WO2020221916A2

WO2020221916A2 - Eutectic composition

Info

Publication number: WO2020221916A2
Application number: PCT/EP2020/062183
Authority: WO
Inventors: Bijpost ERIK ALEXANDER; Alexander Maslow; Wasil Maslow
Original assignee: Novochem Green Additives B.V.
Priority date: 2019-05-01
Filing date: 2020-05-01
Publication date: 2020-11-05
Also published as: WO2020221916A3; EP3963017A2

Abstract

The invention pertains to a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent and to the use of the eutectic composition as a rheology modifier and/or compatibilizer.

Description

EUTECTIC COMPOSITION

The present invention relates to eutectic compositions.

Eutectic compositions are compositions with at least two compounds, which exhibits a single melting point which is typically lower than the melting points of each of the individual compounds. When the lowering of the melting point of the eutectic composition is relatively high these compositions are generally referred to as“deep eutectic solvents” or“DES”. These deep eutectic solvents are seen as cheaper and more bio-friendly alternatives to ionic liquids. Deep eutectic solvents are classified into four groups: Type I: a combination of a quaternary ammonium salt and a metal chloride; Type II: a combination of a quaternary ammonium salt and a metal chloride hydrate; Type III: a combination of a quaternary ammonium salt and a hydrogen bond donor; and Type IV: a combination of a metal chloride hydrate and a hydrogen bond donor. The most common deep eutectic solvents are based on choline chloride. DES of choline chloride with glycerol or urea are often reported. These combinations generally have a limited application potential as well as a relatively high viscosity increase when used as a solvent.

The objective of the present invention is to provide novel compositions.

The present invention pertains to a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent. The eutecting agent is a compound capable of forming a eutectic mixture with the lactam of the invention. The eutectic composition of the invention generally cannot be classified according to the four Types of deep eutectic solvents as reported in literature, and should therefore be regarded as a novel Type of eutectic composition or eutectic solvent. The eutectic composition of the invention generally has a lower viscosity as the known DES. In particular, when used in combination with a solute the viscosity observed is lower than observed with a conventional DES. Moreover, the eutectic composition of the invention is compatible with a wide range of substances including very hydrophobic substances, like paraffinic oil, and hydrophilic substances like water. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the lactam-containing eutectic composition of the invention has dynamic properties and consequently adjusts to the solute or dispersed solids in order to find the lowest energy; the stereochemistry of the composition may alter depending on its environment and/or the keto-enol rearrangement of the lactam(s) may enable the dynamic behaviour. It is further observed that the eutectic composition may further dissolve one of its components when it is present above stoichiometric amounts. In such cases a second melting point cannot be determined (as solids are absent). The solvent properties of the eutectic composition generally are better than of the components per se, e.g. the solubility of hydrophobic compounds in e-caprolactam is generally lower than in a eutectic composition of y-butyrolactam/s-caprolactam. The compositions of the invention further exhibit a good thermostability, a relatively low conductivity, and a low vapour pressure. Further advantages can be gleaned in the various sections of the present description below. It is further noted that the eutectic composition of the invention can be prepared using components, i.e. the lactam and the eutecting agent, that are both solid at room temperature. Upon forming a eutecting composition of these solid components the resulting composition may be liquid at room temperature, like for example a eutectic composition of e-caprolactam and salicylic acid, g- butyrolactam and salicylic acid, and g-butyrolactam and maleic anhydride. Also compositions comprised of a component that is solid at room temperature and a component that is liquid at room temperature may form a liquid eutectic composition, like for example g-butyrolactam and PEG 200 (polyethylene glycol), g-butyrolactam and citraconic anhydride, and e-caprolactam and citraconic anhydride. Also compositions comprised of components that are liquid at room temperature are contemplated. In all the aforementioned eutectic compositions of the invention the melting point of the resulting eutectic composition is lower than the melting point of each of the individual components. The eutectic compositions of the invention may remain liquid at temperatures as low as -30°C.

In a preferred embodiment, the eutectic composition comprises a lactam and a eutecting agent wherein both the lactam and the eutecting agent have melting points above 20°C. In another embodiment, the eutectic composition comprises a lactam and a eutecting agent wherein both the lactam and the eutecting agent have melting points above 20°C, and wherein the eutectic composition has a melting point below 20°C. The formation of a eutectic mixture with the lactam and the eutecting agent, allows for easier processing of compounds that would otherwise be solid at room temperature. Some eutecting agents have melting points well above room temperature. In one embodiment, the eutecting agent has a melting point above 50°C, preferably above 60°C, more preferably above 70°C, even more preferably above 80°C and most preferably above 100°C. The resulting eutectic composition with such eutecting agents may be liquid at room temperature.

In a preferred embodiment, the eutectic composition of the invention has a melting point below 25°C. In this way, the inventive compositions are liquid at room temperature, rendering an easier processing and use of the eutectic composition of the invention. Preferably, the melting point of the eutectic composition of the invention is at most 20°C, more preferably at most 18°C, even more preferably at most 15°C, and most preferably at most 10°C, and preferably at least -100°C, more preferably at least -90°C, even more preferably at least -80°C, and most preferably at least -75°C.

In yet a further embodiment, the eutectic composition of the invention may be a strong eutectic composition, i.e. can be distilled and forming a eutectic distillate. Without being bound by theory, this means that the association between the lactam and the eutecting agent remains intact while being evaporated during distillation, and upon cooling of the distilled vapour the eutectic composition is obtained. These eutectic compositions are referred to as“strong eutectic compositions”. Such strong eutectic compositions will maintain its composition both in the original eutectic composition as well as in the distillate. In contrast, eutectic compositions from which one of the components will be distilled off separately are referred to as“weak eutectic compositions”. In such a case, the lactam, which generally has a higher boiling point than the eutecting agent, may solidify upon cooling or during distillation. In some instances, no eutectic composition is formed but instead a solution of lactam in a liquid agent is obtained. In such case, the liquid agent is also distilled off separately. Numerous examples of solutions of lactam in monoalcohols such as methanol, ethanol and isopropanol can be found in GB 1 ,391 ,891. It is noted that monofunctional compounds, e.g. with one hydroxyl substitution or carboxylic acid substitution, generally do not form eutectic compositions. Further such examples can be found in US 4,038,198 and US 3,867,373. The inventors have also observed that polyfunctional compounds as disclosed in GB 1 ,391 ,891 , e.g. 1 ,4-butanediol, wherein the functional groups cannot jointly interact with the lactam, do not form eutectic compositions.

In one embodiment, the eutectic composition of the invention has a viscosity of at most 1 ,000 cps, preferably at most 500 cps, more preferably at most 100 cps, even more preferably at most 50 cps and most preferably at most 10 cps, and preferably at least 0.01 cps, more preferably at least 0.1 cps, even more preferably at least 0.5 cps and most preferably at least 1 cps.

In one embodiment, the eutectic composition of the lactam and the eutectic agent without additional compounds, like water for example, has a viscosity of at most 1 ,000 cps, preferably at most 500 cps, more preferably at most 100 cps, even more preferably at most 50 cps and most preferably at most 10 cps, and preferably at least 0.01 cps, more preferably at least 0.1 cps, even more preferably at least 0.5 cps and most preferably at least 1 cps.

The lactam of the invention is well known in the art and refers to a cyclic amide. Typically and preferably, the lactam is not substituted on the nitrogen in the ring. Most preferably, the lactam is not substituted. Examples of lactams include b-lactam, g-lactam, d-lactam and e-lactam. The lactam may be substituted, e.g. with C1 -C4 alkyl or vinyl, or unsubstituted. Unsubstituted lactams are preferred. Examples of unsubstituted lactams include 2-azetidinone, g-butyrolactam, 2- piperidinone (or d-valerolactam), e-caprolactam and caprylolactam. Preferably, the lactam is selected from g-butyrolactam and e-caprolactam. Most preferably, the lactam is e-caprolactam. It is contemplated that two or more lactams are used in the eutectic composition of the invention.

The lactam may also be an oligomer of the lactam, preferably the oligomer is a cyclic oligomer. The oligomer can be a dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer of hexamer of lactam. Examples of the oligomers of lactam can be found in Abe et al. (Abe, Y. et al (2016) Isolation and Quantification of Polyamide Cyclic Oligomers in Kitchen Utensils and Their Migration into various Food Stimulants, PLoS ONE 1 1 (7): e0159547, doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0159547). Preferably, the oligomer is a dimer of lactam, even more preferably the dimer is a dimer of caprolactam, preferably 1 ,8-diaxacyclodecane-2,9-dione.

The eutectic composition of the invention comprises the lactam in an amount of at most 90 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. Preferably, the lactam is present in an amount of at most 85 wt%, more preferably at most 80 wt%, even more preferably at most 70 wt%, even more preferably at most 60 wt%, even more preferably at most 50 wt% and even most preferably at most 40 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt%, even more preferably at least 15 wt% and most preferably at least 20 wt%, based on the total weight of the eutectic composition.

