the WTRU may be far away from the AP).
  • the AP may adjust a bandwidth of a WTRU close to the AP by, for example, forcing the WTRU to use a more robust transmission mode.
  • a WTRU close to the AP may, for example, use almost all the bandwidth available on the remote link under degraded network conditions.
  • the AP may adjust the characteristics of the WTRU close to the AP, by forcing the WTRU to reduce its transmitted data rate (e.g., forcing the WTRU to use a more robust transmission mode) so as more fairly share the bandwidth usage (available on the remote link) among all the WTRUs sharing the local link.
  • the AP may adapt a characteristic of the local link to prevent (e.g., discourage) any additional WTRU to attempt a connection to (e.g., association with) the AP.
  • an AP may be any of a (e.g. fixed) gateway and a repeater.
  • the local link may be based on any IEEE 802.11xy (xy referring to any variation of the IEEE 802.11 standard), and the remote link may be based on any of a fiber, DSL, 3G/4G/5G cellular, and IEEE 802.11xy.
  • the AP may be a 5G network gateway connecting to a 5G core network and providing an IEEE 802.11xy local link, the remote link being based on any of a fiber, DSL, 3G/4G/5G cellular, and IEEE 802.11xy.
  • the AP may comprise a RAN node (e.g., picocell, femtocell), providing a local mobile (e.g., 3G/4G/5G) link from connecting to a broadband (e.g., DSL, Fiber...) remote link.
  • a RAN node e.g., picocell, femtocell
  • a local mobile link e.g., 3G/4G/5G
  • a broadband e.g., DSL, Fiber
  • the AP may comprise a Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) gateway.
  • FWA Fixed Wireless Access
  • the local link may be based on any IEEE 802.11xy
  • the remote link may be based on any FWA technology (e.g., 5G, or any wireless technology able to provide wireless access to a home or a building).
  • the remote link may comprise a first wireless link from the AP to an FWA node, which may be connected to the core network via a second wireless link. Both the local and remote links may be based on 5G.
  • the embodiments described herein may be applicable to any of the AP comprising the first FWA gateway, and the FWA node interconnecting the AP with the core network.
  • the AP may comprise a RAN node (e.g., any of a eNB, gNB, ng-eNB), and the local link may by any of a 3G, 4G, 5G link.
  • a RAN node may experience a degradation of the backhaul and, as a result may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of the local link for any number of WTRUs.
  • the AP may comprise any of a WTRU-to-WTRU relay and a WTRU-to-network relay.
  • the relay may be subject to link degradations, in case the relay is moving (e.g., hold by a pedestrian, a vehicle, a robot, any wearable equipment including any of Virtual Reality (VR) / Augmented Reality (AR) headsets, glasses and connected watches.
  • the AP may comprise Wi-Fi tethering as a local link behind a mobile radio LTE/NR as a remote link.
  • the AP may comprise any of a V2X, V2I device with any of 802.11 p and mobile LTE/NR radio for any of the local and the remote link.
  • the AP may provide a Wi-Fi direct local link to a WTRU, the remote link being based on any of 3G/4G/5G and any IEEE 802.11xy.
  • the AP may provide a local link based on a personal area network mesh (e.g., Zigbee, Bluetooth) networking from a WTRU.
  • a personal area network mesh e.g., Zigbee, Bluetooth
  • an AP may adapt a (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a local link to a WTRU by transmitting a packet to the WTRU for decreasing an amount of network resources used by the WTRU (e.g., for any of transmission and reception). For example, the AP may transmit a packet for resetting a transmission protocol of the WTRU. Resetting a transmission protocol may allow to reduce the amount of data (e.g., data rate) transmitted or received by the WTRU as some control packet exchange (involving a lower data rate) may be triggered.
  • a transmission protocol of the WTRU may allow to reduce the amount of data (e.g., data rate) transmitted or received by the WTRU as some control packet exchange (involving a lower data rate) may be triggered.
  • the AP may transmit a TCP reset (TCP RST) packet to the WTRU.
  • TCP RST TCP reset
  • a TCP reset packet is a TCP packet with the RST bit set to 1 in the TCP header flags.
