WO2020259642A1 - 一种三包层有源光纤、光放大结构和光纤激光器 - Google Patents

一种三包层有源光纤、光放大结构和光纤激光器 Download PDF

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WO2020259642A1
WO2020259642A1 PCT/CN2020/098329 CN2020098329W WO2020259642A1 WO 2020259642 A1 WO2020259642 A1 WO 2020259642A1 CN 2020098329 W CN2020098329 W CN 2020098329W WO 2020259642 A1 WO2020259642 A1 WO 2020259642A1
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Prior art keywords
fiber
triple
clad
core
optical
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PCT/CN2020/098329
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English (en)
French (fr)
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杨德权
王英
吕张勇
李辉辉
师腾飞
蒋峰
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苏州创鑫激光科技有限公司
深圳市创鑫激光股份有限公司
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Publication of WO2020259642A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020259642A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06708—Constructional details of the fibre, e.g. compositions, cross-section, shape or tapering
    • H01S3/06729—Peculiar transverse fibre profile
    • H01S3/06733—Fibre having more than one cladding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers

Definitions

  • This application belongs to the field of optics, and in particular relates to a triple-clad active fiber, an optical amplification structure and a fiber laser.
  • the prior art double-clad active optical fiber includes a core 17, a cladding layer 18 covering the outside of the core 17, and a coating layer 19 covering the outside of the cladding layer 18.
  • all pump light will be reflected at the interface between the cladding layer 18 and the coating layer 19 and then be absorbed by the core 17.
  • Fiber laser is the third generation fiber laser that uses fiber doped with rare earth ions as gain medium.
  • the diameter of fiber used in fiber laser determines the poor stability and reliability of fiber laser, whether it can achieve the target power Key parameters, so the choice of these parameters is very critical.
  • the active fiber usually used in the optical amplification structure of the fiber laser in the prior art is the double-clad active fiber as shown in Fig. 1. Benefiting from the breakthrough of cladding pumping technology and high-brightness pump source, commercialization The output power of the fiber laser has exceeded thousands of watts.
  • the purpose of this application is to provide a triple-clad active fiber, an optical amplifying structure and a fiber laser, which aims to solve the problems of poor working stability and low reliability of the fiber laser due to the use of a double-clad active fiber.
  • this application provides a triple-clad active optical fiber, including a core, an inner cladding layer covering the core, an outer cladding layer covering the outer cladding layer, and a coating layer covering the outer cladding layer.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the layer is a regular octagon, and the cross-sectional shapes of the core, the outer cladding layer and the coating layer are all circular.
  • the present application provides an optical amplifying structure including a first fiber grating, a first-stage active fiber, a second fiber grating, and a second-stage active fiber that are optically connected in sequence; the first-stage active fiber and The second-level active optical fiber uses the three-clad active optical fiber as described above.
  • the present application provides a fiber laser including the above-mentioned optical amplification structure.
  • the fiber laser specifically includes a first pump array composed of a plurality of first pump sources, a first pump combiner, a first fiber grating, a first-stage active fiber, and a Two fiber gratings, a second-stage active fiber, a second pump combiner, a mode stripper, and a laser output head, and also includes a plurality of second pumps connected to the input end of the second pump combiner optical path A second pump array composed of sources; wherein, a first fiber grating, a first-stage active fiber, a second fiber grating, and a second-stage active fiber constitute the optical amplification structure.
  • the mode stripper is a mode stripper based on a triple-clad fiber
  • the laser output head is a laser output head based on a triple-clad fiber.
  • the NA value of the output pump light of each of the first pump source and the second pump source is between 0.1 and 0.22, the output power is between 200 and 500 W, and the output wavelength has two peaks at 915 nm and 975 nm.
  • optical fibers of the mode stripper and the laser output head are both large mode field triple-clad passive optical fibers
  • the large mode field triple-clad passive optical fiber includes the core, the inner cladding layer covering the outside of the core, the outer layer covering the inner cladding layer and the coating layer covering the outer layer; the large mode field triple-cladding passive fiber
  • the cross-sectional shape of the core is a regular octagon
  • the cross-sectional shape of the outer cladding is a regular decagon
  • the cross-sectional shapes of the inner cladding and the coating are both circular.
  • At least one wave-shaped etched groove is etched on the surface of the bare fiber of each planar structure of the outer cladding of the large mode field triple-clad passive optical fiber used by the mode stripper.
  • the triple-clad active optical fiber includes the core, the inner cladding layer covering the outside of the core, the outer cladding layer covering the outer cladding layer, and the coating layer covering the outer cladding layer, the cross-sectional shape of the inner cladding layer It is a regular octagon. Therefore, the outer cladding layer covering the outer cladding layer greatly reduces the damage of the pump light to the organic coating layer.
  • the coating layer has a high damage threshold as a total reflection interface, and can reduce the refractive index of pure silica to form a total reflection waveguide structure ;
  • the waveguide structure of the triple-clad active fiber can make most of the pump light reflect on the outer cladding interface, greatly reducing the reflection of high-power density pump light on the fragile organic coating interface, thereby greatly improving The stability and reliability of the entire laser optical path.
  • the optical amplification structure includes the first fiber grating, the first active fiber, the second fiber grating, and the second active fiber that are optically connected in sequence; the first active fiber and the second active fiber are both used Such as the three-clad active fiber mentioned above. Therefore, the pressure on the first fiber grating and the second fiber grating to withstand the laser is reduced, which is different from the traditional MOPA amplification structure, simplifies the optical path, and can effectively reduce the return light amplification.
  • the first fiber grating is based on triple-clad passive fiber with a reflectivity range of 85% to 99.5%
  • the second fiber grating is based on triple-clad passive fiber with a reflectivity range of 8 % ⁇ 22% fiber grating
  • mode stripper is a mode stripper based on triple-clad fiber
  • laser output head is a laser output head based on triple-clad fiber.
  • the outer coating of the triple-clad fiber greatly reduces the damage of the pump light to the organic coating layer.
