WO2021076999A1 - Fecal-derived sterile postbiotic composition and method therefor - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods and compositions relating to sterilized fecal microbiota and compositions derived from the same. A method of sterilizing a fecal composition to obtain a sterilized fecal composition is provided. Methods of further purifying the sterilized composition and optionally freezing or freeze-drying the compositions is also provided. Methods of using the compositions for treatment in beverages, foods, and in supplements are also provided.

Description

FECAL-DERIVED STERILE POSTBIOTIC COMPOSITION AND METHOD

THEREFOR

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims priority to US provisional application No. 62/923,174, filed October 18, 2019, the content of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

FIELD

This application the manufacture of compositions obtained from relates to sterilized fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and fecal-derived sterile postbiotic (FSP), the methods of making the compositions, and methods of using the compositions.

BACKGROUND

For various medical reasons, it may be desirable to deliver healthy human stool and/or postbiotics extracted from stool to a recipient. The delivery of healthy human-derived stool to the colon of a recipient patient is generally known as fecal microbiota transplantation, microbial transfer therapy, or fecal transplant. In recent years, the transplant of healthy, live microbiota to a recipient has been useful for treating recurrent and/or antibiotic resistant Clostridium difficile (rCDI) infections.

This therapy has gained popularity and acceptance as a standard of care for rCDI in the United States, Australia, and many parts of Europe. In some cases, fecal transplant may be useful in treating patients having rCDI infections that have not responded to other therapies, and/or where other therapies (such as vancomycin, fidaxomicin, or metronidazole) may not be suitable for a particular patient. For such patients, a live fecal transplant may safely and effectively restore the microbiota in a patient’s colon to a healthy state.

Although agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have issued general guidance on safely performing fecal transplants, there remains a lack of regulation for FMT manufacture. Additionally, FMT has been linked with several safety concerns. Safety concerns regarding infectious disease are particularly worrisome for immunocompromised patients (e.g., patients having AIDS, cancer, diabetes, certain genetic disorders; patients who are malnourished). In addition, the transmission of novel viral and parasitic pathogens, like SARS-

CoV-2, through live FMT transfer remain of serious concern. FMT remains with risks and potential side effects for the patient receiving the transfer. Much, but not all, of these risks relate to transmitting infection from the donor stool to the recipient.

Accordingly, a need has emerged for solutions that may help to maximize the potential for the safe and effective treatment of illnesses, while minimizing the potential for transmitting infection and other adverse side effects.

SUMMARY

The disclosure provided presents new methods of providing patients with the benefit of FMT while reducing the risk of introducing other illnesses. The present methods of making the compositions and systems therefore, compositions derived and methods of using the compositions related disclose systems and methods relating to sterilized fecal derived products also referred to as sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic (FSP).

A method is provided for making a sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition comprising: (a) blending a stool sample from a subject with a buffer; (b) removing particulate and fibrous matter from the blended stool sample to obtain a liquid; and (c) sterilizing the liquid to produce the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition. The method can further comprise a step of stabilizing the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition by lyophilization. The method can be performed wherein the stool sample is frozen when collected from the donor.

The method can optionally adjust the pH of the fecal derived postbiotic composition is adjusted to about 6.0 to about 9.0 prior to lyophilization. Another method contemplates obtaining stool from a healthy screen donor. Donor screening can be performed using various of the criteria described herein in order to identify a healthy donor.

Another aspect of the disclosed method contemplates sterilizing by autoclaving. If the method used autoclaving, the step can be performed at about 121 to 134°C for about 30 minutes or at about 135 to 140°C for about 20 minutes.

The sterilization step of the methods described can be performed prior to blending the stool (step a) or after blending the stool or after removal of fiber and particulate.

The method of blending the stool of step (a) of the described method can be accomplished by the use of a comminution device selected from the group consisting of: a crushing device, a grinding device, and a homogenization device. The blending of the stool is performed in the presence of the addition of water, a phosphate buffered saline solution, or maldextrin-trehalose solution. In one embodiment, the method step of removing fiber and particulate matter can be accomplished by a method selected from the group consisting of: centrifugation, filtration, membrane filter press drying, or a combination thereof. The removing step can be a single step process or can involve one or more of these methods in sequence.

A product is produced by any of the described methods and can be used in a variety of manners. A sterilized fecal-derived post biotic composition can be obtained by the above described method. A sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition comprises one or more of short chain fatty acids, bile acids, amino acid derivatives, ceramides, lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and sphingosines. The short chain fatty acid of the sterilized fecal- derived postbiotic composition can comprises formic acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, acetic acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, propionic acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, butyric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, isobutyric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, valeric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, or isovaleric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters. In another embodiment, the sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition can comprise a ratio by weight of acetic acid : propionic acid : butyric acid respectively of between 2:2:1 and 3:1:1. Alternatively, the sterilized fecal- derived postbiotic composition can comprise a ratio by weight of acetic acid : propionic acid : butyric acid respectively of 60+5 : 20+5 : 20+5.12.

The composition can be formulated to comprise a co-emulsifying agent, wherein the co- emulsifying agent is selected from the group consisting of: cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, octacosanol, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, a sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition can be formulated to further comprise at least one component selected from the group consisting of: a screening agent, a vitamin, an essential oil, a plant protein, an anti-oxidizing agent, a preserving agent, a fragrance, a ceramide, a moisturizing agent, a lubricating agent, a polysaccharide, a filler and combinations thereof. A formulated sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition can be in the form of a solid, an aerosol, a pill, a capsule, a tablet, a paste, a powder, a gel, a lotion, a liquid, or a body wash.

In one embodiment, the sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition can be admixed or co-administered with a probiotic, a live bio therapeutic, a synthetic microbial community, or a non-sterilized fecal composition. Alternatively, the sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition can be used as a combination therapy with a probiotic, a live bio therapeutic, a synthetic microbial community, or a non-sterilized fecal composition. In another embodiment, a sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition can be used to treat or ameliorate a disease or condition in a subject comprising: administering to the subject (i) the sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition obtained by any of the methods described above, or (ii) a sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition comprising one or more of short chain fatty acids, bile acids, amino acid derivatives, ceramides, and sphingosines in a therapeutically effective amount, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of a Clostridium difficile infection, C. difficile related condition, a mood disorder, fatigue, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), inflammatory bowel syndrome constipation (IBS-C), inflammatory bowel syndrome diarrhea (IBS-D), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a subject who has received immunotherapy to treat a cancer, a metabolic syndrome, and dysbiosis. The mood disorder being treated or ameliorate can be anxiety, depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder.

In another embodiment, the method contemplates administering a sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition described above to the subject with a non- sterilized fecal composition, live bio therapeutic, and/or a probiotic.

A method of treatment or amelioration contemplated includes oral, topical intranasal, rectal vaginal and intravenous administration of the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition.

Another embodiment contemplates using a sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition as an additive in a culture media. The culture media can be for culturing a probiotic, a live bio therapeutic, or a synthetic microbial community.

A further embodiment contemplates adding a sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition to a dietary supplement, a food, a food product, or a beverage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figures assist in illustrating aspects of the methods and compositions described.

Fig. 1 provides a graph of extract components in fresh versus frozen stool samples, according to aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 2 provides a graph of the retention of SCFA throughout processing steps, according to aspects of the present disclosure.

Fig. 3 provides a graph of the effect of adjusting pH before lyophilization on the extract components.

Fig. 4 provides a box plot illustrating taurodeoxycholic acid relative concentration in FMT vs FSP from different donors.

Fig. 5 provides a box plot illustrating taurodeoxycholic acid relative concentration in FMT vs FSP vs FSP-L from the same donor.

Fig. 6 depicts a comparison of Altered Metabolites P<0.1 between an FMT Product and a sterilized FSP Product as obtained using the method of Example 1 when using fecal samples from the same donor or from different donors.

Fig. 7 depicts tryptophan metabolism in different donors as between a FMT product and a non-lyophilized FSP (sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic). The FMT again appears as the 3 dots at the bottom while the FSP appear above those with the lighter circles.

Fig. 8 depicts tryptophan metabolism of a fecal sample from the same donor as between a FMT product and a FSP (sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic) and a lyophilized FSP (FSP-L). The FMT appears in the lower 3 dots of the lower circle in Fig. 8. The tryptophan degradation of the FSP-L has a scatter line appearing that ties the three dots together in the upper circle in Fig. 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Rather than focusing on live bacteria, the composition and method of making the composition described herein involves a fecal derived postbiotic product (also referred to herein as “FSP”)· A FSP composition or extract is sterilized to exclude any live organisms (including bacteria, archaea, fungi, parasite, or protozoa and viruses). Also described herein are methods of using sterilized FSP compositions.

1. Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure pertains. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice for testing of the present disclosure, the preferred materials and methods are described herein. The following terminology will have the indicated meanings unless specifically indicated otherwise.

The articles "a" and "an" are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, "an element" means one element or more than one element. Thus, recitation of “a cell”, for example, includes a plurality of the cells of the same type.

"About" as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of +/- 20% or +/- 10%, or +/- 5%, or +/- 1%, and +/- 0.1% from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods.

As used herein, the term "autologous" is meant to refer to fecal material derived from the same individual to which it is later to be re-introduced into the individual. As used herein, “heterologous” is used to refer to fecal material obtained from one individual (a donor) and to be used a second individual.

An "effective amount" as used herein, means an amount that provides a therapeutic or prophylactic benefit.

The terms "patient," "subject," "individual," and the like are used interchangeably herein, and can include a human being.

To "treat" or to “ameliorate” a disease or a condition as the terms are used herein, means to reduce the frequency or severity of at least one sign or symptom of a disease or disorder experienced by a subject.

By “sterilizing” or “sterilization” is meant to include autoclaving, sonicating, UV-C light sterilization, ozone system sterilization, pasteurizing, tyndallization, and microwave irradiation. A preferred method of sterilization is by autoclaving. A standard temperature for autoclaving is 121°C for 15 to 30 minutes with saturated steam. A preferred autoclaving time is at about 121 to 134°C for about 30 minutes or at about 135 to 140°C for about 20 minutes.

By “removal of particulate and fibrous matter” is meant to include the removal of material from the fecal or stool sample. For example, after centrifuging a slurry in a 50 ml conical tube, about 5 to about 35 ml of the about 50 ml total slurry is discarded as fiber and large undesired particulate.

Ranges are provided throughout this disclosure; various aspects of the disclosure can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

The terms “fecal” and “stool” are used herein interchangeably. “Raw stool” or “raw fecal samples” indicate that the sample have not had anything added to them or have been otherwise treated.

