WO2021108361A1 - Détection non intrusive d'objets suspects cachés à l'aide de dispositifs ayant des groupes d'émetteurs-récepteurs wifi - Google Patents

Détection non intrusive d'objets suspects cachés à l'aide de dispositifs ayant des groupes d'émetteurs-récepteurs wifi Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021108361A1
WO2021108361A1 PCT/US2020/061941 US2020061941W WO2021108361A1 WO 2021108361 A1 WO2021108361 A1 WO 2021108361A1 US 2020061941 W US2020061941 W US 2020061941W WO 2021108361 A1 WO2021108361 A1 WO 2021108361A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bollard
bollards
wireless signals
transceiver
transmitter
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2020/061941
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English (en)
Inventor
Naresh SINGHAL
Kevin ROBBIE
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First Responder Technologies Inc.
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by First Responder Technologies Inc. filed Critical First Responder Technologies Inc.
Publication of WO2021108361A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021108361A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/87—Combinations of radar systems, e.g. primary radar and secondary radar
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/003—Bistatic radar systems; Multistatic radar systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/887—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for detection of concealed objects, e.g. contraband or weapons
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V20/00—Scenes; Scene-specific elements
    • G06V20/50—Context or environment of the image
    • G06V20/52—Surveillance or monitoring of activities, e.g. for recognising suspicious objects

Definitions

  • This application relates generally to detection of suspicious objects in a secure environment, including but not limited to methods and systems for determining a presence, location, type and/or size of a suspicious object in the secure environment without interrupting activities of a person carrying the suspicious object.
  • each of the plurality of bollards is adjacent to one or more neighboring bollards, and is configured to collect both wireless signals that are emitted by itself and reflected by an object and wireless signals that are emitted by one or more neighboring bollards and scattered by the object.
  • the collected wireless signals of the plurality of bollards may be analyzed to determine a presence, location, type of material and/or size of the object.
  • an object detection system includes a plurality of bollards configured to be arranged according to a predetermined deployment configuration.
  • Each of the plurality of bollards is adjacent to one or more neighboring bollards, and further includes a plurality of transceiver clusters.
  • Each transceiver cluster includes a transmitter unit and a receiver unit.
  • the transmitter unit has a first transmitter antenna and a second transmitter antenna, and is configured to emit wireless signals from each of the first and second transmitter antennas.
  • the receiver unit has a first set of receiver antennas and a second set of receiver antennas.
  • the first set of receiver antennas is configured to receive at least the wireless signals that are emitted by the first transmitter antenna of a first neighboring bollard adjacent to the respective bollard and scattered by an object that is located in proximity to the respective bollard and between the respective bollard and the first neighboring bollard.
  • the second set of receiver antennas is configured to receive at least the wireless signals that are emitted by the first and second transmitter antennas of the respective bollard and reflected by the object.
  • the object detection system further includes a computer system having one or more processors and memory storing one or more programs to be executed by the one or more processors.
  • the one or more programs include instructions for identifying a first bollard of the plurality of bollards that is immediately adjacent to the object based on channel state information of the wireless signals received at the receiver unit of each bollard, determining a type of material of the object based on channel state information of the wireless signals received at the first set of receiver antennas of the first bollard, and determining a size of the object based on channel state information of the wireless signals received at the second set of receiver antennas of the first bollard.
  • the one or more programs further include instructions for determining whether the object is a suspicious object based on each of the type of material of the object and the size of the object.
  • an object detection method includes physically arranging a plurality of bollards according to a predetermined deployment configuration in which each of the plurality of bollards is adjacent to one or more neighboring bollards.
  • Each of the plurality of identical bollards further includes a plurality of transceiver clusters, and each transceiver cluster includes a transmitter unit having a first transmitter antenna and a second transmitter antenna and a receiver unit having a first set of receiver antennas and a second set of receiver antennas.
  • the object detection method further includes for each of the plurality of bollards, emitting wireless signals from each of the first and second transmitter antennas of the respective bollard, receiving by the first set of receiver antennas of the respective bollard at least the wireless signals that are emitted by the first transmitter antenna of the a first neighboring bollard and scattered by an object located in proximity to the respective bollard and between the respective bollard and the first neighboring bollard, and receiving by the second set of receiver antennas at least the wireless signals that are emitted by the first and second transmitter antennas of the transmitter unit of the respective bollard and reflected by the object.
  • the object detection method further includes determining channel state information of a subset of the wireless signals received at the first and second sets of receiver units of the respective receiver unit of each bollard, and identifying a first bollard of the plurality of bollards that is immediately adjacent to the object based on the channel state information of the wireless signals received at the respective receiver unit of each bollard.
  • each bollard may have a respective number of transceiver clusters or internal structures in each transceiver cluster compared to other bollards.
  • the transceiver clusters are optionally identical to or different from each other, and each transceiver cluster optionally has a distinct number of transmitters and/or a distinct number of receivers, and operate at different frequencies.
  • the number of transmitters, number of receivers, and operating frequencies of each transceiver cluster may be configured to provide a preferred level of sensitivity of detecting a respective object (having a respective type of material and a respective size).
  • Figure 1 illustrates an example secure environment in which a plurality of bollards are placed according to one or more predetermined deployment configurations, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Figure 2 is a block diagram illustrating a representative network architecture configured to communicatively couple a plurality of bollards, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Figure 3 is a flow chart illustrating a process in which a suspicious object is located and identified, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating a representative server system, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating a representative bollard device, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Figure 6 is a block diagram illustrating a representative client device, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIGS 7 A and 7B are schematic diagrams of object detection systems in which a receiver unit of a bollard is configured to receive wireless signals reflected and scattered by an object located between two neighboring bollards, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Figure 8 A is a schematic diagram of an object detection system in which a receiver unit of a first bollard is configured to receive wireless signals emitted by two or more transmitter units of a second bollard, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Figure 8B is a schematic diagram of an object detection system in which a receiver unit of a bollard is configured to receive wireless signals emitted by transmitter units of the same bollard, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIGS 9A and 9B are schematic diagrams of object detection systems in each of which a receiver unit of a first bollard is configured to receive both wireless signals emitted by the first bollard and wireless signals by a second bollard, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Figures 10A and 10B are schematic diagrams illustrating directionality of antennas in two example transceiver clusters, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Figure 11 A and 1 IB is a flow diagram of a method for detecting a suspicious object (e.g., lethal weapons, homemade-bombs, explosive chemicals) in a secure environment, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • a suspicious object e.g., lethal weapons, homemade-bombs, explosive chemicals
  • Figure 1 illustrates an example secure environment 100 in which a plurality of bollards 110 are placed according to one or more predetermined deployment configurations, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the secure environment 100 includes a structure 150 (e.g., a stadium, federal building, and event site) that requires a heightened level of security.
  • bollards 110 may also be integrated into a secure environment 100, such as a meeting hall or office space, that does not include an entire structure 150. Further, the secure environment 100 may control and/or be coupled to bollards 110 outside of the actual structure 150. Indeed, several bollards 110 in the secure environment 100 need not be physically within the structure 150. For example, a subset of bollard 110-1 may be located outside of the structure 150 in proximity to periphery walls 112 of the structure 150, and another subset of bollard 110-2 may be located in front of a gate of the structure 150.
  • secure environments may refer to secure environments for the structure 150 (e.g., a stadium), but the scope of the present teachings is not so limited.
  • the present teachings are also applicable, without limitation, to hotels, retail stores, office buildings, industrial buildings, and more generally any living space, work space or event space.
  • Each bollard 110 has a plurality of transceiver clusters (e.g., cluster 510 in Figures 5-9), and each transceiver cluster includes a transmitter unit configured to emit wireless signals and a receiver unit configured to receive the wireless signals transmitted by the respective bollard or another bollard.
  • the wireless signals received by distinct receiver units in the plurality of bollards 110 are processed to provide channel state information (CSI) related to individual bollards 110.
  • CSI channel state information
  • the CSI of the bollards 110 is analyzed locally at the individual bollards or remotely in the server to identify a presence or location of a suspicious object with reference to locations of the individual bollards 110.
  • the wireless signals and/or CSI related to the individual bollards are further applied to determine a type of material and a size of the suspicious object.
  • the plurality of bollards 110 are arranged according to a predetermined deployment configuration in which each of the plurality of bollards 110 is adjacent to one or more neighboring bollards 110.
