WO2021110171A1 - 一种基于p-u下垂特性的虚拟直流电机控制方法 - Google Patents
一种基于p-u下垂特性的虚拟直流电机控制方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021110171A1 WO2021110171A1 PCT/CN2020/134295 CN2020134295W WO2021110171A1 WO 2021110171 A1 WO2021110171 A1 WO 2021110171A1 CN 2020134295 W CN2020134295 W CN 2020134295W WO 2021110171 A1 WO2021110171 A1 WO 2021110171A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
- H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
- H02J1/14—Balancing the load in a network
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- the invention belongs to the fields of new energy power generation, DC micro-grid, and DC micro-grid group, and in particular relates to a virtual DC motor control method based on P-U droop characteristics.
- the grid can still have sufficient inertia to suppress the frequency and voltage fluctuations in the grid, and the converter control loop is appropriately adjusted to make the converter output characteristics show the large inertia of rotating devices.
- the converter control loop is appropriately adjusted to make the converter output characteristics show the large inertia of rotating devices.
- the virtual synchronous generator control strategy is adopted in the AC system to effectively improve the inertia of the power supply system, so that the microgrid AC grid-connected interface can operate in the traditional synchronous motor operation mode, and reduce the impact of the large-scale network penetration of renewable energy on the stability of the power system.
- the internal DC microgrid and the DC microgrid group subnets are networked through DC converters. Its large-scale grid connection also reduces the overall inertia of the DC power supply system and increases the risk of instability of the power supply system. Therefore, similar to the AC microgrid, an inertial control method is also needed in the DC microgrid to improve the inertia of the DC power supply system and enhance the stability of the DC power supply system.
- the DC bus voltage in the DC system is the only indicator that characterizes the reliability of the power supply of the system, it does not have the characteristic of frequency response compared with the AC system. Therefore, the AC system is based on the output voltage frequency, reactive power, etc.
- the virtual synchronous generator control strategy of physical quantity cannot be directly used in the DC system. In order to be able to achieve the same inertial control as the AC system in the DC system, a control strategy suitable for the virtual DC motor of the DC power supply system is needed.
- the present invention discloses a virtual DC motor control method based on PU droop characteristics, which can simulate the large inertia and high damping output characteristics of the DC motor and enhance the performance of the DC power supply system. stability.
- the invention discloses a control method of a virtual DC motor based on P-U droop characteristics, which is applied to a DC converter in a DC power supply system.
- the control method provided by the present invention includes a given voltage generating link with inertia, a voltage following link and a current following link, as shown below:
- Step one a given voltage generating link with inertia
- the maximum absorbed power P bat_min of the energy storage device is taken as the input mechanical power P m of the mechanical rotation equation shown in the following equation
- the output power P o of the energy storage device is taken as the mechanical rotation equation shown in the following equation
- Electromagnetic power P e The difference between the input mechanical power P m and the electromagnetic power P e is, and the power deviation value is used as the input parameter of the mechanical rotation equation.
- J is the moment of inertia
- ⁇ N is the rated rotational angular velocity of the virtual DC motor.
- the moment of inertia J represents the inertia of the virtual DC motor. The larger the moment of inertia J is, the smaller the speed change of the virtual DC motor will be when the power fluctuates within or between the DC microgrids, and the motor output speed will be more stable, and vice versa.
- E * is used as the given voltage of the voltage following link in the next step.
- the inertial given voltage generation link described in step one corresponds to the equivalent of the mechanical motion equation of the virtual DC motor with the traditional PU droop control.
- the control loop simulates the mechanical rotation process of the DC motor, so that the given voltage E * is Power fluctuations have inertial response capabilities.
- its damping coefficient D has the aforementioned corresponding equivalent relationship with the droop coefficient k p in the traditional PU droop control, so that the control method provided by the present invention maintains droop control.
- Based on the output power sharing characteristics of the converter it simulates the output characteristics of the DC motor with large inertia and high damping, which improves the inertia of the DC power supply system and enhances the stability of the DC power supply system.
