WO2021048308A1 - Biomass based filter for water purification - Google Patents

Biomass based filter for water purification Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021048308A1
WO2021048308A1 PCT/EP2020/075391 EP2020075391W WO2021048308A1 WO 2021048308 A1 WO2021048308 A1 WO 2021048308A1 EP 2020075391 W EP2020075391 W EP 2020075391W WO 2021048308 A1 WO2021048308 A1 WO 2021048308A1
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Prior art keywords
moss
different
water
biomass
aquatic
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PCT/EP2020/075391
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Gian Pietro DI SANSEBASTIANO
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Pe&C Process Engineering & Consulting S.R.L.S.
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Publication of WO2021048308A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021048308A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/006—Regulation methods for biological treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • C02F3/327—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae characterised by animals and plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
    • C02F3/04—Aerobic processes using trickle filters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
    • C02F3/06—Aerobic processes using submerged filters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • C02F3/322—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae use of algae
    • C02F3/325—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae use of algae as symbiotic combination of algae and bacteria
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for water purification, in particular a filter, which contains biomasses, in particular a mixture of Hypnales aquatic mosses which were cultivated in different growth conditions, from the environmental point of view (light, temperature, pressure and pH) and/or from the point of view of the factors that regulate its growth (carbon source, micro and macro-elements and phytohormones).
  • a filter which contains biomasses, in particular a mixture of Hypnales aquatic mosses which were cultivated in different growth conditions, from the environmental point of view (light, temperature, pressure and pH) and/or from the point of view of the factors that regulate its growth (carbon source, micro and macro-elements and phytohormones).
  • the aquatic moss biomass filter can be a stand-alone filter or a component of a multiphase process similar to what would happen with an ion exchange filter.
  • the water covers more or less the 70% of our planet, but the major amount of water is saline.
  • the amount of fresh water on our planet is only 2.5-2.75%, including frozen water such as snow, ice and glaciers (1.75-2.0%), therefore not immediately available, and 0.7-0.8% such as ground water and soil moisture.
  • less than the 0.01% of the available water such as surface water is found in lakes and rivers (Pflugmacher S. et al., Aquat. and Mar. Ecos., 2015, 1:1). Protection and reasonable use of fresh water is one of the main goals of our future, since water is the most important resource for all the organisms on Earth, including human beings.
  • Heavy metals are elements having specific atom weights between 63.5 and 200.6, but the term also indicates other toxic metals and metalloids (Shanab et al., Plant Signal. Behav. 7, 392-9, 2012). Traces of some of these elements, such as cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, strontium and zinc are necessary to the living organisms, but the excess is usually harmful. Cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, arsenic and antimony are non-essential HM (Heavy Metals). These can alter significantly the biochemical processes in living organisms (Edelstein, M. et al., Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam), 234, 431-444, 2018).
  • HM Pollution by HM depend on several industrial activities, carried by runoff water to contaminate downstream waters.
  • the pollution by HM is particularly significant from metal processing, from waste water from mines, tanneries, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, organic chemicals, plastics materials, wood products, etc. (Edelstein, M. et al., Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam), 234, 431-444, 2018; Srivastava, N. K. et al., J. Hazard. Mater. 151, 1-8, 2008).
  • aquatic moss as a filtering and phyto-purifying matrix
  • the use of aquatic moss as a filtering and phyto-purifying matrix is certainly conditioned by the vitality of the organism during use, but does not entirely depend on it.
  • Martin Pipiska and collaborators refer that the desiccated biomass and no more vital of a freshwater aquatic moss Vesicularia dubyana has been used as biosorbent for cadmium (Anna Suhovska et al., Desalination and Water Treatment, 2657-2668, 2015) and for methylene blue cationic dyes and the removal of thioflavin T from both single and binary systems (Environments 2018, 5, 10).
  • the present invention is based on the discovery that the absorption capacity of the aquatic mosses Hypnales vary according the different growth conditions, both from the environmental point of view (for example light, temperature, humidity, pressure) and from the point of view of the factors that regulate its growth (phytohormones). Therefore, it has been possible to create filtering systems capable to purify water from xenobiotic pollutants, creating biomasses that are mixtures of Hypnales aquatic mosses grown in different growth conditions from the environmental point of view and/or from the point of view of the factors that regulate their growth.
  • the present invention therefore relates to an apparatus for water purification, in particular a filter, which contains biomasses, in particular a mixture of biomasses of Hypnales aquatic mosses grown in different growth conditions, both from the environmental point of view and from the point of view of the factors that regulate its growth.
  • each apparatus for the water purification in particular a filter, contains at least two types of Hypnales aquatic mosses different from each other because grown in different environmental conditions (light, temperature, pressure) and/or in in the presence of different growth regulators (phytohormones), for the stimulation of rhizoids (Figure 1).
  • biomasses are intended in its simplest meaning, that is: the vegetative body of a plant not separated from its dead parts or from microorganisms that should live in consortium with it.
  • said biomasses are integrated with algae and microorganisms to broaden the spectrum of molecules captured by the filter and improve the quality of pre-filtered water (to remove insoluble pollutants); the soluble contaminants are actively absorbed and neutralized by the filtering biomass through biological and physical mechanisms.
  • the biomass is loaded into the filter to perform its function in a short time and no growth of the organisms is required.
  • Hypnales aquatic mosses is characteristic of the present invention, since it provides desirable mechanical properties in a filter. These are in fact harder and more resistant than the other thalli (Figure 1A), but they are also adaptable to the size and shape of the filters ( Figure IB).
  • the "Examples” section below shows the removal from contaminated water of the following quantities of soluble heavy metals within 6 hours:> 100 gr Pb/Kg dehydrated moss, about 4.3 gr Cd/Kg dehydrated moss and about 19.4 gr Cr/Kg dehydrated moss.
  • a biomass suitable for absorbing a wide spectrum of pollutants can be prepared with stratification of different organisms in different proportions.
  • the filtering biomass comprise Taxiphyllum barbieri, Drepanodadus disposecus, Leptodictyum riparium, Gradlaria verrucosa and Nitrosomonas europaea.