  • the coating layer has a high damage threshold as a total reflection interface, which improves the stability and reliability of the fiber laser.
  • the output wavelengths of the first pump source and the second pump source have two peaks at 915nm and 975nm, the absorption characteristics of the active fiber are fully utilized, and the high absorption of 975nm and the wide absorption of 915nm are taken into account. Effectively shorten the length of the active optical fiber and ensure good stability.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the core is a regular octagon
  • the cross-sectional shape of the outer cladding is a regular decagon
  • the core is a regular octagon.
  • the polygonal shape can eliminate the spiral laser of the core and make the energy distribution of the spot more uniform; the regular decagonal shape of the outer cladding is different from the conventional large Compared with the round shape of the cladding of the mode field double-clad passive fiber, it can effectively avoid the formation of spiral light in the cladding.
  • the relatively more regular decagonal plane is also more conducive to etching the leakage waveguide, which is better
  • the cladding is stripped to transmit light and effectively purify the beam to achieve better processing results, and it can also better process the back light protection laser;
  • the core is compared with the core of the conventional large-mode field double-clad passive fiber.
  • the larger core size and NA value can effectively reduce the optical power density, reduce nonlinear effects and improve laser stability.
  • each planar structure of the large-mode field triple-clad passive optical fiber used in the mode stripper is etched with at least one wave-shaped etched groove on the surface of the bare fiber, the flat total reflection plane can be destroyed and thus Stripping of the light pattern in the inner cladding layer avoids the problems of difficult positioning and poor etching coherence for ordinary circular structures, and the realization method is simple, reliable, and easy to realize automatic processing.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a double-clad active optical fiber in the prior art.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a triple-clad active optical fiber provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the basic composition of the optical amplifying structure provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the basic composition of a fiber laser provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a triple-clad passive optical fiber.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a large mode field triple-clad passive optical fiber.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the pattern stripper.
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the power distribution curve along the length direction of the organic coating layer of the active fiber of the three laser systems.
  • the triple-clad active optical fiber provided by the embodiment of the present application includes a core 20, an inner cladding 21 covering the outside of the core 20, an outer cladding 22 covering the outer cladding 21 and an outer covering 22
  • the cross-sectional shape of the inner cladding layer 21 is a regular octagon
  • the cross-sectional shape of the core 20, the outer cladding layer 22 and the coating layer 23 are all circular
  • the outer cladding layer 22 is made of a small amount of fluorine or boron doped Composition of quartz-based glass.
  • the diameter of the core of the triple-clad active fiber is between 10-50 microns, the diameter of the inner cladding is between 250-800 microns, the diameter of the outer cladding is larger than the diameter of the inner cladding, and the diameter of the outer cladding is between 300-1000 microns between.
  • the diameter of the core can make the entire optical path stable and facilitate processing applications, and the diameters of the inner and outer cladding layers can better align the core. For protection, heat dissipation and bending performance are better.
  • the diameter of the core can stabilize the entire optical path and facilitate processing applications, and the diameters of the inner cladding and outer cladding can better protect the core , Better heat dissipation and bending performance.
  • the relative NA value of the optical waveguide structure formed by the layer 21 and the outer covering layer 22 is between 0.18 and 0.24; the relative NA value of the optical waveguide structure formed by the outer covering layer 22 and the coating layer 23 is between 0.4 and 0.48;
  • Layer 22 is composed of silica-based glass doped with a small amount of fluorine or boron, so the refractive index of pure silica can be reduced to form a totally reflective waveguide structure; pure silica-based glass materials can work stably at 1200°C, while general organic cladding It can only work below 200°C, and the long-term stable working temperature does not exceed 100°C.
  • the damage resistance threshold is too different from that of quartz-based glass materials.
  • the waveguide structure of the triple-clad active fiber can cause most of the pump light to be reflected at the interface of the silica-based cladding, which greatly reduces the reflection of the high-power density pump light at the interface of the fragile organic coating layer. Improve the stability and reliability of the entire laser optical path.
  • an embodiment of the present application also provides an optical amplifying structure, including a first fiber grating 31, a first-stage active fiber 41, a second fiber grating 51, and a second-stage active fiber 61 that are optically connected in sequence ;
  • the first-level active fiber 41 and the second-level active fiber 61 both use the three-clad active fiber shown in FIG. 2.
  • the use length of the first-level active fiber 41 is controlled within 2-10 meters, the use length of the second-level active fiber 61 is controlled within 10-40 meters, and the length of the first-level active fiber 41 and the second-level active fiber 61
  • the total length of the optical fiber is between 12-50 meters; the shorter first-stage active optical fiber 41 forms unsaturated absorption in the optical path, generating 300-1000W between the first fiber grating 31 and the second fiber grating 51
  • the incompletely absorbed pump light and the generated laser light are fully absorbed and amplified in the second-stage active fiber 61 to output 2000-6000W laser light.
  • the first fiber grating 31 may be a three-clad passive fiber-based fiber grating with a reflectivity ranging from 85% to 99.5%
  • the second fiber grating 51 may be a fiber grating with a reflectivity ranging from Between 8% and 22% of the fiber grating based on three-clad passive optical fiber.
  • the triple-clad passive optical fiber includes a core 13, an inner cladding layer 14 covering the outside of the core 13, an outer cladding layer 15 covering the outer cladding layer 14, and a coating layer 16 covering the outer cladding layer 15.
  • the cross-sectional shapes of the core 13, the inner cladding 14 and the outer cladding 15 are all circular.
  • the diameter of the core 13 of the triple-clad passive optical fiber is between 10-50 microns, the diameter of the inner cladding 14 is between 250-800 microns, the diameter of the outer cladding 15 is greater than the diameter of the inner cladding 14, and the diameter of the outer cladding 15 Between 300 and 1000 microns.
  • the embodiment of the present application also provides a fiber laser including the optical amplifying structure provided by the embodiment of the present application.