The eutecting agent in the eutectic composition of the invention can be any eutecting agent capable of forming a eutectic mixture with the lactam. Typically, the eutecting agent has an ionic part. The ionic part can be cationic, anionic or amphiphilic, preferably the ionic part is amphiphilic. The eutecting agent can be a hydrogen-bond donor, an electron pair donor, hydrogen-bond acceptor, an electron pair acceptor or a metal salt. In one embodiment, the eutecting agent is a hydrogen-bond donor or acceptor comprising a functional group selected from, but not limited to, acids, anhydrides, ethers, amines, amides, imides, alcohols, quaternary ammonium salts. Preferably, the eutecting agent is selected from the group consisting of cyclic acids, aliphatic acids, cyclic acid anhydrides, aliphatic acid anhydrides, (poly)ethers,

polysaccharides, functionalized polymers, amines, amides, imides and alcohols. Most preferably, the eutecting agent is selected from the group consisting of cyclic acids and cyclic anhydrides. In the context of the present description, the term“cyclic acid” refers to a ring- containing molecule comprising an acid group; the ring can be a phenyl group or a cycloalkyl group, for example and the acid group can be a carboxylic acid or a sulphonic acid group, for instance.

In a preferred embodiment, the eutecting agent comprises at least 2 functional groups. The functional groups may be the same or different. The advantage of a eutecting agent having at least two functional groups is that the resulting eutecting composition when combined with the lactam of the invention is more stable and less dependent on pH, temperature and/or concentration. Preferably, the eutecting agent comprises at least 2 functional groups in which at least two functional groups are separated by at most 3 atoms, preferably at most 2 atoms. Preferably, the polyfunctional compound comprises at least one of the substituents selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid and ether. The other group(s) may be any known functional group.

In a preferred embodiment, the eutecting agent comprises at least 3 carbon atoms, and preferably at least 4 carbon atoms. The eutecting agent can be a monomer, an oligomer or a polymer.

In one embodiment, the eutecting agent is an oligomer or polymer having a plurality of functional groups. When a molar ratio is indicated and it relates to an oligomer or polymer, the molar ratio should be calculated based on the number of monomers present in the oligomer or polymer. In other words, a polymer comprising 500 monomer units should be contacted with 500 lactam molecules to reach a molar ratio between polymer and lactam of 1 or 1 :1. This is different from the molar ratio or 1 :1 molar complexes as disclosed in US 4,319,881 , which refers to a molar ratio of 1 molecule of lactam per polyethylene glycol oligomer (e.g. PEG 300). At such molar ratios, a eutectic composition is not obtained.

In one embodiment, the eutecting agent has a pKa (i.e. the acid dissociation constant) of at most 14, preferably a pKa of at most 10, more preferably a pKa of at most 8, even more preferably a pKa of at most 5 and most preferably a pKa value of at most 4, and preferably a pKa of at least 0, more preferably a pKa of at least 0.5 and most preferably a pKa of at least 1.

Examples of suitable acids include aliphatic monoacids such as formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid and butyric acid; aliphatic polyacids such as oxalic acid, citric acid, citraconic acid and maleic acid; and cyclic acids such as salicylic acid, 2-phenol phosphinic acid, 2-phenol phosphonic acid and 2-phenol sulphonic acid. Preferably, the acid is a cyclic acid, more preferably the acid is salicylic acid. In one embodiment of the invention, the eutectic agent is an acid having a pKa (i.e. the acid dissociation constant) of at most 6, preferably a pKa of at most 5, and more preferably a pKa of at most 4, even more preferably a pKa of at most 3.5 and most preferably a pKa value of at most 3, and preferably a pKa of at least 0, more preferably a pKa of at least 0.5 and most preferably a pKa of at least 1.

Examples of suitable acid anhydrides include aliphatic acid anhydrides such as formic anhydride, acetic anhydride, propanoic anhydride, butyric anhydride, crotonic anhydride and benzoic anhydride; and cyclic acid anhydrides such as maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride, himic anhydride, succinic anhydride, dodecenylsuccinic anhydride, chlorendic anhydride and tetrabromophthalic anhydride. Preferably, the acid anhydride is a cyclic acid anhydride. More preferably, the cyclic acid anhydride is selected from the group consisting of maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, itaconic anhydride and phthalic anhydride, even more preferably the cyclic acid anhydride is maleic anhydride or citraconic anhydride, and most preferably, the acid anhydride is maleic anhydride. The advantage of maleic anhydride and citraconic anhydride is their potential to react with water, oxygen and radicals. These anhydrides are further advantageous in ternary or quaternary eutectic compositions to reduce the viscosity of the resulting eutectic composition. Especially when a solute is dissolved in the eutectic composition of the invention its viscosity may increase at higher solute concentrations - which tend to be higher than the solubility in conventional solvents - the cyclic anhydride, and in particular maleic anhydride and/or citraconic anhydride, significantly reduces the viscosity of the eutectic composition.

Examples of suitable ethers include monomeric ethers such as methyl ethyl ether, methyl phenyl ether, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dibutyl ether, and dihexyl ether; and polyethers such as paraformaldehyde, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG),

polytatrahydrofuran (PTHF), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyethylene oxide (PEO),

polypropylene oxide (PPOX) and polyethyleneglycol-polypropyleneglycol (EO/PO block copolymers). Aromatic ethers, such as phenolic and benzylic ethers, are also suitable. Examples of polysaccharides include celluloses such as cellulose, methyl cellulose (MC), ethyl cellulose (EC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MEHEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC); and starches such as starch, oxidized starch, hydroxyethyl starch, hydroxypropyl starch and carboxymethyl starch; chitin and arabinoxylans. The polysaccharide can have any degree of polymerization (DP) and degree of substitution (DS) known in the art.

Examples of functionalized polymers include polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylbutyral (PVB), polyvinylamine, polyvinylamides, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyimides, polycarbonates, polyesters, poly lactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP).

Examples of suitable amines include aliphatic polyamines include EDA homologues such as linear, branched and cyclic EDA homologues including tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA), triethylene tetramine (TETA), diethylene triamine (DETA), hexaethylene pentamine (HEPA) and N-aminoethyl piperazine (NAEP); propylene homologues such as dipropylene triamine (DPTA; methylene homologues such as hexamethylene pentamine (HMPA); polyether monoamines such as Jeffamine® M-600 amine, Jeffamine® M-1000 amine, Jeffamine® M-2005 amine and Jeffamine® M-2070 amine; polyether diamines such as Jeffamine® D-230 amine, Jeffamine® D-2300 amine, Jeffamine® D-400 amine, Jeffamine® D-4000 amine, Jeffamine® ED-600 amine, Jeffamine® ED-900 amine, Jeffamine® ED-2003 amine, Jeffamine® EDR-148 amine and Jeffamine® EDR-176 amine; polyether triamines such as Jeffamine® T-403 amine, Jeffamine® T-3000 amine and Jeffamine® T-5000 amine; alkylated polyamines include propylene diamines such as coco propylene diamine, oleyl propylene diamine, arachidyl behenyl propylene diamine, soya propylene diamine, (partially) hydrogenated tallow propylene diamine, N,N,N’-trimethyl-N’-tallow propylene diamine and tallow propylene diamine;

dipropylene triamines such as dodecyl dipropylene triamine, oleyl dipropylene triamine, octyl dipropylene triamine, stearyl dipropylene triamine and tallow dipropylene triamine and other polyamines such as N-tallowalkyl dipropylene tetramine, N-tallowalkyl tripropylene triamine, N- (3-aminopropyl)-N-cocoalkyl propylene diamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-tallowalkyl propylene diamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-cocoalkyl trimethylenediamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-tallowalkyl trimethylenediamine and dendrimers containing propylene diamines; bisalkylated amines such as di(dodecyl) amine, di(oleyl) amine, di(arachidyl behenyl) amine, di(tallow) amine, di(octyl) amine, di(stearyl) amine and di(coco) amine; alkylated primary amines such as dodecyl amine, oleyl amine, hexadecyl amine, arachidyl behenyl amine, hydrogenated tallowalkyl amine, tallowalkyl amine, rapeseedalkyl amine, hydrogenated rapeseedalkyl amine, soyaalkyl amine, octyl amine, octadecyl amine, stearyl amine, coco amine and polyvinyl amine; alkoxylated polyamines such as propylene diamines such as octyl/decyloxypropyl-1 ,3-diaminopropane, isodecyloxypropyl-1 ,3-diaminopropane, isododecyloxypropyl-1 ,3-diaminopropane,

dodecyl/tetradecyloxypropyl-1 ,3-diaminopropane, isotridecyloxypropyl-1 ,3-diaminopropane and tetradecyloxypropyl-1 ,3-diaminopropane; and dipropylene triamines such as dodecyl dipropylene triamine, dodecyl dipropylene triamine, octyl/decyl dipropylene triamine, isotridecyl dipropylene triamine and tetradecyl dipropylene triamine; bisalkoxylated amines such as di(dodecyloxypropyl) amine, di(oleyloxypropyl) amine, di(arachidyl behenyloxypropyl) amine, di(tallowoxypropyl) amine, di(octyloxypropyl) amine, di(stearyloxypropyl) amine and

di(cocoalkyloxy) amine; and alkoxylated amines such as isopropyloxypropyl amine,

hexyloxypropyl amine, 2-ethylhexyloxypropyl amine, octyl/decyloxypropyl amine,

isodecyloxypropyl amine, dodecyl/tetradecyloxypropyl amine, isotridecyloxypropyl amine, tetradecyloxypropyl amine, tetradecyl/dodecyloxypropyl amine, linear alkyloxypropyl amine and octadecyl/hexadecyloxypropyl amine.

