WO2021109579A1 - 考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法 - Google Patents
考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/24—Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
- H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B17/00—Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems
- G05B17/02—Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems electric
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/24—Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks
- H02J3/241—The oscillation concerning frequency
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
- H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
- H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
- H02J2300/28—The renewable source being wind energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/76—Power conversion electric or electronic aspects
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of electric power systems and their automation, in particular to a unit combination method considering the safety domain of a wind power unit with frequency response control.
- renewable energy sources such as wind energy and photovoltaics have developed rapidly.
- renewable energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaics are all non-synchronous energy sources, and the high-penetration non-synchronous energy sources pose a major challenge to the system frequency security.
- the low inertia power system has poor anti-interference ability, which will cause the frequency of the system generator and other failures to drop rapidly, and seriously threaten the stability of the system frequency.
- it is necessary to maintain a certain amount of synchronous generators which also limits the penetration rate of non-synchronous energy, which may lead to the consumption of renewable energy. Therefore, renewable energy is also required to undertake the task of providing frequency response.
- wind turbines are considered to be an ideal frequency response provider in renewable energy due to the rotational kinetic energy stored on their rotors.
- Applying frequency response control to wind turbines can simulate frequency response characteristics such as inertial response and primary frequency response of synchronous generators.
- the frequency response of these wind turbines is expected to reduce the burden of synchronous generators to provide frequency response.
- the ability of wind turbines to provide frequency response is restricted by the safety of wind turbines.
- the safety of wind turbines is usually ignored, which may lead to overestimation of the frequency response capability of wind power. Therefore, the unit commitment model considering the safety of wind turbines needs further study.
- the purpose of the present invention is to solve the problems existing in the prior art.
- the technical solution adopted to achieve the purpose of the present invention is as follows. Considering the unit combination method of the wind turbine safety domain with frequency response control, it mainly includes the following steps:
- K w 1/K droop-w .
- K droop-w is the droop control parameter of the wind turbine in the primary frequency response control.
- J w is the virtual inertia control parameter of the wind turbine.
- ⁇ f is the system frequency deviation, and t refers to time.
- ⁇ min and ⁇ max are the lowest and highest speeds of the rotor speed of the wind turbine.
- P E is the active power output of the wind turbine.
- K DL is the load shedding factor of the wind turbine.
- K DL is the maximum power tracking coefficient
- It is the output of the wind turbine when there is no virtual inertia response.
- ⁇ is the air density.
- R The diameter of the rotor of the wind turbine.
- v is the wind speed.
- C p is the power coefficient of the wind turbine.
- PM is the mechanical power of the wind turbine; ⁇ is the pitch angle of the wind turbine.
- the tip speed ratio ⁇ is as follows:
- ⁇ r0 is the rotor speed in the initial operating state of the wind turbine.
- f M ( ⁇ min ) is the mechanical power of the wind turbine at the lowest speed ⁇ min.
- P w is the available power of the wind turbine.
- d w is the standby coefficient of the wind turbine, and (1-d w )P w is the actual output of the wind turbine when the frequency response output is not provided.
- ⁇ is a collection of traditional synchronous generators.
- c g is the marginal cost. Is the no-load cost. Is the start-up cost.
- P g,i is the active power output of the traditional synchronous generator. It is an online synchronous generator.
- T is the total time scale of optimization.
- ⁇ t is the unit time interval.
- the variable with subscript i represents the variable of the i-th step.
- Variables with subscript g represent variables related to traditional synchronous generator g.
- the variables with subscripts g, i represent the related variables of the traditional synchronous generator g at the i-th step.
- W is a collection of wind turbines. Li is the total load of the system.
- the wind turbine parameters are all aggregate parameters.
- Variables with subscript w represent variables related to wind turbine w.
- Variables with subscripts w, i represent related variables of wind turbine w in step i.
- Di is the load damping coefficient.
- Hi is the system inertia time constant.
- K i is the frequency response coefficient.
- the inertia time constant of H g synchronous generator is the online synchronous generator
- f 0 is the reference frequency of the power system.
- the frequency response coefficient K i is as follows:
- K g 1/K droop-g
- K droop-g is the droop control parameter of the synchronous generator.
- the optimized variable in formula (31) is the online synchronous generator
- the system frequency deviation ⁇ f is as follows:
- the frequency change rate d ⁇ f/dt is as follows:
- the present invention considers the synchronization stability of the wind turbine, derives the stability constraints of the wind turbine, and provides a quantifiable expression that can be calculated. Combining the speed constraints and output constraints of the wind turbines, jointly characterize the safety domain of the frequency response provided by the wind turbines. Then, according to the characteristics of the frequency response provided by the wind turbine (inertia response and primary frequency modulation response), combined with the system frequency constraints, linearize the safety domain of the frequency response provided by the wind turbine, and introduce the linearized safety domain into consideration of the frequency Constrained unit commitment model. Therefore, it is ensured that the unit combination model proposed by the present invention can simultaneously satisfy the system frequency constraint and the safety domain constraint of the wind turbine.