  • a first set of bollards 110-1 are distributed in proximity to the periphery walls 112 of the structure 150 in a predetermined spatial pitch p.
  • a person carrying a suspicious object approaches the structure 150 (e.g., intending to intrude into the structure 150 via a window)
  • the person has to pass a space between two adjacent bollards 110-1, allowing the two adjacent bollards 110A to detect a presence of the suspicious object within a time window that could be substantially short (e.g., less than 0.5 second).
  • the wireless signals collected by these two adjacent bollards 110-1 vary prior to and during the time window, are distinct from those collected by other similarly positioned bollards 110-1, which thereby indicates the presence of the suspicious object and an attempted intrusion by the person.
  • a set of bollards 110 (e.g. bollards 110-2 and bollards 110-3) is arranged in in an array having a number of rows (e.g., 3 rows), and each row has a respective number of bollards that are aligned to each other and spaced in a pitch p.
  • the array is optionally placed in front of an entrance area 102 or an open pathway 104 leading to an interior of the structure 150.
  • every two immediately adjacent rows are offset from each other so that a person is forced to pass an array of bollards 110-1 in a non-straight path 106 (e.g., a zigzagging path).
  • the array of bollards 110-3 are also aligned to a number of columns, and a person may pass the array in a substantially straight path 108.
  • the bollards 110 are arranged in pair according to the predetermined deployment configuration.
  • a pair of bollards 110 stand at a gateway and are separated by a space (e.g., a space of 1.5 meter wide).
  • the bollards 110 are configured to detect a presence of the suspicious object during a time window when a person carrying a suspicious object passes the space of the gateway.
  • the pair of bollards 110 may be placed on top of a table or attached to one of two opposite edges of the table.
  • the bollards 110 optionally extend along directions in parallel with or perpendicular to a top surface of the table.
  • the transceiver clusters of the two bollards are configured to emit and receive wireless signals to determine whether the object is suspicious, a type of material and a size of the object.
  • Figure 2 is a block diagram illustrating a representative network architecture
  • each of the bollards 110 in the secure environment 100 is communicatively coupled to a server system 220 via one or more communication networks 210 (e.g., at least via a local area network based on a Wi-Fi communication protocol).
  • the bollards 110 in the secure environment 100 are communicatively coupled to each other to create a mesh network in a secure bollard network 202.
  • the bollards 110 in the secure environment 100 are combined with a hub device 204 to create a mesh network in the secure bollard network 202.
  • one or more bollards 110 in the secure bollard network 202 operate as a bollard controller. Additionally and/or alternatively, the hub device 204 operates as the bollard controller. In some embodiments, a bollard controller has more computing power than other bollards 110. In some embodiments, a bollard controller processes inputs (e.g., from other bollards 110, and/or 220) and sends commands (e.g., to bollards 110 in the secure bollard network 202) to control operation of one or more other bollards in the secure bollard network 200.
  • inputs e.g., from other bollards 110, and/or 220
  • commands e.g., to bollards 110 in the secure bollard network 202
  • a subset of the bollards 110 in the secure environment 100 is battery powered.
  • a subset of the bollards 110 has a regular and reliable power source, such as by connecting to wiring (e.g., to 120V or 240V line voltage wires) behind the walls of the secure environment 100.
  • the bollards 110 that have a regular and reliable power source are typically equipped with a capability of using a wireless protocol to facilitate bidirectional communication with a variety of other bollards and devices in the secure environment 100, as well as with the server system 220.
  • bollards having the regular and reliable power source operate as bollard controllers.
  • the bollards that are battery powered have limited communication and computation capabilities compared to the bollards having the regular and reliable power source. In some situations, other devices or bollards are able to communicate with the battery-powered bollards 110 only during a predetermined time period.
  • individual nodes in the secure environment regularly send out messages regarding what they are sensing and forward the messages, thereby causing the messages to travel from node to node (i.e., bollard to bollard) throughout the secure bollard network 202.
  • the nodes in the secure bollard network 202 communicate using one of a relatively high-power communication protocol, such as IEEE 110A.11 and a relatively low-power communication protocol, such as IEEE 110A.15.4, to receive these messages, translate the messages to other communication protocols, and send the translated messages to other nodes and/or the server system 220.
  • a relatively high-power communication protocol such as IEEE 110A.11
  • a relatively low-power communication protocol such as IEEE 110A.15.4
  • the nodes are able to send and/or receive messages across the entire secure bollard network 202, as well as over the Internet 210 to the server system 220.
  • the mesh network enables the server system 220 to regularly receive data (CSI data) from most or all of the bollards in the environment 100, make inferences based on the data, facilitate state synchronization across bollards within and outside of the secure bollard network 202, and send commands to one or more of the bollards to perform tasks (e.g., emitting wireless signals via a transmitter antenna and receiving wireless signals via a receiver antenna) in the secure environment 100.
  • CSI data data
  • the bollards to perform tasks (e.g., emitting wireless signals via a transmitter antenna and receiving wireless signals via a receiver antenna) in the secure environment 100.
  • users, other devices, and/or the server system 220 may communicate control commands to the nodes in the secure bollard network 202.
  • a user may use the electronic device 206 (e.g., a smart phone) to send commands over the Internet 210 to the server system 220, which then relays the commands to one or more bollard controllers in the secure bollard network 202.
  • the bollard controllers may use a communication protocol to communicate the commands to the other bollards throughout the secure bollard network 202, as well as to other bollard controllers that did not receive the commands directly from the server system 220.
  • the secure environment 100 of Figure 1 includes a hub device 204 that is communicatively coupled to the network(s) 210 directly or via the network interface 208.
  • the hub device 204 is further communicatively coupled to one or more of the bollards using a radio communication network that is available at least in the secure environment 100.
  • the hub device 204 not only converts the data (e.g., CSI information) received from each bollard to meet the data format requirements of the network interface 208 or the network(s) 210, but also converts information received from the network interface 208 or the network(s) 210 to meet the data format requirements of the respective communication protocol associated with a targeted smart device.
  • the hub device 204 in addition to data format conversion, the hub device 204 further processes the data received from the bollards 110 or information received from the network interface 208 or the network(s) 210 preliminarily.
  • the hub device 204 can integrate inputs from multiple bollards, perform higher level processing on those inputs - e.g., to assess the overall environment and coordinate operation among the different bollards - and/or provide instructions to the different bollards based on the collection of inputs and programmed processing.
  • the network interface 208 and the hub device 204 are integrated to one network device.
  • one or more of the bollards 110 of Figure 1 may further allow a user to interact with the bollards 110 even if the user is not proximate to the bollards 110.
  • a user may communicate with a bollard using a computer 206 (e.g., a desktop computer, laptop computer, or tablet) or other portable electronic device 206 (e.g., a mobile phone, such as a smart phone).
  • a webpage or application may be configured to receive communications from the user and control the bollards 110 based on the communications and/or to present information about the bollards’ operation to the user.
  • the user may be in/near the structure, or at a remote location during this remote communication.
  • users may control bollards 110 in the secure environment
  • client device a network-connected computer or portable electronic device 206 (collectively called “client device”).
  • client device a network-connected computer or portable electronic device 206
  • client device may register client devices 206 with the secure environment 100. Such registration may be made at a central server 220 to authenticate identities of the security staff as being associated with certain security tasks and to give permission to the security staff to use the device to control the bollards in the secure environment 100.
  • the bollards 110 are capable of data communications and information sharing with other bollards 110, a central server or cloud-computing system 220, and/or other devices that are network-connected.
  • Data communications may be carried out using any of a variety of custom or standard wireless protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE, 5G, etc.) and/or any of a variety of custom or standard wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.
  • the bollards 110 serve as wireless or wired repeaters.
  • a first one of the bollards communicates with a second one of the bollards via a wireless router.
  • the bollards may further communicate with each other via a connection (e.g., network interface 208) to a network, such as the Internet 210.
  • the bollards may communicate with a 220 (also called a central server system and/or a cloud-computing system herein).
  • the server system 220 may be associated with a manufacturer, support entity, or service provider associated with the bollards.
  • software updates are automatically sent from the server system 220 to bollards (e.g., when available, when purchased, or at routine intervals).
  • the network interface 208 includes a conventional network device (e.g., a router), and the secure environment 100 of Figure 1 includes a hub device 204 that is communicatively coupled to the network(s) 210 directly or via the network interface 208.
  • the hub device 204 and bollards 110 coupled with/to the hub device can be controlled and/or interacted with via an application running on a smart phone, household controller, laptop, tablet computer, game console or similar electronic device.