- the inertial given voltage E * obtained in step 1 is used as the given value of the control input voltage of the DC converter, and the voltage deviation value is obtained by making the difference with the output voltage U o of the DC converter, and the voltage deviation value is controlled by the voltage proportional integral control
- the device adjusts to follow the given voltage signal (ie, the given voltage E * ), and the voltage following link obtains the given value of the inductor current I ref as the input command of the next current following link.
- the given value I ref of the inductor current obtained in step 2 is the difference between it and the sampled value i L of the inductor current of the DC converter to obtain the current deviation value.
- the current deviation value is adjusted by the current proportional integral controller to realize the given current signal (Ie, the given value of the inductor current I ref ), the output parameters of the current follower link generate a PWM pulse signal through the PWM pulse generator to realize the control of the DC converter.
- ⁇ N U 1_H /k f , where k f is the excitation coefficient.
- the input parameter in the control method provided by the present invention that is, the output power P o of the energy storage device changes accordingly, which is the same as the maximum absorbed power P bat_min of the energy storage device set by the control strategy.
- the difference is made to obtain the power deviation value, which represents the fluctuation value of the motor output electromagnetic power and the input mechanical power in the virtual DC motor control.
- the fluctuation value can correspond to the motor output speed through the mechanical rotation link of the virtual DC motor.
- the inertial reference voltage generation link described in the previous step 1 the given voltage value E * described in step 2 is obtained, and then the inertial reference voltage is tracked through the instruction following link in steps 2 and 3 , To achieve the purpose of improving the inertia of the DC microgrid and enhancing the stability of the DC microgrid.
- the traditional PU droop control is equivalent to the mechanical rotation link of the virtual DC motor, and the various parameters in the droop control are compared and analyzed in detail, and the mechanical rotation process of the virtual DC motor is used as the generation link of the given voltage parameter.
- Obtain an inertial voltage reference value and realize the control of the DC converter by following the reference value, so as to achieve the purpose of improving the inertia of the DC microgrid and enhancing the stability of the microgrid.
- the control process realizes the inertial response of the bus voltage when the power fluctuates, and enhances the inertia and stability of the DC power supply system.
- the present invention realizes the inertial response of the output voltage of the DC converter to power fluctuations by adjusting the given voltage parameters.
- the topology of the DC converter is equivalent to the two-port network shown in Figure 3, and the action process focuses on the previous step 1.
- the described generation process of a given voltage parameter with inertia is not limited by the specific structure of the circuit topology of the DC converter, and the same control scheme can still be adopted for converter circuits of different topologies, and the control strategy has a wide range of application.
- the virtual DC motor control strategy based on the P-U droop characteristic proposed by the present invention has strong scalability in a system where distributed power sources operate in parallel based on the aforementioned two advantages.
- Figure 1 is a control block diagram of a P-U droop control strategy in the prior art
- Fig. 2 is a control block diagram of a virtual DC motor controlling a given voltage generating link in an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 3 is an equivalent diagram of the virtual DC motor action process in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 4 is a control block diagram of a given parameter following link of a virtual DC motor in an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 5 is a control block diagram of a virtual DC motor control method in an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the experimental architecture of the optical storage microgrid in an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 7 is an experimental waveform diagram obtained after adopting a traditional droop control method in an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 8 is an experimental waveform diagram obtained after adopting a virtual DC motor control strategy in an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 9 is a comparative experimental waveform diagram of the variation of the moment of inertia J in the embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a virtual DC motor control method based on P-U droop control, which is applied to a DC converter in a DC power supply system.
- the DC power supply system includes an energy storage device and a DC converter, and the energy storage device is connected to the power grid through the DC converter.
- the DC converter includes a voltage proportional integral controller, a current proportional integral controller and a PWM pulse generator.
- the complete control block diagram of the virtual DC motor control method provided by the present invention is shown in Fig. 5, which includes three parts: a given voltage generating link with inertia, a voltage following link, and a current following link.