- the frequency response output of the wind power generators obtained based on the present invention can guide the setting of the frequency response control parameters of the wind power generators.
- the technical effect of the present invention is beyond doubt.
- the present invention has the following effects:
- the wind turbine generator provided by the present invention provides a safety zone when the frequency response is provided, which can effectively guide the setting of the frequency response control parameters of the wind turbine generator, ensure the safe and stable operation of the wind turbine generator when providing the frequency response, and take into account the stability of the system frequency and the safety of the wind turbine generator. Sex.
- the present invention considers both the system frequency stability constraint and the wind turbine's own safety constraint in the unit combination model. When performing unit dispatch, it can ensure the safe and stable operation of the wind turbine itself, so that the wind turbine can provide frequency response to the system, support system frequency stability, reduce the burden of synchronous generator support frequency stability, and save system operating costs.
- the invention can be widely applied to the frequency response parameter setting of the wind turbines scheduled before the day and the start-stop and output plan of the synchronous generator.
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the security domain when the wind turbine provides frequency response
- Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of wind speed
- Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of system frequency indicators
- Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the influence of the safety zone of a wind turbine on the frequency response output of a wind turbine
- Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the influence of the reserve capacity of the wind turbine on the frequency response output of the wind turbine.
- K w 1/K droop-w .
- K droop-w is the droop control parameter of the wind turbine in the primary frequency response control.
- J w is the virtual inertia control parameter of the wind turbine.
- ⁇ f is the system frequency deviation, and t refers to time.
- ⁇ min and ⁇ max are the lowest and highest speeds of the rotor speed of the wind turbine.
- P E is the active power output of the wind turbine.
- K DL is the load shedding factor of the wind turbine.
- K DL is the maximum power tracking coefficient
- It is the output of the wind turbine when there is no virtual inertia response.
- ⁇ is the air density.
- R The diameter of the rotor of the wind turbine.
- v is the wind speed.
- C p is the power coefficient of the wind turbine.
- PM is the mechanical power of the wind turbine; ⁇ is the pitch angle of the wind turbine.
- the tip speed ratio ⁇ is as follows:
- the stability condition of the wind turbine is that the curve of formula (4) and the curve of formula (5) have at least one intersection, otherwise the wind turbine may lose its balance point and cause instability. Therefore, the stability limit of the wind turbine is that the curve of formula (4) and the curve of formula (5) have one and only one intersection point, which is the tangent point of the curve of formula (4) and the curve of formula (5). Therefore, the limit of the wind turbine
- the running speed ⁇ rc is calculated by deriving formula (4) and formula (5):
- ⁇ r0 is the rotor speed in the initial operating state of the wind turbine.
- f M ( ⁇ min ) is the mechanical power of the wind turbine at the lowest speed ⁇ min.
- P w is the available power of the wind turbine.
- d w is the standby coefficient of the wind turbine, and (1-d w )P w is the actual output of the wind turbine when the frequency response output is not provided.
- ⁇ is a collection of traditional synchronous generators.
- c g is the marginal cost. Is the no-load cost. Is the start-up cost.
- P g,i is the active power output of the traditional synchronous generator. It is an online synchronous generator.
- T is the total time scale of optimization.
- ⁇ t is the unit time interval.
- the variable with subscript i represents the variable of the i-th step.
- Variables with subscript g represent variables related to traditional synchronous generator g.
- the variables with subscripts g, i represent the related variables of the traditional synchronous generator g at the i-th step.
- W is a collection of wind turbines. Li is the total load of the system.
- the wind turbine parameters are all aggregate parameters.
- Variables with subscript w represent variables related to wind turbine w.
- Variables with subscripts w, i represent related variables of wind turbine w in step i.
- Di is the load damping coefficient.
- Hi is the system inertia time constant.
- K i is the frequency response coefficient.
- the inertia time constant of H g synchronous generator is the online synchronous generator
- f 0 is the reference frequency of the power system.
- the frequency response coefficient K i controlled by the Pf of the synchronous generator and the wind turbine is as follows:
- K g 1/K droop-g
- K droop-g is the droop control parameter of the synchronous generator.
- the optimized variable in formula (31) is the online synchronous generator
- the system frequency deviation ⁇ f is as follows:
- the frequency change rate d ⁇ f/dt is as follows:
- the maximum and minimum load requirements of the system are 30GW and 60GW.