  • Hypnales Example of stratification of a filtering biomass based on Hypnales with possible variants and optional additions Hypnales is the botanic name of an order of Bryophyta, so called leafy mosses. This group is sometimes called feather moss, referred to their freely branched thalli. The order includes more than 40 families and over 4,000 species, making them the largest moss order.
  • the preferred Hypnales aquatic mosses are Taxiphyllum spp. and Vesicularia spp..
  • Other examples of Hypnales aquatic mosses, according to the present invention are Warnstorfia spp. and Leptodictyum spp., which allow to broaden the spectrum of small molecules and heavy metals to be absorbed.
  • the biomass of the present invention can be used in any kind of housing and can optionally be the support for additional microorganisms to supplement the purification process, it can also be part of multiphase purification processes.
  • the filter will actively absorb soluble xenobiotics, such as heavy metals and organic pollutants, such as TCE (trichloroethylene).
  • Any unicellular alga or bacteria can be added to the filtering biomass, according to the present invention.
  • the algae Gracilaria spp. and Chetomorpha spp. can be added.
  • the apparatus of the present invention can be used for the treatment of polluted waters, wastewater, aquaculture, drinking water, industrial water and domestic supply.
  • the different biomasses of Hypnales aquatic mosses can be grown separately to supply multiple kind of filters.
  • the different biomasses of Hypnales aquatic mosses are provided separately to be housed in any filter or integrated to a filtering cartridge.
  • the biomass of the present invention can be stored in semi-dry conditions for a variable time (several months), with partially changing performances, but remaining effective.
  • the filter housing is preferably transparent or semi-transparent.
  • Figure 1 shows the Taxiphyllum barbieri thallus grown in tap water (A) and phytohormones at low (B) or higher concentrations (C).
  • Figure 2 shows that the Taxiphyllum barbieri mass grown in tap water can be manipulated without fragmentation (A) and can be compressed or adapted to any container (B).
  • Figure 5 shows the reduction of HM concentration over time in the solution, in which the two types of light green or dark green biomass are immersed, expressed as a percentage.
  • Figure 6 shows the reduction of HM in contaminated water "filtered” by two samples derived from light-green moss cultivated in independent tanks and with different time (3 months for moss 1; 9 months for moss 2).
  • MG Metal Green, C H Cl N Cl Zn
  • Example 1 Accumulation of elements in different quantities from Taxiphyllum barbieri grown in different environmental conditions
  • Taxiphyllum barbieri acquatic moss was acquired from commercial source (Tropica Aquarium Plants; Mejlbyvej 2008250 Ega, Denmark) and grown in tap water with no nutritional supplements and moderate aeration (to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of its cultivation).
  • the temperature of the growing chamber was 22 °C and the light intensity during 16 hours light period was variable: optimal, 150 pmol/m 2 sec, or shaded (the moss was placed in the shadow and received indirect light only). Grown in optimal light conditions, the moss produces a dark green thallus, while with indirect light the thallus has a light green colour.
  • the growth of the moss was slow but continuous with a mass increase of about 10% per month without nutrients added.
  • Live moss samples were manually collected, washed with distilled water to remove plant material debris and incubated for 24 hours in a Murashige and Skoog basal medium (Sigma) diluted 1:10 and subsequently dehydrated for the following chemical analysis.
  • the preparation include mineralisation in microwave in presence of concentrated ICP-grade HNO3 and H2O2 respectively 6 mL and 4 mL. 900 pi of each collected samples, were acidified with 500 mI of concentrated ICP-grade HNO3 and diluted to the final volume of 5 mL with HNO3 (2% v/v). All mineralized samples were analysed using ICP/AES (iCAP 6000, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
  • EXAMPLE 2 Different absorption of heavy metals by mosses with different characteristics Moss fragments of 0.5 gr were placed in 50 ml Falcon tubes containing 1:10 diluted liquid MS (0.44 g/L MS - Mineral Salts - Sigma) as control or supplemented with As 3+ (NaAs0 2 20mM), Zn 2+ (ZnSC>4 200mM), Cu 2+ (CuS0 4 20mM) Cd 2+ (Cd(N0 3 ) 2 50mM) Pb 2+ (Pb(N0 3 ) 2 500mM) alone or in combination (final volume 50 mL) and incubated for 6 hours before extraction.
  • As 3+ NaAs0 2 20mM
  • Zn 2+ ZnSC>4 200mM
  • Pb 2+ (Pb(N0 3 ) 2 500mM) alone or in combination (final volume 50 m
  • the moss samples were collected manually, washed and prepared for subsequent chemical analysis using ICP / AES (iCAP 6000, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), as described in Example 1.
  • Cd 2+ (Cd(NC>3)2 50 mM) concentration was reduced only within the first 6 hours reaching some kind of saturation, while Pb 2+ (Pb(NC>3)2 500 mM) concentration continued to be reduced in time with differences between light green and dark green moss, in line with the absorbance observed in the plant mass at the end of the 24 hours period ( Figure 5).
  • a major source of pollution around the world is the textile industry and its wastewater containing dyes.
  • the pollution due to these dyes not only causes coloured water, but also contamination with toxic, carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds, such as benzidine, naphthalene and other aromatic compounds derived from their degradation (Zaharia C. et al., Environ Sci Pollut Res Int., 20 (4): 2226-35, 2013).
  • MG Methyl Green
  • C26H33Cl2lM3Cl2Zn the methyl green dye
  • the absorption of the dyes is generally very fast. Dead and dehydrated moss biomass once rehydrated absorbs at least 1.5 mg MG per gram of rehydrated biomass.
  • Figure 8 shows the reduction in spectrophotometric absorbance in an aqueous solution with 40 mg/L of MG, due to dark green and light green moss. Most dye absorption occurs in the first few minutes.
  • 5 grams of rehydrated dead moss can absorb up to 7.9 mg of MG in 5 minutes, 5 grams of fresh dry dark green moss biomass can absorb 9.1 mg; light green moss 8.3 mg; moss rich in rhizoids 9.4 mg in the same time frame ( Figure 8).
  • T. barbieri is suitable for phytofiltration of Pb (> 100 gr / Kg DW in 6 h), Cd (about 4.3 gr / Kg DW in 6 h) and Cr (about 19.4 gr / Kg DW in 6h) from contaminated water, since it has a high absorption capacity of these HMs. Furthermore it is capable of absorbing small dye molecules typical of pollution produced by industries such as textiles, for example, it absorbs more than 430 mg of methyl green per kg of fresh moss biomass.
  • the vital biomass of mosses grown under appropriate growth conditions, can significantly improve the absorption capacity of various pollutants. The vitality and resistance of the Hypnales to stress make the use of their fresh and vital biomass the most economical and efficient approach.
  • EXAMPLE 6 Induction of morphological and physiological differences in Taxiphyllum barbieri using phytohormones.
  • Taxiphyllum barbieri (Tropica Aquarium Plants; Mejlbyvej 200 8250 Ega, Denmark) grown in tap- water at 22°C and 16 hours light (150 pmol/m 2 sec), changed morphology upon treatment with low doses of 1-naphthaleneaceticacid (NAA) (a pyhtohormone).
  • NAA 1-naphthaleneaceticacid
  • 2 mM NAA constant supplement in the culture water induced an increase of caulonemata that gave to the moss mats the same appearance of moss grown in low light (light-green moss).
  • NAA-stimulated moss accumulated 4 times more As (supplied as As(lll)) and 3 times more Cd (supplied as Cd(ll)) than moss grown without phytohormones.