Examples of suitable amides include aliphatic unsubstituted amides such as urea, formamide, acetamide, propanamide, butanamide, pentanamide, hexanamide and heptanamide; substituted aliphatic amides such as N-methylpropanamide, N-ethylpropanamide, N-methylbutanamide, N- ethylbutanamide, N-acetyl-3-oxopentanamide, N-acetyl butanamide, N-acetyl propanamide, N- Acetyl-2-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino) pentanamide, N-acetyl benzamide, N- methylpentanamide, N-ethylpentanamide; aromatic amides such as benzamide, ethenzamide and salicylamide.

Examples of suitable imides include aliphatic imides such as trifluoromethylsulfonyl imide, pentafluoroethylsulfonyl imide, methylsulfonyl imide and ethylsulfonyl imide; cyclic imides such as succinimide, maleimide, citraconimide, glutarimide, phthalimide, tetrahydrophthalimide, hexahydrophthalimide, pyromellitic diimide, 1 ,8-naphthalimide, cyclohexane-1 ,2-dicarboximide and 1 ,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl) benzene (Perkalink® 900). Preferably, the imide is 1 ,3- bis(citraconimidomethyl) benzene.

Examples of suitable alcohols include aliphatic polyols such as 1 ,2-ethanediol, 1 ,3-propanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, mannitol and trimethylol propane (TMP); and cyclic alcohols such as ascorbic acid, glucuronic acid, catechol and salicylic acid; monosaccharides such as glucose, altrose, fructose, mannose, iodose, talose, allose, gulose, galactose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose and glucosamine; and disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, lactulose, trehalose, cellobiose and chitobiose.

In a further embodiment, the eutecting agent is a metal salt. The metal salt can be any metal salt known in the art. Preferably, the eutecting agent is a metal salt wherein the amount of water is at most 5 wt%, preferably at most 2 wt%, more preferably at most 1 wt% and most preferably at most 0.1 wt%, based on the total weight of metal salt and water. The water can be crystal water and/or water adsorbed to the metal salt. In a preferred embodiment, water is absent in the metal salt. With the lower levels of water, the metal salt can more easily form a deep eutectic solvent with the lactam of the invention. Not being bound by theory, it is believed that the metal salt does not dissociate when a eutectic solvent is formed with the lactam rendering the resulting eutectic mixture to be different from a solution in water in which the metal salt dissociates. This allows for a high concentration of the metal salt in the deep eutectic solvent. In one embodiment, the metal salt is selected from the group consisting of salts of alkali metals, earth alkali metals and transition metals. Examples of suitable alkali metal salts include salts of lithium such as lithium chloride, lithium fluoride, lithium nitrate, lithium sulphate, lithium citrate and lithium oxalate; salts of sodium such as sodium chloride, sodium fluoride, sodium nitrate, sodium sulphate, sodium citrate and sodium oxalate; salts of potassium such as potassium chloride, potassium fluoride, potassium nitrate, potassium sulphate, potassium citrate and potassium oxalate; and salts of rubidium such as rubidium chloride, rubidium fluoride, rubidium nitrate, rubidium sulphate, rubidium citrate and rubidium oxalate.

Examples of suitable earth alkali metal salts include salts of beryllium such as lithium chloride, beryllium fluoride, beryllium nitrate, beryllium sulphate, beryllium citrate and beryllium oxalate; salts of magnesium such as magnesium chloride, magnesium fluoride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulphate, magnesium citrate and magnesium oxalate; salts of calcium such as calcium chloride, calcium fluoride, calcium nitrate, calcium sulphate, calcium citrate and calcium oxalate; and salts of strontium such as strontium chloride, strontium fluoride, strontium nitrate, strontium sulphate, strontium citrate and strontium oxalate.

Examples of suitable transition metal salts include salts of iron such as iron(ll) chloride, iron(lll) chloride, iron(ll) fluoride, iron(lll) fluoride, iron(ll) nitrate, iron(lll) nitrate, iron(ll) citrate and iron(ll) oxalate; salts of cobalt such as cobalt(ll) chloride, cobalt(lll) chloride, cobalt(ll) fluoride, cobalt(lll) fluoride, cobalt(ll) nitrate, cobalt(lll) nitrate, cobalt(ll) citrate and cobalt(ll) oxalate; salts of nickel such as nickel chloride, nickel fluoride, nickel nitrate, nickel sulphate, nickel citrate and nickel oxalate; and salts of copper such as copper(l) chloride, copper(ll) chloride, copper(l) fluoride, copper(ll) fluoride, copper(ll) nitrate, copper(ll) sulphate, copper(ll) citrate and copper(ll) oxalate.

The eutectic composition of the invention comprises the eutecting agent in an amount of at least 10 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. Preferably, the eutecting agent is present in an amount of at least 15 wt%, more preferably at least 80 wt%, even more preferably at least 30 wt%, even more preferably at least 40 wt%, even more preferably at least 50 wt% and even most preferably at least 60 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 98 wt%, even more preferably at most 95 wt%, even more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 85 wt% and most preferably at most 80 wt%, based on the total weight of the eutectic composition.

The molar ratio between lactam and the eutecting agent is at least 0.01. Preferably, the ratio is at least 0.05, more preferably at least 0.1 , even more preferably at least 0.2, even more preferably at least 0.5, and most preferably at least 1 , and preferably at most 100, more preferably at most 75, even more preferably at most 50, even more preferably at most 40, even more preferably at most 20, even more preferably at most 10 and most preferably at most 5.

In one embodiment of the invention, the eutectic composition further comprises water. In a further embodiment, the eutectic composition of the invention comprises water in an amount of at most 85 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. Preferably, the water is present in an amount of at most 70 wt%, more preferably at most 60 wt%, even more preferably at most 50 wt%, even more preferably at most 40 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. The eutectic composition of the invention generally is compatible with water, and can be readily diluted with water. The eutectic composition may comprise

substances that have a low water solubility, and allow these substances to be stably present in water at concentrations above their maximum water solubility.

The molar ratio between lactam and water is at least 0.01. Preferably, the ratio is at least 0.05, more preferably at least 0.1 , even more preferably at least 0.2, even more preferably at least 0.5, and most preferably at least 1 , and preferably at most 100, more preferably at most 75, even more preferably at most 50, even more preferably at most 40, even more preferably at most 20, even more preferably at most 10 and most preferably at most 5. The molar ratio between water and the eutecting agent is at least 0.01. Preferably, the ratio is at least 0.05, more preferably at least 0.1 , even more preferably at least 0.2, even more preferably at least 0.5, and most preferably at least 1 , and preferably at most 100, more preferably at most 75, even more preferably at most 50, even more preferably at most 40, even more preferably at most 20, even more preferably at most 10 and most preferably at most 5.

In one embodiment of the invention and in particular when water-sensitive substances are used, the eutectic composition of the invention comprises water in an amount of at most 10 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. Preferably, the water is present in an amount of at most 5 wt%, more preferably at most 2 wt%, even more preferably at most 1 wt%, even more preferably at most 0.5 wt% and most preferably at most 0.1 wt%, and preferably at least 0.001 wt%, more preferably at least 0.005 wt, and most preferably at least 0.01 wt%, based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. In a preferred embodiment, the eutectic composition of the invention is substantially free from water. More preferably, the eutectic composition of the invention is completely free from water. The term“substantially free from water” means that less than 100 parts per million of water is present in the eutectic composition. The term“completely free” means that the eutectic composition contains less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of water.

The remaining part of the eutectic composition may be comprised of other components commonly or not commonly used in eutectic compositions. With the lactam and the eutecting agent the other components add up to 100 wt% of the total weight of the eutectic composition.

In one embodiment of the invention, the eutecting agent is water. In a further embodiment, the eutectic composition comprises a lactam and water. The lactam may be the same as indicated above. The inventors have surprisingly found that lactam and water can form a eutectic composition, which results in a lowering of the melting temperature of the resulting eutectic composition compared to the individual melting points of the lactam and water. Eutectic compositions of lactam and water were observed to be liquid at temperatures below 0°C, even as low as -10°C. These eutectic compositions are able to dissolve both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. The advantages mentioned for eutectic compositions comprising lactam and a eutecting agent generally also apply to the eutectic compositions comprising lactam and water.

The molar ratio between lactam and water is at least 0.01. Preferably, the ratio is at least 0.05, more preferably at least 0.1 , even more preferably at least 0.2, even more preferably at least 0.5, and most preferably at least 1 , and preferably at most 100, more preferably at most 75, even more preferably at most 50, even more preferably at most 40, even more preferably at most 20, even more preferably at most 10 and most preferably at most 5.

The eutectic composition of the invention comprises the lactam in an amount of at most 90 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. Preferably, the lactam is present in an amount of at most 85 wt%, more preferably at most 80 wt%, even more preferably at most 75 wt%, even more preferably at most 70 wt%, even more preferably at most 60 wt% and even most preferably at most 50 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt%, even more preferably at least 15 wt%, even more preferably at least 20 wt% and most preferably at least 25 wt%, based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. In a preferred embodiment, the eutectic composition of the invention comprises water in an amount of at least 15 wt% and at most 75 wt%. These eutectic compositions generally have a lower melting point than eutectic compositions comprising water amounts outside of the indicated range. Also with amounts below 15 wt%, the lactam, such as e-caprolactam, may at least partially solidify at temperatures below 0°C. Also amounts of water above 75 wt% may cause freezing of the water in the composition at temperatures below 0°C.