- the capacity of a single wind turbine is 1.5MW, and the total wind power capacity of the system changes according to demand. In each case, the total wind power output accounts for about 35% of the load.
- the unit combination is solved by gurobi.
- the safety zone constraint in the high wind speed section, is mainly determined by the output constraint; in the medium wind speed section, the safety zone constraint is mainly determined by the stability constraint; in the low wind speed section, the safety zone constraint is mainly determined by the speed constraint .
- the safety domain of the inertia response provided by the wind turbine generator changes with the change of wind speed. Therefore, the inertia response parameter of the wind turbine generator should not be set to a fixed value, but should be optimized in real time with changes in wind speed and system status.
- the system frequency index is shown in Figure 3.
- RoCoF and FN are the system frequency conditions when the security domain is not considered
- RoCoF-SR and FN-SR are the system frequency conditions when the security domain is considered. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the method provided by the present invention can meet the needs of system frequency stability.
- the frequency response output of wind turbines is shown in Figure 4.
- SR provides a safety zone for the frequency response of wind turbines
- PFR and IR are respectively the frequency response output of wind turbines when the safety zone is not considered
- PFR-SR and IR-SR are respectively the frequency response output of wind turbines when the safety zone is considered.
- SR-D is the security domain constraint when the standby capacity is considered
- PFR-D and IR-D are respectively the frequency response output of the wind turbine when the standby is considered.
- the main constraint of this implementation is the output constraint of wind turbines. Therefore, when a certain amount of reserve is reserved for wind power, it can effectively expand the safety zone of wind turbines, thereby enhancing the ability of wind turbines to provide frequency response.
- the wind power utilization rate is as shown in Table 4, and the wind power utilization rate of the unlisted dispatching points is 100%.
- the wind power utilization rate of the unlisted dispatching points is 100%.
- the abandonment volume can be fully utilized as a backup.