  • a user of such controller application can view status of the hub device or coupled bollards, configure the hub device to interoperate with bollards newly introduced to the home network, commission new bollards, and adjust or view settings of connected bollards, etc.
  • the hub device extends capabilities of low capability smart device to match capabilities of the highly capable bollards of the same type, integrates functionality of multiple different device types - even across different communication protocols, and is configured to streamline adding of new devices and commissioning of the hub device.
  • hub device 204 further includes a local storage device for storing data related to, or output by, bollards of secure environment 100
  • secure environment 100 includes a local storage device
  • this local storage device is communicatively coupled to one or more bollards 110 via a secure bollard network 202. In some embodiments, this local storage device is selectively coupled to one or more bollards via a wired and/or wireless communication network. In some embodiments, this local storage device is used to store the CSI data when external network conditions are poor.
  • the local storage device is used when an encoding bitrate of a bollard 110 exceeds the available bandwidth of the external network (e.g., network(s) 210).
  • this local storage device temporarily stores video data from one or more bollards (e.g., bollard 118) prior to transferring the video data to a server system (e.g., 220).
  • Figure 3 is a flow chart illustrating a process 300 in which a suspicious object is located and identified, in accordance with some embodiments. The process 300 is implemented collaboratively by a plurality of bollards 110, a server system 220 and a client device 206.
  • the server system 220 provides (302) the client device 206 with information for installing a dedicated control application associated with an object detection system or loading the control application via a webpage browser.
  • Examples of the information associated with the control application include, but are not limited to, software packets, user interface information, and application settings.
  • the control application can be loaded (304) to display a user interface configured to receive user instructions or requests for detecting a suspicious object in a secure environment 100 and provide information of any suspicious object detected by the bollards 110 that are disposed in the secure environment 100.
  • the plurality of bollards 110 covers an area in the secure environment 100, e.g., a porch area in front of an entrance area.
  • the client device 206 sends an instruction 306 for monitoring the area covered by the bollards 110 to the bollards 110 via the server system 220.
  • transceiver clusters of the bollards 110 covering the area emit (308) wireless signals.
  • the wireless signals are reflected or scattered by objects located in the area, and then collected (308) by the transceiver clusters of the bollards 110.
  • the instruction 306 received by each bollard 110 includes frequency information for its transceiver clusters, e.g., a frequency profile of wireless signals to be emitted by each transmitter unit of the respective bollard 110 and a frequency profile of wireless signals to be received by each receiver unit of the respective bollard 110.
  • the frequency profile of wireless signals to be received by a receiver unit of a first bollard 110A is optionally consistent with the frequency profiles of wireless signals to be emitted by the transmitter units of one or more neighboring bollards that are disposed immediately adjacent to the first bollard 110 A.
  • Each bollard 110 may extract (310) respective first channel state information
  • CSI associated with the wireless signals collected at the respective bollard 110.
  • the CSI reflects how the wireless signals propagate from a first transceiver cluster that emits the wireless signals and a second transceiver cluster that collects the wireless signals, i.e., a combined effect of reflection, scattering and decaying of the wireless signals over a corresponding propagation path.
  • First CSI data are used to identify (312) one or more bollard locations associated with (e.g., surrounding) a suspicious object, and a presence or location of the suspicious object is derived from the one or more bollard locations. For example, the location of the suspicious object is surrounded by the one or more bollard locations.
  • the bollard locations and/or the presence/location of the suspicious object are identified (312 A) locally by one or more bollards located at the bollard locations with or without communicating with each other.
  • the first CSI data is reported to the server system 220 by a subset or all of the plurality of bollards 110, and the server system 220 consolidates the first CSI data and identifies (312B) the bollard locations associated with the suspicious object and/or the presence/location of the suspicious object.
  • the one or more bollards 110 then report the location of the suspicious object the server system 220, which may report the location of the suspicious object to the client device 206 in response to the instruction 306 to monitor the area covered by the bollards 110.
  • the server system 220 if the presence or location of the suspicious object is identified by the server system 220 based on the first CSI data, the server system 220 then reports the location of the suspicious object to the client device 206 in response to the instruction 306.
  • the client device 206 when the client device 206 receives the presence or location of the suspicious object, the client device 206 sends a request 314 for detailed object information (e.g., a type of material and a size of the suspicious object).
  • the instruction 306 to monitor the area covered by the bollards 120 includes the request 314 for detailed object information, such that this request 314 is not made by the client device 206 separately.
  • the transceiver clusters of at least the one or more bollards associated with the suspicious object emit (316) additional wireless signals (which are optionally the same wireless signals used to identify the presence or location of the suspicious object). These additional wireless signals are reflected or scattered by objects located in the area, and then collected (316) by the transceiver clusters of the bollards 110.
  • Each bollard 110 of at least the one or more bollards associated with the suspicious object may extract (316) respective second channel state information (CSI) associated with the additional wireless signals collected at the respective bollard 110.
  • Second CSI data is used to determine (318) the type of material and/or size of the suspicious object.
  • the type of material and/or size of the suspicious object are determined (318A) locally by the one or more bollards with or without communicating with each other.
  • the second CSI data is reported to the server system 220 by the one or more bollards 110, and the server system 220 consolidates the second CSI data and determines (318B) the type of material and/or size of the suspicious object.
  • each of the one or more bollards that are associated with the suspicious object generates and broadcasts (322) a local alarm signal to remind security staff or a crowd near the suspicious object.
  • the local alarm signal may be a visual or audio siren signal broadcast by each of the one or more bollards associated with the suspicious object.
  • the presence or location of the suspicious object is identified by a presence sensor integrated on each of the plurality of bollards 110.
  • the presence sensor is independent of the transceiver clusters of the respective bollard.
  • the one or more bollards are controlled to emit and receive wireless signals to determine detailed object information (e.g., a type of material and size of the object).
  • the process 300 involves a hub 204 or a network interface 208. Any data received from the server system 220 is received by the hub 204 or network interface 208, which passes the data to the bollards 110 over a local area network. Likewise, any data sent by the bollards 110 is passed to the hub 204 or network interface 208, which then communicates the data to the server system 220 via one or more communication network 210.
  • the hub 204 or network interface 208 is configured to implement one or more operations of extracting the first or second CSI data from the collected wireless signals, identifying the one or more bollards locations associated with the suspicious object, identifying the presence or location of the suspicious object, and determining the type of material and/or size of the suspicious object.
  • FIG 4 is a block diagram illustrating a representative server system 220, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the server system 220 typically includes one or more processing units (CPUs) 402, one or more network interfaces 404 (e.g., including an I/O interface to one or more client devices and an I/O interface to one or more electronic devices), memory 406, and one or more communication buses 408 for interconnecting these components (sometimes called a chipset).
  • the memory 406 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR SRAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and, optionally, includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one or more flash memory devices, or one or more other non-volatile solid state storage devices.
  • the memory 406, optionally, includes one or more storage devices remotely located from one or more processing units 402.
  • the memory 406, or alternatively the non-volatile memory within memory 406, includes a non-transitory computer readable storage medium.
  • the memory 406, or the non-transitory computer readable storage medium of the memory 406, stores the following programs, modules, and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:
  • an operating system 410 including procedures for handling various basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks
  • a network communication module 412 for connecting the server system 220 to other systems and devices (e.g., client devices 206, bollards 110, and systems connected to one or more networks 210) via one or more network interfaces 404 (wired or wireless);
  • a server-side module 414 which provides server-side functionalities for bollard control, CSI data processing, and object information review and reporting, including, but not limited to: o a control application module 416 for providing one or more client devices 206 with information (e.g., software packets, user interface information, application settings) for installing a dedicated control application associated with an object detection system or loading an embedded control application via a webpage browser; o a transceiver management module 418 for controlling transceiver clusters of a plurality of bollards 110 to emit and receive wireless signals, where the received wireless signals reflect a presence of an object in a propagation path of these wireless signals; o a CSI extraction and processing module 420 for implementing one or more of: constructing CSI data associated with the wireless signals received by the transceiver clusters of the bollards 110, adjusting an amplitude or phase of the CSI data, removing noise in the CSI data, and determining complex values of the CSI data or a CSI difference; o an
  • a server database 428 including but not limited to: o a data storage database 430 for storing data associated with each bollard array and data associated with each user account associated with the control application, as well as data processing models, processed data results, and other relevant metadata (e.g., locations and settings of the bollards 110, etc.) associated with the data, where (optionally) all or a portion of the data and/or processing associated with the bollards 110 are stored securely; o an account database 432 for storing account information for user accounts associated with the control application, including user account information such as user profiles 434 and associated environment settings 436, information and settings for linked hub devices and bollards (e.g., hub device identifications, bollard identification), relevant user and hardware characteristics (e.g., service tier, device model, storage capacity, processing capabilities, etc.), user interface settings, and data review preferences; o a device information database 438 for storing device information related to one or more bollards such as bollard profiles 440, e.g.,
  • Each of the above identified elements may be stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above.