As used herein, a “postbiotic” is a sterile fecal-derived postbiotic composition or product containing said composition that includes bacterial primary or secondary metabolites, cellular components of one or more killed bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, food by products, and donor- derived molecules. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are an example of a primary metabolite.

As used herein, a “probiotic” can include live bacteria and live yeasts that are beneficial to the subject to which they are administered.

As used herein, a “live biotherapeutic” or “LBT” is a biological product that contains live microorganisms such as bacteria and/or yeast that are naturally occurring, recombinant, or clonally selected and when administered to the subject confer a health benefit to the subject. , a synthetic microbial community, or a non- sterilized fecal composition. Probiotics can be in the form of capsule as supplements or in foods, like yogurt. Lactobacillus spp. are examples of common probiotic species as are Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces boulardii.

As used herein a “synthetic community” and a “synthetic microbial community” are the construction of a microbial system that is simplified and not found in nature.

As used herein, a “fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)” is a process of transferring fecal material from one subject to another subject. Generally, the transplantation process uses non-autologous fecal matter. The fecal microbiota (or fecal transplant) is generally obtained from a healthy, screened donor and is administered in to the colon of a recipient. The process can also be also referred to as microbial transfer therapy, microbiota restoration therapy, intestinal microbiota transfer, donor feces infusion, stool transplant, or fecal bacteriotherapy. As used for the compositions and methods described herein, an FMT product is defined as a fecal pellet derived from a screened donor stool that is processed into a concentrated bacterial pellet.

A method for concentrating the bacterial pellet is known as described for example in Borody 2012, Hamilton et al., "Standardized Frozen Preparation for Transplantation of Fecal Microbiota for Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Infection,” Amer. J. Gastroenterology 107(5): 761-767; U.S. Pat 10,226,431. In all instances, “FMT” and “fecal microbiota transplantation” indicate a sample that has not been sterilized and contains live bacteria.

2. Obtaining and Preparing Sterilized Fecal Derived Products

As with any medical procedure, there are both known and unknown risks associated with unsterilized FMT. These risks are commonly associated with infectious organisms and/or substances in donor stool that were not identified through screening. Such risks may be mitigated, but cannot be completely eliminated, even by extensively screening donors prior to stool collection to minimize the risk of exposing the recipient to a known infectious disease or other risk factors.

For the sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic described herein, potential donors may be screened for their complete medical history and receive at least one physical exam by a qualified physician. Generally, this pre-donation screening may help ascertain that a potential donor is free from the following non-exhaustive list of afflictions: chronic disease, autoimmune disease, current or past chronic gastrointestinal disease, atopic asthma, atopic dermatitis, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, mood disorders, chronic pain, and/or infectious diseases. See also the pathogen table infra. Mood disorders considered for treatment or amelioration of a condition include anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

While unsterilized FMT derived products contain live bacteria, the products and compositions described herein do not. The sterilized products, extracts and components derived from the products provide a living-organism free composition that is safe for administration. In one embodiment, it is contemplated that the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition described herein can be used as an adjuvant in conjunction with non- sterilized FMT products containing living organisms or synthetic communities of gastrointestinal associated bacteria.

The compositions described herein can also be used as a stand-alone composition for administration to treat or ameliorate a condition or in combination with other therapeutics.

The sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition described herein are inherently safer because they eliminate infectious disease risk. This is true for both oral ingestion of the material or topical application. Stool contains bacteria that can overgrow. This overgrowth can cause imbalance in both the gut and on the skin. Bacterial overgrowth on the skin, for example, can cause a topical infection. Sterilization of the fecal-derived postbiotic composition, such as via autoclaving, definitively kill all bacteria and viruses while retaining bacterial metabolites. Non-sterilized FMT products is developing a growing body of research suggesting short- term and some long-term safety based on treatment data from patients with rCDI and IND clinical studies (Perler, 2020). Non-sterile FMT compositions have been used with over 50,000 patients in the U.S. since 2012 when OpenBiome became the first national stool bank (Panchal 2018). The most commonly reported side effects from non-sterile FMT administration observed in treated patients are diarrhea, cramping, and bloating that are minor in nature and often resolve following treatment (Hefazi 2017, Quraishi 2017, Iqbal 2018).

Large scale clinical research specifically designed to address safety and tolerability of non-sterile FMT in healthy populations has been lacking. This may be in part due to the financial burden of these studies and to the speed with which the non-sterile fecal transplant was introduced. However, the noticeable efficacy of non-sterile FMT in treating Clostridium difficile infections and related conditions allowed non-sterile FMT to propel forward in a non- traditional drug pipeline as an investigational new drug (IND) for disease states. Prior to 2019, all severe side effects reported were related to delivery route complications or co-morbidity complications in patients treated with non-sterile FMT (Baxter 2016). In 2019, the first death attributed directly to non-sterile FMT occurred in an IND trial with immunocompromised participants where a previously unidentified multidrug resistant organism created septicemia and death as reported by the US FDA in June 2019. This further elucidates the need for a safer option free of infectious disease risk.

Infectious disease risk remains the most serious safety concern with non-sterilized FMT as a therapeutic tool. Fecal-oral transmission is a common evolutionary tool for many infectious pathogens to exude their physiologic effect (de Graaf 2017). Further complicating this risk is the potential for stool donors for the non-sterile product to be asymptomatic carriers of infectious pathogens. In the coronavirus pandemic, asymptomatic carriage and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through stool is a very serious theoretical concern (Nicco 2020). In addition to SARS-Cov-2, another concern for infectious disease transmission is multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) especially in immunocompromised patients (Wardill 2019). There have been several clinical studies and case reports supporting safety and efficacy of non-sterile FMT treatment in these immunocompromised patients (Shogbesan 2018, Mandalia 2016, Kelly 2014, Limketkai 2019, Di Bella 2015). However, in 2019 two patients developed extended- spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli bacteremia and one died. These two patients were linked to a single donor who was an asymptomatic carrier of this MDRO (Jorgensen 2017). In addition to MDROs, there remains a concern related to asymptomatic donors with other potential pathogens including C. difficile, giardia, and norovims (Paramsothy 2015, Schwartz 2013). Although these pathogens mentioned can be tested for in the donor stool for use in preparing non-sterile FMT and are outlined in many of the consensus screening protocols, there is no way to screen for unknown pathogens that are yet to be identified (Cammarota 2019,

Haifer 2020).

Sterilized Stool Postbiotic Processing. In some embodiments, the methods described herein may include the placing of healthy donor stool in an autoclaved container suitable for blending. In some embodiments, an autoclaved buffer solution or water may be added to the container, depending on the condition of the donor stool. The stool and buffer solution (or water) may be blended together to produce a fecal slurry. This method may include adding a buffered solution of PBS, maldextrin-trehalose solution, or deionized water (DI H₂O) before, during, and/or after the homogenization. The homogenized slurry can be produced in a blender or using another suitable homogenization method, including but not limited to mashing in a bag. The method may next include the step of filtering bulk fiber and large particulates from the homogenized mixture. Separation of the large particulate and fiber may occur through physical filtration using filter paper or mesh straining. Alternatively, centrifugation can be used for filtration.

If centrifugation is used to prepare the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic, then the fecal slurry is poured into sterile vials or tubes suitable for use in a centrifuge and undergo at least one centrifugation cycle. Next, the vials may be removed from the centrifuge so that the fiber and large particulate pellet may be discarded. The supernatant from the at least first cycle may be poured into new sterile containers.

In other embodiments, the resulting fecal slurry after blending may be filtered using another filtration process that is not centrifugation, but rather physical filtration using filter paper or mesh straining. Further processing steps may include the concentration of the supernatant into a bacterial pellet with the option of additional centrifugation. The bacterial pellet obtained after removal of the initial fiber and large particulate removal may be resuspended, for example, at a 1:1 ratio with the fecal supernatant.

Next, the bacterial pellet, supernatant or filtered slurry may be sterilized. In some embodiments, sterilization may be performed using any of the following non-exhaustive means of sterilization: UV-C light, ozone, sonication, microwave irradiation, pasteurization, iu autoclaving, tyndallization, or any other suitable sterilization technique. In some embodiments, the sterilized fecal product may then be stabilized using a freeze-drying technique also known as lyophilization or cryodesiccation. The pH of the product may be checked prior to the freeze- drying technique, and if the pH is below 6.0, NaOH may be added to increase the pH from about 6 to about 9.0, or higher than 6.5, or 7.0, or 7.5 or 8.0. Unexpectedly, by increasing the pH at this stage, improves the ability to maintain short chain fatty acid metabolites of the sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic during lyophilizatoin. Lyophilization or freeze-drying allows the sterilized fecal product to be preserved in a condensed dry powder that is stable for storage and use at room temperature. The lyophilized sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic powder may then be used for oral, topical, vaginal or rectal intake, intranasal administration, or other formulations for intravenous or parenteral administration as contemplated herein.

In some embodiments, the method may include freezing the stool immediately after collection. Freezing of the stool can be done at -6°C to -80 °C. The ability to freeze, store, and then transport to then thaw for manufacturing allows for various advantages. Traditionally, non- sterile FMT is processed within 12-24 hours of donation with fresh stool. When the live bacteria are the focus of the end-product, this represents an obvious requirement. A final product of a sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition and its metabolite components as described herein provides a benefit, because initial freezing of a stool sample does not impact the final composition and significantly improves the efficiency of the process. A review article investigating change in metabolomic profiles using various manipulations such as process delays, and temperature elucidated this point. It is known that one to two freeze/thaw cycles are insignificant when assessing change in metabolite profiles for serum or blood (Stevens 2019). Likewise, frozen or fresh stool from the same donor maintains a similar metabolite profile for SCFA (Fig. 1). Further, by having donors freeze multiple stools at home, not only does this increase convenience in bulk pick-ups, but also allows a greater donor population geographically. Donors will no longer be limited by location. This method provides a decentralization of the stool banks with the capacity for reduced human interaction. In some embodiments, stool samples can be collected, frozen, and couriered on dry ice to a processing location.

In an embodiment, the method of processing stool can comprise the following steps for developing a sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic capsule.