- the power fluctuation within or between the DC microgrid makes the input power of a given voltage generating link with inertia fluctuate accordingly, and the fluctuation is sent to the mechanical rotation equation to generate the speed signal ⁇ , which is multiplied by the excitation coefficient k f to get
- the induced potential E * is used as the input voltage reference value of the voltage following link in the next step, and the given converter current parameter is generated through the voltage following link, and finally the current following link outputs PWM pulses to control the DC converter and realize the fluctuation of the bus voltage on the power.
- the inertial response process is used as the input voltage reference value of the voltage following link in the next step, and the given converter current parameter is generated through the voltage following link, and finally the current following link outputs PWM pulses to control the DC converter
- Step one a given voltage generating link with inertia
- k f is the excitation coefficient.
- the specific values of the droop coefficient k p and the excitation coefficient k f are determined according to the DC power supply system actually applied to the control method provided by the present invention. This is the existing knowledge in the field and will not be detailed here.
- the moment of inertia J represents the inertia of the virtual DC motor.
- E * is used as the given voltage of the voltage following link in step 2.
- the equivalent relational expression of the rated speed ⁇ N of the virtual DC motor corresponding to the maximum output voltage U 1_H of the energy storage device in the traditional droop control in FIG. 1 is as follows:
- ⁇ N U 1_H /k f
- the inertial given voltage generation link described in step one corresponds to the equivalent effect of the traditional PU droop control as shown in Figure 3.
- the control loop simulates the mechanical rotation process of the DC motor, so that the given voltage E * is relative to the power Fluctuation has inertial response capability.
- its damping coefficient D due to the introduction of damping windings in its control, its damping coefficient D has the aforementioned corresponding equivalent relationship with the droop coefficient k p in traditional PU droop control, so that its output has droop control output characteristics at the same time, realizing the converter Power sharing control.
- the voltage deviation value is obtained by making the difference between the inertial given voltage E * obtained in step 1 and the output voltage U o of the DC converter (that is, the voltage sampling value U o in FIG. 4 ).
- the voltage deviation value is adjusted by the voltage proportional integral controller to follow the given voltage signal (ie the given voltage E * ).
- the action process is shown in the voltage following link in Figure 4.
- the voltage following link obtains the given value of inductor current I ref is used as the input command of the current following link;
- the given value I ref of the inductor current obtained in step 2 is the difference between it and the sampled value i L of the inductor current of the DC converter to obtain the current deviation value.
- the current deviation value is adjusted by the current proportional integral controller to achieve the given inductor current Following the signal (ie the given value of the inductor current I ref ), the action process is shown in the current following link in Figure 4.
- the output parameters of the current following link are generated by the PWM pulse generator to generate a PWM pulse signal to realize the control of the DC converter.
- the optical storage microgrid mainly includes photovoltaic power generation units, energy storage devices and loads.
- the photovoltaic power generation unit and the energy storage device are respectively connected with corresponding inverters.
- the rated power of the converters of the photovoltaic power generation unit and the energy storage device are both 5kW, and the maximum output voltage U 1_H of the energy storage device is 220V.
- the traditional PU droop control method and the control method provided by the present invention are used to conduct comparative experiments.
- the power supply system is to obtain clean energy as much as possible, and the photovoltaic power generation unit needs to maximize the output power. Therefore, it works in the maximum power point tracking mode, which is equivalent to a constant power source.
- Figure 7 shows the experiment obtained after adopting the traditional PU droop control method.
- Waveform it can be seen in Figure 7 that the photovoltaic power generation unit outputs at a constant power, and the output current i pv is constant at 2A.
- the output current i o of the energy storage converter drops from 2.4A to 1.2A
- the bus voltage U bus is adjusted by ⁇ t 1 time, and rises from 214V to 218V, but its dynamic process does not have inertia and exists Obvious voltage overcharge problem.