  • the above identified modules or programs i.e., sets of instructions
  • the memory 406 optionally, stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.
  • the memory 406, optionally, stores additional modules and data structures not described above.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a representative bollard device 110, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the bollard device 110 e.g., any bollard 110 of a secure environment 100, Figure 1
  • the bollard device 110 includes one or more processing units (e.g., CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, microprocessors, and the like) 502, one or more communication interfaces 504, memory 506, communications module 542 with radios 540, and one or more communication buses 508 for interconnecting these components (sometimes called a chipset).
  • the radios 540 enable one or more radio communication networks in the smart home environments, and allow a bollard device 110 to communicate with other devices.
  • the radios 540 are capable of data communications using any of a variety of custom or standard wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE 110A.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6L0WPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISA100.5A, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) custom or standard wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), and/or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.
  • custom or standard wireless protocols e.g., IEEE 110A.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6L0WPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISA100.5A, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.
  • custom or standard wired protocols e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.
  • the communication interfaces 504 include, for example, hardware capable of data communications using any of a variety of custom or standard wireless protocols (e.g., IEEE 110A.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6L0WPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISA100.5A, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) and/or any of a variety of custom or standard wired protocols (e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.
  • custom or standard wireless protocols e.g., IEEE 110A.15.4, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6L0WPAN, Thread, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Smart, ISA100.5A, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.
  • any of a variety of custom or standard wired protocols e.g., Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.
  • the bollard device 110 further includes one or more transceiver clusters 510 distributed along a length of the bollard device 110.
  • Each transceiver cluster 510 has a transmitter unit 560 including one or more transmitters and one or more transmitter antennas, and a receiver unit 580 including one or more receivers and one or more receiver antennas. Any two transceiver clusters 510 are optionally identical to each other or distinct from each other.
  • the receiver antennas are configured to receive wireless signals transmitted by the transmitter antennas of the same bollard device 110 or other bollard devices 110.
  • Channel state information (CSI) of the wireless signals is analyzed by the bollard device 110, a hub device 204, a network interface, or a server system 220 to locate objects near the bollard device 110.
  • CSI Channel state information
  • each wireless signal emitted by each transmitter antenna of the transmitter unit 560 is in one of a group of radio frequency ranges used for Wi-Fi communication, and the group of radio frequency ranges includes 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 5.9 GHz and 60 GHz frequency bands.
  • the transceiver clusters 510 are distinct from the communications module 542 and radios 540 and operate at frequencies that are optionally distinct from those of the communications module 542 and radios 540.
  • the bollard device 110 includes one or more image/video capture devices 512 (e.g., cameras, video cameras, scanners, photo sensor units).
  • the bollard device 110 includes one or more built-in sensors 514, for example, one or more magnetometers, thermal radiation sensors, ambient temperature sensors, humidity sensors, IR sensors, occupancy sensors, ambient light sensors, motion detectors, accelerometers, and/or gyroscopes.
  • the image/video capture devices 512 and built- in sensors 514 are configured to provide additional sensing results for turning sensitivities of the transceiver clusters 510 of the bollard device 110, thereby improving an accuracy associated with determination of a presence, location, type of material, and/or size of the object by the bollard device 110.
  • the bollard device 110 includes one or more visual indicators 516 configured to broadcast a visible alarm signal in response to detection of a suspicious object.
  • the bollard device 110 includes one or more speakers 518 configured to broadcast an audio alarm message in response to detection of a suspicious object.
  • the memory 506 includes high-speed random access memory, such as
  • DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical disk storage devices, one or more flash memory devices, or one or more other non-volatile solid state storage devices.
  • the memory 506, or alternatively the non volatile memory within the memory 506, includes a non-transitory computer readable storage medium.
  • the memory 506, or the non-transitory computer readable storage medium of the memory 506, stores the following programs, modules, and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:
  • operating logic 520 including procedures for handling various basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks
  • a device communication module 522 for connecting to and communicating with other network devices (e.g., network interface 208, such as a router that provides Internet connectivity, networked storage devices, network routing devices, server system 220, etc.) connected to one or more networks 210 via one or more communication interfaces 504 (wired or wireless);
  • network interface 208 such as a router that provides Internet connectivity, networked storage devices, network routing devices, server system 220, etc.
  • network interfaces 504 wireless or wireless
  • one or more applications 530 for execution by the bollard device 110 (i.e., web or non-web based applications) to control the bollard devices 110 (e.g., executing commands, sending commands, and/or configuring settings of the bollard device 110 and/or other bollard devices);
  • a device-side module 532 which provides device-side functionalities for bollard control, CSI data processing, and object information review and reporting, including but not limited to: o a transceiver management module 534 for controlling its transceiver clusters to emit and collect wireless signals that reflect a presence of an object in a propagation path of these wireless signals; o a CSI extraction and processing module 536 for implementing one or more of: constructing CSI data associated with the wireless signals received by the transceiver clusters of the bollard device 110 or other bollard devices, adjusting an amplitude or phase of the CSI data, removing noise in the CSI data, and determining complex values of the CSI data or a CSI difference; o an object locating module 538 for using the CSI data or related data to determine locations of one or more bollards 110 that are associated with a suspicious object and to identify a presence or location of the suspicious object based on the locations of the one or more bollards 110, where in some embodiments, an object location
  • device data 548 storing data associated with devices (e.g., the bollard device 110), including, but is not limited to: o device specific data 550 storing information related to this bollard device 110, e.g., bollard identifiers, access credentials, bollard settings, and the like; o local data storage database 552 for selectively storing raw or processed CSI data associated with the bollard device 110 and event information associated with events of detecting suspicious objects around this bollard device, including event records that store event log information, event categories, and the like;
  • Each of the above identified elements may be stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above.
  • the above identified modules or programs i.e., sets of instructions
  • the memory 506, optionally, stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.
  • the memory 506, optionally, stores additional modules and data structures not described above.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a representative client device 206, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the client device 206 typically, includes one or more processing units (CPUs) 602, one or more network interfaces 604, memory 606, and one or more communication buses 608 for interconnecting these components (sometimes called a chipset).
  • the client device also includes a user interface 610 and one or more built-in sensors 690 (e.g., accelerometer and gyroscope).
  • the user interface 610 includes one or more output devices 612 that enable presentation of media content, including one or more speakers and/or one or more visual displays.
  • the user interface 610 also includes one or more input devices 614, including user interface components that facilitate user input such as a keyboard, a mouse, a voice-command input unit or microphone, a touch screen display, a touch-sensitive input pad, a gesture capturing camera, or other input buttons or controls.
  • user interface components that facilitate user input such as a keyboard, a mouse, a voice-command input unit or microphone, a touch screen display, a touch-sensitive input pad, a gesture capturing camera, or other input buttons or controls.
  • client devices use a microphone and voice recognition or a camera and gesture recognition to supplement or replace the keyboard.
  • the client device includes one or more cameras, scanners, or photo sensor units for capturing images (not shown).
  • the memory 606 includes high-speed random access memory, such as
  • the memory 606, optionally, includes one or more storage devices remotely located from one or more processing units 602.
  • the memory 606, or alternatively the non-volatile memory within the memory 606, includes a non- transitory computer readable storage medium.