- Other dispatching points need to sacrifice part of the wind power output to reserve capacity. It can be seen from Table 4 that after considering the backup of wind turbines, although part of the wind power output is reduced, the safety domain of wind power is expanded, the inertia response capability of wind turbines is enhanced, and the pressure of synchronous generators to provide frequency response is reduced, thereby reducing synchronous power generation.
- the number of online machines can improve the utilization rate of wind power output.
- the method provided by the invention can effectively optimize the wind power reserve capacity and fully guarantee the wind power utilization rate.
- the unit combination method proposed by the present invention that considers the safety domain of wind turbines with frequency response control can meet the needs of system frequency stability while ensuring the safe operation of the wind turbine itself, and can make full use of the backup of the wind turbine. Capacity improves the ability of wind turbines to provide frequency response, improves wind power utilization, and reduces wind curtailment.
- the present invention proposes a unit combination method that considers both frequency stability and safe operation of wind turbines.
- the safety zone of wind turbines when providing frequency response is deduced.
- the system frequency stability constraints and wind turbine security domain constraints are added to the traditional unit combination model to achieve economic, stable and safe operation of the entire system.
- the study of the embodiment shows that the method proposed by the present invention can effectively guarantee the stability of the system frequency and the safe operation of wind turbines. It can make full use of wind power resources by optimizing the backup of wind turbines, and can set frequency response parameters for wind turbines and consider the combination of high-proportion wind turbines. Provide guidance.
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Abstract
本发明公开了考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法,主要步骤为:1)确定风电机组提供频率响应的安全域;2)基于风电机组提供频率响应的安全域,建立考虑风电机组安全域的机组组合模型;3)利用混合整数线性规划方法对考虑风电机组安全域的机组组合模型解算,得到考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合运行结果。本发明可广泛应用于日前调度的风电机组频率响应参数设置和同步发电机启停及出力计划。
Description
本发明涉及电力系统及其自动化领域,具体是考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法。