Ingredients: • One previously frozen complete bowel movement rated as Bristol 3-4 only

• Distilled water Procedure:

1. Stool collection and transport

• Stool is collected by donor o Stool is immediately frozen in a dedicated freezer o Stool is transported or shipped in a cooler with dry ice

2. Stool processing i. Record the stool donor identification, total stool volume, Bristol stool scale for donation, time of stool donation, and date of donation. ii. Frozen stool is removed from the freezer and allowed to thaw for up to 24 hours in the refrigerator. iii. Measure out 50 - 150 g portions of stool into an autoclaved blending jar. Record gram amount of stool. iv. Add distilled (DI) water in a 5: 1 ratio based on stool mass to the blending jar (ex: 500 mL DI water to 100 g of stool). Record volume of DI used. v. Blend stool and distilled water for 60 seconds. vi. Pour 50 mL of slurry into single-use 50 mL centrifuge conical tubes. Record total number of conicals used. vii. Place conicals in centrifuge for 1^st run - 15-20 minutes at 2000 RPM (872G).

*This step can be repeated if a particular donor’s stool is found to be extra fibrous. viii. Remove conicals from centrifuge and pour supernatant into new sterile 50 mL conicals. Record estimated volume of fiber pellet. ix. Discard fiber pellet with 50% bleach added to each conical. x. Place new supernatant filled conicals in centrifuge for 2^nd run for about 25-30 minutes at 4600 RPM 4613 G. xi. Remove conicals from the centrifuge and pour off supernatant into a sterile glass container. Keep the supernatant for later use. xii. Resuspend and homogenize pellets using a vortex and transfer pipette. Pool the pellet in 1-250 ml conicals. Record total volume of microbial pellet. xiii. Resuspend total pellet 1:1 with previously saved supernatant. xiv. Pour the above pellet: supernatant mixture into a glass jar, add a self- sealing lid and label with autoclave tape. Record donor ID and date of stool donation on the autoclave tape. xv. Autoclave for 30 minutes at 121°C. xvi. Remove from the autoclave and verify autoclave tape shows completion. Allow the batch to cool on the counter and place it in the refrigerator for overnight storage. xvii. Take sterile product out of the refrigerator after it has cooled. xviii. Triple encapsulate 0.5 mL liquid product obtained for a frozen non- lyophilized FSP product xix. Alternatively, measure and adjust pH to 7.2 or higher if needed using NaOH xx. Pour into autoclaved lyophilizing glassware. Record total volume/weight. xxi. Flash freeze in a 90% isopropyl alcohol dry ice bath. xxii. Lyophilize for 12-24 hours at < 0.3 mBarr xxiii. Remove sterilized fecal-derived probiotic from lyophilizer, weigh the dry sample. Record total dry weight. xxiv. Place powder in an autoclaved jar for storage. Remove from glassware and store in 50 mL sterile conical at -20°C to reduce moisture exposure (can be stored at room temperature).

This section describes general features of systems and methods relating to sterile fecal derived probiotic compositions. In one embodiment, the method of production includes collecting stool from a screened donor. A second step may then be to process and filter the collected stool. A third step may then be to sterilize the microbial pellet using an autoclave, sonicator, UV-C light, ozone system, microwave irradiation, or other suitable sterilization technique. A fourth step may then be to freeze dry or lyophilize the pellet. The order of sterilization and freezing can be reversed. A fifth step may be to verify sterility, such as by using some form of a live/dead bacterial staining and other culturing techniques capable of detecting germination of spores for example. This method of manufacture produces a sterile freeze-dried fecal derived postbiotic powder that can then be subsequently orally, topically, vaginally, rectally, or intranasally delivered to a recipient — or stored for later use.

Specific protocols for each stage of FSP therapy are discussed herein, from donor recruitment, to sterilization, to outcome reporting. These stages may include the following, without limitation: recruiting potential donors, rigorous screening of potential donors, selecting qualified donors, providing stool donor instructions, transporting stool samples, receiving said samples in a laboratory, producing capsules or product, tracking, delivery, and outcome reporting. Of course, not all embodiments will include each stage, and certain stages may be completed independently of others. Ultimately, the objective of the present teachings is to increase the likelihood of successful treatment or use of the sterile product, and to minimize the risk of transmitting disease or other risk factors to the recipient of the therapy or product.

Donor Identification. A suitable stool donor can be identified using a fecal transplant questionnaire. If the responses meet qualifications additional screening is performed.

Additional screening can include questioning the potential donor in an interview regarding the answers to the questionnaire, obtaining basic health history and health practices.

Donor screening. If the potential donor satisfies this set of testing, then the potential donor may receive a physical examination, is screened for any presence of infectious disease symptoms and provides a stool and serum sample for analysis. Potential donor’s serum can be obtained to assess for the presence of an HIV strain or for syphilis for example. HIV and syphilis can be retested after 3 weeks from the initial testing to check and confirm the absence of seroconversion. All serum and stool laboratory testing can be performed by a qualified laboratory. Additionally, stool analysis can include analysis to detect the presence of 6 Multi- Drug Resistant Organism genes. Testing can be performed in a step-wise manner. In one aspect, stool assessment is done in less than 14 days. Upon receipt of assessment, if deemed qualified, potential donors are further screened based on a serum sample and provided perianal swabs for both MRSA and CRE. Serum and stool testing can be performed using a certified laboratory. Additional seroconversion studies for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis are performed three weeks after initial screening and before release of a donor’s fecal material. Donor stool is not used for capsule production until this information is obtained and confirmed. Comprehensive analysis of the stool is also performed to assess quality.

Recruitment of a human donor can begin with a short online survey targeting health conscious communities. Key aspects of this survey identify eligibility. Donors are considered eligible when vaginally birthed and breastfed exclusively for 6 or more months. Additionally, a potential donor cannot have been diagnosed with a pre-existing condition. A potential donor is interviewed regarding the donor’s diet and lifestyle. Donor screening takes into consideration food choices, a donor’s physical activity, and their mental health including a donor’s stress management ability, and community.

In the event a qualified donor remains active, then the donor will be asked to undergo selected tests every 6 months or earlier depending on a new exposure or illness.

Donor recruitment generally describes the process of selecting individuals who may be of suitable health and lifestyle for donating stool. During the steps of donor recruitment, screening, and selection, the overall health of the donor is critically important to the safety and efficacy of the product. By administering health tests and carefully assessing the donor’s microbiome history, a physician or other FMT service provider may be able to minimize the potential for disease transmission. In some embodiments, the initial donor recruitment step may include a simple intake questionnaire, which — if passed — may lead into a more comprehensive questionnaire if the potential donor continues through the recruitment process. An optimal donor questionnaire will aid the FMT service provider in ensuring the overall physical, mental, and emotional health of the donor — all of which may impact the bacterial diversity of the potential donor.

Although donors may be recruited in any number of ways, it may be desirable — in some embodiments — to recruit donors from a target group of individuals who may be more likely than the general population to satisfy certain requirements for suitable donors. For example, in some embodiments, donors may be recruited from a group of individuals who engage in outdoor activities, eat organic foods, and/or generally live a healthy lifestyle. For some donors, certain health and lifestyle factors may have a positive impact on the donors’ microbiome diversity and thereby increase the likelihood of successful treatment for the product recipient. An example of such a target group may include, for example, members of communities in Blue Zones, naturopathic doctors, athletes, and so on — who may have healthier habits than the general population. However, selecting donors from such target groups is not necessary, as suitable donors may exist in any demographic, so long as such donors are properly screened and examined by a qualified FMT practitioner.

Because research regarding the microbiome is ongoing, it may be desirable to approach donor selection from a holistic perspective in order to maximize the likelihood of a safe and successful FMT derived product. Rigorous donor screening may thus include acquiring a detailed account of a potential donor’s travel history, antibiotic exposure, pharmaceutical medications, known allergies, personal or family history of cancer, gastrointestinal disease, autoimmune conditions, and other factors that may exclude an individual from becoming a stool donor. Additionally, diet and lifestyle factors may also be considered when selecting donors. In some embodiments, an ideal donor may eat a healthy, well- balanced diet (such as by increasing intake of varied, organic fruits and vegetables while minimizing intake of processed and/or unhealthy foods) and generally engage in healthful practices that support holistic wellbeing of the individual.

Stool sample assessment. Stool is analyzed again through screening. Screening questions include, without limitation: frequency of bowel movements per day /week, how those bowel movements typically rate on the Bristol stool scale, dietary history, relationship with food, whether the potential donor was bom vaginally and/or breast-fed, the environment the potential donor was raised in, number and age of sibling(s), exposure to environmental contaminants, treatment for certain types of infections, history of antibiotic use, weight fluctuations, family health history, characteristics about the potential donor’s menstrual cycle (if applicable), age, occupation, weight, height, exercise habits, smoking habits, drinking habits, sexual history, exposure to STIs, illicit drug use, recent tattoo/piercing history, hospitalization, surgery history, medical diagnosis history, mental health, allergies, international travel, prescription and/or supplement use, microbiome history, and more.

Exemplary fecal / stool donor screening protocols can include the following as well as modifications thereof.

Exemplary Donor Questionnaire

Microbiome History

• How often do you have a bowel movement each week?

• Where do your bowel movements typically rate on the Bristol Stool Scale?

• Please describe your dietary history from infancy, (e.g., vegan, SAD, vegetarian) • Do you have a healthy relationship with food? Any history of disordered eating?

• Were you bom vaginally?

• Were you breastfed when you were a baby? Exclusively or with formula supplement?

• What kind of environment were you raised in? Urban, rural, etc.? Exposure to dirt?

• When have you had pets in your life? What type and what ages were you?

• Do you have any siblings? If yes, what is the age difference?

• Were disinfectants used in your home often as a child?

• Have you ever been exposed to any major environmental exposures, defined roughly as chronic or acute exposure to: pesticides, mold, lead, or other heavy metals, or contaminated water?

• Have you ever been treated for an infection such as pneumonia or a UTI that required antibiotics (Abx)? Ear infections or strep throat as a kid? What kind of Abx?

• How many times have you used antibiotics in your life?

• When was the last time that you used antibiotics?

• Have you ever experienced large changes in your weight over short periods of time? Have you ever had a BMI over 30? Have you struggled with weight loss or yo-yo dieting?

• Have any members of your immediate family (parents, siblings) been diagnosed with any medical conditions? If yes, please elaborate on when and what conditions they have been diagnosed with.

For persons with a vagina:

• Do you have a menstrual cycle?

• Is your cycle the same length each cycle? How many days?

• Is your cycle light or heavy?

• Do you have any PMS symptoms?

Social History

• What is your age?

• What is your occupation? • What is your current diet? Describe.

• How often do you exercise? What kinds?

• What is your current height and weight?

• Do you smoke cigarettes?

• Have you ever smoked cigarettes? When and how many?

• Do you drink?

• How many drinks a week on average do you consume?

• Have you ever in the past considered your drinking habits to be a problem?

• Are you sexually active?

• What are you sexual practices? Sex with men women or both?

• Do you have more than one regular sexual partner?