  • the memory 606, or the non-transitory computer readable storage medium of the memory 606, stores the following programs, modules, and data structures, or a subset or superset thereof:
  • an operating system 618 including procedures for handling various basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks
  • a network communication module 620 for connecting the client device 206 to other systems and devices (e.g., client devices, electronic devices, and systems connected to one or more networks 162) via one or more network interfaces 604 (wired or wireless);
  • an input processing module 622 for detecting one or more user inputs or interactions from one of the one or more input devices 614 and interpreting the detected input or interaction;
  • one or more applications 624 for execution by the client device (e.g., games, social network applications, smart home applications, and/or other web or non-web based applications) for controlling devices (e.g., sending commands, configuring settings, etc. to hub devices and/or other client or electronic devices) and for reviewing data captured by the devices (e.g., device status and settings, captured data, or other information regarding the hub device or other connected devices);
  • client device e.g., games, social network applications, smart home applications, and/or other web or non-web based applications
  • controlling devices e.g., sending commands, configuring settings, etc. to hub devices and/or other client or electronic devices
  • data captured by the devices e.g., device status and settings, captured data, or other information regarding the hub device or other connected devices
  • a client-side module 626 which provides client-side functionalities for bollard control, CSI data processing, and object information review and reporting, including but not limited to: o a control application 628 for displaying a user interface configured to at least receive user instructions or requests for detecting a suspicious object in a secure environment 100 and provide information of any suspicious object detected by the bollards 110 that are disposed in the secure environment;
  • client data 630 storing data associated with the user account of the control application 628, including, but not limited to: o account data 632 storing information related to a user account loaded on the client device, wherein such information includes cached login credentials, hub device identifiers (e.g., MAC addresses and UUIDs), bollard identifiers (e.g., MAC addresses and UUIDs), user interface settings, display preferences, authentication tokens and tags, password keys, etc.; and o a local data storage database 634 for selectively storing raw or processed data associated with bollard devices 110.
  • hub device identifiers e.g., MAC addresses and UUIDs
  • bollard identifiers e.g., MAC addresses and UUIDs
  • user interface settings e.g., display preferences, authentication tokens and tags, password keys, etc.
  • display preferences e.g., authentication tokens and tags, password keys, etc.
  • o a local data storage database 634 for selectively
  • Each of the above identified elements may be stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices, and corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above.
  • the above identified modules or programs i.e., sets of instructions
  • the memory 606, optionally, stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.
  • the memory 606, optionally, stores additional modules and data structures not described above.
  • FIGS 7A and 7B are schematic diagrams of object detection systems 700 and 750 in which a receiver unit of a bollard 110A is configured to receive wireless signals reflected and scattered by an object located between two neighboring bollards 110A and 110B, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Each of the object detection systems 700 and 750 includes a plurality of bollards that are identical to each other.
  • Each bollard e.g., 110A and 110B
  • the bollard 110A or 110B has an elongated shape to fit the plurality of transceiver clusters 510 along a length of the bollard 110A or 110B.
  • the plurality of transceiver clusters 510 is distributed evenly along the length of the bollard 110A or 110B.
  • the plurality of transceiver clusters 510 is distributed non-uniformly along the length of the bollard 110A or 110B.
  • Each transceiver cluster 510 is located at a distinct height from a bottom end of the respective bollard, and the respective height corresponds to one of a plurality of predetermined heights where weapons are carried by a person. That said, in some circumstances, each transceiver cluster 510 of the bollard 110A or 110B is placed at a respective location in the bollard 110A or HOB based on a likelihood of detecting a suspicious object at a corresponding height.
  • a transceiver cluster 510A is disposed at a height of 1 meter from the bottom end of the bollard 110A or HOB, because a gun is often hidden in a pocket of pants that is approximately 1 meter above the ground.
  • each transceiver cluster 510 of the bollards 110A and
  • HOB includes a transmitter unit 560 having a first transmitter antenna 560 A and a second transmitter antenna 560B, and the transmitter unit is configured to emit wireless signals from each of the first and second transmitter antennas 560A and 560B.
  • Each transceiver cluster 510 further includes a receiver unit 580 having a first set of receiver antennas 580 A and 580B and a second set of receiver antennas 580C.
  • the first set of receiver antennas 580A and 580B is configured to receive at least the wireless signals 704 that are emitted by the first transmitter antenna 560A of a first neighboring bollard (e.g., the bollard 110B) adjacent to the bollard 110A and scattered by an object 702 located in proximity to the bollard 110A and between the bollards 110A and 110B.
  • the second set of receiver antennas 580C of the bollard 110A is configured to receive at least the wireless signals 706 that are emitted by the first and second transmitter antennas 560A and 560B of the bollard 110A and reflected by the object 702.
  • the first transmitter antenna 560A and the second transmitter antenna 560B are separated by a first predetermined distance di , such that the wireless signals emitted from the first and second transmitter antennas are configured to interact with the object 702 en route to the second set of receiver antennas 580C with a first CSI difference, and the first CSI difference is greater than a predefined resolution of CSI achievable by the object detection system 700.
  • the first set of receiver antennas includes two receiver antennas 580 A and 580B that are physically separated by a second predetermined distance ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 such that the wireless signals emitted from the first transmitter antenna 560A of the neighboring bollard 110B adjacent to the bollard 110A are configured to interact with the object 702 en route to the two receiver antennas 580A and 580B of the first set of receiver antennas with a second CSI difference, and the second CSI difference is greater than the predefined resolution of CSI.
  • Each transceiver cluster 510 in Figure 7 A includes two transmitter antennas and three receiver antennas, and these antennas can be reconfigured according to other signal transmission and receiving combinations.
  • the first set of receiver antennas 580A’ and 580B’ of the bollard 110A is reconfigured to receive at least the wireless signals 708 that are emitted by its own first transmitter antenna 560A’ and reflected by the object 702.
  • the second set of receiver antennas 580C’ of the bollard 110A is reconfigured to receive at least the wireless signals 710 that are emitted by the first and second transmitter antennas 560A’ and 560B’ of the neighboring bollard 110B adjacent to the bollard 110A and scattered by an object 702 located in proximity to the bollard 110A and between the bollards 110A and 110B.
  • each of the first transmitter antenna 560A, the second transmitter antenna 560B, the first set of receiver antennas 580 A and 580B, and the second set of receiver antennas 580C has a respective antenna direction (i.e., a direction along which a substantial portion of wireless power is emitted or received).
  • the antenna direction of the first set of receiver antennas 580A and 580B of the first bollard 110A is consistent with the antenna direction of the first transmitter antenna 560A of the second bollard 110B adjacent to the bollard 110A.
  • the antenna direction of the second set of receiver antennas 580C of the first bollard 110A is consistent with the antenna directions of the first and second transmitter antennas 560A and 560B of the first bollard 110 A. Further, in some embodiments, the antenna direction of the first set of receiver antennas 580A and 580B is opposite to the antenna direction of the second set of receiver antennas 580C.
  • the transmitter unit of includes one transmitter antenna 560A
  • the receiver unit includes of four receiver antennas 580A, 580B, 580C and 580D arranged in pair.
  • the first set of receiver antennas 580A and 580B are configured to receive at least the first wireless signals 712 that are emitted by the transmitter antenna 560A of a neighboring bollard (e.g., the bollard 110B) adjacent to the bollard 110A and scattered by an object 702 located in proximity to the bollard 110A and between the bollards 110A and 110B.
  • a neighboring bollard e.g., the bollard 110B
  • the second set of receiver antennas 580C and 580D are configured to receive at least the second wireless signals 714 that are emitted by the transmitter antennas 560A of the bollard 110A itself and reflected by the object 702.
  • the first set of receiver antennas 580A and 580B includes the second set of receiver antennas 580C and 580D
  • the receiver unit includes only two receiver antennas 580A and 580B.
  • Wireless signals are sequentially emitted by the transmitter antennas 560A of the bollards 110A and 110B, and sequentially received by the set of receiver antennas 580 A and 580B.
  • wireless signals emitted by a transmission antenna 560A or 560B include a plurality of subcarrier signals, and each subcarrier signal is centered at a respective central frequency with a respective subcarrier amplitude and a respective subcarrier phase.
  • CSI associated with each of the wireless signals 704-714 may be characterized as an angle and phase.
  • a wireless signal may be characterized as multiple subcarrier signals, each subcarrier signal being centered at a respective central frequency.
  • One challenge in using the phase component of the CSI extracted from the received wireless signals is that the data could be distorted by an unpredicted phase shift and time lag caused by the transmitter and receiver not being synchronized with one another.
  • the CSI is constructed from the wireless signals received by the receiver unit 580 with a CSI phase adjustment or phase error correction, e.g., using a phase unwrapping and linear transformation process. The phase information is first unwrapped across all subcarriers of each packet of data received.
  • phase error correction is performed for each wireless signal 704-714 emitted by a transmitter unit 560 and received by a receiver unit 580 of the bollards 110A and 110B.