  • a TCP RST packet may force the WTRU to terminate the (e.g., existing) TCP connection corresponding to the reception port on which the TCP RST packet has been received.
  • the AP may have forged (e.g., inferred) some of the values in the IP and TCP header (e.g., IP address or sequence numbers) by listening (e.g., spoofing) packets of the TCP connection, and set corresponding values in the TCP RST packet to be consistent with the values of the TCP connection.
  • a WTRU receiving one or several TCP RST packets, in addition to reduce the amount of network resources, may (e.g., decide to) move (e.g., switch) to another AP.
  • Embodiments described herein may be applicable to any transmission protocol (such as for example any acknowledged protocol) that may be reset by reception of a specific packet (or flag in a packet).
  • another example of packet that may be transmitted by an AP to reduce an amount of network resources used by the WTRU may be an explicit congestion notification (ECN) indication, for example within the IP header of a packet transmitted to the WTRU.
  • ECN explicit congestion notification
  • Transmitting an ECN indication to the WTRU may allow the congestion control mechanism to reduce the bandwidth used by the WTRU.
  • a WTRU receiving one or several ECN notifications or observing a decrease of the bandwidth used by its TCP connections may (e.g., decide to) move (e.g., switch) to another AP.
  • sending a packet to the WTRU as described above may be applicable to a multi path transport protocol, such as, for example, MPTCP, where a path of the multi-path protocol may traverse the AP.
  • a multi path transport protocol such as, for example, MPTCP
  • Embodiments described herein may allow steering a WTRU to another (e.g., MPTCP) path traversing another AP, with a better remote link quality.
  • an AP may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a local link to a WTRU by adapting the transmit power of the transmitted wireless signal.
  • the AP may, for example, increase the transmit power on a condition that the quality of the remote link increases and/or decrease the transmit power on a condition that the quality of the remote link decreases.
  • the transmit power may be adjusted (e.g., increased or decreased) as a function of (e.g., in proportion of) the quality variation (increase or decrease) of the remote link.
  • the WTRU may observe (e.g., monitor, measure) a variation in the received signal level (e.g., any of a RSSI, SNR, RCPI, RSRP, RSRQ and SINR) and may adapt its transmission mode (e.g., modulation, data rate) accordingly.
  • a variation in the received signal level e.g., any of a RSSI, SNR, RCPI, RSRP, RSRQ and SINR
  • the AP may decrease the transmit power, and the WTRU may receive a lower level of signal from the AP.
  • the WTRU may decide to use a more robust transmission mode, which may decrease the data rate at which the WTRU may transmit (e.g., receive) subsequent data over the local link.
  • the WTRU may use a lower amount of network resources of the remote link.
  • the WTRU may (e.g., decide to) handover to another AP, for example, with a better level of received signal and may stop using network resources of the remote link.
  • the AP may adapt (decrease/increase) the transmit power for a beamformed or a non-beamformed signal.
  • an AP may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a local link to a WTRU by adapting (e.g., adjusting) antenna characteristics for beamforming adaptation. Adjusting antenna characteristics may allow the AP to transmit a beamformed signal, and to adapt a performance of the local link directed to, for example a (e.g., single, set of co-located) WTRU(s), depending on the remote link characteristics. Beamforming adaptation may be performed by the AP in addition or independently of a transmit power adaptation.
  • a beamforming adaptation may allow the AP to impact the level of signal (e.g., any of RSSI, SNR, RCPI, RSRP, RSRQ and SINR) received by a WTRU.
  • a level of signal may be obtained (e.g., measured) per (e.g., RAN node) AP and/or per beam.
  • the AP may modify an antenna parameter (e.g., any of the number, the geometrical arrangement, the relative amplitudes and phases of the array of antenna elements).
  • the direction of the signal transmitted by the AP may vary based on a modification of any of the antenna parameters.
  • the WTRU may receive the signal with varying signal power indicators.