- the experimental waveform obtained by using the virtual DC motor control method based on the PU droop characteristic of the present invention is shown in Fig. 8.
- the steady-state value of the bus voltage is the same as the traditional droop
- the steady-state value of the control method is the same, but in the dynamic process, it is obvious that the inertial response process is added.
- the bus voltage is adjusted by ⁇ t 2 and reaches the steady-state value smoothly, and the bus voltage does not produce voltage overshoot. This proves that the virtual DC motor control method provided by the present invention effectively improves the inertia of the bus voltage and enhances the stability of the DC power supply system.
- the control method provided in this embodiment is applicable to the DC converter corresponding to the energy storage device.
- the present invention does not make any limitation on this, and the DC converter responsible for voltage management in the DC power supply system can be applied to the control method provided by the present invention.
- the voltage proportional integral controller, the current proportional integral controller, and the PWM pulse generator can all be integrated in the DC converter, which is part of the DC converter control.
- the DC converter can be integrated in the energy storage device or installed outside the energy storage device.
- a model can be established and then a suitable value can be selected according to the method of sweeping points. This method is the existing knowledge in the field and will not be detailed here.
- the value of the moment of inertia J is changed , and the test is repeated when J is 0.1kg ⁇ m 2.
- the experimental waveform is shown in Fig. 9, corresponding to the experimental waveform when J is 0.05kg ⁇ m 2 (as shown in Fig. 8), the steady-state value of the bus voltage remains unchanged, the adjustment time in the dynamic process is obviously increased, and the voltage changes more smoothly, indicating the ability of different values of the moment of inertia J to adjust the inertia in the control.
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Abstract
一种基于P-U下垂特性的虚拟直流电机控制方法,包括具有惯性的给定电压生成环节、电压跟随环节以及电流跟随环节;直流供电系统网内或网间发生功率波动时,具有惯性的给定电压生成环节将虚拟直流电机的机械运动方程与传统P-U下垂控制进行对应等效;以直流电机电磁感应原理推得电机感应电势作为直流变换器的给定电压值,经电压跟随环节获得电感电流参考量作为电流跟随环节的输入参量,最终电流跟随环节的输出参量经PWM脉冲发生器产生PWM脉冲对直流变化器进行控制。控制方法在保持了下垂控制所具有的变换器输出功率均分特性的基础上,模拟直流电机大惯性、高阻尼的输出特性,提升直流供电系统惯性,增强直流供电系统的稳定性。
Description
本发明属于新能源发电、直流微电网、直流微电网群领域,尤其是涉及一种基于P-U下垂特性的虚拟直流电机控制方法。
随着越来越多的新能源通过电力电子装置接入电力系统,现代电力系统逐步从同步机主导的大惯性、高阻尼强电网转向为以电力电子变换器主导的柔性弱电网。光伏、风电等可再生能源的并网接口变换器相较于传统蒸汽轮机,“刚性”有余而惯性不足。虽然电力电子变换器的引入使得供电系统能量流动可控,系统响应速度与效率得到提升,可以在多时间尺度下对供电系统能量流动进行管理,但其缺乏同步电机等旋转器件所具备的大惯性、高阻尼特性,进而造成大规模新能源接入电网后,电力系统整体的惯性降低,失稳风险上升。
为确保在电力电子装置大规模接入电网时,电网仍能具备足够惯性抑制网内频率及电压波动,通过对变换器控制环路进行适当调节,使得变换器输出特性表现出旋转器件大惯性、高阻尼的特点。在以光伏、风电等可再生能源组成的微电网交流并网接口上,通过模拟交流同步发电机运行特性使之具备同步发电机类似的旋转惯性、阻尼特性及下垂特性,称为虚拟同步发电机控制策略,引入虚拟同步发电机控制策略避免了交流电压源变换器并网带来的交流电网惯性减小,系统稳定性降低的问题。在交流系统中采用虚拟同步发电机控制策略有效提升供电系统的惯性,使得微电网交流并网接口能够以传统同步电机运行方式运行,降低再生能源大规模组网渗透对电力系统稳定性的影响。
直流微电网内部及直流微电网群子网之间通过直流变换器进行组网,其大规模的并网同样存在有会降低直流供电系统整体的惯性,增加供电系统失稳的风险。因此与交流微电网类似,在直流微电网中同样需要一种惯性控制方法,提升直流供电系统的惯性,增强直流供电系统的稳定性。然而,由于直流系统中直流母线电压作为唯一表征系统供电可靠性的指标,与交流系统中相比其不具备频率响应这一特性,因此在交流系统中采用的基于输出电压频率、无功功率等物理量的虚拟同步发电机控制策略,无法直接在直 流系统中得到运用。为了能够在直流系统中实现与交流系统相同的惯性控制,需要一种适用于直流供电系统的虚拟直流电机的控制策略。
发明内容
为了提升直流供电系统的惯性,增强供电系统的稳定性,本发明公开了一种基于P-U下垂特性的虚拟直流电机的控制方法,能够模拟直流电机大惯性、高阻尼输出特性,增强直流供电系统的稳定性。
本发明公开了一种基于P-U下垂特性的虚拟直流电机的控制方法,应用于直流供电系统中的直流变换器。本发明提供的控制方法包括具有惯性的给定电压生成环节、电压跟随环节以及电流跟随环节,如下所示:
步骤一,具有惯性的给定电压生成环节
P-U下垂控制中,将储能装置的最大吸收功率P
bat_min作为下式所示的机械转动方程的输入机械功率P