• Do you get screened for HIV, GC/CT, and syphilis between unprotected sexual partners?

• When was your last unprotected sexual event out of a monogamous relationship?

• Do you have any Sexually Transmitted Infections?

• Have you ever been diagnosed with any Sexually Transmitted Infections?

• Have you ever been exposed to hepatitis A, B or C?

• Have you been exposed to HIV?

• Have you ever had sex for money or drugs?

• Have you ever used IV illicit drug?

• Have you had a tattoo or piercing in the last 6 months?

• Have you ever been incarcerated?

Medical History

• Have you ever been hospitalized? If yes, for what reason(s)?

• Have you ever had any surgeries? If yes, what for?

• Have you ever had any medical diagnoses from a physician? o Have you ever been diagnosed with any autoimmune conditions? o Have you ever been diagnosed with any chronic pain conditions? o Have you ever been diagnosed with any metabolic conditions? o Have you ever been diagnosed with any neurological conditions? o Have you ever been diagnosed with any psychiatric conditions (e.g. major depression, generalized anxiety, bipolar, OCD)? o Have you ever had an atopic disease (e.g., asthma, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract)? o Have you ever had any gastrointestinal conditions (e.g., history of IBD, IBS, chronic constipation, chronic diarrhea, Celiac disease)?

• Have you ever had a functional diagnosis? (e.g., adrenal fatigue, hypothyroid, anemia, interstitial cystitis (IC), fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue)

• How would you define your mental health currently, in the past?

• Do you or have you ever had any allergies, if so, please describe when you developed them and what you are allergies.

• Have you ever traveled outside of the country? If yes, when, where, and for how long? Did you have gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms while traveling?

• Have you ever taken any pharmaceuticals? If yes, what and when?

• What medications do you currently take including over the counter?

• Do you take any supplements? If yes, which ones and why?

• Have you donated blood, platelets or plasma in the last 8 weeks?

• Had any vaccinations or other shots in the last 8 weeks?

Donors can be screened for one or more of the following pathogens or a species falling within the following table, although this list is not meant to be limiting.

Pathogen Table

Another screening example can include the following: phase 1 of the screening (initial screening of the donor) can include an assessment of the donor’s serum involving a CBC (complete blood count) with differential, a CMP (comprehensive metabolic panel), a HgA1C (hemoglobin A 1C), and antibodies for HIV one and two (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Phase I for screening the stool can include 16s diversity index sequencing, obtaining a metabolomics profile, O&P with giardia antigen, and culturing the stool for the presence of Salmonella , Shigella, Campylobacter, and EHEC.

Phase 2 of the exemplary screening can occur approximately every six months or after new onset symptoms or a change in risk factors for the donor occurs. Serum at this stage would be tested for CBC with differential and CMP.

A donor would also undergo a physical exam. An exemplary physical exam checklist can include one or more of the following: (1) Capillary refill, assess for clubbing and peripheral cyanosis; (2) Assessment of Cranial Nerves 2-12 (PERRLA, EOM, facial movements, tongue / palate, whispered voice test and trapezius shrug); (3) Inspection of conjunctiva, lips and buccal mucosa; (4) Inspection of neck for appearance, symmetry, trachea position, and masses; (5) Palpation of the thyroid for enlargement, tenderness and masses; (6) Visual assessment of respiratory effort and signs of central cyanosis; (7) Lung auscultation; (8) Carotid auscultation; (9) Cardiac auscultation and palpation (reclined position); (10) Inspect the abdomen - assess for shape, distention, ascites, lesions; (11) Auscultate for renal, abdominal aortic, and iliac bruits, and bowels sounds; (12) Palpate the abdomen assessing for guarding, rigidity, tenderness and liver edge; (13) Assess for edema of the lower extremities; and (14) Upper and lower extremity reflexes.

Such screening and testing of donors may include inquiries into recent (e.g., within 90 days) antibiotic use, which may exclude an individual from being a suitable donor. Other factors that may exclude an individual from becoming a donor may include, without limitation: illicit drug use, intravenous drug use, recent tattoos and/or body piercings, sexual contact with someone who has tested positive for HIV, etc. Potential donors may also be screened for metabolic syndrome, autoimmunity (e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.), neurologic disease, neuropsychiatric syndrome, atopic disease from respiratory to skin reactions, malignancy, ongoing oncologic therapy, and/or chronic pain syndromes.

Although the mental health and well-adjustedness of a potential donor may be difficult to measure quantitatively, it may be possible to obtain a good sense of the suitability of a potential donor through careful screening of health, personality, and temperament, in addition to asking comprehensive intake questions, performing infectious disease testing, and performing physical examinations. This extensive vetting process may allow a physician to identify potential risk factors associated with a potential donor’s lifestyle and overall health. In some embodiments, initial donor screening may be conducted by phone interview to cover basic health history and health practices. If a potential donor passes the phone interview, then a next step in the vetting process may be to follow up with an in-person or remote video interview (e.g., telehealth consult) to review and confirm the potential donor’s answers to the intake questionnaire. A next step may then include screening the potential donor for infectious disease, followed by a further step of performing a physical exam on the potential donor, or having them obtain one from their local physician if a remote donor.

In some embodiments, laboratory testing of potential donors during the screening stage may include performing serum and stool tests. The pathogen table herein includes an exemplary and non-exhaustive list of laboratory tests that may be performed in order to screen individuals for their suitability as donors. Generally, donations may not be accepted if an otherwise qualified donor has experienced febrile, systemic, or gastrointestinal symptoms. In some embodiments, personal or family history that shows a propensity for IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), IBS (inflammatory bowel syndrome), and/or certain hereditary cancer may preclude an individual from becoming a donor due to currently questionable immunological influence that may or may not be transmitted via microbial information. There may be similar correlations between the microbiome and factors such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, allergies, and autoimmune illnesses, such that it may be safer for the recipient if the FMT service provider decides to exclude potential donors based on these factors.

In some cases, it may be desirable to perform these tests in multiple phases, based on common disqualifiers for potential donors. When phases are used, donors who pass a certain phase of testing may then move onto the next phase of testing. For example, Phase I may entail initial testing for common stool pathogens. If the potential donor tests negative for those, then said donor may move onto Phase II of testing. Phase II may include, for example, testing for:

HIV, hepatitis A/B/C, syphilis, and/or others. If a donor passes Phase II of stool and serum testing, then said donor may move onto Phase III, which — in some embodiments — may include testing for HIV and syphilis approximately three (3) weeks after Phase I of testing. If the donor passes Phase III, then said donor may move onto Phase IV, which may entail routine maintenance that is performed approximately every six (6) months and/or as needed for acute exposure or change in risk factors. Phase IV may include, for example, testing for CBC, CMP, HIV, hepatitis C, syphilis, Giardia, Salmonella, Shigella, and/or Campylobacter.

These phases may or may not immediately follow each other, and phases may be modified as needed. Generally, the frequency and timing of testing will vary depending on the illness or exposure being tested for. HIV and syphilis, for instance, may be re-tested several weeks after the initial test to check for seroconversion. Follow-up testing for hepatitis B and C may also be useful. No donor stool should be used for powder and/or capsule production until all testing information is complete and confirmed. Some tests may also be repeated every six (6) months throughout the donation time period as an extra safety precaution. Testing may be optional given sterilization of the sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition.

Exemplary donor intake questions can be modified. For example, in situations where a patient requests their intimate partner to be their donor, some of the tests for sexually transmittable infections may be nulled due to the assumed passage of bodily fluids between the donor and recipient. As another example, severely immunocompromised patients may require donors who meet even more stringent criteria, such as those who screen negative for Epstein Barr virus or cytomegalovirus, and multi-drug resistance organisms. Overall, donor exclusion criteria are vast, and the list of laboratory tests performed may also change as more information becomes known about internal and external factors that affect the microbiome.

Approved Donor Instructions. Once a donor is approved, said donor may receive a set of detailed donor instructions. The instructions may include recommendations for maintaining a healthy microbiome through diet and lifestyle practices. For example, a donor may be instructed to eat an organic, whole foods-based diet that consists of varied fruits and vegetables, and to drink enough water to stay hydrated. A donor optionally may be instructed to engage in body movement each day, which may take the form of housework, gardening, walking, biking, etc. Such movement may be useful in maintaining a healthy microbiome in the donor.

Donor instructions may include symptoms that the donor must report as post- screening approval. For example, the donor may be instructed to immediately notify the FMT service provider if the donor experiences any change in bowel habits; sign of cold, flu, or fever; change associated with risk of HIV or hepatitis contraction (e.g., change in sexual practices, blood transfusion, needle stick incidence, new tattoos); use of antibiotics, etc. Further exemplifying the importance of the physician-donor relationship.

In some embodiments, the donor instructions may also provide information regarding which types of stool samples are acceptable based on the Bristol Stool Scale or any other suitable stool chart, as well as other information on safe collection, handling, and delivery of stool samples. This may be particularly useful where donors may be responsible for capturing their own stool. For example, the donor may be instructed to place a new stool specimen collector hat in a toilet, such as, but not limited to, a Covidien Commode Specimen Collector or other such container that may be immediately sealed airtight and then refrigerated to preserve bacterial diversity. The donor may also be instructed to avoid contamination of stool with urine, and to notate where the collected stool falls on the Bristol stool scale, along with the date and time of collection.

Sterilized Fecal Composition Tracking. Optionally, once the sterilized fecal product is prepared, a tracking protocol can be implemented. For example, a processed stool sample can be given a batch ID number. The ID number may connect each product with its specific processing date, contained in a written database that includes important information, such as, but not limited to: the date and time the stool was collected and processed, total volumes of material used, identity of the donor and the processing technician, the specific gram/capsule measurements, and so on. Optionally, the tracking can also comprise a full log of such information for safety and quality control. Additionally, in some embodiments, at least one sterilized fecal composition product from each batch may be saved for quality control tracking.

Stool Processing for Encapsulation. Once a donor is selected, stool is collected and can undergo freezing, thawing, sterilization, and then be freeze-dried such that they are suitable for oral consumption by their intended recipients. Product technicians may use protective gear (e.g., gloves, face mask, goggles, laboratory coat, etc.) in a dedicated working space with a biologic refrigerator and freezer that are suitable for processing product. Additionally, product handling may occur under a biological or chemical air-handling hood rather than in ambient air. The present disclosure relates to fecal-derived sterile product manufactured under such conditions.