  • the WTRU may adapt at least one transmission characteristic on the local link (e.g., using a more robust transmission (e.g., modulation) mode for reducing the transmitted data rate when the signal level decreases or using a less robust transmission (e.g., modulation) mode increasing the transmitted data rate (e.g., overall bandwidth to transmit), when the when the signal level increases.
  • a more robust transmission e.g., modulation
  • modulation e.g., modulation
  • the AP may adjust the number of antenna (e.g., ports) used for any of reception from and transmission to a WTRU.
  • the AP may, for example, increase the number of antenna (e.g., ports) used for transmission on a condition that the quality of the remote link increases and/or decrease the number of antenna (e.g., ports) used for transmission on a condition that the quality of the remote link decreases.
  • the number of antenna (e.g., ports) used for transmission may be adjusted (e.g., increased/decreased) as a function of (e.g., in proportion of) the quality variation (increase or decrease) of the remote link.
  • an AP may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a local link to a WTRU by selecting a subset of the transmission modes supported by the AP, and by transmitting the subset of transmission modes as the set of supported transmission modes.
  • the set of supported transmission modes may be indicated by any of basic rates, supported rates and extended supported rates parameters, transmitted (e.g., carried) in management frames such as, for example, any of Beacons, Probe Requests, Probe Responses, Association Requests, Association Responses, Reassociation Requests and Reassociation Responses.
  • the set of "basic rates” parameters may indicate the lower bound while the set of "supported rates” or "extended supported rates” parameters may indicate the upper bound of the supported transmission modes.
  • a WTRU device may not connect (e.g., use for transmission to connect) at a rate lower than any of the transmitted "basic rates” parameters, neither may it connect at a rate above any of the transmitted supported rates.
  • the AP may (e.g., select and) transmit a subset of the transmission modes supported by the AP.
  • the AP may update the subset of transmission modes by selecting a new subset of transmission modes, removing (e.g., not including) any of a basic, a supported and an extended supported rates from the set of parameters supported by the AP.
  • the new subset of transmission modes may be transmitted by the AP in the next (e.g., subsequent) management frames.
  • the management frame may be transmitted in broadcast mode, such as e.g., Beacons or in unicast mode such as e.g., any of probing and authentications frames.
  • the AP may send a beacon frame (e.g., packet) in unicast mode to target a (e.g., specific, particular) WTRU.
  • a WTRU When connected (e.g., associated with the AP), a WTRU may not send unicast frames for a certain time (e.g., the WTRU may have periods of time with no transmission).
  • Transmitting a unicast beacon frame (e.g., packet) including a subset of (e.g., supported) transmission modes (e.g., excluding some supported transmission modes) may allow to accelerate (e.g., speed up) the adaptation within the WTRU receiving the unicast beacon.
  • the adaptation in the WTRU may be applicable to any number of parameters at a time.
  • selecting and transmitting a new subset of supported transmission modes may allow to force a WTRU receiving the subset to use a transmission mode of the received subset. For example, not including a transmission mode corresponding to a high data rate may preclude a WTRU from using that transmission mode on the local link and may force the WTRU to transmit on the local link with a transmission mode corresponding to a lower data rate, so as to use less network resources of the remote link.
  • the WTRU transmitting on the local link with a more robust transmission mode may also use a larger part of the available bandwidth of (e.g., the frequency channel of) the local link, and may limit the access to the local link by other WTRUs connected to the AP (e.g., via the same frequency channel). For example, not including a transmission mode corresponding to a low (e.g., lowest) data rate may preclude a WTRU from using that transmission mode on the local link and may force the WTRU to transmit on the local link with a transmission mode corresponding to a higher data rate. If the WTRU experiences radio conditions preventing successful transmission with the higher data rate transmission mode, the WTRU may be incited to disconnect from the AP and to connect to another AP.
  • a transmission mode corresponding to a low (e.g., lowest) data rate may preclude a WTRU from using that transmission mode on the local link and may force the WTRU to transmit on the local link with a transmission mode corresponding to a higher data rate. If
  • selecting a subset of transmission modes may allow to select a WTRU (for being disconnected from the AP) based on its capability to switch to a transmission mode of lower or higher rate without sending a dissociation request.