  • noise is removed from the received wireless signals, resulting in reconstructed CSI complex values, including both amplitude data and phase data, for each subcarrier.
  • the CSI complex values may be used to determine the type of material of the object 702. This is because certain materials, such as paper, cloth, plastics, etc., may allow a large portion of the wireless signal to penetrate and thus reach a receiver unit 580. Other materials, such as metal, may reflect a large portion of the signal and causes the rest of the signal to scatter along its surface. Other materials, such as liquid, may reflect some of the signal while allowing a portion of the signal to penetrate. Thus, these differences in interaction between various materials and wireless signals 704-714 can be utilized to classify the different material types.
  • the transmitter and receiver units 560 and 580 are positioned to be on the same side of the object 702.
  • an amount of the wireless signal that is reflected is of greater concern than the refraction and scattering properties of the object 702.
  • Refraction and scattering are of greater concern for determination of object type, in which the transmitter and receiver units 560 and 580 are positioned to be on opposing sides of the object 702.
  • it is not necessarily required to reconstruct the phase of the reflected signal since the amplitude of the reflected signal may be sufficient to determine the object size. That is, the size of an object can affect the amount of a signal that is reflected by the object, and thus can affect the strength of the reflected signal. More details on using CSI provided by a single transceiver cluster 510 are discussed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/828,151, filed April 2, 2019, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Figure 8 A is a schematic diagram of an object detection system 800 in which a receiver unit 580 of a first bollard 110A is configured to receive wireless signals emitted by two or more transmitter units 560 of a second bollard 110B, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the second bollard 110B is immediately adjacent to the first bollard 110A.
  • Each of the first and second bollards 110A and 110B includes a first transceiver cluster 510A and a second transceiver cluster 510B disposed at a first height hi and a second height /??, respectively.
  • the first set of receiver antennas 580 A and 580B of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A receives the wireless signals 804 that are emitted by the first transmitter antenna 560A of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the second bollard 110B, which is disposed at the same height hi as the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110 A.
  • the first set of receiver antennas 580 A and 580B of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A receives the wireless signals 806 that are emitted by the first transmitter antenna 560A of the second transceiver cluster 510B of the second bollard 110B, which is disposed at the second height hi distinct from the first height hi.
  • the first set of receiver antennas 580 A and 580B of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A receives the wireless signals 804 and 806 that are emitted by the first transceiver cluster 510A and the second transceiver cluster 510B of the second bollard 110B sequentially in two distinct time slots ti and t2, respectively.
  • the wireless signals 804 and 806 that are emitted by the first transceiver cluster 510A and the second transceiver cluster 510B of the second bollard 110B have different transmission powers, different directionalities, and/or different spectrum characteristics (e.g., in different frequency bands (such as 802.1 ln/ac or 802.1 lad), in different channels of the same frequency band, or including different subcarrier frequencies in the same channel).
  • the receiver unit 580 of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A receives the wireless signals 804 and 806 that are emitted by the first transceiver cluster 510A and the second transceiver cluster 510B of the second bollard 110B concurrently or sequentially.
  • the wireless signals 804 emitted by the first transceiver cluster 510A of the second bollard 110B include a first set of subcarrier signals of first subcarrier frequencies
  • the wireless signals 806 emitted by the second transceiver cluster 510B of the second bollard 110B include a second set of subcarrier signals of second subcarrier frequencies each of which is distinct from the first subcarrier frequencies.
  • the wireless signals 804 and 806 emitted by the first transceiver cluster 510A and the second transceiver cluster 510B of the second bollard 110B are received by the same set of receiver antennas, but decoupled by a transceiver circuit or a digital signal processing (DSP) module to separate the first subcarrier frequencies and the second subcarrier frequencies.
  • DSP digital signal processing
  • the wireless signals 804 and 806 emitted by the first and second transceiver clusters of the second bollard 110B are optionally received and decoupled by two distinct sets of receiver antennas of the first bollard 110 A.
  • FIG. 8B is a schematic diagram of an object detection system 850 in which a receiver unit 580 of a bollard 110A is configured to receive wireless signals emitted by transmitter units 560 of the same bollard 110A, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the bollard 110A includes at least a first transceiver cluster 510A and a second transceiver cluster 510B disposed at a first height hi and a second height /??, respectively.
  • the second set of receiver antennas 580C of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A receives both the wireless signals 808 that are emitted by the first transceiver cluster 510A and the wireless signals 810 that are emitted by the second transceiver cluster 510B of the same bollard 110A.
  • the second transceiver cluster 510B is disposed at the second height hi distinct from the first height hi of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A.
  • the wireless signals 808 and 810 emitted by the first transceiver cluster 510A and the second transceiver cluster 510B of the same bollard 110A are reflected by different objects or different portions of an object disposed in proximity to the bollard 110A.
  • the wireless signals 808 and 810 emitted by the first and second transceiver clusters of the same bollard 110A are received by the receiver unit of the first transceiver cluster 510A sequentially in two distinct slots l and ii.
  • the wireless signals 808 emitted by the transmitter unit 560 of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A have a first set of subcarrier signals with first subcarrier frequencies
  • the wireless signals 810 emitted by the transmitter unit 560 of the second transceiver cluster 510B of the first bollard 110A have a second set of subcarrier signals with second subcarrier frequencies each of which is distinct from the first subcarrier frequencies.
  • the receiver unit of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A receives the wireless signals 808 and 810 that are emitted by the transmitter units 560 of the first transceiver cluster 510A and second transceiver clusters and 510B of the first bollard 110A concurrently or sequentially, using the same set or different sets of receiver antennas.
  • the wireless signals 808 and 810 emitted by the first transceiver cluster 510A and second transceiver clusters 510B of the first bollard 110A are separated by a transceiver circuit or a DSP module.
  • FIGS 9A and 9B are schematic diagrams of object detection systems 900 and 950 in each of which a receiver unit 580 of a first bollard 110A is configured to receive both wireless signals emitted by the first bollard 110A and wireless signals by a second bollard 110B, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the second bollard 11 OB is immediately adjacent to the first bollard 110 A.
  • Each of the first and second bollards 110A and 110B includes a first transceiver cluster 510A and a second transceiver cluster 51 OB distinct from the first transceiver cluster 510A.
  • Each of the first and second transceiver clusters 510A and 510B of the first and second bollards 110A and 110B includes a transmitter unit 560 and a receiver unit 580.
  • the transmitter unit 560 of each transceiver cluster 510 of the bollards 110A and 110B has a first transmitter antenna 560 A and a second transmitter antenna 560B.
  • the receiver unit 580 of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A includes a set of receiver antennas 580 A configured to receive both wireless signals 902 and 904 emitted by the transmitter units 560 of the first and second transceiver clusters 510A and 510B of the first bollard 110A and wireless signals 906 and 908 emitted by the transmitter units 560 of the first and second transceiver clusters 510A and 510B of the second bollard 110B, e.g., sequentially in four distinct time slots h-l-i.
  • Each of the transmitter units 560 in the first and second transceiver clusters 510A and 510B of the first and second bollards 110A and 110B optionally corresponds to a distinct frequency band, frequency channel or subcarrier frequency, while the wireless signals emitted by the four transmitter units 560 of the first and second bollards 110A and 110B are received by the same receiver unit 580 of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A sequentially or concurrently.
  • the set of receiver antennas 580A of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A is configured to receive the wireless signals reflected and scattered from an object 702, regardless of whether the wireless signals originate from the same or distinct transceiver clusters or from the same or distinct bollards 110A.
  • the wireless signals 902, 904, 906 and 908 emitted by each transceiver cluster of the first and second bollards 110A and 110B have frequencies fi,f2,fs and _/ # , which are optionally equal to or distinct from each other.
  • the wireless signals emitted by the four transmitter units 560 of the first and second bollards 110A and 110B may have distinct subcarrier frequencies from each other, while these wireless signals are optionally emitted concurrently or sequentially.
  • the transmitter unit 560 of each transceiver cluster of the bollards 110A and 110B has a respective transmitter antenna 560A.