为了实现电力系统的低碳运行,风能和光伏等可再生能源迅速发展。但在传统控制模式下,风电和和光伏等可再生能源均为非同步能源,高渗透率的非同步能源的给系统频率安全带来了重大挑战。低惯性电力系统抗干扰能力差,将使系统发电机等故障后的频率迅速下降,严重威胁系统频率稳定。为保障系统频率稳定性,需要维持一定量的同步发电机,由此也限制了非同步能源的渗透率,可能导致可再生能源的消纳问题。因此,可再生能源也被要求承担提供频率响应的任务。在可再生能源中,风力发电机由于其转子上储存的旋转动能,被认为是可再生能源中较为理想的频率响应提供者。将频率响应控制应用于风力发电机中,可以模拟同步发电机的惯性响应和一次频率响应等频率响应特性。在确定机组组合方案时,这些风电机组的频率响应有望减轻同步发电机提供频率响应负担。然而,风电机组提供频率响应的能力受到风电机组安全性的制约。在频率约束的机组组合模型中,风电机组的安全性通常被忽略,导致风电的频率响应能力可能被高估。因此考虑风电机组安全性的机组组合模型有待进一步研究。
发明内容
本发明的目的是解决现有技术中存在的问题。
为实现本发明目的而采用的技术方案是这样的,考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法,主要包括以下步骤:
1)确定风电机组提供频率响应的安全域,主要步骤如下:
1.1)建立风电机组提供频率响应出力模型,即:
式中,
和
分别表示风电机组提供的一次调频响应和虚拟惯量响应。调频响应系数K
w=1/K
droop-w。K
droop-w为一次频率响应控制中风电机组下垂控制参数。J
w为风电机组虚拟惯量控制参数。Δf是系统频率偏差,t指时间。
1.2)建立转子转速ω
r的约束条件,即:
ω
min≤ω
r≤ω
max。 (3)
式中,ω
min和ω
max为风电机组转子转速的最低转速和最高转速。
1.3)建立风电稳定性约束条件,主要步骤如下:
1.3.1)确定风电机组的同步特性,即:
P
E=P
M=0.5ρπR
2C
P(β,λ)v
3。 (5)
式中,P
E是风电机组的有功出力。K
DL是风电机组的减载系数。当风电机组工作在最大功率跟踪时,系数K
DL为最大功率跟踪系数,
为风电机组在无虚拟惯量响应时的出力。ρ是空气密度。R风电机组的风轮直径。v是风速。C
p是风电机组的功率系数。P
M是风电机组的机械功率;β是风机桨距角。
其中,叶尖速比λ如下所示:
1.3.2)确定风电机组的极限运行转速ω
rc。风电机组的极限运行转速ω
rc满足下式:
1.3.4)将各风速下的极限运行点相连,组成风电机组的稳定性边界,将公式(6)带入公式(7),计算出极限叶尖速比λ
c。极限叶尖速比λ
c满足下式:
1.3.5)建立在风电机组稳定性边界上的风速和转子转速的关系表达式,即:
1.3.6)将公式(9)带入公式(5),计算获得风电机组稳定性边界的表达式,即:
1.3.8)建立风电机组提供频率响应的稳定性约束,分为以下三种情况:
I)当风电机组运行在最低转速时,风电机组不提供频率响应,风电机组频率响应如下:
式中,ω
r0是风电机组初始运行状态下的转子转速。
II)当极限运行转速ω
rc小于最低转速ω
min时,风电机组提供频率响应的稳定性约束如下所示:
式中,f
M(ω
min)为最低转速ω
min时风电机组的机械功率。
III)当ω
rc≥ω
min时,风电机组提供频率响应的稳定性约束如下所示:
1.4)建立风电机组在提供频率响应时的出力约束,主要步骤如下:
式中,P
w是风电机组的可用功率。d
w为风电机组的备用系数,(1-d
w)P
w为不提供频率响应出力时风电机组的实际出力。
1.4.2)建立风电机组在提供频率响应时的出力约束,即:
1.5)联合公式(10)、公式(12)、公式(13)和公式(15),风电机组的安全域满足公式(16)至公式(19),即:
K
w=0;J
w=0 ω
r0<ω
min。 (16)
2)基于风电机组提供频率响应的安全域,建立考虑风电机组安全域的机组组合模型,主要步骤如下:
2.1)以传统同步发电机的运行费用最小为目标,建立目标函数,即:
式中,ζ是传统同步发电机的集合。c
g是边际成本。
是空载成本。
是开机成本。P
g,i是传统同步发电机有功出力。
是在线的同步发电机。
在第i步开机的同步发电机。T是优化的总时间尺度。Δt是单位时间间隔。带有下标i的变量表示第i步的变量。带有下标g的变量表示传统同步发电机g相关变量。带有下标g,i的变量表示传统同步发电机g在第i步的相关变量。
2)建立传统机组组合约束,包括负荷平衡约束、同步发电机约束、系统频率稳定约束、频率变化率约束、频率最低点约束和风电机组的安全域约束。
2.2.1)负荷平衡约束如下所示:
式中,W是风电机组的集合。L
i是系统总负荷。风电机组参数均为聚合参数。带有下标w的变量表示与风电机组w相关变量。带有下标w,i的变量表示风电机组w在第i步的相关变量。
2.2.2)同步发电机约束分别如公式(22)至公式(28)所示:
式中,
和
是同步发电机出力的最小值和最大值。
是同步发电机的出力变化的最大值。
是
是同步发电机最大向上和向下爬坡功率。
是同步发电机在第i步关机的数量。
是同步发电机在第i步离线的数量。
和
是机组最小启停时间。i∈T。g∈ζ。
2.2.3)系统频率稳定约束如下所示:
其中,D
i是负荷阻尼系数。H
i是系统惯性时间常数。K
i是频率响应系数。
其中,系统惯性时间常数H
i如下所示:
频率响应系数K
i如下所示:
系统频率偏差Δf如下所示:
频率变化率dΔf/dt的如下所示:
2.2.4)频率变化率约束如下所示:
2.2.5)频率最低点约束如下所示:
2.2.6)基于公式(1)、公式(2)、公式(32)至公式(35),建立风电机组提供的频率响应方程,即:
2.2.7)将公式(36)带入公式(17)至公式(19)中,建立风电机组的安全域约束,分别如公式(37)至公式(43)所示:
K
w=0;J
w=0 ω
r0<ω
min。 (37)
3)利用混合整数线性规划方法对考虑风电机组安全域的机组组合模型解算,得到考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合运行结果。