  • a subset of transmission modes may be sent in a control frame (e.g., packet) in unicast mode to target a (e.g., specific, particular) WTRU.
  • the control frames for transmitting a subset of (e.g., supported) transmission modes may be any of an acknowledge (Ack), a block acknowledge (Block Ack), a Block Ack request, a ready to send (RTS) and a clear to send (CTS).
  • Ack acknowledge
  • Block Ack Block Ack
  • RTS ready to send
  • CTS clear to send
  • Any type of control frames adapted to encapsulate a subset of (e.g., supported) transmission modes may be applicable to embodiments described herein.
  • the AP may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a local link to a WTRU by selecting a subset of the transmission modes supported by the AP, and by transmitting the subset of transmission modes within, for example a control frame.
  • the control frame may be sent in unicast mode for targeting a (e.g., particular) WTRU, e.g., by using the unicast MAC address of the WTRU.
  • Control frames may (e.g., only) be sent to already associated WTRUs.
  • control frames for transmitting subsets of (e.g., supported) transmission modes may allow faster adaptations as there may be more occasions for sending control frames to the (e.g., targeted) WTRU (e.g., than occasions for sending management frames).
  • a single transmission mode may be indicated in the high throughput (HT) control field of a MAC packet header. Indicating a single transmission mode (MCS) in the HT control field may allow the AP to force the WTRU to use a specific MCS for a better usage of the local link capacity. For example, the AP may be in a better position (e.g., have more information on the local link) than the WTRU for arbitrating on which transmission mode to use with the WTRU. For example, transmitting a single (and e.g., inappropriate) transmission mode may allow the AP to force the WTRU to disconnect (or connect to another AP).
  • any transmission mode not corresponding to the current radio conditions e.g. very robust transmission mode when the radio conditions are excellent and would allow a much less robust transmission mode, or a transmission mode of a very high data rate when the radio conditions are bad and would require a much more robust transmission mode.
  • a subset of (e.g., supported) transmission modes may be indicated (e.g., included) in the high throughput (HT) control field of a MAC packet header.
  • a subset of (e.g., supported) transmission modes may be indicated (e.g., included) in a (e.g., specific) IE in, for example, included the MAC packet header, for indicating a bounded subset of transmission modes to be used by the WTRU.
  • Transmitting to the WTRU a (e.g. bounded) subset of the transmission modes supported by the AP may allow to constrain the flexibility of the WTRU for selecting a transmission mode within a bounded range (e.g., of data rates).
  • the AP may announce (e.g., indicate) its capability of transmitting subsets of transmission modes by, for example, transmitting an indication of a transmission mode adaptation capability.
  • the indication of transmission mode adaptation capability may be transmitted in any of a Beacon frame, a Probe Response frame, an Association Response frame and a Reassociation Response frame.
  • the transmission mode adaptation capability may be indicated in an (e.g., specific, dedicated) information element included in any of those frames.
  • the AP may transmit its capability of transmitting subsets of (e.g., or single) transmission modes to any of all the WTRUs, a group of WTRUs and a single WTRU.
  • a WTRU may send a response message to indicate acceptance of the transmission mode adaptation (e.g., operation).
  • acceptance of the transmission mode adaptation e.g., operation
  • a WTRU may benefit of receiving indications from the AP of the level of quality (e.g., bandwidth) available on the remote link.
  • the AP may transmit subset(s) of transmission modes to any of an (e.g., single) WTRU through a unicast message (e.g., unicast Beacon, unicast control frame), a group of WTRUs through a multicast message, all the WTRUs through a broadcast message.
  • a unicast message e.g., unicast Beacon, unicast control frame
  • a WTRU may not support the transmission mode adaptation. For example, the WTRU may ignore (e.g., not respond to) the transmission mode adaptation capability indication, transmitted by the AP. In another example, a WTRU may reject the transmission mode adaptation (e.g., operation) by transmitting, for example, an indication of rejection (e.g., indicating lack of support).
  • the transmission mode adaptation e.g., operation
  • an indication of rejection e.g., indicating lack of support
  • a WTRU may transmit a request to the AP for (e.g., requesting) transmission mode adaptation.