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  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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PCT/EP2020/075391 2019-09-12 2020-09-10 Biomass based filter for water purification WO2021048308A1 (en)

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IT102019000016148 2019-09-12
IT102019000016148A IT201900016148A1 (it) 2019-09-12 2019-09-12 Filtro per la depurazione dell'acqua a base di biomasse

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114133102A (zh) * 2021-11-10 2022-03-04 中冶集团武汉勘察研究院有限公司 一种煤矿溢流污染水体的植物修复系统及其修复方法

Citations (2)

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WO2005081641A2 (ja) * 2004-03-01 2005-09-09 Mitsuharu Shimura 水の浄化方法および浄化システム
WO2008105353A1 (ja) * 2007-02-27 2008-09-04 Riken Pb蓄積能を有するコケ植物の原糸体を用いたPb浄化方法及びその装置

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005081641A2 (ja) * 2004-03-01 2005-09-09 Mitsuharu Shimura 水の浄化方法および浄化システム
WO2008105353A1 (ja) * 2007-02-27 2008-09-04 Riken Pb蓄積能を有するコケ植物の原糸体を用いたPb浄化方法及びその装置

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114133102A (zh) * 2021-11-10 2022-03-04 中冶集团武汉勘察研究院有限公司 一种煤矿溢流污染水体的植物修复系统及其修复方法

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