An exemplary protocol for the initial preparation of fecal-derived sterile product can include: at least one fresh, complete bowel movement; approximately 500-700 mL of sterile buffer solution. The stool can optionally contain up to 5 mL sterile cryoprotectant. Preferably, no cryoprotectant is required as all organisms are sought to be killed making a cryoprotectant unnecessary and unwanted. A stool that is considered a “3” or “4” on the Bristol stool scale may be used. In some embodiments, this donor stool may be collected by the donor in a container such as a Covidien Commode Specimen Collector and immediately refrigerated. The donor stool may then be transported at a low temperature, such as in a cooler with ice packs, to a refrigerator at a receiving lab. A donor stool can be processed 1-3 weeks, 3 days, 48 hours and within 24 hours of initial collection by the donor.

A preliminary step can include weighing the stool. For example, 100 g of donor stool may be weighed out and placed in a sterile container suitable in which to blend the stool with the chosen buffer solution. The container may have a blender attachment, which may be used to blend the donor stool with the buffer solution, such as saline, water, etc. By way of illustration and not limitation, the container may be a 32-ounce small-mouth mason jar having a metal blender attachment to blend the donor stool with DI water or a lx phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Any such jar or other suitable container and blade should be autoclavable or suitable for any other effective method of sanitizing equipment to control for infection via sterilization.

Effective ratios of stool to buffer solution may vary, and such variance may depend on the how the stool falls on the Bristol stool scale (or any other such classification system for stool). For example, a blend of approximately 100 g of stool with approximately 500 mL of PBS. This 100 g: 500 mL ratio may be suitable for donor stool that is considered to be a “4” on the Bristol stool scale. Other ratios may be more suitable for donor stool that falls elsewhere on the Bristol stool scale. For instance, it may be suitable to add approximately 700 mL of buffer solution to 100 g of donor stool that is classified as a “3” on the Bristol stool scale. In other words, the drier the donor stool is, the more buffer solution that may need to be added to the donor stool. The FMT technician may have some discretion here, so long as ratio of donor stool to buffer solution is reasonably calculated to produce a semiliquid mixture — or a slurry — after blending.

After a buffer solution is added to the donor stool in a suitable container, the mixture should be blended to produce a slurry wherein the donor stool is distributed substantially evenly within the buffer solution. The time spent blending may vary depending on the type of blender used, but generally the slurry may be produced in approximately one (1) minute with a sterile electric blender.

In some embodiments, the resulting stool-diluent slurry may then undergo a form of filtration to separate the large fiber particles from the bacterial and other small molecule components of the stool material. In some embodiments it may then be further concentrated into a microbial pellet. Filtration methods may include centrifugation, vacuum filtration, sieve filtration using gravity, or other mechanistic filtration methods. In some embodiments, the filtration done by centrifugation may take at least one centrifuge cycle and, in some cases, at least two (2) centrifuge cycles. The centrifuge may or may not be refrigerated, however, in preferred embodiments, the stool should generally be kept under low temperature conditions. This may be accomplished by handling the stool on ice, storing product in a refrigerated space between steps, and in some embodiments, using a thermometer to ensure the stool is not exposed to temperatures above a certain threshold level.

A prepared fecal slurry undergoes at least two (2) centrifuge cycles, a first cycle may be used to remove fibrous particulate from the stool-diluent slurry. Although any number of centrifuges may be suitable for this step, an example of appropriate equipment is a Thermo- Fisher Sorvall ST 40 centrifuge suitable for use with 50 mL conical tubes. If using such a centrifuge or similar, the slurry may be poured into several 50 mL centrifuge conical tubes. In some embodiments, the slurry may be centrifuged for approximately fifteen (15) minutes at approximately 2000 RPM (827 G) or any other suitable RPM. The primary purpose of the first centrifuge cycle is to separate a first fiber pellet from the supernatant, so the time and RPM may vary. The first fiber pellet may be properly and sanitarily discarded, so that the remaining supernatant may be used in the second centrifuge cycle or for processing into the final product.

In one embodiment, after the first centrifuge cycle and subsequent disposal of a particulate and fiber pellet, the remaining supernatant may be poured into a second 50 mL conical vial, for example. The vial can be centrifuged for a second cycle. The optional second cycle may run for approximately twenty-five (25) minutes at 4,600 RPM (4613 G) or any other suitable RPM. The second cycle is intended to compact the resulting microbial pellet. The RPM speed and time can vary. After the second cycle is complete, any remaining supernatant is removed from the vial. Unlike the first cycle, the microbial pellet resulting from the second cycle will be kept. The bacterial pellet can then be resuspended 1:1 ratio with supernatant from the second centrifugation step. This liquid product can then alternately be encapsulated and frozen for oral delivery or further lyophilized intro a stable powder form that is encapsulated for oral delivery or use in other embodiments (i.e., topical).

Approximately for every about 1 to about 8 grams of fecal material (raw stool prior to the addition of a buffer or water), about 1 mL of liquid unlyophilized or about 100 mg of lyophilized powder product respectively can be obtained when using the methods described herein, for example, as set forth in Example 1.

Fecal Microbiota Compositions. Freezing may be accomplished in several ways, such as, but not limited to: flash freezing, in a regular freezer, or freeze-drying via sugar crystallization or lyophilization. Sterilization can occur before or after filtering of the fiber and large particulate. Sterilization can include microwave irradiation, ozone, pasteurization, autoclaving, HIUS, or sonication. Preferably, sterilization is performed by autoclaving.

When the filtered stool slurry or microbial pellet is freeze-dried before or after sterilization, the end-product is a sterilized lyophilized or freeze-dried powder. This powder can then be used alone or formulated into a topical application. A topical can include any one or more of the following a screening agent, a vitamin, an essential oil, a plant protein, an anti - oxidizing agent, a preserving agent, a fragrance, a ceramide, a moisturizing agent, a lubricating agent, a polysaccharide, and a filler.

It can also be formulated into a food or food product, nutraceutical, supplement, dietary supplement, or other form for oral ingestion. The liquid or lyophilized FSP can be added to a beverage, including a sports beverage. It can be formulated for vaginal or rectal implantation or for administration to a sinus passage via spray or gel.

The liquid or powder composition obtained by the described methods can be emulsified with various emulsifying agents. For example, the liquid or powder can be emulsified with cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, octacosanol, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and combinations thereof.

A liquid bacterial pellet suspension can be stabilized by lyophilization or freeze-drying. Additional stabilizers can be added to the composition. A stabilizing filler may be added to the oral powder or encapsulated form, such as, but not limited to: collagen, glutamine, fiber (e.g., inulin, slippery elm, psyllium, chia, flax), or carminatives (e.g., ginger, fennel, rose, licorice, peony). A stabilizing filler may also provide additional benefits to a recipient as a prebiotic, but additional benefits are not necessary as a sterilized fecal composition may be the more important factor in effective treatment of the patient.

A stabilized powder may then be deposited into at least one capsule or tablet layer, or otherwise encapsulated in any suitable enteric coating. For example, a sterilized fecal composition can be encapsulated in a No. 1 gelatin capsule, followed by No. 0 and No. 00 capsules to create a triple encapsulated end product. However, not all capsules may be triple encapsulated. Double or single encapsulation can also be used. Encapsulated formulations can be stored at approximately 20, 5, -20 to -80 degrees Celsius.

A single donor stool donation may be capable of creating numerous doses, which may then be used by a patient at the time of treatment. Effective dose size may vary from as small as about 0.25-0.50 mL to about 7.5-15 mL (and any 0.25 ml value in between the indicated range) of a sterilized unlyophilized frozen liquid fecal-derived composition. Effective dose sizes for lyophilized powder fecal-derived sterile composition may vary from as small as about 10 mg to about 5 g (and any 1 mg value in between the indicated range).

3. Methods of Using Fecal Derived Sterilized Postbiotic Compositions

A subject’s microbiota and the associated molecules of the microbiota are foundational in interacting and signaling with the immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system. (Bordon 2019; Rooks 2016; Cani 2016, Clarke 2014). The interaction of the microbiota and its associated molecules impacts the immune system of a subject and its performance. A subject's microbiota can protect a subject from pathogens (Belkaid 2017). When a subject’s microbiota is out of balance, it is sometimes referred to as dysbiosis of the microbiome (Petersen 2014, Weiss 2017). This dysbiosis or imbalance of a healthy microbiome ecosystem can allow opportunistic infections to thrive or contribute to inflammation and inappropriate immune response in a subject. These opportunistic infections can additionally cause or exacerbate a disease or condition (Hand 2016).

Non-sterilized fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) therapy has provided a unique example of how microbial dysbiosis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can be improved in order to treat disease. In the past, non-sterilized FMT has been used to treat the opportunistic infection

Clostridium difficile (CDI) associated with post antibiotic treatment dysbiosis and recurrent

CDI. Non-sterilized FMT has a significant amount of evidence demonstrating its efficacy, safety, and superiority of its use over other options for treating and ameliorating rCDI (Juul

2018, Wang 2016, Hvas 2018). Several randomized trials have shown that non-sterilized FMT is effective at resolving diarrheal symptoms in rCDI, while further preventing CDI recurrence with rates between 70-95% (Kelly 2016, Cammarota 2015). Fecal matter differs between subjects. Additionally, there can be variation even between single donor samples, and the protocols for preparation and delivery of non-sterilized FMT also can substantially differ.

However, all of the non-sterilized FMT preparation and delivery methods (oral encapsulated, enema, colonoscopy, or a nasojejunal/nasogastric tube) have demonstrated similar efficacy within the general population (Kao 2017, Fee 2016, Ramai 2019, Zhang 2019). Clinical data has shown that autologous, freeze-dried, and fecal filtrate with phage only as preparations of non-sterilized FMT are also effective in treating rCDI with similar efficacy to fresh and frozen preparations (Kelly 2016, Staley 2017, Ott 2017).

The success of using non-sterilized FMT to treat rCDI, and further understanding of the microbiota’s role in human physiology has led to non-sterilized FMT being explored as a therapeutic option in many other disease states. Data from in vitro and in vivo research including over 300 human clinical investigation new drug (IND) trials for non-sterilized FMT has provided a large body of evidence that there is broad therapeutic potential (Antushevich 2020). These studies have provided preliminary evidence of improved outcomes using non- sterilized FMT in a variety of diseases ranging from obesity and metabolic disease to neuro- inflammation and neurodegeneration (Yu 2020, Wortelboer 2019). Some of the stronger evidence available has shown non-sterilized FMT can be used with efficacy for IBD (Moayyedi 2015), Autism Spectrum Disorder (Kang 2017), hepatic encephalopathy (Bajaj 2019), and adjunctive support for immunotherapy in cancer (Chen 2019). However, the mechanism underlying non-sterilized FMT’s efficacy for any of these applications requires further elucidation. The widely held assumption is that there are important living bacterial species that impact health and increase the possibility of engraftment post-transplant (Khoruts 2016, Wilson 2019). The gastrointestinal tract of patients with many disease states, including rCDI, have been correlated with microbiome dysbiosis (Levy 2017). The dysbiotic baseline of rCDI patients via bacterial sequencing has been shown to improve after treatment with non-sterilized FMT (Kao 2018, Smillie 2018). There have also been several studies that show a shift in the postbiotic molecules of the microbiota measured by metabolomics in recipients of non-sterilized FMT correlating with the return to a healthy microbial profile (Nusbaum 2018, Martiniz-Gili 2020).