值得说明的是,本发明考虑风电机组的同步稳定性,对风电机组稳定性约束进行推导,并给出可计算的量化表达式。结合风电机组的转速约束和出力约束,共同刻画风电机组提供频率响应的安全域。然后,根据风电机组提供频率响应(惯量响应和一次调频响应)的特点,结合系统频率约束,对风电机组提供频率响应的安全域进行线性化处理,并将线性化处理后的安全域引入考虑频率约束的机组组合模型。由此保障本发明所提出的机组组合模型能够同时满足系统频率约束和风电机组的安全域约束。基于本发明所得风电机组频率响应出力,可指导风电机组频率响应控制参数设置。
本发明的技术效果是毋庸置疑的。本发明具有以下效果:
1)本发明提出的风电机组提供频率响应时的安全域,能够有效指导风电机组频率响应控制参数的设置,保障风电机组在提供频率响应时自身的安全稳定运行,兼顾系统频率稳定和风电机组安全性。
2)本发明在机组组合模型中同时考虑了系统频率稳定约束和风电机组自身安全约束。在进行机组调度时能够在保障风电机组自身安全稳定运行的基础上,使风电机组为系统提供频率响应,支持系统频率稳定,减轻同步发电机支撑频率稳定的负担,节省系统运行成本。
本发明可广泛应用于日前调度的风电机组频率响应参数设置和同步发电机启停及出力计划。
图1为风电机组提供频率响应时的安全域示意图;
图2为风速示意图;
图3为系统频率指标情况示意图;
图4为风电机组安全域对风电机组频率响应出力的影响示意图;
图5为风电机组备用容量对风电机组频率响应出力的影响示意图。
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明,但不应该理解为本发明上述主题范围仅限于下述实施例。在不脱离本发明上述技术思想的情况下,根据本领域普通技术知识和惯用手段,做出各种替换和变更,均应包括在本发明的保护范围内。
实施例1:
参见图1至图5,考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法,主要包括以下步骤:
1)确定风电机组提供频率响应的安全域,主要步骤如下:
1.1)建立风电机组提供频率响应出力模型,即:
式中,
和
分别表示风电机组提供的一次调频响应和虚拟惯量响应。调频响应系数K
w=1/K
droop-w。K
droop-w为一次频率响应控制中风电机组下垂控制参数。J
w为风电机组虚拟惯量控制参数。Δf是系统频率偏差,t指时间。
1.2)建立转子转速ω
r的约束条件,即:
ω
min≤ω
r≤ω
max。 (3)
式中,ω
min和ω
max为风电机组转子转速的最低转速和最高转速。
1.3)建立风电稳定性约束条件,主要步骤如下:
1.3.1)确定风电机组的同步特性,即:
P
E=P
M=0.5ρπR
2C
P(β,λ)v
3。 (5)
式中,P
E是风电机组的有功出力。K
DL是风电机组的减载系数。当风电机组工作在最大功率跟踪时,系数K
DL为最大功率跟踪系数,
为风电机组在无虚拟惯量响应时的出力。ρ是空气密度。R风电机组的风轮直径。v是风速。C
p是风电机组的功率系数。P
M是风电机组的机械功率;β是风机桨距角。
其中,叶尖速比λ如下所示:
1.3.2)在某一个特定风速下,风电机组的稳定性条件为公式(4)曲线和公式(5)曲线至少有一个交点,否则风电机组将可能失去平衡点而导致失稳。因此,风电机组的稳定极限为公式(4)曲线和公式(5)曲线有且仅有一个交点,该点为公式(4)曲线和公式(5)曲线的切点,因此,风电机组的极限运行转速ω
rc通过对公式(4)和公式(5)求导计算:
1.3.4)将各风速下的极限运行点相连,组成风电机组的稳定性边界,将公式(6)带入公式(7),计算出极限叶尖速比λ
c。极限叶尖速比λ
c满足下式:
1.3.5)建立在风电机组稳定性边界上的风速和转子转速的关系表达式,即:
1.3.6)将公式(9)带入公式(5),计算获得风电机组稳定性边界的表达式,即:
1.3.8)建立风电机组提供频率响应的稳定性约束,分为以下三种情况:
I)当风电机组运行在最低转速时,风电机组不提供频率响应,风电机组频率响应如下:
式中,ω
r0是风电机组初始运行状态下的转子转速。
II)当极限运行转速ω
rc小于最低转速ω
min时,风电机组提供频率响应的稳定性约束如下所示:
式中,f
M(ω
min)为最低转速ω
min时风电机组的机械功率。
III)当ω
rc≥ω
min时,风电机组提供频率响应的稳定性约束如下所示:
1.4)建立风电机组在提供频率响应时的出力约束,主要步骤如下:
式中,P
w是风电机组的可用功率。d
w为风电机组的备用系数,(1-d
w)P
w为不提供频率响应出力时风电机组的实际出力。
1.4.2)建立风电机组在提供频率响应时的出力约束,即:
1.5)联合公式(10)、公式(12)、公式(13)和公式(15),风电机组的安全域满足公式(16)至公式(19),即:
K
w=0;J
w=0 ω
r0<ω
min。 (16)
2)基于风电机组提供频率响应的安全域,建立考虑风电机组安全域的机组组合模型,主要步骤如下:
2.1)以传统同步发电机的运行费用最小为目标,建立目标函数,即:
式中,ζ是传统同步发电机的集合。c
g是边际成本。
是空载成本。
是开机成本。P
g,i是传统同步发电机有功出力。
是在线的同步发电机。
在第i步开机的同步发电机。T是优化的总时间尺度。Δt是单位时间间隔。带有下标i的变量表示第i步的变量。带有下标g的变量表示传统同步发电机g相关变量。带有下标g,i的变量表示传统同步发电机g在第i步的相关变量。
2)建立传统机组组合约束,包括负荷平衡约束、同步发电机约束、系统频率稳定约束、频率变化率约束、频率最低点约束和风电机组的安全域约束。
2.2.1)负荷平衡约束如下所示:
式中,W是风电机组的集合。L