  • the WTRU may indicate its willingness to adapt its transmission mode (e.g., MCS) according to a subset of transmission modes received from the AP as disclosed in any embodiment described herein.
  • Requesting a transmission mode adaptation may allow the WTRU to benefit of receiving indications from the AP of the level of quality (e.g., bandwidth) available on the remote link. This may allow the WTRU to take into account the remote link quality in the process of selecting an AP for connecting to a network.
  • a request for transmission mode adaptation may be sent to the AP via any of a Probe Request, an Association Request and a Reassociation Request, for example including a (e.g., dedicated IE).
  • the AP may send the lists (e.g. sets, subsets) of transmissions modes to the WTRU in order to adapt a characteristic (e.g. performance) of the local link (between the WTRU and the AP) to the remote (e.g., network) link (e.g. backhaul of the AP).
  • the AP may accept or reject the request. If the AP accepts request, the AP may transmit an indication of its acceptance of performing a transmission mode adaptation, for example, before sending any subset of transmission modes to the WTRU.
  • an AP not supporting adaptation capability, or rejecting to perform transmission mode adaptation may either ignore (e.g., not answer to) the request or answer with a specific response, for example, indicating lack of support.
  • a WTRU may not be compatible with embodiments described herein. Such a WTRU, receiving a subset of transmission modes may ignore the subset and may transmit with a transmission mode, for example, not belonging to the subset of transmission modes.
  • the AP may (e.g., decide to) disconnect the WTRU. More generally, the AP may monitor whether WTRUs may apply or not the transmission mode adaptation after having be instructed to do so. The AP may (e.g., decide to) disconnect any WTRU that may have not applied the transmission mode adaptation within a transmitted subset, for example, after a (e.g., given) timeout.
  • an AP may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a local link to a WTRU by configuring a subset of bandwidth parts (BWPs) to be used by the WTRU, e.g., by transmitting an information indicating the active BWP to be used (e.g., selected, switched by the WTRU.
  • the AP may select several active BWPs.
  • a bandwidth part (BWP) may be a subset of contiguous physical resource blocks.
  • a WTRU may be configured with up to four BWPs both in downlink and uplink and four additional BWPs for uplink.
  • a BWP may comprise a common and a generic parameter.
  • a WTRU may adapt the bandwidth used in the local link by selecting a BWP among a set of configured BWPs.
  • a set of BWPs (of e.g., different width) may be configured by the AP in the WTRU, the set of BWPs comprising small (e.g., narrow) BWPs adapted to control channel monitoring (e.g., and low data rates) and wider BWPs adapted to higher data rates.
  • the network may configure any of downlink, uplink and additional BWPs.
  • the AP may configure a WTRU by transmitting a serving cell configuration parameter (referred to herein as ServingCellConfig) in any of a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection, and RRC (re)configuration message.
  • ServingCellConfig may indicate a set of BWPs, wherein (e.g., only) one BWP may be active at a (e.g., given time) in uplink and downlink.
  • the ServingCellConfig parameter may indicate an (e.g., initial) uplink and downlink BWP (e.g., identifier) indicating which BWPs the WTRU may use at initialization.
  • ServingCellConfig parameter may indicate any number of BWPs (e.g., identifiers) that may be (e.g., dynamically) added and/or released to/from a (e.g., current) set of (e.g., active) BWPs.
  • an AP may configure a WTRU with a set of BWPs.
  • the AP may transmit an information indicating which subset of BWPs may be used by the WTRU as (e.g., current) subset of BWPs.
  • the AP may (e.g., dynamically) adjust the (e.g., current) subset of BWPs based on a quality variation of the remote link.
  • the AP may adjust (e.g., re-configure) the (e.g., current) subset of BWPs by any of adding and releasing any number of BWPs to the (e.g., current) subset of BWPs via, for example, transmitting any of an RRC message and a down link control information (DCI) (e.g., in the downlink control channel).