m,将储能装置的输出功率P
o作为下式所示的机械转动方程的电磁功率P
e。输入机械功率P
m与电磁功率P
e做差,功率偏差值作为机械转动方程的输入参量,通过模拟下式所示机械转动方程,得到转子转速信号ω:
式中J为转动惯量,ω
N为虚拟直流电机的额定转动角速度。转动惯量J表征虚拟直流电机的惯量大小,转动惯量J越大,在直流微电网网内或网间功率波动时,虚拟直流电机的转速变化越小,电机输出转速越平稳,反之亦然。
式中D为虚拟直流电机的机械阻尼系数,阻尼系数D与P-U下垂控制的下垂系数k
p对应如下式所示等效关系式:
式中k
f为励磁系数。
根据直流电机电磁感应原理,由上式所得的转速ω与励磁系数k
f所乘得到给定电压E
*,过程如下式感应方程所示:
E
*=k
fω
E
*作为下一步的电压跟随环节的给定电压。
步骤一所述的具有惯性的给定电压生成环节,将虚拟直流电机的机械运动方程与传 统P-U下垂控制进行对应等效,其控制环路模拟直流电机机械转动过程,使得给定电压E
*对功率波动具备惯性响应能力,此外由于在其控制中引入阻尼绕组,其阻尼系数D与传统P-U下垂控制中下垂系数k
p具有前述对应等效关系,使得本发明提供的控制方法在保持了下垂控制所具有的变换器输出功率均分特性的基础上,模拟直流电机大惯性、高阻尼的输出特性,提升直流供电系统的惯性,增强直流供电系统的稳定性。
步骤二,电压跟随环节
将步骤一所得的具有惯性的给定电压E
*作为直流变换器的控制输入电压给定值,其与直流变换器的输出电压U
o作差得电压偏差值,电压偏差值经过电压比例积分控制器进行调节实现对给定电压信号(即给定电压E
*)的跟随,电压跟随环节获得电感电流给定值I
ref作为下一步的电流跟随环节的输入指令。
步骤三,电流跟随环节
由步骤二所得的电感电流给定值I
ref,将其与直流变换器的电感电流采样值i
L做差得到电流偏差值,电流偏差值经电流比例积分控制器进行调节实现对给定电流信号(即电感电流给定值I
ref)的跟随,电流跟随环节的输出参量经PWM脉冲发生器产生PWM脉冲信号,实现对直流变换器的控制。
于本发明的实施例中,虚拟直流电机的额定转动角速度ω
N对应传统下垂控制中的储能装置的最大输出电压U
1_H的等效关系式如下所示:
ω
N=U
1_H/k
f,式中k
f为励磁系数。
直流供电系统网内或网间功率突变时,本发明提供的控制方法中的输入参量即储能装置的输出功率P
o随之变化,其与控制策略所设的储能装置最大吸收功率P
bat_min做差得到功率偏差值,表征虚拟直流电机控制中电机输出电磁功率与输入机械功率的波动值,波动值经过虚拟直流电机的机械转动环节可对应得到电机输出转速。根据前述步骤一所述的具有惯性的给定电压生成环节,得到步骤二所述的给定电压值E
*,之后经步骤二与步骤三的指令跟随环节实现对该具有惯性的参考电压的追踪,达到提升直流微电网惯性,增强直流微电网稳定性的目的。
本发明的有益效果是:
1.本发明通过将传统P-U下垂控制与虚拟直流电机的机械转动环节进行等效,对下垂控制中各参量进行详细对比分析,以虚拟直流电机的机械转动过程作为给定电压参量的生成环节,得到具有惯性的电压参考量,通过对该参考量的跟随,实现对直流变换 器的控制,达到提升直流微电网惯性,增强微电网稳定性的目的。其控制过程在保持了下垂控制中变换器功率均分输出特性的基础上,实现功率波动时母线电压的惯性响应,增强直流供电系统的惯性及稳定性。
2.本发明通过对电压给定参量进行调整,实现直流变换器的输出电压对功率波动的惯性响应,直流变换器拓扑等效为图3所示两端口网络,动作过程重点在于前述步骤一所述的具有惯性的给定电压参量生成过程,其不受到直流变换器的电路拓扑的具体结构限制,针对不同拓扑结构变换器电路仍能够采用相同控制方案,控制策略适用范围广。
3.本发明提出的基于P-U下垂特性的虚拟直流电机控制策略,基于前述两点优势在分布式电源多机并联运行的系统中,具有很强的可扩展性。
图1是现有技术中P-U下垂控制策略的控制框图;
图2是本发明实施例中虚拟直流电机控制给定电压生成环节的控制框图;
图3是本发明实施例中虚拟直流电机动作过程等效图;
图4是本发明实施例中虚拟直流电机给定参量跟随环节的控制框图;