A fecal-derived sterilized postbiotic composition as described herein can be used to shift disease states from diseased to healthy when administered to a subject in a therapeutically effective dose. The shift therefore is not linked to a bacterial species-specific mechanism that occurs through the transfer of a live or non-sterilized FMT.

As newly disclosed herein, a sterilized and filtered FMT comprises various FMT metabolites. It has been theorized that FMT microbes can produce 10²-10³ molecules that influence human physiology directly and indirectly. The FMT synthesized molecules are concentrated at the epithelial surfaces that directly interface with the microbiota, including the GI tract, skin, bladder, lungs, oral cavity, sinus cavity, and vagina.

The process provided here provides a sterile fecal-derived postbiotic composition. Using this sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition, one can further extract or refine specific metabolites. A fecal-derived sterilized postbiotic contains bacterial metabolites and other cellular components. The sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition can normalize an environment in a subject in need thereof by allowing existing bacteria to colonize normally eventually supplanting a disease-associated dysbiotic colonization.

As demonstrated herein, the active components produced by the FMT sterilization process disclosed in successful applications of bacterial and fecal-derived products are not limited to live bacterial cells. The following summarizes metabolite effects in rCDI, beneficial effects of heat-killed single strain probiotics upon oral administration, and effects of differing administrative routes for other epithelial surfaces such as the skin.

Two groups of bacterial derived metabolites that have been extensively studied and are suspected of playing a role in the mechanism of FMT’s ability to treat rCDI are bile acids and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Primary bile acids are secreted by the liver and modified in the gut by specific bacteria that have enzymes our human cells lack. The elevation of primary bile acids in rCDI patients has been shown to promote the germination of the C. difficile spores (Sorg 2008). In contrast, secondary bile acids that have been metabolized by specific bacteria are observed to increase after FMT treatment and correlate with symptom resolution. Mechanistically secondary bile acids have been shown to inhibit the growth of the vegetative C. difficile bacteria (Thanissery 2017).

The SCFA valerate has also been shown to play a mechanistic role in treating rCDI by inhibiting the growth of the vegetative state of C. difficile in vitro and reducing C. difficile in mice when administered to the mice orally (McDonald 2018). Both groups of molecules,

SCFAs and secondary bile acids, have been shown to be reduced in rCDI patients relative to healthy control subjects. Both SCFAs and secondary bile acids have been indicated to increase after non -sterilized FMT treatment (Allegretti 2016, Brown 2018, Weingarden 2014, Seekatz 2018). Specific bile acids and SCFA are also known to modulate the human immune system by inducing T-regulatory cells (Smith 2013, Campbell 2020, Song 2020, Arpaia 2013).

There is a growing body of literature supporting the physiologically active role of single- strain bacterially derived postbiotic molecules (Pique 2019). A variety of mouse and human studies have explored the impact of live versus heat-killed probiotics (Gao 2019, Wei 2019, Malagon-Rojas 2020). Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphilia has been used to investigate this concept. It was shown in a proof of concept placebo-controlled study to improve insulin sensitivity (p = 0.002), while reducing insulinemia in a population of 32 overweight/obese insulin resistant patients (Depommier 2019). Other species of heat-killed bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacterium have shown promising impacts on health through immune modulation and improving intestinal barrier function (Chen 2013, Nakamura 2012, Thakur 2016, Sang 2015). Additionally, there have been several tissue culture studies exploring the mechanisms that heat-killed bacteria can impact cancer cell growth in adenocarcinoma and colon cancer cell lines (Karimi 2019, Chung 2019).

The epithelial layer of the human body is covered in a microbial ecosystem central to human health. Dysbiosis of the microbiota on any of the epithelial layer can impact the health of the subject epithelium. The compositions described herein of a fecal-derived sterile postbiotic can be used not only to treat the gastrointestinal tract but also treat infections in the mouth, sinuses, and on the skin.

Sterilized FSP and lyophilized sterilized FSP can be used to formulate various products. Dosages of each respectively can be about 0.25 mL to about 15 mL per day (and any 0.25 mL amount in between this range) and about 10 mg to about 5 g per day of a lyophilized FSP (and any 5 mg amount in between this range) per subject.

The sterilized FSP and lyophilized sterilized FSP can be formulated as appropriate for administration orally, intranasally, vaginally, rectally, or on the skin. The sterilized FSP and lyophilized sterilized FSP can be formulated into a capsule, soft gel, tablet, pill, gel, lotion, liquid or syrup, suppository, powder, mouthwash, and paste for purposes of administration.

Methods of Use. A sterilized lyophilized or unlyophilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition can be used as an additive. Generally, an unlyophilized capsule is 0.5 mL of material and a lyophilized capsule can contain about 50 mg to about 100 mg (and any 5 mg value in between this range) In some embodiments about 12 mL to about 60 mL of liquid unlyophilized FSP can yield about 1 gram of lyophilized FSP powder.

A sterilized fecal composition can also be used as an adjunct with a probiotic, synthetic bacterial community, or combined in a food or nutraceutical having a probiotic to augment probiotic function when ingested or otherwise administered to a subject. As low as 10 mg of our lyophilized FSP per 1 gram or mL of probiotic mixture can be provided to a subject as an adjunct; however, larger amounts can be administered.

A sterilized fecal composition disclosed herein can also be used to be administered with, after or before the administration of a live biotherapeutic product (LBP) to augment its growth upon administration to a subject. For example, the compositions described herein can be administered with for example, Seres Therapeutics SERES-109, Finch Therapeutics CP101, Rebiotix RBX7455, Vendanta VE303, and similar LBPs.

A sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition can be used to treat a condition or disorder that is being treated with a non- sterilized FMT. The conditions and diseases contemplated for treatment include but are not limited to the following Clostridium difficile infections, recurrent C. difficile infections, a C. difficile related condition, a mood disorder, fatigue, an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), inflammatory bowel syndrome constipation (IBS- C), inflammatory bowel syndrome diarrhea (IBS-D), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a subject who has received immunotherapy to treat a cancer, a metabolic syndrome, a neurodegenerative disease, and dysbiosis. A metabolic syndrome contemplated for treatment includes a cluster of biochemical and physiological abnormalities associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes (Grundy 2004). Components of metabolic syndrome related to cardiovascular disease and considered for treatment or amelioration with the described compositions include abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, raised blood pressure, insulin resistance with or without glucose intolerance, proinflammatory state, and prothrombotic state.

Stool Processing for Metabolite Extraction. A sterilized fecal composition contains metabolites. Metabolites are preserved throughout the process from raw stool to a sterilized product. For example, retention of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) after lyophilization was shown to be pH-dependent. Increasing the pH of an FSP product prior to lyophilization resulted in an increased retention of SCFA. The fact the SCFAs were retained in any concentration during the lyophilization procedure was unexpected due to conventional understanding and definition of SCFA being volatile compounds (Rios-Covian 2016). Thus, a preferred method of preparing a sterilized and lyophilized fecal composition comprises increasing the pH of the composition to a pH of about 6.0 to about 9.0, or about 7.2 to about 7.8 (and any 0.1 value in between these ranges) prior to lyophilizing the composition. It was also unexpected that metabolites were retained across metabolite classes after both sterilization by autoclaving and lyophilization.

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are a well-studied class of bacterial derived secondary metabolites in postbiotics. SCFAs are produced as an end-product of anaerobic fermentation of complex carbohydrates by the microbiota in the colon (Wong 2006). Acetate and butyrate are essential for healthy human physiology because they are a primary energy source for colonocytes. Propionate, the other most abundant SCFA, is utilized in the liver as a substrate for glucose production (gluconeogenesis) (den Besten 2013). The SCFA acetate, butyrate and propionate ratio can be generally represented in a ratio of 60:20:20 (Bergman 1990, Cummings 1987). The ratio is further described infra in Example 2. SCFA have also been shown to interact with a wide array of human cells and impact the immune system and metabolism throughout the body via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In addition, butyrate has been shown to act as a HDAC inhibitor which impacts the epigenetics of human cells independent of GPCRs (Chang 2014). These important postbiotics are not only conserved from the stool product throughout our process, but their concentrations are slightly increased after the sterilization process step of autoclaving; the relative ratios are conserved as discussed in Example 2. The method of producing the sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic can be further enhanced by increasing the pH prior to lyophilization, as demonstrated in the examples. Valerate is an important SCFA and is maintained at an estimated concentration of 200-800 μg/g in the sterilized lyophilized FSP product compared to concentrations of 18-45 pg/g valerate obtained using a traditional FMT procedure.

Another class of metabolites present in postbiotics are the bile acids. There is evidence that several secondary bile acids including the ones identified using metabolomics analysis act as irnrnunomodulators that can induce Tregs instead of Thl7 (Campbell 2020, Song 2020, Hang 2019). The secondary bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, has long been used in the treatment of liver disease. Several synthetic bile acids are pipeline blockbuster drugs for NASH and NAFLD (Hofnian 1989, Neuschwander-Tetri 2015). Taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) is another secondary bile acid that has been shown to impact immune function. In a mouse model TDCA was used intravenously to treat septicemia by increasing granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (Chang 2018). The sterilization and lyophilization method disclosed herein maintained the composition of secondary bile acids and revealed a significantly increased concentration of taurodeoxycholate specifically. See Figs. 4 and 5.

Another metabolite present in the sterilized FSP products are tryptophan metabolites. Tryptophan metabolites have been studied for their role in neuroimmunomodulation and inflammatory signaling (Ye 2020, Bansal 2010). Indole derivatives have been shown to bind the aryl hydrocarbon receptor which has a broad array of functions including impacting immune activation (Rothhammer 2019). Indole-3 -propionic acid contributes to remission through an IL- 10 mediated immune pathway in human and mouse models of colitis (Alexeev 2018). This class of molecules is conserved in the sterilization method described herein.

Ceramides and sphingosines have been well established to play a role in skin moisture retention (Geilen 1997). Newer evidence suggest they play a role in immune signaling and cell turnover in keratinocytes (Uchida 2014, Jeong 2015). The methods of producing the described sterilized FSP product contains a variety of ceramides and sphingosines within the fatty acid profile of our FSP product as reflected in the examples.