  • DCI down link control information
  • Adjusting (e.g., adding/releasing a BWP in) the (e.g., current) subset of BWPs may allow the AP to adjust (increase/decrease) the amount of available network resources for the WTRU to transmit and/or receive on the local link.
  • an adjusted subset of BWPs may remain unchanged in the WTRU up to a reception of a subsequent adjustment (e.g., re-configuration) indication (e.g., RRC message, DCI) from the AP.
  • an adjusted (e.g., re-configured) subset of BWPs may remain unchanged in the WTRU for a (e.g., given) time, for example up to a timer expiration.
  • the current subset of BWPs may be restored to a preceding subset of BWPs, for example the subset of BWPs that was active before the last adjustment.
  • the subset of BWPs may be restored to a default BWP (e.g., which may have been (e.g., initially) configured by RRC reconfiguration).
  • an AP may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a local link to a WTRU by transmitting an RRC message to the WTRU releasing or suspending an RRC connection between the AP and the WTRU.
  • the RRC message may include an information indicating a reason (such as e.g., remote link quality degradation) for releasing or suspending the connection.
  • the AP may resume the RRC connection between the AP and the WTRU, by transmitting a RRC resume message, which may, for example, . include an information indicating a reason (such as e.g., remote link quality recovery) for resuming the connection.
  • the RRC message may indicate an adjustment to be applied for a reselection (e.g., a subsequent RRC connection establishment that may be triggered by the WTRU).
  • the adjustment to be applied by the WTRU may be any WTRU adaptation of the embodiments described herein.
  • the RRC message may indicate to redirect the carrier (e.g., frequency) to another NR carrier (e.g., frequency), or to another RAN node.
  • the RRC message may indicate an (e.g., expected) behavior of the WTRU upon receiving the connection release (e.g., a time period, during which the WTRU may be waiting (e.g., remain in idle state) before re-connecting).
  • an AP may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a local link to a WTRU by transmitting an RRC message to the WTRU for resuming a (e.g., suspended) connection.
  • an AP may adapt (e.g., a characteristic impacting) a performance of a local link to a WTRU by transmitting an RRC message (e.g., RRC reconfiguration) to the WTRU for impacting the performance of the local link, by reconfiguring the WTRU.
  • the AP may reconfigure the WTRU by transmitting a (e.g., RRC) message requesting adjusting (increasing/decreasing) an adjustable resource of the WTRU.
  • An adjustable resource may be, for example, a number of antenna ports (e.g., element) to be used by the WTRU for any of reception and transmission.
  • An adjustable resource may be, for example, a number of carriers (e.g., frequencies) to be used in carrier aggregation.
  • An adjustable resource may be, for example, a secondary cell to be used by the WTRU configured in dual connectivity (e.g., where the WTRU may be connected to several cells at a time).
  • An adjustable resource may be, for example, a maximum number of MIMO elements (e.g., layers, antenna ports) to be used by the WTRU for any of uplink and downlink.
  • a method, performed by an AP is described herein.
  • the AP may be connected to a network via a second link.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method 500 for adapting a performance of a first wireless link based on a quality of a second link.
  • the method may comprise adapting a performance of a first link for connection to a WTRU based on a quality variation of the second link.
  • a quality (e.g., variation) of the second link may be obtained (e.g., by the AP).
  • a performance of a first link for connection to a WTRU may be adapted based on a quality variation of the second link.
  • adapting the performance may comprise increasing the performance of the first link on a condition that the quality of the second link increases.
  • adapting the performance may comprise decreasing the performance of the first link on a condition that the quality of the second link decreases.
  • adapting the performance may comprise adapting a transmit power of the AP.
  • adapting the performance may comprise adapting a beamforming of the AP targeted to the WTRU.
  • adapting the performance may comprise adapting a number of antennas for any of transmitting to and receive from the WTRU.
  • adapting the performance may comprise transmitting a subset of supported transmission modes by the AP (40), in any of broadcast mode and unicast mode.
  • adapting the performance may comprise configuring the WTRU by the AP with a subset of BWPs to be used by the WTRU for any of transmission and reception.
  • adapting the performance may comprise any of releasing, suspending, and resuming a connection with the WTRU.