  • the fiber laser provided by the embodiment of the present application may specifically include a first pump array composed of a plurality of first pump sources connected sequentially on an optical path, a first pump combiner 2, a first pump The fiber grating 3, the first-stage active fiber 4, the second fiber grating 5, the second-stage active fiber 6, the second pump combiner 7, the mode stripper 8 and the laser output head 9, also including the second stage active fiber
  • the input end of the pump combiner 7 is optically connected to a second pump array 10 composed of multiple second pump sources; among them, the first fiber grating 3, the first-stage active fiber 4, and the second fiber grating 5
  • the optical amplifying structure composed of the second-stage active optical fiber 6 adopts the optical amplifying structure provided in the embodiment of the present application.
  • the first pump combiner 2 and the second pump combiner 7 are both pump combiners based on triple-clad passive optical fibers, where the first pump combiner 2 It may be a (18+1) ⁇ 1 pump combiner, and the second pump combiner 7 may be a (6+1) ⁇ 1 pump combiner.
  • the mode stripper 8 may be a mode stripper based on a triple-clad fiber.
  • the laser output head 9 may be a laser output head based on a triple-clad fiber.
  • the first pump array 1 may be composed of 6 to 18 first pump sources.
  • the NA (Numerical Aperture) value of the output pump light of each first pump source is between 0.1 and 0.22, the output power is between 200 and 500 W, and the output wavelength has two peaks at 915 nm and 975 nm.
  • the second pump array 10 may be composed of 6 second pump sources.
  • the NA value of the output pump light of each second pump source is between 0.1 and 0.22, the output power is between 200 and 500 W, and the output wavelength has two peaks at 915 nm and 975 nm.
  • the first pump combiner 2 has 18 pump light input fibers, 1 input fiber and 1 laser output fiber.
  • the output fiber of the first pump source is connected with the pump light input fiber of the first pump combiner.
  • the NA value of the output pump light after the 6 to 18 first pump sources are synthesized by the first pump combiner 2 is between 0.15 and 0.4.
  • the second pump combiner 7 has 6 pump light input fibers, 1 laser output fiber, and 1 pump light output fiber.
  • the second pump combiner 7 is connected to the optical path of the mode stripper 8 through the laser output fiber; the second pump combiner 7 is connected to the second pump source optical path through the pump light input fiber; the second pump combiner 7 is optically connected to the second-stage active fiber 6 through the pump light output fiber.
  • the laser output fiber of the first pump combiner 2, the fiber of the first fiber grating 3, the fiber of the second fiber grating 5, and the pump light output fiber of the second pump combiner 7 are all as shown in FIG. Three-clad passive optical fiber.
  • the laser output fiber of the second pump combiner 7 is a triple-clad passive fiber, the core diameter is between 10-50 microns, the inner cladding diameter is between 80-100 microns, and the outer cladding diameter is between 110-130 microns between.
  • the optical fibers of the mode stripper 8 and the laser output head 9 both use the large mode field triple-clad passive optical fiber shown in FIG. 6.
  • the large mode field triple-clad passive optical fiber includes a core 27, an inner cladding 28 covering the outside of the core 27, an outer cladding 29 covering the outer cladding 28, and a coating layer 30 covering the outer cladding 29.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the core of the conventional large-mode field double-clad passive fiber is circular, the diameter is generally 35-150 microns, and the NA value is generally 0.06 to 0.12.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the cladding is circular and the diameter is general.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the core 27 is a regular octagon
  • the cross-sectional shape of the outer cladding 29 is a regular decagon
  • the inner cladding The cross-sectional shapes of the layer 28 and the coating layer 30 are both circular.
  • the distance between the opposite straight sides of the regular octagon in the cross section of the core 27 is between 50 and 200 microns, and the NA value is between 0.18 and 0.24.
  • the diameter of the inner cladding 28 is between 70 and 240 microns and is greater than that of the core 27.
  • the distance between the two straight sides of the outer cladding layer 29 is greater than 20-40 microns, and the distance between the two straight sides in the regular decagon of the cross-section of the outer cladding layer 29 is between 360-460 microns.
  • the regular octagonal shape of the core 27 is compared with the round shape of the core of the conventional large-mode field double-clad passive fiber, which can eliminate the spiral laser of the core and make the energy distribution of the spot more uniform; Compared with the round shape of the cladding of the conventional large-mode field double-clad passive optical fiber, the polygonal shape can effectively avoid the formation of spiral light in the cladding. At the same time, the plane with relatively more regular decagons is also more conducive to etching.
  • the waveguide Leaking the waveguide, so as to better strip off the cladding to transmit light and effectively purify the beam to achieve better processing results, and it can also better handle the return light protection laser; compared with the conventional large-mode double-clad
  • the core of the source fiber, the core size and NA value are large, which can effectively reduce the optical power density, reduce the nonlinear effect and improve the stability of the laser.
  • the bare fiber surface 31 of each planar structure of the outer cladding layer of the large mode field triple-clad passive optical fiber used by the mode stripper is etched with at least one wave-shaped etched groove 32 to destroy the flat surface.
  • the reflective plane strips the light pattern in the inner cladding layer; the shape of the wave-shaped etched groove 32 can be random.
  • the depth of the wave-shaped etched trench 32 is between 5 and 15 microns, and the width is between 5-10 microns.
  • the multiple wave-shaped etched trenches 32 can be evenly spread on the surface 31 of each bare fiber.
  • the difference between the wave trough and the wave crest of the wave-shaped etched trench 32 is between 10-30 microns, and the distance between two adjacent wave-shaped etched trenches 32 is between 5-10 microns.
  • the organic coating layer of the active fiber bears the power distribution curve along the length 33.
  • the 2000W laser system with a double-ended symmetric pump structure constructed by the source fiber bears the power distribution curve along the length direction 34
  • the triple-clad active fiber constructs a 2000W laser system with a double-ended symmetric pump structure.
  • the organic coating of the 2000W laser system with a double-ended symmetric pump structure constructed by the three-clad active fiber has the lowest power, which shows the optical path system The stability and reliability are the best.