i是系统总负荷。风电机组参数均为聚合参数。带有下标w的变量表示与风电机组w相关变量。带有下标w,i的变量表示风电机组w在第i步的相关变量。
2.2.2)同步发电机约束分别如公式(22)至公式(28)所示:
式中,
和
是同步发电机出力的最小值和最大值。
是同步发电机的出力变化的最大值。
是
是同步发电机最大向上和向下爬坡功率。
是同步发电机在第i步关机的数量。
是同步发电机在第i步离线的数量。
和
是机组最小启停时间。i∈T。g∈ζ。
2.2.3)系统频率稳定约束如下所示:
其中,D
i是负荷阻尼系数。H
i是系统惯性时间常数。K
i是频率响应系数。
其中,系统惯性时间常数H
i如下所示:
由同步发电机和风电机组的P-f控制的频率响应系数K
i如下所示:
系统频率偏差Δf如下所示:
频率变化率dΔf/dt的如下所示:
2.2.4)频率变化率约束如下所示:
2.2.5)频率最低点约束如下所示:
2.2.6)基于公式(1)、公式(2)、公式(32)至公式(35),建立风电机组提供的频率响应方程,即:
2.2.7)将公式(36)带入公式(17)至公式(19)中,建立风电机组的安全域约束,分别如公式(37)至公式(43)所示:
K
w=0;J
w=0 ω
r0<ω
min。 (37)
3)利用混合整数线性规划方法对考虑风电机组安全域的机组组合模型解算,得到考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合运行结果。
实施例1:
一种验证考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法的实验,主要包括以下步骤:
1)以英国2030电力系统(GB 2030 power system)为测试系统。同步发电机信息如表1所示:
表1同步发电机相关参数
系统最大和最小负荷需求为30GW和60GW。单个风电机组的容量为1.5MW,系统总风电容量根据需求变化,在各个算例中风电总出力大约占负荷的35%左右。负荷阻尼参数设置为D=0.5%/Hz。考虑典型的N-1故障场景,系统最大功率波动为容量最大的同步机组推出运行ΔL
max=1800MW。频率下降速率的极限值为(dΔf/dt)
max=0.5Hz/s,频率最低点为Δf
nadir=0.5Hz/s。机组组合通过gurobi进行求解。
2)确定风电机组安全域对机组组合的影响
由图1可知,风电机组安全域随风速的变化而变化,且不同风速下安全域起作用约束不同。在本实施例中,不同风速下有效约束的分布如表2所示。图1中A线表示转子转速约束,B线表示稳定性边界约束,C线表示出力约 束。风速如图2所示,其中,D线表示额定风速。
表2不同风速下有效约束的分布
风速(m/s) | 7.2< | 7.2-9 | >9 |
有效约束 | 转速约束 | 稳定性约束 | 出力约束 |
因此有效约束分布的时段为:
表3有效约束的时段分布
调度点 | 6-15 | 4-6,16-18 | 0-3,19-23 |
有效约束 | 转速约束 | 稳定性约束 | 出力约束 |
由表2和表3可知,在高风速段,安全域约束主要由出力约束决定;在中风速段,安全域约束主要由稳定性约束决定;在低风速段,安全域约束主要由转速约束决定。风电机组提供惯量响应的安全域随风速的变化而改变,因此风电机组的惯量响应参数不应设置为一个定值,而应随风速和系统状态的变化进行实时优化。
系统频率指标如图3所示,RoCoF和FN为不考虑安全域时系统频率情况,RoCoF-SR和FN-SR为考虑安全域时系统频率情况。由图3可见,本发明所提方法能够满足系统频率稳定性向需求。风电机组的频率响应出力如图4所示。其中SR为风电机组提供频率响应的安全域,PFR和IR分别为不考虑安全域时风电机组频率响应出力,PFR-SR和IR-SR分别为考虑安全域时风电机组频率响应出力。
由图3可知,未考虑风电机组安全域时,在调度点1-3、21-23风电机组的频率响应出力将超出风电机组的安全域,可能导致风电机组难以安全稳定运行,或者将高估风电机组的频率响应的能力,导致风电机组的频率响应出力难以满足系统频率需求,造成系统频率不稳定。而本发明所提方法能够同时满足系统频率稳定和风电机组安全域要求,保障系统安全稳定运行。
3)风电机组备用容量对频率响应出力的影响
风电机组考虑备用容量时,其频率响应出力如图5所示。其中,SR-D为考虑备用容量时的安全域约束,PFR-D和IR-D分别为考虑备用时风电机组频率响应出力。
根据上一节的分析,本实施主要起作用约束为风电机组的出力约束,因此风电保留一定量的备用时,能有效扩大风电机组的安全域,由此提升风电机组提供频率响应的能力。
为了保障系统的频率稳定,在风电机组惯量响应不足时,需要上线更多的同步发电机。由于同步发电机受最小出力和爬坡约束等限制,大量的同步发电机组上线将压缩风电机组的渗透率,造成大量弃风。
在本实施例中风电利用率如表4所示,未列出调度点的风电利用率均为100%。在0-2、23调度点,由于火电爬坡约束影响,无法完全平衡风电机组出力的波动,因此造成了部分弃风,在该时间段可充分利用弃风量作为备用。其他调度点则需要牺牲部分风电出力留作备用容量。由表4可知,考虑风电机组的备用后,虽然减少了部分风电出力,但扩大了风电安全域,风电机组惯量响应能力增强,减轻了同步发电机提供频率响应的压力,由此可以减少同步发电机在线数量,由此可以提高风电出力的利用率。
本发明所提方法能够有效优化风电备用容量,充分保障风电利用率。
表4风电利用率
从实验结果可知:本发明所提出的考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法,能够在满足系统频率稳定需求的同时,保证风电机组自身安全运行,且可充分利用风电机组的备用容量提高风电机组提供频率响应的能力,提高风电利用率,减少弃风。