The eutectic composition of the invention comprises water in an amount of at least 10 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. Preferably, water is present in an amount of at least 15 wt%, more preferably at least 20 wt%, even more preferably at least 25 wt%, even more preferably at least 30 wt%, even more preferably at least 40 wt% and even most preferably at least 50 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 98 wt%, even more preferably at most 95 wt%, even more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 85 wt%, even more preferably at most 80 wt% and most preferably at most 75 wt%, based on the total weight of the eutectic composition.

In one embodiment, the eutectic composition of the invention further comprises a second eutecting agent. The second eutecting agent may be the same as the eutecting agent indicated above.

In a further embodiment, the eutectic composition of the invention comprises the second eutecting agent in an amount of at most 85 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. Preferably, the eutecting agent is present in an amount of at most 70 wt%, more preferably at most 60 wt%, even more preferably at most 50 wt%, even more preferably at most 40 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the eutectic composition.

In one embodiment, the eutectic composition further comprises a hydroxide salt. Examples of such hydroxide salts include alkali metal hydroxides such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. Of these hydroxide salts potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are preferred. The addition of such hydroxide salts generally causes the lactam to be converted into lactamate. Such lactamates generally have all the advantages the lactam has in the eutectic compositions of the invention. The compositions comprising the lactamate generally have an improved conductivity, an improved cleaning power and an ability to bind with cations, in particular metal ions.

The eutectic composition of the invention comprises the hydroxide salt in an amount of at most 90 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the eutectic composition. Preferably, the hydroxide salt is present in an amount of at most 85 wt%, more preferably at most 80 wt%, even more preferably at most 75 wt%, even more preferably at most 70 wt%, even more preferably at most 60 wt% and even most preferably at most 50 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt%, even more preferably at least 15 wt%, even more preferably at least 20 wt% and most preferably at least 25 wt%, based on the total weight of the eutectic composition.

The molar ratio between lactam and hydroxide salt is at least 0.01. Preferably, the ratio is at least 0.05, more preferably at least 0.1 , even more preferably at least 0.2, even more preferably at least 0.5, and most preferably at least 1 , and preferably at most 100, more preferably at most 75, even more preferably at most 50, even more preferably at most 40, even more preferably at most 20, even more preferably at most 10 and most preferably at most 5. For applications where a surplus of hydroxide or more alkaline conditions are not preferred, the molar ratio between lactam and hydroxide salt should be at least 1. In this way, the hydroxide is completely consumed by the lactam and no or a small amount of residual hydroxide remains in the eutectic composition.

The remaining part of the eutectic composition may be comprised of other components commonly or not commonly used in eutectic compositions. With the lactam, water and optionally the second eutecting agent the other components add up to 100 wt% of the total weight of the eutectic composition. The use of the eutectic composition of the invention

The present invention further pertains to the use of eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent as a rheology modifier and/or compatibilizer. More particularly, the invention pertains to the use of eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent in compositions, wherein the composition has a lower viscosity compared to a composition without the eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent, and/or the composition is more compatible compared to a composition without the eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent. It was observed that upon addition of relatively small amounts (even less than 5 wt% based on total weight of the composition) a strong effect on rheology and/or compatibilization may occur, e.g. a significant decrease in viscosity has been observed.

With“rheology modifier” is meant that the viscosity, particularly the static viscosity and/or dynamic viscosity, is altered when a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent is present in the composition compared to compositions without the eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent. Generally, the presence of eutectic composition leads to a lowering of the viscosity, particularly the static and/or dynamic viscosity, of the composition compared to compositions without the eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent. It is noted that solvents may increase the solubility of a compound but the addition of such a solvent does not mean that the rheology of the solution is changed, let alone its viscosity is lowered. It was found that addition of eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent to a liquid considerably and significantly reduces the viscosity of that liquid. The liquid may be a solution, emulsion and/or suspension. When the addition of the eutectic composition of the invention leads to a lowering of the static viscosity and/or dynamic viscosity of the liquid (solution, emulsion and/or suspension), the eutectic composition is to be considered a rheology modifier according to the invention. The static viscosity and dynamic viscosity are well known in the art and can be measured using conventional techniques.

The term“compatibilizer” refers to the property of eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent of enjoining two substances that would otherwise not mix, i.e. that would cause phase separation. Such substances generally differ in their polarity, e.g. a hydrophilic substance and a hydrophobic substance. Not being bound by theory, it is believed that the eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent changes the Van der Waals forces between molecules and/or the hydrogen bonds, which allows substances that would otherwise not mix or be compatible to mix, which in turn leads to stable compositions without considerable phase separation or segregation. It is further believed that intramolecular interaction, e.g. in long chain polymers (over 50 monomeric building blocks) can also be positively influenced, which may lead to a faster dissolving of said polymer, for example. When water (or any other hydrophilic solvent) is present, the eutectic composition appears to render water to be more hydrophobic. The eutectic composition may be considered as a hydrotrope. The compatibilizer property can be measured by mixing a hydrophobic substance with the eutectic composition of the invention and optionally with water, stirring mechanically for 5 minutes at 1 ,000 rpm, and subsequently leaving the mixture stand for 5 minutes (without stirring). When no phase separation is observed, the eutectic composition is to be considered a compatibilizer according to the invention. Alternatively, a solid hydrophobic substance may be mixed with eutectic composition - which is also solid at room temperature when the lactam is e- caprolactam - and heat the mixture until a liquid is formed, which is cooled to room temperature and leaving the resulting liquid for 5 minutes at room temperature. When no phase separation is observed, the eutectic composition is to be considered a compatibilizer according to the invention. Moreover and alternatively, a concentrated (inorganic) salt solution, e.g. brine, is mixed with the eutectic composition of the invention, and stirred mechanically for 5 minutes at 1 ,000 rpm, and subsequently leaving the mixture stand for 5 minutes (without stirring). When the salt concentration in the solution is lowered and/or when (more) salt is deposited and/or no phase separation is observed, the eutectic composition is to be considered a compatibilizer according to the invention. Furthermore and alternatively, an organic and polymeric salt which is soluble in water but requires considerable time to completely dissolve in water, e.g.

carboxymethyl cellulose, is dissolved in water in the presence of the eutectic comoosition of the invention. When the time to completely dissolve the organic salt in water is shorter than the time to completely dissolve the organic salt without the eutectic composition being present (under the same conditions, e.g. temperature, pressure and pH), the eutectic composition is to be considered a compatibilizer according to the invention.

It is noted that the embodiments of the invention presented below all make use of the rheology modifying and/or compatibilizing properties of the eutectic composition.

Coating composition

The invention further pertains to a coating composition comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent, and optionally water, and a first resin. Additionally, the invention pertains to a coating composition comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent, and optionally water, and a first resin, wherein the composition has a lower viscosity compared to a composition without the eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent, and/or the composition is more compatible compared to a composition without the eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent. The addition of the eutectic composition to a coating composition generally lowers the viscosity of the coating composition, even when small amounts of the eutectic composition are added. Moreover, coating compositions with a higher solids content can now be provided. In such cases, the amount of water can be reduced or even omitted. The lower (or absence of) water content has the further advantage that less heat is necessary to evaporate water, which can considerably reduce the energy necessary for thermal curing of coating compositions. The presence of the eutectic composition allows hydrophobic resins, which are generally very viscous or even solid at room temperature to be processed and used, even in water-based coating compositions, which would otherwise not be possible. Moreover, the eutectic composition can act as a reactive solvent and react with the resin upon curing. The use of the eutectic composition may lead to the use of a lower amount of organic solvents or even obviates the use of organic solvents completely, which in turn leads to a low VOC (volatile organic compounds) level, which renders the coating composition of the invention more environmentally friendly. Due to its high boiling points (above 250°C), e.g. 270°C for e-caprolactam, 256°C for 5- valerolactam and 245°C for y-butyrolactam, the lactam does not contribute to the VOC level of a coating composition. Moreover, e-caprolactam and g-butyrolactam are food-approved compounds which render its use in coating compositions suitable for food applications, e.g. in coating compositions applied on the inside of food or drink cans. The eutectic composition may further alter the properties of the cured coating composition. The cured coating composition may have improved scratch resistance, good retort-sterilisable properties, enhanced resistance towards chemicals, good adhesion to a wide variety of substrates, good abrasion resistance, and/or compatibility to a wide variety of pigment and dyes.

The first resin can be any resin known in the art and used in coating compositions. The first resin of the invention may be a monomer, an oligomer or polymer. The first resin may be an alkyd resin, an acrylic resin, a polyester resin, a polyester polyol resin, a silicone-based resin, a phenolic resin, a urethane-based or isocyanate based resin, an aminoplast and an epoxy resin. Also compositions comprising a second resin are contemplated. It is noted that conventional coating composition may only contain up to 30 wt% of a first resin, e.g. a polyester; the total amount of resin is determined by the viscosity of the coating composition, which becomes so high that normal application of the coating composition is not possible anymore. The eutectic composition of the invention enables a higher amount while maintaining a low viscosity. For example, the inventors have found that conventional coating compositions with a polyester content of 30 wt% can contain up to 60 wt% when the eutectic composition is added to the coating composition.