  • any of releasing, suspending, and resuming the connection may comprise transmitting an indication of the quality variation of the second link.
  • decreasing the performance of the first link may comprise transmitting a packet to the WTRU for decreasing an amount of network resources used by the WTRU.
  • the packet is adapted to reset a transmission protocol of the WTRU.
  • the packet is a TCP reset packet.
  • the packet comprises an indication of an explicit congestion notification.
  • an apparatus including any of a transmitter, receiver, processor and memory is described herein.
  • the apparatus may be configured as an access point, for connection to a network via a second link.
  • the processor may be configured to adapt a performance of a first link for connection to a WTRU based on a quality variation of the second link.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method 600 for adapting performances of connections to WTRUs based on a quality of a network link.
  • the method may be performed in an AP connected to a network via the network link.
  • a first (e.g., characteristic impacting a first) performance of a first local link for connection to a first WTRU may be adapted based on the quality of the network link.
  • a second (e.g., characteristic impacting a second) performance of a second local link for connection to a second WTRU may be adapted based on the quality of the network link, wherein the first and the second (e.g., characteristics impacting the) performances may be different.
  • adapting the first (e.g., characteristic impacting the first) performance may comprise transmitting a first subset of transmission modes supported by the AP
  • adapting the second (e.g., characteristic impacting the second) performance may comprise transmitting a second subset of transmission modes supported by the AP.
  • the first and the second subsets of transmission modes may be different and may be associated with (correspond to) respectively the first and the second local links.
  • the first subset of transmission modes may have an upper bound corresponding to a bandwidth of the network link.
  • the upper bound of the subset of transmission modes may correspond to the highest data rate among the transmission modes of the subset.
  • Using a subset with an upper bound corresponding to a (e.g., available) bandwidth of the network link may allow to bound the data rate to be used by the WTRU to the (e.g., available) bandwidth of the network link.
  • the second subset of transmission modes may have an upper bound lower than the upper bound of the first subset. This may allow to degrade specifically the performances of the second WTRU (compared to the first WTRU), for inciting the second WTRU to disconnect from the AP.
  • any of the first and the second subsets of transmission modes may be transmitted in unicast mode to respectively any of the first and the second WTRUs.
  • any of the first and the second subsets of transmission modes may be transmitted in a control frame.
  • control frame may be any of an acknowledge, a block acknowledge, a block acknowledge request, a ready to send and a clear to send.
  • any of the first and the second subsets of transmission modes may be included in a HT control field.
  • an indication of a transmission mode adaptation capability may be transmitted by the AP, before transmitting any of the first and the second subsets of transmission modes.
  • a message may be received from respectively any of the first and the second WTRUs.
  • the received message may indicate acceptance of the transmission mode adaptation.
  • a request for transmission mode adaptation may be received from any of the first and the second WTRUs.
  • any of the first and the second subsets of transmission modes may be transmitted after reception of the request for transmission mode adaptation from respectively any of the first and the second WTRUs.
  • a message indicating acceptance of the transmission mode adaptation request may be transmitted to any of the first and the second WTRU.
  • ROM read only memory
  • RAM random access memory
  • register cache memory
  • semiconductor memory devices magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs).
  • a processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU 102, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.
  • present embodiments may be employed in any combination or sub-combination.
  • present principles are not limited to the described variants, and any arrangement of variants and embodiments can be used.
  • present principles are not limited to the described channel access methods and any other type of channel access methods is compatible with the present principles.
  • any characteristic, variant or embodiment described for a method is compatible with an apparatus device comprising means for processing the disclosed method, with a device comprising a processor configured to process the disclosed method, with a computer program product comprising program code instructions and with a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing program instructions.
  • processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices containing processors are noted. These devices may contain at least one Central Processing Unit (“CPU") and memory.
  • CPU Central Processing Unit
  • FIG. 1 Central Processing Unit
  • acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed,” "computer executed” or "CPU executed.”
  • the acts and symbolically represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU.
  • An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals.
  • the memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the representative embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.
  • the data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (“RAM”)) or non volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (“ROM”)) mass storage system readable by the CPU.