  • the triple-clad active optical fiber includes the core, the inner cladding layer covering the outside of the core, the outer cladding layer covering the outer cladding layer, and the coating layer covering the outer cladding layer, the cross-sectional shape of the inner cladding layer It is a regular octagon. Therefore, the outer cladding layer covering the outer cladding layer greatly reduces the damage of the pump light to the organic coating layer.
  • the coating layer has a high damage threshold as a total reflection interface, and can reduce the refractive index of pure silica to form a total reflection waveguide structure ;
  • the waveguide structure of the triple-clad active fiber can make most of the pump light reflect on the outer cladding interface, greatly reducing the reflection of high-power density pump light on the fragile organic coating interface, thereby greatly improving The stability and reliability of the entire laser optical path.
  • the optical amplification structure includes the first fiber grating, the first active fiber, the second fiber grating, and the second active fiber that are optically connected in sequence; the first active fiber and the second active fiber are both used Such as the three-clad active fiber mentioned above. Therefore, the pressure on the first fiber grating and the second fiber grating to withstand the laser is reduced, which is different from the traditional MOPA amplification structure, simplifies the optical path, and can effectively reduce the return light amplification.
  • the first fiber grating is based on triple-clad passive fiber with a reflectivity range of 85% to 99.5%
  • the second fiber grating is based on triple-clad passive fiber with a reflectivity range of 8 % ⁇ 22% fiber grating
  • mode stripper is a mode stripper based on triple-clad fiber
  • laser output head is a laser output head based on triple-clad fiber.
  • the outer coating of the triple-clad fiber greatly reduces the damage of the pump light to the organic coating layer.
  • the coating layer has a high damage threshold as a total reflection interface, which improves the stability and reliability of the fiber laser.
  • the output wavelengths of the first pump source and the second pump source have two peaks at 915nm and 975nm, the absorption characteristics of the active fiber are fully utilized, and the high absorption of 975nm and the wide absorption of 915nm are taken into account. Effectively shorten the length of the active fiber and ensure good stability.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the core is a regular octagon
  • the cross-sectional shape of the outer cladding is a regular decagon
  • the core is a regular octagon.
  • the polygonal shape can eliminate the spiral laser of the core and make the energy distribution of the spot more uniform; the regular decagonal shape of the outer cladding is different from the conventional large Compared with the round shape of the cladding of the mode field double-clad passive fiber, it can effectively avoid the formation of spiral light in the cladding.