EXAMPLES

The following sections describe selected aspects of exemplary systems and methods for performing FSP treatment. The examples in these sections are intended for illustration and should not be interpreted as limiting the entire scope of the present disclosure. Each section may include one or more distinct inventions, functions, and/or steps.

Example 1

A method of preparing a sterilized fecal derived postbiotic is obtained as follows. Screened healthy donors are identified and enrolled. Donors collect stool and freeze at -20°C immediately after bowel movement. Stools are then transported to the lab for processing. The stool is processed as follows. The stool donor identification is recorded with the total stool volume, the Bristol stool scale for donation, the time of stool donation, and the date of the stool donation. The frozen stool is removed from the freezer. The stool is allowed to thaw for up to 24 hours in the refrigerator. The stool is measured out into 50 to 150 g portions of stool and placed into an autoclaved blending jar. The amount of stool in grams is weighed. Distilled water is then added to the stool at a ratio of 5: 1 based on the stool mass to blending jar (e.g., 500 mL of distilled water is added to 100 g of stool.) The amount of distilled water is recorded.

The stool and distilled water are blended for 60 seconds. The fecal containing slurry is then poured into single use 50 mL centrifuge conical tubes, with each conical containing 50 mL of the slurry.

Conical tubes are centrifuged for a first run for 15 to 20 minutes at 2000 RPM (872G) in a Thermo-Lisher Sorvall ST 40 centrifuge with swinging bucket rotor TX-750 using 50 mL conical inserts.

The conical tubes are removed after centrifugation and the supernatant poured into new sterile 50 mL conical tubes. Volume is re-measured for each of the tubes. The pellet in the initial tubes containing the large particulate and fiber is discarded. The conical tubes containing the centrifuged supernatant is centrifuged a second time for 25 minutes at 4600 RPM (4613G). The conical tubes are then removed from the centrifuge and the supernatant is poured into a

sterile glass container for use later. The pellet remaining in the tubes from the second centrifugation is resuspended using a vortex and transfer pipette method. The resuspended pellets is homogenize. Total volume of the microbial pellet is measured. The pellet is then resuspended with a one to one ratio with the previously saved supernatant from the second centrifugation.

The pellet supernatant mixture is poured into a glass jar with a self-sealing lid, labeled with autoclave tape containing donor ID and sample collection date, and then autoclaved. The samples are autoclaved for 30 minutes at 121°C. Samples are then removed from the autoclave. Sterility is verified when the autoclave tape shows completion. This verifies time, pressure, and temperature to assure sterility. The jars are placed in a refrigerator to cool. This liquid represents the fecal-derived sterile product referenced in further examples as liquid FSP.

The liquid FSP product can additionally be further stabilized. The product is removed from the refrigerator after cooling and the pH measured. The pH is readjusted to 7.2 or higher (no higher than 9.0) using NaOH. The FSP liquid is poured into autoclaved lyophilizing glassware. Total volume by weight is measured. The benefit of increasing the pH prior to lyophilization is illustrated in the data of Fig. 3.

The lyophilizing glassware containing sterilized FSP product is then flash frozen in a 90% isopropyl alcohol dry ice bath. The jars are then lyophilized for 4 to 14 hours at < 0.3 mBarr. Once dry, the jars are removed from the lyophilizer or and the dry weight of the powder is measured. The lyophilized powder is then placed in an autoclaved glass jar for storage.

These jars are stored at room temperature or -20°C (the freezer is lower humidity) in the dark. Alternatively, the powder can be placed in dark glass jars for storage.

Example 2

The method of obtaining the fecal-derived sterilized postbiotic liquid (FSP) and lyophilized powder (FSP-L) is as described in Example 1. The liquid FSP and FSP-L were analyzed for quantitative and relative concentrations of metabolites. Multiple donors and stools from different time points were analyzed to elucidate metabolomic profile differences. In addition, FMT samples, as controls, were collected immediately prior to the autoclaving as described in Example 1 for each sample analysis (referred in all figures as “FMT”). Metabolomic analysis was performed Metabolon, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA, by using a global untargeted UPLC-MS/MS platform and a specific LC-MS/MS-based targeted assay specifically to quantify short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Analysis of several groupings of samples from the raw data from Metabolon was performed using MetaboAnalyst software for normalization and statistical analysis.

Fig. 1 shows the concentration of various short chain fatty acids (SCFA) metabolites found in fresh processed versus frozen processed according to Example 1 at the three time points; FMT, FSP and FSP-L from a single donor stool. The freezing of the stool prior to processing did reduce the total SCFA concentrations a little. But, it was unexpected that there was still a retention of the SCFA with the frozen process with maintained relative ratios, validating that this process would be a feasible alternative to the conventional model of processing fresh stool for FMT. Fig. 2 compares the concentration of SCFAs present in raw stool, unsterilized FMT, sterilized fecal derived probiotic that is not lyophilized (FSP), and lyophilized FSP (FSP-L). The unsterilized FMT is obtained immediately prior to the autoclave step in Example 1. The FSP and lyophilized FSP (FSP-L) were obtained by processing the stool as outlined in Example 1. All four samples were from the same donor’s stool. Unexpectedly, processing the stool according to Example 1 resulted in an increase of SCFA concentration after the autoclaving sterilization step and much less loss of SCFAs from the lyophilization step than expected as well. It was assumed that all SCFAs would volatilize during the lyophilization process. The unexpected increase of the SCFAs after autoclaving may be due to the heating or releasing of SCFA from inside cells during the lysis process. The retention of the SCFA during lyophilization may be due to the basic pH of the samples as outlined in Figure 3

The ratio of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) remains unchanged at approximately 60:20:20 for acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid respectively for unsterilized FMT samples, the unlyophilized FSP sample, and the lyophilized FSP sample (FSP-L). This is significant because of prior publications that discuss the physiologic relevance of the SCFA ratios discussed above. It is also unexpected because we anticipated significant loss of SCFA and not uniform maintenance of the ratios throughout the processing.

Additionally, we observed an increase in the relative concentration of the secondary bile acid taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) as a result of the process to produce FSP from FMT as depicted in Fig. 5. The observed increase in the relative concentration of TDCA was unexpected.

Presence and relative quantity of lipid components were assessed; however, absolute concentration was not determined. Lipid components present in all FMT, FSP, and lyophilized FSP (FSP-L) samples that were analyzed included: long chain monounsaturated fatty acid, hydroxyl fatty acid, dicarboxylate, acyl glycine, mono unsaturated acyl carnitine, acyl choline, dihydroxy fatty acid, phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophospholipid, diacylglycerol, ceramides, lactosylceramides (LCER), long chain saturated fatty acids, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 and n6), branched fatty acids, polyunsaturated acyl carnitine, long chain saturated acyl carnitine, monohydroxy fatty acid, endocannabinoid, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), lysoplasmalogen, monoacylglycerol, galactosyl glycerolipids, dihydroceramides, hexosylceramides (HCER), and dihydrosphingomyelins. These components were identified via the Metabolon global metabolomics LC/MS/MS and Polar LC platform.

In another assay, the metabolites were compared and statistically analyzed between FMT and sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic (FSP) steps. This analysis was done for stools processed from the same donor and different donors as obtained in Example 1 with a p<0.1. It was unexpected that of the data analyzed, there were no metabolites with a p<0.05 between FMT and FSP steps from different donors. That is why Fig. 6 is presenting metabolites with a p<0.1 as a comparator of the FMT to FSP from a single donor and different donors. The assay was performed by Metabolon using global metabolomics mass spectrometry analysis and then the data was statistically analyzed using MetaboAnalyst software as discussed in Example 1. This comparative analysis identified only thirty-two (32) metabolites from 853 named metabolites that change with a p<0.1 regardless of whether the comparison of FMT to FSP was done using three stools from a single donor or three unique donor stools; these metabolites are sensitive to thermal change or thermal degradation. The 32 metabolites that change are: N-acetylmethionine sulfoxide; glutamine; S-carboxyethylcysteine; 1-linoleoyl-GPE (18:2); 3-hydroxylaurate; 3,4- dihydroxybenzoate; cyclo(gly-pro); guanosine-2',3'-cyclic monophosphate; oxindolylalanine; 3- hydroxymyristate; cryptochlorogenic acid; formiminoglutamate; 3-hydroxytridecanoate; 1- linoleoyl-GPG (18:2); uridine-2', 3'-cyclic monophosphate; cytidine 2',3'-cyclic monophosphate; cytidine; cyclo(pro-tyr); 4-vinylcatechol sulfate; sucrose; nicotinamide; nicotinamide riboside; 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate; propionylglycine (C3); cytidine 2' or 3'-monophosphate (2' or 3'-CMP); cyclo(his-pro); maltol; N-acetylmuramate; 3-ketosphinganine; 1-palmitoylglycerol (16:0); 3- amino-2-piperidone; and glutamate gamma-methyl ester. See Fig. 6 This venn diagram outlines that although some metabolites are impacted by the heating process of autoclaving. Most are not and the overall metabolomic composition is retained.

Example 3

According to one example, a 34-year-old female presenting with fatigue, constipation, anxiety, and depression was treated with capsules containing fecal-derived sterilized postbiotic product of one 0.5 mL frozen liquid FSP capsule daily for 30 days. The patient reported significant improvement in constipation and fatigue after the first 30 days. The patient self- reported that her energy increased from a 4 to a 7/10 and that her constipation went from multiple days of no stool, to passing stool 6-7 days each week. The patient continued taking 0.5 mL frozen liquid FSP capsules having sterilized fecal composition for an additional 5 months.

The patient’s energy ratings scale increased to 8.5/10 after the second month. In addition to physical complaints by the patient, mental health was assessed using validated scales including the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7. The patient’s initial score was 13 when measured at her initial intake in February indicating “moderate depression.” Seven months later, after continuous dosing, the patient’s follow-up PHQ-9 score improved to one. The patient’s baseline GAD-7, which is a metric for anxiety, was a 3 prior to treatment with the sterilized fecal postbiotic composition; upon follow-up, her GAD-7 dropped to 0.

Example 4

In another example, a 70-year-old male having rCDI was treated. The patient presented after a second recurrence of a C. difficile infection, while undergoing treatment with a Vancomycin taper, which improved his diarrhea symptoms but did not completely resolve the condition. The patient was treated with a fecal derived sterilized postbiotic as obtained by the method of Example 1. The subject was treated with capsules containing the fecal-derived sterilized postbiotic that were dosed as 10 capsules for 3 days, and 5 capsules for 6 additional days in conjunction with continued Vancomycin taper. Each capsule contained approximately 0.5 mL frozen liquid of the composition.