图5是本发明实施例中虚拟直流电机控制方法控制框图;
图6是本发明实施例中光储微电网实验架构示意图;
图7是本发明实施例中采用传统下垂控制方法后获得的实验波形图;
图8是本发明实施例中采用虚拟直流电机控制策略后获得的实验波形图;
图9是本发明实施例中转动惯量J变化的对比实验波形图。
本发明提出一种基于P-U下垂控制的虚拟直流电机控制方法,应用于直流供电系统中的直流变换器。直流供电系统包括储能装置和直流变换器,储能装置通过直流变换器接入电网中。直流变换器包括电压比例积分控制器、电流比例积分控制器以及PWM脉冲发生器。下面对本发明提出的控制方法进行详细,完整的描述。
本发明所提供的虚拟直流电机控制方法完整控制框图如图5所示,包含具有惯性的给定电压生成环节、电压跟随环节、电流跟随环节三部分。直流微电网网内或网间功率波动使得具有惯性的给定电压生成环节的输入功率随之出现波动,其波动量送入机械 转动方程中产生转速信号ω,其与励磁系数k
f相乘得到感应电势E
*作为下一步中电压跟随环节的输入电压参考量,经电压跟随环节产生变换器电流给定参量,最终由电流跟随环节输出PWM脉冲对直流变换器进行控制,实现母线电压对功率波动的惯性响应过程。
本发明提供的控制方法的具体步骤分为如下三步:
步骤一,具有惯性的给定电压生成环节
图1所示的传统P-U下垂控制中,储能装置的最大吸收功率P
bat_min与储能装置输出功率P
o分别作为图2所示的虚拟直流电机控制的机械转动方程的输入机械功率P
m与电磁功率P
e,而图2中阻尼系数D则与传统P-U下垂控制的下垂系数k
p对应如下式所示等效关系式:
式中k
f为励磁系数。下垂系数k
p和励磁系数k
f的具体数值的确定根据本发明提供的控制方法实际应用的直流供电系统来进行确定。此为本领域的现有知识,在此不展开详述。
输入机械功率P
m与电磁功率P
e做差,功率偏差值作为机械转动方程的输入参量,通过模拟下式所示机械转动方程,得到转子转速信号ω:
式中J为转动惯量,ω
N为额定转动角速度。
转动惯量J表征虚拟直流电机的惯量大小,转动惯量J越大,在直流微电网网内或网间功率波动时,虚拟直流电机的转速变化越小,电机输出转速越平稳,反之亦然。
根据直流电机电磁感应原理,由上式所得的转速ω与励磁系数k
f所乘得到给定电压E
*,过程如下式感应方程所示:
E
*=k
fω
E
*作为步骤二中电压跟随环节的给定电压。
于实施例中,由上述电磁感应过程,虚拟直流电机的额定转速ω
N对应图1中传统下垂控制中所设储能装置的最大输出电压U
1_H的等效关系式如下所示:
ω
N=U
1_H/k
f
步骤一所述的具有惯性的给定电压生成环节,其与传统P-U下垂控制对应等效作 用效果如图3所示,其控制环路模拟直流电机机械转动过程,使得给定电压E
*对功率波动具备惯性响应能力,此外由于在其控制中引入阻尼绕组,其阻尼系数D与传统P-U下垂控制中下垂系数k
p具有前述对应等效关系,使得其输出同时具备下垂控制输出特性,实现变换器功率均分控制。
步骤二,电压跟随环节
将步骤一所得的具有惯性的给定电压E
*与直流变换器的输出电压U
o(即图4中的电压采样值U
o)作差得电压偏差值。电压偏差值经过电压比例积分控制器进行调节实现对给定电压信号(即给定电压E
*)的跟随,作用过程如图4中电压跟随环节所示,电压跟随环节获得电感电流给定值I
ref作为电流跟随环节的输入指令;
步骤三,电流跟随环节
由步骤二所得的电感电流给定值I
ref,将其与直流变换器的电感电流采样值i
L做差得到电流偏差值,电流偏差值经电流比例积分控制器进行调节实现对电感电流给定信号(即电感电流给定值I
ref)的跟随,作用过程如图4中电流跟随环节所示,电流跟随环节的输出参量经PWM脉冲发生器产生PWM脉冲信号,实现对直流变换器的控制。
下面结合具体实例对本发明所提供的虚拟直流电机控制方法的合理性及有效性进行详细说明。
搭建如图6所示光储微电网实验平台。光储微电网主要包括光伏发电单元、储能装置以及负载。光伏发电单元和储能装置分别连接有对应的变换器。光伏发电单元和储能装置的变换器的额定功率均为5kW,储能装置的最大输出电压U