  • the relatively more regular decagonal plane is also more conducive to etching the leakage waveguide, which is better
  • the cladding is stripped to transmit light and effectively purify the beam to achieve better processing results, and it can also better process the back light protection laser;
  • the core is compared with the core of the conventional large-mode field double-clad passive fiber.
  • the larger core size and NA value can effectively reduce the optical power density, reduce nonlinear effects and improve laser stability.
  • each planar structure of the large-mode field triple-clad passive optical fiber used in the mode stripper is etched with at least one wave-shaped etched groove on the surface of the bare fiber, the flat total reflection plane can be destroyed and thus Stripping the light pattern in the inner cladding layer avoids the problems of difficult positioning and poor etching coherence for ordinary circular structures, and the realization method is simple, reliable and easy to realize automatic processing.

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Abstract

一种三包层有源光纤、光放大结构和光纤激光器。三包层有源光纤包括纤芯（20）、覆盖在纤芯（20）外面的内包层（21）、覆盖在内包层（21）外面的外包层（22）和覆盖在外包层（22）外面的涂覆层（23），内包层（21）的横截面形状为正八边形。覆盖在内包层（21）外面的外包层（22）大幅度减少了泵浦光对于有机物涂覆层（23）的损伤，涂覆层（23）作为全反射界面损伤阈值超高，而且可以降低纯石英的折射率形成全反射的波导结构；三包层有源光纤的波导结构可以使得大部分泵浦光在外包层（22）界面上进行反射，大幅度减少高功率密度的泵浦光在脆弱的有机物涂覆层（23）界面上反射，从而大大的提高整个激光器光路的稳定性和可靠性。

Description

一种三包层有源光纤、光放大结构和光纤激光器 技术领域
本申请属于光学领域，尤其涉及一种三包层有源光纤、光放大结构和光纤激光器。
背景技术
如图1所示，现有技术的双包层有源光纤包括纤芯17、覆盖在纤芯17外面的包层18和覆盖在包层18外面的涂覆层19。在现有技术的双包层有源光纤中所有泵浦光会在包层18与涂覆层19的界面上进行反射进而被纤芯17吸收。
光纤激光器是用掺杂稀土离子的光纤作为增益介质的第三代光纤激光器，光纤激光器中所采用的光纤的直径等相关参数决定了光纤激光器的稳定性差和可靠性，是能否实现目标功率的重点参数，因此这些参数的选择非常关键。现有技术的光纤激光器中的光放大结构通常采用的有源光纤是如图1所示的双包层有源光纤，得益于包层泵浦技术与高亮度泵浦源的突破，商业化的光纤激光器的输出功率已经突破上千瓦。然而，随着单个谐振腔或单根光纤中传输功率的不断增加，光纤纤芯中的功率密度也逐步增加，随之而来的非线性效应和热效应将严重的影响整个光纤激光器长时间的工作稳定性；另外输出激光功率的增加必然要求输入更多的泵浦光，随着双包层无源光纤的涂覆层上所承受泵光功率密度的增加，涂覆层受到高功率密度泵光冲击，降低了光纤激光器的可靠性。
申请内容
本申请的目的在于提供一种三包层有源光纤、光放大结构和光纤激光器，旨在解决由于采用双包层有源光纤，导致光纤激光器工作稳定性差，可靠性低的问题。
第一方面，本申请提供了一种三包层有源光纤，包括纤芯、覆盖在纤芯外面的内包层、覆盖在内包层外面的外包层和覆盖在外包层外面的涂覆层，内包层的横截面形状为正八边形，纤芯、外包层和涂覆层的横截面形状均为圆形。
第二方面，本申请提供了一种光放大结构，包括依次光连接的第一光纤光栅、第一级有源光纤、第二光纤光栅和第二级有源光纤；第一级有源光纤和第二级有源光纤均采用如上述的三包层有源光纤。
第三方面，本申请提供了一种光纤激光器，包括如上述的光放大结构。
进一步地，光纤激光器具体包括在光路上依次连接的由多个第一泵浦源组成的第一泵浦阵列、第一泵浦合束器、第一光纤光栅、第一级有源光纤、第二光纤光栅、第二级有源光纤、第二泵浦合束器、模式剥离器和激光输出头，还包括与第二泵浦合束器的输入端光路连接的由多个第二泵浦源组成的第二泵浦阵列；其中，第一光纤光栅、第一级有源光纤、第二光纤光栅和第二级有源光纤组成所述光放大结构。
进一步地，模式剥离器是基于三包层光纤的模式剥离器，激光输出头是基于三包层光纤的激光输出头。
进一步地，每个第一泵浦源和第二泵浦源的输出泵浦光的NA值在0.1～0.22之间，输出功率在200～500W之间，输出波长具有915nm与975nm两个峰值。
进一步地，所述模式剥离器和激光输出头的光纤均采用大模场三包层无源光纤；
大模场三包层无源光纤包括纤芯、覆盖在纤芯外面的内包层、覆盖在内包 层外面的外包层和覆盖在外包层外面的涂覆层；大模场三包层无源光纤中，纤芯的横截面形状为正八边形，外包层的横截面形状为正十边形，内包层和涂覆层的横截面形状均为圆形。
进一步地，所述模式剥离器采用的大模场三包层无源光纤的外包层的每一个平面结构的裸光纤表面上刻蚀有至少一个波浪形刻蚀沟槽。