Examples of alkyd resins include drying and non-drying alkyd resins. Examples of polyacrylate resins include polymers derived from one or more of acrylate, methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2- chloroethyl vinyl ether, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy propyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxystearyl acrylate and hydro xystearyl methacrylate. Examples of suitable monomeric aminoplasts include condensation products of an aldehyde and methylurea, glycoluril, benzourea, dicyandiamide, formaguanamine, acetoguanamine, ammeline, 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1 ,3,5-triazine, 6-methyl-2,4-diamino-1 ,3,5- triazine, 3,5-diaminotriazole, triaminopyrimidine, 2-mercapto-4,6-diaminopyrimidine, 2,4,6- triethyl-triamino-1 ,3,5-triazine, 1 ,3,5-triaminobenzene and melamine. Examples of phenolic resins include phenol-formaldehyde-based resins such as novolacs and resols. Examples of isocyanate-based resins include toluene diisocyanate (TDI), methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), 1 ,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 4,4’- diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane (H₁₂MDI). Examples of epoxy resins include bisphenol A epoxy resins, bisphenol F epoxy resins, novolac epoxy resins, aliphatic epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic epoxy resins and glycidyl amine epoxy resins.

In one embodiment of the invention, the coating composition comprises the first resin in an amount of at least 10 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the coating composition. Preferably, the first resin is present in an amount of at least 15 wt%, more preferably at least 20 wt%, even more preferably at least 30 wt%, even more preferably at least 40 wt%, even more preferably at least 50 wt% and most preferably at least 60 wt%, and preferably at most 95 wt%, more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 85 wt% and most preferably at most 80 wt%, based on the total weight of the coating composition.

In one embodiment of the invention, the coating composition comprises the first resin in an amount of at least 10 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the first resin and the eutectic composition. Preferably, the first resin is present in an amount of at least 15 wt%, more preferably at least 20 wt%, even more preferably at least 30 wt%, even more preferably at least 40 wt%, even more preferably at least 50 wt% and most preferably at least 60 wt%, and preferably at most 95 wt%, more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 85 wt% and most preferably at most 80 wt%, based on the total weight of the first resin and the eutectic composition.

The coating composition of the invention comprises the eutectic composition in an amount of at most 90 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the coating composition. Preferably, the first resin is present in an amount of at most 85 wt%, more preferably at most 80 wt%, even more preferably at most 70 wt%, even more preferably at most 60 wt%, even more preferably at most 50 wt% and even most preferably at most 40 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt%, even more preferably at least 15 wt% and most preferably at least 20 wt%, based on the total weight of the coating composition.

The coating composition of the invention comprises the eutectic composition in an amount of at most 90 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the first resin and the eutectic composition. Preferably, the first resin is present in an amount of at most 85 wt%, more preferably at most 80 wt%, even more preferably at most 70 wt%, even more preferably at most 60 wt%, even more preferably at most 50 wt% and even most preferably at most 40 wt%, and preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt%, even more preferably at least 15 wt% and most preferably at least 20 wt%, based on the total weight of the first resin and the eutectic composition.

In another embodiment of the invention, the coating composition comprises solids in an amount of at least 15 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the coating composition.

Preferably, the solids are present in an amount of at least 20 wt%, more preferably at least 30 wt%, even more preferably at least 40 et%, even more preferably at least 50 wt%, and most preferably at least 60 wt%, and preferably at most 95 wt%, more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 80 wt% and most preferably at most 75 wt%, based on the total weight of the coating composition. The term“solids” is known to the man skilled in the art, and generally refers to the solid and/or non-volatile material (e.g. reactive diluents/solvents) in the coating composition; typically the solids include the resins, pigments, dyes, catalyst, etc. and does not include solvents that evaporate during the curing process. The amount of solids may also be referred to as“solids content”. The remaining part of the coating composition may be comprised of other components commonly used in coating compositions. With the first resin and the eutectic composition the other components add up to 100 wt% of the total weight of the coating composition.

In an embodiment of the invention, the coating composition of the invention can be further diluted by a solvent to obtain a solids content below 40 wt%. For certain applications, such as the application of extremely thin coating layers, this may be warranted. In such case, the solids content in the coating composition of the invention may be preferably at most 35 wt%, more preferably at most 30 wt% and most preferably at most 25 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt%, and most preferably at least 10 wt%.

Alternatively, the coating compositions with the higher solids content (above 50 wt%) may be diluted with a suitable solvent, and optionally additives, just prior to application to a substrate. The dilution level may be used as desired, and the skilled person is well capable of diluting in an appropriate manner.

The coating composition of the invention may further comprise a solvent. The solvent may be any suitable solvent known in the art. Preferred solvents are reactive solvents that comprise a functional group capable of reacting with the first resin. The functional group may be hydroxyl, amine or thiol. Preferably, the functional group is a hydroxyl or an amine. Examples of reactive solvents include alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, diethanol, amino ethanol, glycol, n- propanol, iso-propanol and ethanethiol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and neopentyl glycol; and amines, such as methyl amine, ethanol amine, dimethyl amine, methyl ethanol amine, diphenyl amine, trimethyl amine, triphenyl amine and piperidine; and acrylates such as acrylate, methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate; and water.

In one embodiment of the invention, the coating composition further comprises water as solvent, in particular as the reactive solvent. Combinations of water and the eutectic composition of the invention have been particularly interesting for its ability to compatibilize a wider range of first resins, also the ones that are quite hydrophobic (i.e. not miscible with or dissolvable in water). In one embodiment, the weight ratio of water and the eutectic composition is at least 0.001 , preferably at least 0.01 , more preferably at least 0.1 , even more preferably at least 0.2 and most preferably at least 0.5, and generally at most 1000, preferably at most 100, more preferably at most 10, even more preferably at most 5, and most preferably at most 3.

Examples of non-reactive solvents include Solvent Naphtha®, heavy benzene, various

Solvesso® grades, various Shellsol® grades and Deasol®, various white spirits, mineral turpentine oil, tetralin, decalin, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone and methyl n-propyl ketone. Non reactive solvents that are incorporated at least partially and preferably completely, into the cured resin are preferred. Preferably, the non-reactive solvent has a boiling point above the curing temperature, preferably above 250 °C. The coating composition of the invention may comprise a reactive solvent and a non-reactive solvent, a combination of two or more solvents, or a combination of two or more reactive solvents. Coating compositions comprising a reactive solvent and/or water are preferred.

The coating composition of the invention may comprise the non-reactive solvent and/or the reactive solvent in an amount of at most 30 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the coating composition. Preferably, the non-reactive solvent and/or the reactive solvent is present in an amount of at most 25 wt%, more preferably at most 20 wt%, even more preferably at most 15 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the coating composition.

In a further embodiment, the coating composition of the invention may comprise water in an amount of at most 85 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the coating composition. Preferably, the water is present in an amount of at most 70 wt%, more preferably at most 60 wt%, even more preferably at most 50 wt%, even more preferably at most 40 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the coating composition.

The coating composition may further comprise additives commonly used in coating

compositions including pigments and dyes, surfactants, flow controlling agents, thixotropic agents, anti-gassing agents, wetting agents, ultraviolet light stabilizers, adhesion enhancing promoters, waxes, filling agents, drying stabilizers, siccatives, matting agents, defoamers, and curing catalysts including oxidation catalysts such as metal carboxylates. The additives can be any additive known in the art. Examples of pigments and dyes include metal oxides like titanium dioxide, iron oxide, zinc oxide and chromium oxide; metal hydroxides; metal sulfides, metal sulfates, metal carbonates such as calcium carbonate; carbon black, china clay, phthalo blues and greens, organo reds and other organic dyes. The coating compositions of the invention may increase the color intensity of the pigments and dyes. This may lead to a reduction in the total amount of pigment and/or dye used. The curing catalyst is preferably a strong acid. Examples of suitable curing catalysts include p-toluenesulfonic acid, xylenesulfonic acid, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, dinonyl naphthalene sulfonic acid, dinonyl naphthalene disulfonic acid,

fluorosulfuric acid, trifuoromethane sulfonic acid, hexafluoro antimonate compounds and catalysts derived thereof, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid. Examples of ultraviolet light stabilizers include benzophenone, such as hydroxydodecyl benzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxy-3’,5’- di-t-butylbenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-acryloxyethoxybenzophenone and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy- 2’-carboxybenzophenone.

The coating composition of the invention may comprise the additives in an amount of at most 30 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the coating composition. Preferably, the additive is present in an amount of at most 25 wt%, more preferably at most 20 wt%, even more preferably at most 15 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the coating composition.

The invention further pertains to a process for preparing a coated substrate comprising the steps of: (a) applying the coating composition according to the invention to a substrate; and (b) curing the coating composition. The process may further comprise the step of shaping the coated substrate to a food or beverage container.

The invention also pertains to a coated substrate coated substrate comprising a substrate and a cured coating composition applied to at least part of the substrate, the coating composition being in accordance with the invention. In an embodiment of the invention the coated substrate is a food or beverage container. The cured coating composition has all the advantages as described above for the cured coating composition. A further advantage of the cured coating composition is that the volatile organic compounds (VOC) level is generally very low. The VOC level is typically determined using standard method ASTM D3960-05(2013). The amount of VOC in the coating composition of the invention is generally at most 100 g/l, preferably at most 75 g/l, more preferably at most 50 g/l, even more preferably at most 30 g/l, even more preferably at most 20 g/l, even more preferably at most 10 g/l, even more preferably at most 5 g/l and most preferably at most 1 g/l. As the lactams generally do not contribute to the VOC level, the coating composition when comprising eutectic composition and optionally water may result in an amount of VOC of 0 g/l.