The patient reported complete resolution of diarrheal symptoms and significant improvement in fatigue after starting the FSP. These improvements were not present during his first week of Vancomycin therapy or previous treatments.

Example 5

A 17-year-old male presented with a history of PANDAS, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Anxiety /OCD. The patient’s primary symptoms at initial visit were OCD, brain fog, and anxiety. He was treated with one 0.5 mL frozen liquid FSP capsule daily for 6 months, of the capsules described as obtained in the example above. The patient reported significant improvement in brain fog and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms within the first week of treatment at an initial check in at one month. He continued to have improvement and each month requested additional capsules. At a follow up visit at 6 months, the patient noted that he continued to have improvement in symptoms of brain fog and OCD. He also reported at six months that he had no acute episodes of inflammation that in his previous medical history resulted in treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).

Example 6

A 69-year-old male with a history of rCDI was previously treated with fecal transplant capsules. The patient returned a year later with the clinical symptom picture of rCDI without confirmatory labs. The patient was treated with the fecal-derived sterilized postbiotic composition obtained as described in Example 1. The capsules were dosed at 10 - 0.5 mL frozen capsules daily for 3 days, followed by one capsule daily for 18 days. He was feeling well until he experienced an adverse reaction to an over-the-counter (OTC) non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID) consisting of diarrhea. This provoked the need for a one time, 5 capsules loading dose, followed by 1 capsule daily for 7 days. The patient reported complete resolution of diarrheal symptoms and significant improvement in fatigue at the one-month follow-up. Diarrheal symptoms remained resolved at a 4-month follow-up and there was no CDI recurrence.

The different embodiments of compositions and methods described herein relate to a fecal-derived sterilized postbiotic composition that provides several advantages over previous systems and methods. The compositions provide enhanced safety and efficacy over unsterilized FMT therapies. The compositions minimize the risk of transmitting infection from donor stool to a recipient of an FSP capsule or batch of capsules. Furthermore, the illustrative embodiments may provide a way to mitigate the health risks associated with using live bacteria, without sacrificing effectiveness of the treatment. Specifically, systems and methods disclosed herein enable the safe delivery of fecal-derived sterilized postbiotic composition and metabolites contained therein to any epithelium of a subject in need.

Thus, the illustrative embodiments described herein are particularly useful for patients who desire the potential benefits of FMT therapies, while minimizing detrimental side effects associated with conventional methods. However, not all embodiments described herein provide the same advantages or the same degree of advantage.

EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the compositions, methods of making the compositions and methods of using the composition include for example the following:

[1] A method of making a sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition comprising:

(a) blending a stool sample from a subject with a buffer;

(b) removing particulate and fibrous matter from the blended stool sample to obtain a liquid; and

(c) sterilizing the liquid to produce the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition. [2] The method of claim [1] further comprising a step of stabilizing the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition by lyophilization.

[3] The method of claim [2], wherein the stool sample is frozen when collected.

[4] The method of claim [2], wherein the pH of the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition is adjusted to about 6.0 to about 9.0 prior to lyophilization.

[5] The method of any of claims [1 to 4], wherein the stool sample is derived from a healthy screened donor.

[6] The method of any of claims [1 or 5], wherein the sterilizing step is by autoclaving.

[7] The method of claim [1], wherein the step of sterilizing is performed prior to step (a) or step (b).

[8] The method of claim [6], wherein the autoclaving is performed at about 121 to 134°C for about 30 minutes or at about 135 to 140°C for about 20 minutes.

[9] The method of claim [1], wherein the step of blending is accomplished by the use of a comminution device selected from the group consisting of: a crushing device, a grinding device, and a homogenization device.

[10] The method of claim [1], wherein the buffer is a phosphate buffered saline solution, maldextrin-trehalose solution, or water.

[11] The method of claim [1], wherein the step of removing particulate and fibrous matter is accomplished by a method selected from the group consisting of: centrifugation, filtration, membrane filter press drying, or a combination thereof.

[12] The method of claim [1 or 11], wherein the removing step is a multi-step process.

[13] A sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition comprising one or more of short chain fatty acids, bile acids, amino acid derivatives, ceramides, lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and sphingosines.

[14] The sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition of claim 13, wherein the short chain fatty acid comprises formic acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, acetic acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, propionic acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, butyric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, isobutyric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, valeric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, or isovaleric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters. [15] The composition of any of claims [13 to 14], wherein the composition comprises a ratio by weight of acetic acid : propionic acid : butyric acid respectively of between 2:2: 1 and 3:1:1.

[16] The composition of claim [13], wherein the composition comprises a ratio by weight of acetic acid : propionic acid : butyric acid respectively of 60+5 : 20+5 :

20+5.12.

[17] The composition of any of claims [13 to 16] further comprising a co-emulsifying agent, wherein the co-emulsifying agent is selected from the group consisting of: cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, octacosanol, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and combinations thereof.

[18] The composition of any of claims [13 to 17], further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of: a screening agent, a vitamin, an essential oil, a plant protein, an anti-oxidizing agent, a preserving agent, a fragrance, a ceramide, a moisturizing agent, a lubricating agent, a polysaccharide, and a filler.

[19] The composition of any of claims [13 and 18], wherein the composition is in the form of a solid, an aerosol, a pill, a capsule, a tablet, a paste, a powder, a gel, a lotion, a liquid, or a body wash.

[20] The composition of any of claims [13 to 19], wherein the composition is admixed with a probiotic, a live bio therapeutic, a synthetic microbial community, or a non- sterilized fecal composition.

[21] A method of treating or ameliorating a condition in a subject comprising: administering to the subject (i) a composition of any of claims 13 to 20, or (ii) a sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition comprising one or more of short chain fatty acids, bile acids, amino acid derivatives, ceramides, and sphingosines in a therapeutically effective amount, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of a Clostridium difficile infection, C. difficile related condition, a mood disorder, fatigue, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), inflammatory bowel syndrome constipation (IBS-C), inflammatory bowel syndrome diarrhea (IBS-D), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a subject who has received immunotherapy to treat a cancer, a metabolic syndrome, and dysbiosis. [22] The method of claim [21], wherein the mood disorder is anxiety, depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder.

[23] The method of any of claims [21 to 22], wherein the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition is administered to the subject with a non-sterilized fecal composition, live bio therapeutic, and/or a probiotic.

[24] The method of any of claims [21 to 23], wherein the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition is administered orally, topically, intranasally, rectally, vaginally or intravenously.

[25] An additive for a culture media for culturing probiotics or live bio therapeutics comprising the composition of any of claims [13 to 20].

[26] A dietary supplement, food or beverage comprising the composition of any of claims [13 to 20].

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Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A method of making a sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition comprising:

(a) blending a stool sample from a subject with a buffer;

(b) removing particulate and fibrous matter from the blended stool sample to obtain a liquid; and

(c) sterilizing the liquid to produce the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of stabilizing the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition by lyophilization.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the stool sample is frozen when collected.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the pH of the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition is adjusted to about 6.0 to about 9.0 prior to lyophilization.

5. The method of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the stool sample is derived from a healthy screened donor.

6. The method of any of claims 1 or 5, wherein the sterilizing step is by autoclaving.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of sterilizing is performed prior to step (a) or step

(b).

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the autoclaving is performed at about 121 to 134°C for about 30 minutes or at about 135 to 140°C for about 20 minutes.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of blending is accomplished by the use of a comminution device selected from the group consisting of: a crushing device, a grinding device, and a homogenization device.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the buffer is a phosphate buffered saline solution, maldextrin-trehalose solution, or water.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of removing particulate and fibrous matter is accomplished by a method selected from the group consisting of: centrifugation, filtration, membrane filter press drying, or a combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 1 or 11, wherein the removing step is a multi-step process.

13. A sterilized fecal-derived postbiotic composition comprising one or more of short chain fatty acids, bile acids, amino acid derivatives, ceramides, lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and sphingosines.

14. The sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition of claim 13, wherein the short chain fatty acid comprises formic acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, acetic acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, propionic acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, butyric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, isobutyric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, valeric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters, or isovaleric acid or one of its salts and/or one of its esters.

15. The composition of any of claims 13 to 14, wherein the composition comprises a ratio by weight of acetic acid : propionic acid : butyric acid respectively of between 2:2:1 and 3:1:1.

16. The composition of claim 13, wherein the composition comprises a ratio by weight of acetic acid : propionic acid : butyric acid respectively of 60+5 : 20+5 : 20+5.12.

17. The composition of any of claims 13 to 16 further comprising a co-emulsifying agent, wherein the co-emulsifying agent is selected from the group consisting of: cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, octacosanol, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and combinations thereof.

18. The composition of any of claims 13 to 17, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of: a screening agent, a vitamin, an essential oil, a plant protein, an anti-oxidizing agent, a preserving agent, a fragrance, a ceramide, a moisturizing agent, a lubricating agent, a polysaccharide, and a filler.

19. The composition of any of claims 13 and 18, wherein the composition is in the form of a solid, an aerosol, a pill, a capsule, a tablet, a paste, a powder, a gel, a lotion, a liquid, or a body wash.

20. The composition of any of claims 13 to 19, wherein the composition is admixed with a probiotic, a live bio therapeutic, a synthetic microbial community, or a non-sterilized fecal composition.

21. A method of treating or ameliorating a condition in a subject comprising: administering to the subject (i) a composition of any of claims 13 to 20, or (ii) a sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition comprising one or more of short chain fatty acids, bile acids, amino acid derivatives, ceramides, and sphingosines in a therapeutically effective amount, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of a Clostridium difficile infection, C. difficile related condition, a mood disorder, fatigue, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), inflammatory bowel syndrome constipation (IBS-C), inflammatory bowel syndrome diarrhea (IBS-D), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a subject who has received immunotherapy to treat a cancer, a metabolic syndrome, and dysbiosis.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the mood disorder is anxiety, depression or obsessive- compulsive disorder.

23. The method of any of claims 21 to 22, wherein the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition is administered to the subject with a non-sterilized fecal composition, live bio therapeutic, and/or a probiotic.

24. The method of any of claims 21 to 23, wherein the sterilized fecal derived postbiotic composition is administered orally, topically, intranasally, rectally, vaginally or intravenously.

25. An additive for a culture media for culturing probiotics or live bio therapeutics comprising the composition of any of claims 13 to 20.

26. A dietary supplement, food or beverage comprising the composition of any of claims 13 to 20.