综上所述,本发明提出了一种同时考虑频率稳定和风电机组安全运行的机组组合方法。综合考虑风电机组稳定性约束、转速约束和出力约束,推导了风电机组在提供频率响应时的安全域。以同步发电机运行费用最小为目标,将系统频率稳定约束和风电机组安全域约束加入到传统机组组合模型中,实现全系统经济、稳定、安全运行。实施例研究标明,本发明所提方法能够有效保障系统频率稳定和风电机组安全运行,可通过优化风电机组备用充分利用风电资源,可为风电机组频率响应参数设置、考虑高比例风电机组的机组组合提供指导。
Claims (3)
- 考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法,其特征在于,主要包括以下步骤:1)确定风电机组提供频率响应的安全域;2)基于风电机组提供频率响应的安全域,建立考虑风电机组安全域的机组组合模型;3)利用混合整数线性规划方法对考虑风电机组安全域的机组组合模型解算,得到考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合运行结果。
- 根据权利要求1所述的考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法,其特征在于,确定风电机组提供频率响应的安全域的主要步骤如下:1)建立风电机组提供频率响应出力模型,即:式中, 和 分别表示风电机组提供的一次调频响应和虚拟惯量响应;调频响应系数K w=1/K droop-w;K droop-w为一次频率响应控制中风电机组下垂控制参数;J w为风电机组虚拟惯量控制参数;Δf是系统频率偏差,t指时间;2)建立转子转速ω r的约束条件,即:ω min≤ω r≤ω max; (3)式中,ω min和ω max为风电机组转子转速的最低转速和最高转速;3)建立风电稳定性约束条件,主要步骤如下:3.1)确定风电机组的同步特性,即:P E=P M=0.5ρπR 2C P(β,λ)v 3; (5)式中,P E是风电机组的有功出力;K DL是风电机组的减载系数;当风电机组工作在最大功率跟踪时,系数K DL为最大功率跟踪系数, 为风电机组在无虚拟惯量响应时的出力;ρ是空气密度;R风电机组的风轮直径;v是风速;C p是风电机组的功率系数;P M是风电机组的机械功率;β是风机桨距角;其中,叶尖速比λ如下所示:3.2)确定风电机组的极限运行转速ω rc;风电机组的极限运行转速ω rc满足下式:3.4)将各风速下的极限运行点相连,组成风电机组的稳定性边界,将公式(6)带入公式(7),计算出极限叶尖速比λ c;极限叶尖速比λ c满足下式:3.5)建立在风电机组稳定性边界上的风速和转子转速的关系表达式,即:3.6)将公式(9)带入公式(5),计算获得风电机组稳定性边界的表达式,即:3.8)建立风电机组提供频率响应的稳定性约束,分为以下三种情况:I)当风电机组运行在最低转速时,风电机组不提供频率响应,风电机组频率响应如下:式中,ω r0是风电机组初始运行状态下的转子转速;II)当极限运行转速ω rc小于最低转速ω min时,风电机组提供频率响应的稳定性约束如下所示:式中,f M(ω min)为最低转速ω min时风电机组的机械功率;III)当ω rc≥ω min时,风电机组提供频率响应的稳定性约束如下所示:4)建立风电机组在提供频率响应时的出力约束,主要步骤如下:式中,P w是风电机组的可用功率;d w为风电机组的备用系数,(1-d w)P w为不提供频率响应出力时风电机组的实际出力;4.2)建立风电机组在提供频率响应时的出力约束,即:5)联合公式(10)、公式(12)、公式(13)和公式(15),风电机组的安全域满足公式(16)至公式(19),即:K w=0;J w=0ω r0<ω min; (16)
- 根据权利要求1所述的考虑含频率响应控制的风电机组安全域的机组组合方法,其特征在于,建立考虑风电机组安全域的机组组合模型的主要步骤如下:1)以传统同步发电机的运行费用最小为目标,建立目标函数,即:式中,ζ是传统同步发电机的集合;c g是边际成本; 是空载成本; 是开机成本;P g,i是传统同步发电机有功出力; 是在线的同步发电机; 在第i步开机的同步发电机;T是优化的总时间尺度;Δt是单位时间间隔;带有下标i的变量表示第i步的变量;带有下标g的变量表示传统同步发电机g相关变量;带有下标g,i的变量表示传统同步发电机g在第i步的相关变量;2)建立传统机组组合约束,包括负荷平衡约束、同步发电机约束、系统频率稳定约束、频率变化率约束、频率最低点约束和风电机组的安全域约束;2.1)负荷平衡约束如下所示:式中,W是风电机组的集合;L i是系统总负荷;风电机组参数均为聚合参数;带有下标w的变量表示与风电机组w相关变量;带有下标w,i的变量表示风电机组w在第i步的相关变量;2.2)同步发电机约束分别如公式(22)至公式(28)所示:式中, 和 是同步发电机出力的最小值和最大值; 是同步发电机的出力变化的最大值; 是 是同步发电机最大向上和向下爬坡功率; 是同步发电机在第i步关机的数量; 是同步发电机在第i步离线的数量; 和 是机组最小启停时间。i∈T;g∈ζ;2.3)系统频率稳定约束如下所示:其中,D i是负荷阻尼系数;H i是系统惯性时间常数;K i是频率响应系数;其中,系统惯性时间常数H i如下所示:频率响应系数K i如下所示:系统频率偏差Δf如下所示:频率变化率dΔf/dt的如下所示:2.4)频率变化率约束如下所示:2.5)频率最低点约束如下所示:2.6)基于公式(1)、公式(2)、公式(32)至公式(35),建立风电机组提供的频率响应方程,即:2.7)将公式(36)带入公式(17)至公式(19)中,建立风电机组的安全域约束,分别如公式(37)至公式(43)所示:K w=0;J w=0ω r0<ω min; (37)
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