The substrate of the invention can be any substrate known in the art. The substrate may be porous or non-porous. Examples of suitable substrates include metals, such as aluminum, aluminum alloys, steel, steel alloys, tin, tin alloys, zinc, zinc alloys, chrome and chrome alloys; glass such as fused silica glass, aluminosilicate glass, soda-lime-silica glass, borosilicate glass and lead-oxide glass; ceramics, such as porcelain, bone china, alumina, ceria, zirconia, carbides, borides, nitrides and silicides; plastic such as functionalized polyethylene (PE), functionalized polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and nylons; and wood. Preferably, the substrate is metal, in particular aluminum.

In the context of the present application the term“cure” or“cured” refers to the process of hardening of the coating composition by polymerization and/or crosslinking. This curing process can be initiated by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, heat, such as by infrared radiation, by microwave radiation or by heating, e.g. in an oven, electron beams and chemical additives. The coating compositions of the invention preferably cure through exposure to ultraviolet radiation and heat, preferably through heat. Some coating compositions, e.g. decorative coating compositions, may cure at room temperature.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the coating composition of the invention can be used in application where corrosion protection and/or cured coating flexibility and formability are required. Examples of such applications include coil coating applications, can coatings (both external and internal can coatings), car refinish, and automotive applications.

Coating composition comprising first resin and aminoplast

In an embodiment of the invention, the invention pertains to a coating composition comprising a a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent and a first resin, preferably a polyol, and an aminoplast, and/or an adduct of a first resin and an aminoplast wherein the molar ratio of the first functional groups of the aminoplast and the second functional groups of the first resin, preferably the polyol, is at least 0.01 , and the aminoplast is present in an amount of at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of first resin and aminoplast. The composition of the invention contains an excess of functional groups of the aminoplast as compared to the functional groups of the first resin, preferably the polyol. This means that the aminoplast will also self-condensate when exposed to curing conditions. The aminoplast hence does not serve as crosslinking agent only as is generally the case in the prior art, but also forms oligomers and/or polymers of the aminoplast which may subsequently react with the first resin, preferably the polyol. This leads to a unique resin that is not disclosed in any of the cited references. The coating composition of the invention is furthermore relatively simple compared to known compositions, and is therefore commercially and economically more attractive. The composition is generally easy to formulate. Moreover, the coating composition of the invention can be readily applied to substrate surfaces even at high speeds using conventional coating devices. The inventive composition enables the formation of a cured coating that exhibits good retort- sterilisable properties, enhanced resistance towards chemicals, good adhesion to a wide variety of substrates, good abrasion resistance, and compatibility to a wide variety of inks. The color intensity of the inks may be improved allowing the use of a lower amount of ink. The coating composition of the invention generally has good leveling characteristics and leads to cured coatings with improved gloss and transparency. The coating composition further enables the creation of tactile (haptic) surfaces and/or structured surfaces such as coarse surfaces, and allows such structures to be present (touch and feel) after application of the (cured) coating composition of the invention.

In the context of this application the term“functional group(s)” refers to the reactive group(s) taking part in the curing process. Examples of such functional groups of the first resin, preferably the polyol, include hydroxyl (-OH), carboxylic acid (-COOH), carboxylic ester (- COOR), linear carbonates (R-C0₃), cyclic carbonates, oxirane, oxetane, anhydrides (R-CO-O- CO-R’), and thiol (-SH). Examples of functional groups for aminoplasts include amine (-NH₂), amide (-NHR), ether (-N-R-0-R’) and alcohol (N-R-OH). R and R’ represent substituents, which may be chosen as desired. Also other components of the coating composition of the invention may comprise functional groups capable of reacting with the first and/or second functional groups. Examples of such components include solvents and other resins. It is further noted that the first resin and/or the aminoplast may further comprise non-reactive functional groups, like (non-reactive) ether groups or aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, that do not react with either the first resin and/or aminoplast, but may contribute to improving the properties of the coating

composition.

The molar ratio between the first and second functional groups is at least 0.01. Preferably, the ratio is at least 0.05, more preferably at least 0.1 , even more preferably at least 0.2, even more preferably at least 0.5, and most preferably at least 1 , and preferably at most 100, more preferably at most 75, even more preferably at most 50, and most preferably at most 40. When the molar ratio is at least 1 , the ratio expresses an excess of the aminoplast being present in the coating composition of the invention. This excess enables the aminoplast to react with itself under curing conditions, and thus form a unique network of cured resin. It is noted that the aminoplast tends to react more readily with the polyol than with itself. The skilled person will be able to determine the presence of such self-condensed aminoplast parts by using conventional analytical techniques such as ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ¹⁴N NMR, near infrared spectroscopy (NIR),

FT infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. When a (much) lower ratio between the first and second functional groups is used, self-condensation of the aminoplast will not proceed or proceed to a much lower extent. Molar ratios below 1 generally leads to different properties of the cured coating composition; for example when the polyol is a polyester the flexibility of the cured coating composition may exhibit a higher flexibility.

The first resin of the invention can be any resin known in the art that comprises the said second functional groups. The first resin is preferably a polyol. The polyol of the invention can be any polyol known in the art. The first resin, preferably the polyol, of the invention generally comprises second functional groups is at least one selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl (-OH), carboxylic ester (-COOR), carboxylic acid (-COOH), linear carbonates (R-C0₃), cyclic carbonates, oxirane, oxetane, anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R’), and thiol (-SH). Preferably, the second functional group is at least one selected from the group of hydroxyl (-OH), carboxylic ester (-COOR), and carboxylic acid (-COOH), more preferably selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxylic acid (-COOH). When the second functional group is hydroxyl, the hydroxyl may be a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol. Of these hydroxyl groups the primary alcohol is preferred. The substituents R and R’ can be any suitable substituent known in the art, and include alkyl(ene), aryl(ene), and aralkyl(ene). The first resin, preferably the polyol, may have more than one functional group, e.g. the first resin, preferably the polyol, may contain both hydroxyl and carboxylic acids groups.

The first resin, preferably the polyol, may have an average functionality between 2 and 8.

Preferably the average functionality is at most 5, more preferably at most 4 and even more preferably at most 3. In an embodiment of the invention, the first resin, preferably the polyol, comprises a second functional group being hydroxyl, and an average hydroxyl functionality between 2 and 8, preferably at most 5, more preferably at most 4 and even more preferably at most 3. In the context of this application, the term“average functionality” or“average hydroxyl functionality” refers to the average number of functional groups or hydroxyl groups per monomer or monomeric unit in a resin.

The first resin, preferably the polyol, of the invention may be a monomer, an oligomer or polymer. In one embodiment, the first resin is preferably a monomer. Polymeric first resins, preferably polymeric polyols, may include polyesters, polyacrylates, and copolymers thereof. Of these polymeric polyols polyesters are preferred. Oligomers of the first resin refer to dimers, trimers and tetramers of the monomers of the first resin. Oligomeric polyols include dimers, trimers and tetramers of monomeric diols and/or triols. In one embodiment, the first resin may be modified by monomers, dimers or polymers having no functional groups. Modifications with monomers, dimers or polymers that are capable of hydrolyzing after curing are less preferred. Examples of suitable monomeric polyols comprising hydroxyl functional groups include 1 ,4- butanediol, 1 ,3-butanediol, 1 ,5-pentanediol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 2,5-hexanediol, 2-methyl-1 ,3- pentanediol, 2-ethyl-1 ,3-hexanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-pentanediol, 1 ,4-cyclohexanediol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, 1 ,4- cyclohexanedimethanol, 1 ,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane, 1 ,2-bis(hydroxyethyl)cyclohexane, trimethylolpropane, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl-2,2-dimethyl-hydroxyproprionate, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, trimethylolethane, glycerol, and sorbitol; and polyols comprising oxirane functional groups bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, alkoxylated bisphenol A such as ethoxylated bisphenol A and propoxylated bisphenol A and alkoxylated bisphenol F, such as ethoxylated bisphenol F and propoxylated bisphenol F; polyols comprising oxirane functional groups bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, 2,2’- bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane bis(2,3-epoxypropylether, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, novolac glycidyl ether, ethoxylated bisphenol A and propoxylated bisphenol A. Of these polyol monomers the monomers comprising bisphenol A are preferred, in particular bisphenol A, the ethoxylated and/or propoxylated bisphenol A are preferred. It is contemplated that two or more first resins, preferably polyols, can be used in the coating compositions of the invention. When two or more first resins, preferably polyols, are present in the coating composition, the total number of second functional groups in the two or more first resins is used in the calculation of the molar ratio of first and second functional groups.

Examples of polyacrylate resins include polymers derived from one or more of acrylate, methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydro xystearyl acrylate and hydroxystearyl methacrylate. Copolymers of two or more of the aforementioned resins are also contemplated as long as the resulting resin contains reactive groups as is required by the invention.

The first resin, preferably the polyol, of the invention may preferably have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of at most 100,000, more preferably at most 50,000, even more preferably at most 20,000 and most preferably at most 10,000, and preferably at least 200, more preferably at least 250 and most preferably at least 300. When the first resin, preferably a polyol, is a monomer, the first resin may preferably have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of at most 10,000, more preferably at most 5,000, even more preferably at most 2,000 and most preferably at most 1 ,000, and preferably at least 200, more preferably at least 250 and most preferably at least 300.