在本申请中，由于三包层有源光纤包括纤芯、覆盖在纤芯外面的内包层、覆盖在内包层外面的外包层和覆盖在外包层外面的涂覆层，内包层的横截面形状为正八边形。因此覆盖在内包层外面的外包层大幅度减少了泵浦光对于有机物涂覆层的损伤，涂覆层作为全反射界面损伤阈值超高，而且可以降低纯石英的折射率形成全反射的波导结构；三包层有源光纤的波导结构可以使得大部分泵浦光在外包层界面上进行反射，大幅度减少高功率密度的泵浦光在脆弱的有机物涂覆层界面上反射，从而大大的提高整个激光器光路的稳定性和可靠性。
又由于光放大结构，包括依次光连接的第一光纤光栅、第一级有源光纤、第二光纤光栅和第二级有源光纤；第一级有源光纤和第二级有源光纤均采用如上述的三包层有源光纤。因此降低了第一光纤光栅和第二光纤光栅承受激光的压力，又不同于传统的MOPA放大结构，简化了光路，还能够有效的降低回光放大。
又由于第一光纤光栅是采用基于三包层无源光纤的反射率范围为85％～99.5％之间的光纤光栅，第二光纤光栅是采用基于三包层无源光纤的反射率范围为8％～22％之间的光纤光栅；模式剥离器是基于三包层光纤的模式剥离器；激光输出头是基于三包层光纤的激光输出头。三包层光纤的外包层大幅度减少了泵浦光对于有机物涂覆层的损伤，涂覆层作为全反射界面损伤阈值超高，提高了光纤激光器的稳定性与可靠性。
又由于第一泵浦源和第二泵浦源的输出波长具有915nm与975nm两个峰值，因此充分的利用了有源光纤的吸收特性，兼顾了975nm的高吸收与915nm的宽吸收特点，可以有效的缩短使用有源光纤的长度而有保证良好的稳定性。
又由于模式剥离器和激光输出头的光纤均采用大模场三包层无源光纤，纤芯的横截面形状为正八边形，外包层的横截面形状为正十边形，纤芯的正八边形与常规的大模场双包层无源光纤的纤芯的圆形相比，可以消除纤芯的螺旋激光，使得光斑的能量分布更加均匀；外包层的正十边形与常规的大模场双包层无源光纤的包层的圆形相比，可以有效的避免包层中形成螺旋光，同时正十边形相对较多的平面也更有利于刻蚀泄漏波导，从而更好的剥除包层传输光而有效的净化光束取得更好的加工效果，亦可以更好的处理回光保护激光器；纤芯相比常规的大模场双包层无源光纤的纤芯，纤芯尺寸和NA值较大，可以有效的降低光功率密度，减少非线性效应提高激光器稳定性。
又由于模式剥离器采用的大模场三包层无源光纤的外包层的每一个平面结构的裸光纤表面上刻蚀有至少一个波浪形刻蚀沟槽，因此可以破坏平整的全反射平面从而剥除内包层中的光模式，避免了普通圆形结构难以定位、刻蚀连贯性差的问题，实现方式简单可靠易于实现自动化加工。
附图说明
一个或多个实施方式通过与之对应的附图中的图片进行示例性说明，这些示例性说明并不构成对实施方式的限定，附图中具有相同参考数字标号的元件表示为类似的元件，除非有特别申明，附图中的图不构成比例限制。
图1是现有技术的双包层有源光纤的结构示意图。
图2是本申请实施例提供的三包层有源光纤的结构示意图。
图3是本申请实施例提供的光放大结构的基本组成原理图。
图4是本申请实施例提供的光纤激光器的基本组成原理图。
图5是三包层无源光纤的结构示意图。
图6是大模场三包层无源光纤的结构示意图。
图7是模式剥离器的结构示意图。
图8是三种激光器系统的有源光纤的有机物涂覆层沿长度方向承受功率分布曲线示意图。
具体实施方式
为了使本申请的目的、技术方案及有益效果更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本申请进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本申请，并不用于限定本申请。
为了说明本申请所述的技术方案，下面通过具体实施例来进行说明。
请参阅图2，本申请实施例提供的三包层有源光纤包括纤芯20、覆盖在纤芯20外面的内包层21、覆盖在内包层21外面的外包层22和覆盖在外包层22外面的涂覆层23，内包层21的横截面形状为正八边形，纤芯20、外包层22和涂覆层23的横截面形状均为圆形，外包层22由掺杂少量氟或硼的石英基玻璃组成。
三包层有源光纤的纤芯的直径在10～50微米之间，内包层的直径在250～800微米之间，外包层的直径大于内包层的直径，外包层的直径在300～1000微米之间。
本申请实施例提供的三包层有源光纤应用在高功率光纤激光器时，纤芯的直径可以使整个光路稳定、利于加工应用，且内包层和外包层的直径可以较好 地对纤芯起到了保护作用，散热与弯曲性能较佳。本申请的三包层有源光纤应用在高功率光纤激光器时，纤芯的直径可以使整个光路稳定、利于加工应用，且内包层和外包层的直径可以较好地对纤芯起到了保护作用，散热与弯曲性能较佳。三包层有源光纤中大部分的泵浦光在内包层21与外包层22的界面上进行反射，只有少量的泵浦光会在外包层22和涂覆层23的界面上进行反射；内包层21与外包层22构成的光波导结构，其相对NA值在0.18～0.24之间；外包层22和涂覆层23构成的光波导结构，其相对NA值在0.4～0.48之间；由于外包层22由掺杂少量氟或硼的石英基玻璃组成，因此可以降低纯石英的折射率形成全反射的波导结构；纯石英基的玻璃材料可以在1200℃时稳定工作，而一般的有机物外包层只能在200℃以下工作，长时间稳定工作温度不超过100℃，抗损伤阈值相对石英基的玻璃材料相差太多。三包层有源光纤的波导结构可以使得大部分泵浦光在石英基外包层界面上进行反射，大幅度减少高功率密度的泵浦光在脆弱的有机物涂覆层界面上反射，从而大大的提高整个激光器光路的稳定性和可靠性。
请参阅图3，本申请实施例还提供了一种光放大结构，包括依次光连接的第一光纤光栅31、第一级有源光纤41、第二光纤光栅51和第二级有源光纤61；第一级有源光纤41和第二级有源光纤61均采用图2所示的三包层有源光纤。第一级有源光纤41的使用长度控制在2～10米，第二级有源光纤61的使用长度控制在10～40米，第一级有源光纤41和第二级有源光纤61的光纤总长度之和在12～50米之间；较短的第一级有源光纤41在光路中形成不饱和的吸收，在第一光纤光栅31和第二光纤光栅51之间产生300～1000W的激光，未完全吸收的泵浦光与产生的激光一起在第二级有源光纤61中进行充分的吸收与放大，输出2000～6000W的激光。
在本申请实施例中，第一光纤光栅31可以是采用反射率范围为85％～99.5％之间的基于三包层无源光纤的光纤光栅，第二光纤光栅51可以是采用反射率范围为8％～22％之间的基于三包层无源光纤的光纤光栅。
请参阅图5，三包层无源光纤包括纤芯13、覆盖在纤芯13外面的内包层14、覆盖在内包层14外面的外包层15和覆盖在外包层15外面的涂覆层16，纤芯13、内包层14和外包层15的横截面形状均为圆形。三包层无源光纤的纤芯13的直径在10～50微米之间，内包层14的直径在250～800微米之间，外包层15的直径大于内包层14的直径，外包层15的直径在300～1000微米之间。
本申请实施例还提供了一种包括本申请实施例提供的光放大结构的光纤激光器。