  • the receiver unit 580 of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A includes a first receiver antenna 580 A and a second receiver antenna 580B configured to receive both wireless signals 912, 914, 916 and 918 emitted by the transmitter antennas 560A of the first and second transceiver clusters 510A and 510B of both the first bollard 110A and the second bollard 110B, e.g., sequentially in four distinct time slots ti, t2, h and A
  • Each of the transmitter antennas 560A in the first and second transceiver clusters 510A and 510B of the first and second bollards 110A and 110B optionally corresponds to a distinct frequency band, frequency channel or subcarrier frequency, while the wireless signals 912, 914, 916 and 918 emitted by the four transmitter antennas 560A of the first and second bollards 110A and 110B are received by the same receiver antennas 580A and 580B of the first transcei
  • the set of receiver antennas 580A and 580B of the first transceiver cluster 510A of the first bollard 110A is configured to receive the wireless signals reflected and scattered from an object, regardless of whether the wireless signals originate from the same or distinct transceiver clusters or from the same or distinct bollards.
  • the first bollard 110A and the second bollard 110B have an elongated shape (e.g., is 3 feet or more tall), and are paired up and configured to stand at a gate of a structure 150 that a person must pass in order to be admitted into the structure 500.
  • the first bollard 110A and the second bollard 110B are two neighboring bollards of a one dimensional or two dimensional array of bollards disposed near periphery walls 112 or in front of an entrance area 102 of a structure 150 ( Figure 1).
  • each of the first bollard 110A and the second bollard 110B is an integrated bollard device that can be placed on top of a table or attached to one of two opposite edges of the table.
  • the first and second bollards 110A and 110B optionally stand or lie on the table, such that they extend along directions in parallel with or perpendicular to a top surface of the table.
  • the transceiver clusters 510 of the first and second bollards 110A and 110B are configured to emit and receive wireless signals (e.g., signals 704-714, 804-580 and 902-918 in Figures 7-9) to determine whether the object 702 is suspicious, a type of the object and a size of the object.
  • wireless signals e.g., signals 704-714, 804-580 and 902-918 in Figures 7-9
  • Figures 10A and 10B are schematic diagrams 1000 and 1050 illustrating directionality of antennas in two example transceiver clusters 1002 and 1052, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the transceiver cluster 1002 includes at least a transmitter antenna 1008 and a receiver antenna 1010.
  • the transmitter antenna 1008 and receiver antenna 1010 are oriented according to a cross polarization coupling configuration, such that the receiver antenna 1010 may detect the wireless signals that are emitted by the transmitter antenna 1008 and whose polarity is converted by an object 702.
  • the transmitter antenna 1008 emits wireless signals substantially towards a first direction (e.g., emits at least a first threshold portion of emission power towards the first direction)
  • the receiver antenna 1010 receives wireless signals substantially from a second direction (e.g., receives at least a second threshold portion of wireless power from the second direction).
  • the second direction is oriented to be substantially perpendicular to the first direction.
  • the transceiver cluster 1052 includes at least a transmitter antenna 1058 and two receiver antennas 1060 A and 1060B.
  • the transmitter antenna 1058 and two receiver antennas 1060 A and 1060B are oriented according to a cross polarization coupling configuration, such that the two receiver antennas 1060 A and 1060B may detect the wireless signals that are emitted by the transmitter antenna 1058 and whose polarity is converted by an object 702.
  • the transmitter antenna 1058 emits wireless signals substantially towards a first direction (e.g., emits at least a first threshold portion of emission power towards the first direction), and each of the two receiver antennas 1060A and 1060B receives wireless signals substantially from a respective second direction (e.g., receives at least a second threshold portion of wireless power from the respective second direction).
  • the first direction and the respective second directions are oriented to be substantially perpendicular (i.e., orthogonal) to each other.
  • FIG 11 A and 1 IB is a flow diagram of a method 1100 for detecting a suspicious object (e.g., lethal weapons, homemade-bombs, explosive chemicals) in a secure environment, in accordance with some embodiments.
  • a plurality of bollards e.g., bollards 110A and 110B in Figures 7A-9B
  • the plurality of bollards 110 is aligned in a line and includes two end bollards 110 and one or more intermediate bollards 110. Each end bollard 110 is immediately adjacent to a single neighboring bollard 110, and each intermediate bollard 110 is immediately adjacent to two neighboring bollards 110 that are arranged on two sides of the respective intermediate bollard 110 A. In some embodiments, in accordance with the predetermined deployment configuration (120B and 120C in Figure 1), the plurality of bollards 110 is arranged in an array having a first number of rows and a second number of columns.
  • the first number of rows are aligned with each other, and the second number of columns are aligned with each other. In some embodiments.
  • every two adjacent rows are offset from each other, so that an object can pass the plurality of bollards 110 in a zigzag path.
  • Each of the plurality of bollards 110 further includes (1104) a plurality of transceiver clusters 510.
  • Each transceiver cluster 510 includes a transmitter unit 560 (having one or more transmitters) and a receiver unit 580 (having one or more receivers).
  • the plurality of transceiver clusters 510 is concealed within the respective bollard, and each transceiver cluster is located at a distinct height from a bottom end of the respective bollard.
  • the plurality of transceiver clusters may be distributed evenly or unevenly (i.e., non-uniformly) within a bollard.
  • bollards of the plurality of bollards 110 are identical to each other.
  • two of the plurality of bollards 110 are distinct from each other, because they use different numbers of transceiver clusters 510 or because they have the same number of transceiver clusters 510 that are located at different heights within the two bollards 110.
  • the transmitter unit 560 has a first transmitter antenna 560A and a second transmitter antenna 560B
  • the receiver unit 580 has a first set of receiver antennas and a second set of receiver antennas.
  • the transceiver clusters 510 of a bollard 110 are identical to each other.
  • the transceiver clusters 510 of the bollard 110 are different from each other. That said, the transceiver clusters 510 of the same bollard 110 may have different numbers of transmitters, have different numbers of receivers, or operate at different frequencies, and each transceiver cluster 510 is optimized to provide a respective detection sensitivity.
  • wireless signals are emitted (1106) from each of the first and second transmitter antennas of the respective bollard 110.
  • the first set of receiver antennas of the respective bollard 110 receive (1108) at least the wireless signals that are emitted by the first transmitter antenna of the a first neighboring bollard 110 and scattered by an object 702 located in proximity to the respective bollard 110 and between the respective bollard 110 and the first neighboring bollard 110.
  • the second set of receiver antennas receives (1110) at least the wireless signals that are emitted by the first and second transmitter antennas of the transmitter unit of the respective bollard 110 and reflected by the object 702.
  • each of the first transmitter antenna, the second transmitter antenna, the first set of receiver antennas and the second set of receiver antennas has a respective antenna direction.
  • the antenna direction of the first set of receiver antennas is consistent with the antenna direction of the first transmitter antenna of the first neighboring bollard adjacent to the respective bollard.
  • the antenna direction of the second set of receiver antennas is consistent with the antenna directions of the first and second transmitter antennas of the transmitter unit of the respective bollard.
  • the antenna direction of the first set of receiver antennas is opposite to the antenna direction of the second set of receiver antennas.
  • each wireless signal includes a plurality of subcarrier signals each of which is centered at a respective central frequency with a respective subcarrier amplitude and a respective subcarrier phase.
  • the first transmitter antenna and the second transmitter antenna are separated by a first predetermined distance di , such that the wireless signals emitted from the first and second transmitter antennas are configured to interact with the object en route to the second set of receiver antennas with a first CSI difference, and the first CSI difference is greater than a predefined resolution of CSI.
  • the first set of receiver antennas includes two receiver antennas that are physically separated by a second predetermined distance ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 such that the wireless signals emitted from the first transmitter antenna of the first neighboring bollard adjacent to the respective bollard are configured to interact with the object en route to the two receiver antennas of the first set of receiver antennas with a second difference, and the second difference is greater than a predefined resolution of CSI.
  • each bollard 110 further includes one or more respective additional sensors that are distinct from the transmitter unit and the receiver unit, and the one or more respective additional sensors (e.g., sensors 514 in Figure 5) are configured to provide additional sensing results to tune the transmitter and/or receiver unit to improve an accuracy of a presence, location, type of material or size of the object that are determined by the transceiver clusters of the bollards 110.
  • a humidity sensor is configured to provide a humidity level of an ambient, allowing the bollards 110 to adjust settings of their transmitters and receivers to deliver a desirable sensitivity.
  • an infrared image sensor is applied in a mass shooting incident to identify a fast moving person who is possibly an offender, and a subset of bollards near the offender are controlled to increase their sensitivities for determining an amount of ammunition carried by the person.
  • infrared image sensor is applied to identify a cold area that possibly corresponds to a weapon directly, and a subset of bollards near the cold area are controlled to increase their sensitivities for verifying existence of the weapon.