The first resin, preferably the polyol, of the invention may preferably have a hydroxyl value of at least 50, more preferably at least 60, even more preferably at least 75, and most preferably least 100. The hydroxyl value of a first resin can be measured using standard methods, such as the method of ASTM E-222-76. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the first resin has at least one second functional group per six monomeric units in the first resin, preferably at least one second functional group per three monomeric units, more preferably at least one second function group per monomeric unit. A higher functionality, in particular of hydroxyl groups, of the first resin generally leads to improved properties of the resulting cured coating. Such a high functionality generally does not undesirably impact the brittleness or reduce impact resistance of the cured coating composition.

The aminoplast of the invention can be any aminoplast known in the art. The aminoplast is generally a condensation product of an aldehyde and melamine, benzoguanamine, urea or similar compounds resulting in an amine resin or an amide resin. The aminoplast of the invention generally comprises first functional groups of which at least one is selected from the group consisting of amine (-NH₂), amide (-NHR), ether (-N-R-0-R’) and alcohol (N-R-OH). Preferably, the second functional group is at least one selected from the group of amide (-NHR) and ether (-N-R-0-R’). The substituents R and R’ can be any suitable substituent known in the art, and include alkyl(ene), aryl(ene), and aralkyl(ene). The aminoplast may have more than one functional group, e.g. the aminoplast may contain both ether and alcohol groups. The aminoplast may have an average functionality between 2 and 8. Preferably the average functionality is at most 7, and most preferably at most 6, and preferably at least 3 and most preferably at least 4.

The aminoplast of the invention may be a monomer, an oligomer or polymer. Polymeric aminoplasts may include melamine resin, dicyanimide resin, glycoluril resins, urea resins and copolymers thereof. Of these polymeric aminoplasts melamine resins are preferred. Oligomeric aminoplasts include dimers, trimers and tetramers of monomeric aminoplasts. Examples of suitable monomeric aminoplasts include condensation products of an aldehyde and methylurea, glycoluril, benzourea, dicyandiamide, formaguanamine, acetoguanamine, ammeline, 2-chloro- 4,6-diamino-1 ,3,5-triazine, 6-methyl-2,4-diamino-1 ,3,5-triazine, 3,5-diaminotriazole,

triaminopyrimidine, 2-mercapto-4,6-diaminopyrimidine, 2,4,6-triethyl-triamino-1 ,3,5-triazine, 1 ,3,5-triaminobenzene and melamine. Of these aminoplasts aldehyde condensation products with melamine are preferred. Suitable aldehydes include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde, and furfural. Formaldehyde is the preferred aldehyde. Further modification of the aminoplasts are also considered, including etherification with a monoalcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol and heptanol. Examples of such aminoplasts include hexamethoxymethyl melamine (Cymel 300 and Cymel 303), butylated melamine formaldehyde resin (Cymel 1156 and Cymel 1158 and Cymel MB-14), and partially butylated, methylated melamine formaldehyde resin (Cymel 1130) and butoxylated glycoluril formaldehyde resin, such as Cymel 1 170. Of these hexamethoxymethyl melamine is preferred. Further examples of aminoplasts include derivatives of methylurea, glycoluril, benzourea, dicyandiamide, formaguanamine, acetoguanamine, ammeline, 2-chloro-4,6- diamino-1 ,3,5-triazine, 6-methyl-2,4-diamino-1 ,3,5-triazine, 3,5-diaminotriazole,

triaminopyrimidine, 2-mercapto-4,6-diaminopyrimidine, 2,4,6-triethyl-triamino-1 ,3,5-triazine, 1 ,3,5-triaminobenzene and melamine, wherein the derivative comprises functional groups selected from the group consisting of vinyl, oxetane, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl and thiol.

Examples of such derivatives include derivative of glycoluril such as TA-G, TG-G, TC-G, TH-G and TS-G. The invention also contemplates using two or more of such aminoplasts. When two or more aminoplasts are present in the coating composition, the total number of first functional groups in the two or more aminoplasts is used in the calculation of the molar ratio of first and second functional groups.

The aminoplast of the invention may preferably have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of at most 5,000, more preferably at most 2,000, even more preferably at most 1 ,000 and most preferably below 600, and preferably at least 200, more preferably at least 250 and most preferably at least 300.

The invention further pertains to coating compositions comprising an adduct of the first resin and the aminoplast. In the context of this application the wording“adduct” refers to reaction products of a first resin and an aminoplast, preferably of monomers of a first resin and an aminoplast, wherein the resulting adduct maintains at least two functional groups enabling polymerization and/or cross-linking of the adduct. It is contemplated that the coating

composition comprises the adduct alone, and also combinations of adduct and first resin, combinations of adduct and aminoplast, and combinations of adduct, first resin and aminoplast. Examples of such adducts include reaction products of the monomers of the first resin, preferably the polyol, and the aminoplast as described above. Such adducts are typically formed under conditions where only the adduct is formed and no or only to a small extent

polymerization and/or cross-linking occurs. The coating composition of the invention preferably comprises adducts of the first resin and the aminoplast, wherein the amount of polymerized and/or cross-linked product is at most 5 wt%, based on the total weight of aminoplast and first resin. Preferably, the polymerized and/or cross-linked product of the aminoplast and first resin is present in an amount of at most 2 wt%, more preferably at most 1 wt%, even more preferably at most 0.5 wt%. Even more preferably, the coating composition is substantially free from polymerized and/or cross-linked product, and most preferably the coating composition is completely free from polymerized and/or cross-linked product. The term“substantially free” means that less than 100 parts per million of the polymerized and/or cross-linked product is present in the coating composition. The term“completely free” means that the cured coating contains less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of polymerized and/or cross-linked product.

The functional groups of the adduct may be the functional groups derived from the first resin, preferably the polyol, and/or from the aminoplast. The molar ratio of functional groups in adducts should be considered as the molar ratio of the second functional groups of the first resin and of the first functional groups of the monomeric aminoplast, preferably the monomeric aminoplast, as present in the first resin per se and the aminoplast per se (thus prior to reacting to the adduct). The molar ratio of the second functional groups of the first resin of the adduct, preferably the monomeric first resin, and the aminoplast of the adduct, preferably the monomeric aminoplast, is at least 0.01. Preferably, the ratio is at least 0.05, more preferably at least 0.1 , even more preferably at least 0.2, even more preferably at least 0.5, and most preferably at least 1 , and preferably at most 100, more preferably at most 75, even more preferably at most 50, and most preferably at most 40.

In one embodiment of the invention, the coating composition comprises the aminoplast in an amount of at least 1 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the first resin and the aminoplast. Preferably, the aminoplast is present in an amount of at least 5 wt%, more preferably at least 10 wt%, even more preferably at least 20 wt% and most preferably at least 30 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 95 wt%, even more preferably at most 90 wt% and most preferably at most 85 wt%, based on the total weight of the first resin and the aminoplast.

The coating composition of the invention comprises the first resin in an amount of at most 99 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the first resin and the aminoplast. Preferably, the first resin is present in an amount of at most 95 wt%, more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 80 wt% and most preferably at most 70 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt% and most preferably at least 15 wt%, based on the total weight of the first resin and the aminoplast.

In one embodiment of the invention, the coating composition comprises the aminoplast in an amount of at least 1 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the polyol and the aminoplast. Preferably, the aminoplast is present in an amount of at least 5 wt%, more preferably at least 10 wt%, even more preferably at least 20 wt% and most preferably at least 30 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 95 wt%, even more preferably at most 90 wt% and most preferably at most 85 wt%, based on the total weight of the polyol and the aminoplast.

The coating composition of the invention comprises the first resin in an amount of at most 99 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of solids in the coating composition. Preferably, the first resin is present in an amount of at most 95 wt%, more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 80 wt% and most preferably at most 70 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt% and most preferably at least 15 wt%, based on the total weight of solids in the coating composition.

The coating composition of the invention comprises the polyol in an amount of at most 99 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the polyol and the aminoplast. Preferably, the first resin is present in an amount of at most 95 wt%, more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 80 wt% and most preferably at most 70 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt% and most preferably at least 15 wt%, based on the total weight of the polyol and the aminoplast.

The coating composition of the invention comprises the polyol in an amount of at most 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of solids in the coating composition. Preferably, the polyol is present in an amount of at most 45 wt%, more preferably at most 40 wt%, even more preferably at most 35 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt% and most preferably at least 15 wt%, based on the total weight of solids in the coating composition.

The coating composition of the invention comprises the polyol in an amount of at most 99 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of solids in the coating composition. Preferably, the polyol is present in an amount of at most 95 wt%, more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 80 wt% and most preferably at most 70 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt% and most preferably at least 15 wt%, based on the total weight of solids in the coating composition.

In another embodiment of the invention, the coating composition comprises solids in an amount of at least 10 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the coating composition.

Preferably, the solids are present in an amount of at least 20 wt%, more preferably at least 30 wt%, even more preferably at least 35 wt% and most preferably at least 40 wt%, and preferably at most 95 wt%, more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 80 wt% and most preferably at most 75 wt%, based on the total weight of the coating composition. The term “solids” is known to the man skilled in the art, and generally refers to the solid or non-volatile material in the coating composition; typically the solids include the resins, pigments, dyes, catalyst, etc. and does not include solvents that evaporate during the curing process. The amount of solids may also be referred to as“solids content”.

The amounts of eutectic composition and optionally water are similar to the amounts as described above.