1_H为220V。接下来,分别采用传统P-U下垂控制方法和本发明提供的控制方法进行对比实验。其中供电系统为尽可能获取清洁能源,光伏发电单元需要以最大限度输出功率,因此其工作在最大功率点跟踪模式,等效为恒功率源,图7为采用传统P-U下垂控制方法后获得的实验波形,图7中可以看出光伏发电单元以恒定功率输出,输出电流i
pv恒定为2A。当负载功率减小时,储能变换器输出的电流i
o由2.4A下降到1.2A时,母线电压U
bus经△t
1时间调节,由214V上升至218V,但其动态过程不具备惯性,存在明显电压过充问题。而相对应地,采用本发明基于P-U下垂特性的虚拟直流电机控制方法后获得的实验波形如图8所示,转动惯量J取0.05kg·m
2时,母线电压的稳态值与采用传统下垂控制方法的稳态值相同,但在动态过程中,很明显能看到加入了惯性响应过程,母线电压经 △t
2时间调节,平稳达到稳态值,母线电压未产生电压过冲现象。这证明了本发明提供的虚拟直流电机控制方法有效地提升了母线电压的惯性,增强直流供电系统的稳定性。
本实施例提供的控制方法适用于储能装置对应的直流变换器。然而,本发明对此不作任何限定,直流供电系统中负责电压管理的直流变换器都可以适用本发明提供的控制方法。于实际应用中,电压比例积分控制器、电流比例积分控制器以及PWM脉冲发生器可都整合在直流变换器中,属于直流变换器控制的一部分。于实际应用中,直流变换器可以整合在储能装置内,也可以设置于储能装置外。
另外,转动惯量J越大,在直流微电网网内或网间波动时,虚拟直流电机的转速变化越小,电机输出转速越平稳,对应地母线电压的变化会更加平缓。关于J如何取值,可以通过建立模型的方式,然后根据扫点的方法来选取合适的值。该方法为本领域的现有知识,在此不展开详述。于本实施例中,改变转动惯量J取值,在J取0.1kg·m
2时重复试验,其实验波形如图9所示,相对应J取0.05kg·m
2时的实验波形(如图8所示),母线电压的稳态取值不变,动态过程中的调节时间明显增长,电压变化更加平缓,表明不同转动惯量J的取值对控制中惯性的调节能力。
本发明的技术内容及技术特征已揭示如上,然而熟悉本领域的技术人员仍可能基于本发明的教示及揭示而作种种不背离本发明精神的替换及修饰,因此,本发明保护范围应不限于实施例所揭示的内容,而应包括各种不背离本发明的替换及修饰,并为本专利申请权利要求所涵盖。
Claims (2)
- 一种基于P-U下垂特性的虚拟直流电机控制方法,应用于直流供电系统中的直流变换器,其特征在于,所述基于P-U下垂特性的虚拟直流电机控制方法包括如下步骤:步骤一,具有惯性的给定电压的生成环节P-U下垂控制中,将储能装置的最大吸收功率P bat_min作为下式所示的机械转动方程的输入机械功率P m,将储能装置的输出功率P o作为下式所示的机械转动方程的电磁功率P e,输入机械功率P m与电磁功率P e做差,通过模拟下式所示机械转动方程,得到转子转速信号ω:式中J为转动惯量,表征虚拟直流电机的惯量大小,ω N为虚拟直流电机的额定转动角速度,D为虚拟直流电机的机械阻尼系数,阻尼系数D与P-U下垂控制的下垂系数k p对应如下式所示等效关系式:式中k f为励磁系数,由所述的机械转动方程得到的转子转速信号ω与励磁系数k f所乘得到给定电压E *,作为下一步的电压跟随环节的给定电压;步骤二,电压跟随环节将步骤一所得的具有惯性的给定电压E *作为直流变换器的控制输入电压给定值,其与直流变换器的输出电压U o作差得电压偏差值,电压偏差值经过电压比例积分控制器进行调节实现对给定电压信号的跟随,电压跟随环节获得电感电流给定值I ref作为下一步的电流跟随环节的输入指令;步骤三,电流跟随环节由步骤二所得的电感电流给定值I ref与直流变换器的电感电流采样值i L做差得到电流偏差值,电流偏差值经电流比例积分控制器进行调节实现对给定电流信号的跟随,电流跟随环节的输出参量经PWM脉冲发生器产生PWM脉冲信号,实现对直流变换器的控制。
- 根据权利要求1所述的基于P-U下垂特性的虚拟直流电机控制方法,其特征在于,虚拟直流电机的额定转动角速度ω N对应P-U下垂控制中的储能装置的最大输出电压U 1_H的等效关系式如下所示:ω N=U 1_H/k f,式中k f为励磁系数。
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