  • an infrared image sensor is applied to identify a cold area that possibly corresponds to a weapon, and a subset of bollards near the cold area are controlled to increase their sensitivities for verifying existence of the weapon.
  • Channel state information is determined (1112) for a subset of the wireless signals received at the first and second sets of receiver units of the respective receiver unit of each bollard 110.
  • the first bollard 110A of the plurality of bollards that is immediately adjacent to the object 702 is identified (1114) based on the channel state information of the wireless signals received at the respective receiver unit of each bollard 110.
  • an object location model e.g., model 423 in Figure 4 and model 539 in Figure 5 5) is established and updated based on the channel state information of the wireless signals received at the respective receiver unit of each bollard 110.
  • the object location model may be calibrated using a set of known scenarios (e.g., having a person running at predefined speeds with known suspicious objects) before the bollards 110 are shipped out of factory.
  • the object location model can be established and/or updated using machine learning during the course of using the bollards 110.
  • the receiver unit of each bollard 110 receives the wireless signals that is emitted by its respective first neighboring bollard for the purposes of identifying the first bollard 110 that is immediately adjacent to the object 702. In some embodiments, the receiver unit of each bollard 110 receives the wireless signals that is emitted by itself and reflected to the respective bollard 110 for the purposes of identifying the first bollard 110 that is immediately adjacent to the object 702.
  • the presence or location of the first bollard 110A immediately adjacent to the object is identified, and therefore, the CSI of the first bollard 110A (not the CSI of all bollards 110 involved in the predetermined deployment configuration) is needed to determine a type of material and a size of the object 702.
  • the type of material of the object 702 is determined (1116) based on channel state information of the wireless signals received at the first set of receiver antennas of the first bollard 110A
  • the size of the object 702 is determined (1118) based on channel state information of the wireless signals received at the second set of receiver antennas of the first bollard 110A.
  • an object identification model (e.g., model 425 in Figure 4 and model 545 in Figure 5) is established and updated based on the channel state information of the wireless signals received at the receiver unit of the first bollard 110 that is identified as immediately adjacent to the object 702.
  • the object identification model may be calibrated using a set of known scenarios (e.g., having a person running at predefined speeds with known suspicious objects) before the bollards 110 are shipped out of factory.
  • the object identification model can be established and/or updated using machine learning during the course of using the bollards 110.
  • the plurality of bollards 110 are coupled to a server system 220 having one or more processors 402 and memory 406 storing one or more programs to be executed by the one or more processors.
  • the server system 220 provides a first signal control to each of the plurality of bollards 110. After the wireless signals are emitted by the first transmitter antenna of each bollard 110, the first bollard 110A of the plurality of bollards 110 that is immediately adjacent to the object 702 is identified based on the CSI of the wireless signals received at the first set of receiver antennas of the receiver unit of each bollard 110.
  • a type of material of the object 702 is determined from the CSI of the wireless signals received at the first set of receiver antennas of the receiver unit of each bollard 110.
  • the server system then provides a second signal control to the first bollard 110A.
  • the transmitter unit of the first bollard 110A is configured to emit the wireless signals to be collected by the second set of receiver antennas of the first bollard 110A under the control of the second signal control, and CSI of the collected wireless signals may be used to determine the size of the object 702.
  • a plurality of identical bollards 110 are arranged in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array.
  • a first subset of bollards is configured to act as transmitting bollards.
  • a second subset of bollards is configured to act as receiving bollards.
  • a third subset of bollards is configured to both emit and receive wireless signals.
  • each transmitter unit corresponds to a unique frequency.
  • the first subset of receiver antennas is configured to receive frequencies of one or more transmitter units in a neighboring bollard
  • the second subset of receiver antennas is configured to receive frequencies of one or more transmitter units in the respective bollard.
  • Each bollard optionally receives information of the frequencies of the first and second subsets of receiver antennas via a respective instruction 306 to monitor an area covered by the plurality of bollards 110.
  • each wireless signal emitted by each transmitter antenna of the transmitter unit is in one of a group of radio frequency ranges used for Wi-Fi communication, the group of radio frequency ranges including 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 5.9 GHz and 60 GHz frequency bands.
  • the wireless signals emitted by the transceiver clusters 510 of the bollards 110 are based on commodity Wi-Fi technology (e.g., a 802.11 communication standard).
  • the commodity Wi-Fi technology does not require any clearance by Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
  • FCC Federal Communications Commission
  • each bollard or an array of bollards can be provided at a relatively low price compared with X-ray scanners that are widely used in airports.
  • stages that are not order dependent may be reordered and other stages may be combined or broken out. While some reordering or other groupings are specifically mentioned, others will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art, so the ordering and groupings presented herein are not an exhaustive list of alternatives. Moreover, it should be recognized that the stages could be implemented in hardware, firmware, software or any combination thereof.
  • first, second, etc. are, in some instances, used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another.
  • a first transmitter antenna can be termed a second transmitter antenna, and, similarly, a second transmitter antenna can be termed a first transmitter antenna, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments.
  • the first transmitter antenna and the second transmitter antenna are both transmitter antennas, but they are not the same transmitter antenna.
  • the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in accordance with a determination that [a stated condition or event] is detected,” depending on the context.
  • bollards and transceiver clusters described herein are exemplary and are not intended to be limiting.
  • any dimensions, shapes, styles, and/or materials described herein are exemplary and are not intended to be limiting.
  • Drawings are not to scale.
  • features or characters described in association with some embodiments may not necessarily be repeated or reiterated when describing other embodiments. Even though it may not be explicitly described therein, a feature or characteristic described in association with some embodiments may be used by other embodiments.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Alarm Systems (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système de détection d'objet (700) ayant une pluralité de bornes (110A, HOB) qui sont agencées selon une configuration de déploiement prédéterminée. Chaque borne de la pluralité de bornes est adjacente à une ou plusieurs bornes voisines et comprend une pluralité de groupes d'émetteurs-récepteurs (510). Chaque groupe d'émetteurs-récepteurs comprend une unité émettrice (560) et une unité réceptrice (580). L'unité émettrice comprend une première antenne émettrice (560A) et une seconde antenne (560B) et émet des signaux sans fil. L'unité réceptrice comporte un premier ensemble d'antennes réceptrices (580A, 580B) et un second ensemble d'antennes réceptrices (580C). Le premier ensemble d'antennes réceptrices (580A, 580B) reçoit au moins les signaux sans fil (704) qui sont émis par la première antenne émettrice (560A) d'une première borne voisine (HOB) adjacente à la borne respective (110A) et diffusés par un objet (702) situé à proximité de la borne respective et entre la borne respective et la première borne voisine. Le second ensemble d'antennes réceptrices (580C) est configuré pour recevoir au moins les signaux sans fil (706) qui sont émis par les première et seconde antennes émettrices (560A,560B) de la borne respective (110A) et réfléchis par l'objet (702). Chaque borne (110A, HOB) extrait des premières informations d'état de canal (CSI pour Channel State Information) respectives associées aux signaux sans fil collectés au niveau de la borne respective. Des premières données d'informations CSI sont utilisées pour identifier des emplacements de borne associés à un objet suspect. Le système est utilisé pour détecter des personnes portant des armes ou des explosifs dans un environnement sécurisé.
PCT/US2020/061941 2019-11-27 2020-11-24 Détection non intrusive d'objets suspects cachés à l'aide de dispositifs ayant des groupes d'émetteurs-récepteurs wifi WO2021108361A1 (fr)

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012151316A1 (fr) * 2011-05-02 2012-11-08 Ziva Corporation Nœuds coopératifs distribués utilisant une réversibilité dans le temps
US9098954B1 (en) * 2014-01-26 2015-08-04 Lexorcom, Llc Portable self-contained totally integrated electronic security and control system

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012151316A1 (fr) * 2011-05-02 2012-11-08 Ziva Corporation Nœuds coopératifs distribués utilisant une réversibilité dans le temps
US9098954B1 (en) * 2014-01-26 2015-08-04 Lexorcom, Llc Portable self-contained totally integrated electronic security and control system

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Title
D.M SHEEN ET AL: "Three-dimensional millimeter-wave imaging for concealed weapon detection", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, 1 September 2001 (2001-09-01), New York, pages 1581 - 1592, XP055602793, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx5/22/20400/00942570.pdf?tp=&arnumber=942570&isnumber=20400&ref=> DOI: 10.1109/22.942570 *

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