请参阅图4，本申请实施例提供的光纤激光器具体可以包括在光路上依次连接的由多个第一泵浦源组成的第一泵浦阵列1、第一泵浦合束器2、第一光纤光栅3、第一级有源光纤4、第二光纤光栅5、第二级有源光纤6、第二泵浦合束器7、模式剥离器8和激光输出头9，还包括与第二泵浦合束器7的输入端光路连接的由多个第二泵浦源组成的第二泵浦阵列10；其中，第一光纤光栅3、第一级有源光纤4、第二光纤光栅5和第二级有源光纤6组成的光放大结构采用的是本申请实施例提供的光放大结构。
在本申请实施例中，第一泵浦合束器2和第二泵浦合束器7均是基于三包层无源光纤的泵浦合束器，其中，第一泵浦合束器2可以是(18+1)×1的泵浦合束器，第二泵浦合束器7可以是(6+1)×1的泵浦合束器。模式剥离器8可以是基于三包层光纤的模式剥离器。激光输出头9可以是基于三包层光纤的激光输出头。
在本申请实施例中，第一泵浦阵列1可以是由6个至18个第一泵浦源组成 的。每个第一泵浦源的输出泵浦光的NA(Numerical Aperture，数值孔径)值在0.1～0.22之间，输出功率在200～500W之间，输出波长具有915nm与975nm两个峰值。第二泵浦阵列10可以是由6个第二泵浦源组成的。每个第二泵浦源的输出泵浦光的NA值在0.1～0.22之间，输出功率在200～500W之间，输出波长具有915nm与975nm两个峰值。
第一泵浦合束器2具有18根泵浦光输入光纤、1根输入光纤和1根激光输出光纤。第一泵浦源的输出光纤与第一泵浦合束器的泵浦光输入光纤相连接。6个至18个第一泵浦源经过第一泵浦合束器2合成之后的输出泵浦光的NA值在0.15～0.4之间。第二泵浦合束器7具有6根泵浦光输入光纤、1根激光输出光纤和1根泵浦光输出光纤。第二泵浦合束器7通过激光输出光纤与模式剥离器8光路连接；第二泵浦合束器7通过泵浦光输入光纤与第二泵浦源光路连接；第二泵浦合束器7通过泵浦光输出光纤与第二级有源光纤6光路连接。
第一泵浦合束器2的激光输出光纤、第一光纤光栅3的光纤、第二光纤光栅5的光纤和第二泵浦合束器7的泵浦光输出光纤均采用图5所示的三包层无源光纤。第二泵浦合束器7的激光输出光纤为三包层无源光纤，纤芯直径在10～50微米之间，内包层直径在80～100微米之间，外包层直径在110～130微米之间。
在本申请实施例中，模式剥离器8和激光输出头9的光纤均采用图6所示的大模场三包层无源光纤。大模场三包层无源光纤包括纤芯27、覆盖在纤芯27外面的内包层28、覆盖在内包层28外面的外包层29和覆盖在外包层29外面的涂覆层30。
常规的大模场双包层无源光纤的纤芯的横截面形状为圆形，直径一般在35～150微米，NA值一般在0.06～0.12，包层的横截面形状为圆形，直径一般在 335～400微米；而本申请实施例采用的大模场三包层无源光纤中，纤芯27的横截面形状为正八边形，外包层29的横截面形状为正十边形，内包层28和涂覆层30的横截面形状均为圆形。
纤芯27的横截面正八边形中相对两直边的距离在50～200微米之间，NA值在0.18～0.24之间，内包层28的直径在70～240微米之间且比纤芯27的两直边的距离大20～40微米，外包层29的横截面正十边形中相对两直边的距离在360～460微米之间。纤芯27的正八边形与常规的大模场双包层无源光纤的纤芯的圆形相比，可以消除纤芯的螺旋激光，使得光斑的能量分布更加均匀；外包层29的正十边形与常规的大模场双包层无源光纤的包层的圆形相比，可以有效的避免包层中形成螺旋光，同时正十边形相对较多的平面也更有利于刻蚀泄漏波导，从而更好的剥除包层传输光而有效的净化光束取得更好的加工效果，亦可以更好的处理回光保护激光器；纤芯27相比常规的大模场双包层无源光纤的纤芯，纤芯尺寸和NA值较大，可以有效的降低光功率密度，减少非线性效应提高激光器稳定性。
请参阅图7，模式剥离器采用的大模场三包层无源光纤的外包层的每一个平面结构的裸光纤表面31上刻蚀有至少一个波浪形刻蚀沟槽32来破坏平整的全反射平面从而剥除内包层中的光模式；波浪形刻蚀沟槽32的形状可以是随机的。波浪形刻蚀沟槽32的深度在5～15微米之间，宽度在5～10微米之间，多个波浪形刻蚀沟槽32可以是均匀的布满在每一个裸光纤表面31上，波浪形刻蚀沟槽32的沟槽波谷与波峰差在10～30微米之间，相邻两个波浪形刻蚀沟槽32之间的距离在5～10微米之间。
假设以纤芯直径为25微米，包层直径为400微米的常规双包层有源光纤构建双端对称泵浦结构的1500W与2000W激光器系统，以纤芯直径为25微米， 内包层直径为360微米，外包层直径为420微米的三包层有源光纤构建双端对称泵浦结构的2000W激光器系统，设定常规双包层有源光纤和三包层有源光纤的吸收均为0.4dB/m，则沿着有源光纤长度方向有机物涂覆层所承受的泵浦光功率如图8所示。通过观测可以发现在基于常规双包层有源光纤构建的双端对称泵浦结构的1500W激光器系统，有源光纤的有机物涂覆层沿长度方向承受功率分布曲线33、在基于常规双包层有源光纤构建的双端对称泵浦结构的2000W激光器系统，有源光纤的有机物涂覆层沿长度方向承受功率分布曲线34、三包层有源光纤构建双端对称泵浦结构的2000W激光器系统，有源光纤的有机物涂覆层沿长度方向承受功率分布曲线35中，三包层有源光纤构建双端对称泵浦结构的2000W激光器系统的有机物涂覆层所承受的功率最低，可见其光路系统的稳定性可靠性最佳。
在本申请中，由于三包层有源光纤包括纤芯、覆盖在纤芯外面的内包层、覆盖在内包层外面的外包层和覆盖在外包层外面的涂覆层，内包层的横截面形状为正八边形。因此覆盖在内包层外面的外包层大幅度减少了泵浦光对于有机物涂覆层的损伤，涂覆层作为全反射界面损伤阈值超高，而且可以降低纯石英的折射率形成全反射的波导结构；三包层有源光纤的波导结构可以使得大部分泵浦光在外包层界面上进行反射，大幅度减少高功率密度的泵浦光在脆弱的有机物涂覆层界面上反射，从而大大的提高整个激光器光路的稳定性和可靠性。
又由于光放大结构，包括依次光连接的第一光纤光栅、第一级有源光纤、第二光纤光栅和第二级有源光纤；第一级有源光纤和第二级有源光纤均采用如上述的三包层有源光纤。因此降低了第一光纤光栅和第二光纤光栅承受激光的压力，又不同于传统的MOPA放大结构，简化了光路，还能够有效的降低回光放大。
又由于第一光纤光栅是采用基于三包层无源光纤的反射率范围为85％～99.5％之间的光纤光栅，第二光纤光栅是采用基于三包层无源光纤的反射率范围为8％～22％之间的光纤光栅；模式剥离器是基于三包层光纤的模式剥离器；激光输出头是基于三包层光纤的激光输出头。三包层光纤的外包层大幅度减少了泵浦光对于有机物涂覆层的损伤，涂覆层作为全反射界面损伤阈值超高，提高了光纤激光器的稳定性与可靠性。
又由于第一泵浦源和第二泵浦源的输出波长具有915nm与975nm两个峰值，因此充分的利用了有源光纤的吸收特性，兼顾了975nm的高吸收与915nm的宽吸收特点，可以有效的缩短使用有源光纤的长度而有保证良好的稳定性。