  • RAM Random Access Memory
  • ROM Read-Only Memory
  • the computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It is understood that the representative embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the described methods.
  • any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium.
  • the computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and/or any other computing device.
  • the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware.
  • the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware.
  • Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Application Specific Standard Products (ASSPs); Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and/or a state machine.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • ASICs Application Specific Integrated Circuits
  • ASSPs Application Specific Standard Products
  • FPGAs Field Programmable Gate Arrays
  • the terms “station” and its abbreviation “STA”, “user equipment” and its abbreviation “UE” may mean (i) a wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU), such as described infra; (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU, such as described infra; (iii) a wireless- capable and/or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality of a WTRU, such as described infra; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired- capable device configured with less than all structures and functionality of a WTRU, such as described infra; or (iv) the like. Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any UE
  • ASICs Application Specific Integrated Circuits
  • FPGAs Field Programmable Gate Arrays
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • other integrated formats e.g., those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure.
  • a signal bearing medium examples include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).
  • a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.
  • a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).
  • any two components so associated may also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated may also be viewed as being “operably couplable” to each other to achieve the desired functionality.
  • operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.
  • the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”
  • the terms “any of followed by a listing of a plurality of items and/or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include “any of,” “any combination of,” “any multiple of,” and/or “any combination of multiples of” the items and/or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and/or other categories of items.
  • the term “set” or “group” is intended to include any number of items, including zero.
  • the term “number” is intended to include any number, including zero.
  • a range includes each individual member.
  • a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells.
  • a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.
  • a processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base station, Mobility Management Entity (MME) or Evolved Packet Core (EPC), or any host computer.
  • WTRU wireless transmit receive unit
  • UE user equipment
  • MME Mobility Management Entity
  • EPC Evolved Packet Core
  • the WTRU may be used m conjunction with modules, implemented in hardware and/or software including a Software Defined Radio (SDR), and other components such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a Near Field Communication (NFC) Module, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and/or any Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) or Ultra Wide Band (UWB) module.
  • SDR Software Defined Radio
  • other components such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des procédés, des appareils, des systèmes, et analogues, destinés à fournir un accès au réseau par un point d'accès (AP). Selon un mode de réalisation, un point d'accès connecté à un réseau par l'intermédiaire d'une liaison de réseau peut adapter une première (par exemple, une caractéristique ayant un impact sur une première) performance d'une première liaison locale pour une connexion à une première unité de réception/transmission sans fil WTRU en fonction d'une qualité de la liaison de réseau. Le point d'accès peut adapter une seconde (par exemple, une caractéristique ayant un impact sur un seconde) performance d'une seconde liaison locale pour une connexion à une seconde unité sans fil WTRU sur la base de la même qualité de la liaison de réseau, les adaptations des première et seconde performances pouvant être différentes.
PCT/EP2020/085422 2019-12-20 2020-12-10 Procédés, appareils et systèmes destinés à fournir l'accès au réseau par un point d'accès WO2021122263A1 (fr)

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US20220287042A1 (en) * 2021-03-03 2022-09-08 Qualcomm Incorporated Wireless network configuration for low-latency applications

Citations (2)

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US8363564B1 (en) * 2010-03-25 2013-01-29 Sprint Spectrum L.P. EVDO coverage modification based on backhaul capacity
WO2018177678A1 (fr) * 2017-03-31 2018-10-04 Sony Corporation Dispositif terminal et dispositif relais, station de base et procédés

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US8363564B1 (en) * 2010-03-25 2013-01-29 Sprint Spectrum L.P. EVDO coverage modification based on backhaul capacity
WO2018177678A1 (fr) * 2017-03-31 2018-10-04 Sony Corporation Dispositif terminal et dispositif relais, station de base et procédés

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220287042A1 (en) * 2021-03-03 2022-09-08 Qualcomm Incorporated Wireless network configuration for low-latency applications
US11903017B2 (en) * 2021-03-03 2024-02-13 Qualcomm Incorporated Wireless network configuration for low-latency applications

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