又由于模式剥离器和激光输出头的光纤均采用大模场三包层无源光纤，纤芯的横截面形状为正八边形，外包层的横截面形状为正十边形，纤芯的正八边形与常规的大模场双包层无源光纤的纤芯的圆形相比，可以消除纤芯的螺旋激光，使得光斑的能量分布更加均匀；外包层的正十边形与常规的大模场双包层无源光纤的包层的圆形相比，可以有效的避免包层中形成螺旋光，同时正十边形相对较多的平面也更有利于刻蚀泄漏波导，从而更好的剥除包层传输光而有效的净化光束取得更好的加工效果，亦可以更好的处理回光保护激光器；纤芯相比常规的大模场双包层无源光纤的纤芯，纤芯尺寸和NA值较大，可以有效的降低光功率密度，减少非线性效应提高激光器稳定性。
又由于模式剥离器采用的大模场三包层无源光纤的外包层的每一个平面结构的裸光纤表面上刻蚀有至少一个波浪形刻蚀沟槽，因此可以破坏平整的全反射平面从而剥除内包层中的光模式，避免了普通圆形结构难以定位、刻蚀连贯性差的问题，实现方式简单可靠易于实现自动化加工。
以上所述仅为本申请的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本申请，凡在本申 请的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。

Claims (17)

  1. 一种三包层有源光纤，其特征在于，包括纤芯、覆盖在纤芯外面的内包层、覆盖在内包层外面的外包层和覆盖在外包层外面的涂覆层，内包层的横截面形状为正八边形，纤芯、外包层和涂覆层的横截面形状均为圆形。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的三包层有源光纤，其特征在于，外包层由掺杂氟或硼的石英基玻璃组成。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的三包层有源光纤，其特征在于，内包层与外包层构成的光波导结构，其相对NA值在0.18～0.24之间；外包层和涂覆层构成的光波导结构，其相对NA值在0.4～0.48之间。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的三包层有源光纤，其特征在于，三包层有源光纤的纤芯的直径在10～50微米之间，内包层的直径在250～800微米之间，外包层的直径大于内包层的直径，外包层的直径在300～1000微米之间。
  5. 一种光放大结构，其特征在于，包括依次光连接的第一光纤光栅、第一级有源光纤、第二光纤光栅和第二级有源光纤；第一级有源光纤和第二级有源光纤均采用如权利要求1至4任一项所述的三包层有源光纤。
  6. 如权利要求5所述的光放大结构，其特征在于，第一级有源光纤的使用长度在2～10米，第二级有源光纤的使用长度在10～40米，第一级有源光纤和第二级有源光纤的光纤总长度之和在12～50米之间。
  7. 如权利要求5所述的光放大结构，其特征在于，第一光纤光栅是采用反射率范围为85％～99.5％之间的基于三包层无源光纤的光纤光栅，第二光纤光栅是采用反射率范围为8％～22％之间的基于三包层无源光纤的光纤光栅。
  8. 如权利要求7所述的光放大结构，其特征在于，三包层无源光纤包括纤 芯、覆盖在纤芯外面的内包层、覆盖在内包层外面的外包层和覆盖在外包层外面的涂覆层，纤芯、内包层和外包层的横截面形状均为圆形。
  9. 如权利要求8所述的光放大结构，其特征在于，三包层无源光纤的纤芯的直径在10～50微米之间，内包层的直径在250～800微米之间，外包层的直径大于内包层的直径，外包层的直径在300～1000微米之间。
  10. 一种光纤激光器，其特征在于，包括如权利要求5至9任一项所述的光放大结构。
  11. 如权利要求10所述的光纤激光器，其特征在于，光纤激光器具体包括在光路上依次连接的由多个第一泵浦源组成的第一泵浦阵列、第一泵浦合束器、第一光纤光栅、第一级有源光纤、第二光纤光栅、第二级有源光纤、第二泵浦合束器、模式剥离器和激光输出头，还包括与第二泵浦合束器的输入端光路连接的由多个第二泵浦源组成的第二泵浦阵列；其中，第一光纤光栅、第一级有源光纤、第二光纤光栅和第二级有源光纤组成所述光放大结构。
  12. 如权利要求11所述的光纤激光器，其特征在于，模式剥离器是基于三包层光纤的模式剥离器，激光输出头是基于三包层光纤的激光输出头。
  13. 如权利要求11所述的光纤激光器，其特征在于，每个第一泵浦源和第二泵浦源的输出泵浦光的NA值在0.1～0.22之间，输出功率在200～500W之间，输出波长具有915nm与975nm两个峰值。
  14. 如权利要求12所述的光纤激光器，其特征在于，所述模式剥离器和激光输出头的光纤均采用大模场三包层无源光纤；
    大模场三包层无源光纤包括纤芯、覆盖在纤芯外面的内包层、覆盖在内包层外面的外包层和覆盖在外包层外面的涂覆层；大模场三包层无源光纤中，纤 芯的横截面形状为正八边形，外包层的横截面形状为正十边形，内包层和涂覆层的横截面形状均为圆形。
  15. 如权利要求14所述的光纤激光器，其特征在于，所述大模场三包层无源光纤的纤芯的横截面正八边形中相对两直边的距离在50～200微米之间，NA值在0.18～0.24之间，内包层的直径在70～240微米之间且比纤芯的两直边的距离大20～40微米，外包层的横截面正十边形中相对两直边的距离在360～460微米之间。
  16. 如权利要求14所述的光纤激光器，其特征在于，所述模式剥离器采用的大模场三包层无源光纤的外包层的每一个平面结构的裸光纤表面上刻蚀有至少一个波浪形刻蚀沟槽。
  17. 如权利要求16所述的光纤激光器，其特征在于，所述波浪形刻蚀沟槽的形状是随机的；
    波浪形刻蚀沟槽的深度在5～15微米之间，宽度在5～10微米之间，多个波浪形刻蚀沟槽是均匀的布满在每一个裸光纤表面上，波浪形刻蚀沟槽的沟槽波谷与波峰差在10～30微米之间，相邻两个波浪形刻蚀沟槽之间的距离在5～10微米之间。
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SHU QIANG , LI CHENGYU , LIN HONGHUAN , HUANG ZHIHUA , WANG BOPENG , LIU YU , LI ZEBIAO , GUO CHAO , TANG XUAN . ZHAO PENGFEI , WA: "2 kW Class Antireflection Fiber Laser with Oscillator-Amplifier Integration", CHINESE JOURNAL OF LASERS, vol. 45, no. 8, 1 August 2018 (2018-08-01), pages 26 - 30, XP055774013, ISSN: 0258-7025, DOI: 10.3788/CJL201845.0801004 *

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