The remaining part of the coating composition may be comprised of other components commonly used in coating compositions. With the first resin, the aminoplast and the eutectic composition the other components add up to 100 wt% of the total weight of the coating composition. The other components can be any of the above-mentioned components such as solvents and (conventional) additives.

Composition comprising monomer, oligomer and/or polymer

The invention further pertains to a composition comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent, and optionally water, and a monomer, oligomer and/or polymer. Additionally, the invention further pertains to a composition comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent, and optionally water, and a monomer, oligomer and/or polymer, wherein the composition has a lower viscosity compared to a composition without the eutectic composition, and/or the composition is more compatible compared to a composition without the eutectic composition. The eutectic composition generally renders a lower viscosity of the compositions of the invention. Polymeric compositions generally have a high viscosity which makes handling and/or processing of such compositions difficult or even impossible. The lower viscosity enables easier handling of such polymer-containing

compositions. In addition, e-caprolactam or g-butyrolactam is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as flavoring agent in food, allowing the creation of very environmentally friendly polymer compositions, and easy use in food-related applications.

The monomer, oligomer and/or polymer comprised in the inventive composition can be any monomer, oligomer or polymer known in the art. The oligomer generally includes dimers, trimers and tetramers of the monomer. The (co)polymers generally have a higher degree of

polymerization (DP), preferably a DP of at least 20, more preferably at least 50. In this connection, for a definition of the degree of polymerization, reference is made to P.J. Flory, Principles of Polymer Chemistry, New York, 1953. The polymer or oligomer may be a homopolymer, a copolymer or a terpolymer.

Examples of suitable polymers are polyolefins, such as polyethylene and polypropylene as well as grafted polyolefins; vinyl polymers, such as polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride or polyvinylidene fluoride, and blends of two or more polymers. Preferred polymers are polyolefins, vinyl polymers, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyepoxides, polyvinylalcohol, polyvinylbutyral, polyvinylacetaat, polyethers or polythioethers.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the polymer is a thermoplastic polymer. Examples of thermoplastic polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, grafted polyolefins, and polystyrene; acetal (co)polymers, such as polyoxymethylene (POM); rubbers, such as natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyisoprene (IR), polybutadiene (E3R), polyisobutylene (MR), halogenated polyisobutylene, butadiene nitrile rubber (NBR),

hydrogenated butadiene nitril (HNBR), styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) and similar styrenic block copolymers, poly(epichlorohydrin) rubbers (CO, ECO, GPO), silicon rubbers (Q), chloroprene rubber (CR), ethylene propylene rubber (EPM), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), polysulfide rubber (T), fluorine rubbers (FKM), ethane-vinylacetate rubber (EVA), polyacrylic rubbers (ACM), polynorbornene (PNR); polyurethanes (AU/EU) and polyester/ether

thermoplastic elastomers.

Particularly preferred are polymers or copolymers obtained by polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer. Such polymers include polyolefins and modified polyolefins, which are known to the man skilled-in-the-art. The polyolefin or modified polyolefin can be a homopolymer or a copolymer, terpolymer of grafted polymer. Examples of such (modified) polyolefins include polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride and ethylene-propylene rubber, propylene-butene copolymer, ethylene- vinyl chloride copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS), acrylonitrile-acrylate-styrene copolymer (AAS), methyl methacrylate- butadiene-styrene copolymer (MBS), chlorinated polyethylene, chlorinated polypropylene, ethylene-acrylate copolymer, vinyl chloride-propylene copolymer, maleic anhydride-grafted polyolefin, maleic acid-grafted polyolefin, and mixtures thereof. More preferred polyolefins are polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride.

Suitable examples of polyethylene are high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), straight chain low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), ultra-low density polyethylene and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Further examples of ethylene-based copolymers include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene-ethyl acetate copolymer (EEA), ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) and ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA).

Preferred polyolefins are polyethylene and polypropylene, which include emulsions and dispersions thereof. Such emulsions and dispersions can be water-based or solvent-based. Examples of such polyolefin dispersions or emulsions include Mitsui Unisol R100 G, Mitsui XP04A, Mitsui S300, Mitsui Chemipearl W900 and Dow Canvera 1 110.

In one embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises the polymer in an amount of at least 10 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of composition. Preferably, the polymer is present in an amount of at least 20 wt%, more preferably at least 30 wt%, even more preferably at least 35 wt% and most preferably at least 40 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 95 wt%, even more preferably at most 90 wt%, even more preferably at most 85 wt%, even more preferably at most 80 wt%, and most preferably at most 75 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.

In one embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises the eutectic composition in an amount of at most 90 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of composition. Preferably, the polymer is present in an amount of at most 80 wt%, more preferably at most 70 wt%, even more preferably at most 65 wt% and most preferably at most 60 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt%, even more preferably at least 15 wt%, even more preferably at least 20 wt%, and most preferably at least 25 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.

The invention further pertains to a masterbatch comprising the eutectic composition in an amount of at most 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of composition. Preferably, the lactam is present in an amount of at most 40 wt%, more preferably at most 30 wt%, even more preferably at most 25 wt% and most preferably at most 20 wt%, and preferably at least 0.001 wt%, more preferably at least 0.5 wt%, even more preferably at least 1 wt%, even more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 4 wt%, and most preferably at least 5 wt%, based on the total weight of the masterbatch. Correspondingly, the masterbatch comprises at least 60 wt% of the polymer, more preferably at least 80 wt%, even more preferably at least 85 wt% and most preferably at least 90 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 96 wt%, and most preferably at most 95 wt% of the polymer, based on the total weight of the masterbatch. Such masterbatches are highly concentrated premixes for polymer compounding, for example. Such masterbatches are generally blended with another polymer. The further polymer may be the same or different polymer as used in the masterbatch.

The compositions of the invention including the masterbatch may further comprise additives commonly used in polymer-containing compositions including pigments and dyes, heat stabilizers, anti-oxidants, fillers, such as hydroxyapatite, silica, carbon black, glass fibers and other inorganic materials, flame retardants .nucleating agents, impact modifiers, plasticizers, rheology modifiers, cross-linking agents, anti-gassing agents, surfactants, flow controlling agents, ultraviolet light (UV) stabilizers, adhesion enhancing promoters, waxes, matting agents, defoamers and curing catalysts. Examples of pigments and dyes include metal oxides like iron oxide, zinc oxide and; metal hydroxides; metal sulfides, metal sulfates, metal carbonates, such as calcium carbonate; carbon black, china clay, phthalo blues and greens, organo reds and other organic dyes.

The additives are optional and can be chosen according to need in amounts as desired. The composition of the invention may comprise the additives in an amount of at most 30 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the additive is present in an amount of at most 25 wt%, more preferably at most 20 wt%, even more preferably at most 15 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.

The remaining part of the composition may be comprised of other components commonly used in compositions. With the monomer, oligomer and/or polymer and the eutectic composition the other components add up to 100 wt% of the total weight of the composition.

The compositions of the invention may also be processed and shaped using techniques known in the art. Examples of such processing techniques include melt spinning, die extrusion, injection molding, compression and transfer molding, thermoforming, rotational molding and sintering, blow molding, plastic foam molding, extrusion and extrusion-based techniques, such as pipe extrusion, sheet extrusion, tubular blown film extrusion, melt spinning, netting, and co extrusion.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the composition of the invention can be used in any application for which the composition of the invention is suitable. Examples of such applications include carpeting, automobile parts, window frames, kitchen worktops, container closures, lunch boxes, closures, medical devices, household articles, food containers, dishwashers, outdoor furniture, blow-molded bottles, disposable non-woven fabrics, cables and wires and packaging.

Solutions

The invention further pertains to a composition comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent and optionally water and an organic substance. Additionally, the invention pertains to a composition comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent and optionally water and an organic substance, wherein the composition is a solution, and wherein the composition has a lower viscosity compared to a composition without the eutectic composition, and/or the composition is more compatible compared to a composition without the eutectic composition. The eutectic composition of the invention generally enable a solution with a higher solubility and/or a lowering of the viscosity and/or a faster dissolution rate. It was further found that the compositions of the invention are less prone to deposit or phase separate when electrolytes are added and/or when the pH is changed. Moreover, organic substances having a pKa can be dissolved at all and/or faster and/or with a higher solubility when combined with eutectic composition optionally with water, even when the pH is below the pKa value of the organic substance. Additionally, the stability of composition of the invention is generally better than compositions where no eutectic composition is present. An improved stability can be determined by the absence of or significant reduction of solid deposits or phase separation; also when deposits have appeared these solids can be re-dissolved when the eutectic composition is added. With eutectic composition it is further possible to liquefy solid organic substances, even when the eutectic composition is solid. It is further noted that the eutectic composition, in particular e-caprolactam and g-butyrolactam, are generally food approved and lowly toxic. Moreover, the eutectic composition of the invention do not add to the VOC level of the solution. As the eutectic composition, optionally with water, may reduce or even obviate the use of organic solvents, and consequently will reduce the VOC level of the solution of the invention.

The organic substance can be any organic substance that can form a solution in eutectic composition and/or water. The organic substance may be a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon. The organic substance may further be of natural sources and/or synthetic. In one embodiment, the organic substance may comprise a substituent, which is capable of releasing a hydrogen (H⁺) or a cation (e.g. Na⁺ or K⁺). Examples of such substituents include carboxylic acids (-COOH), hydroxyl, amines (-NH₂), phosphates, phosphonates, sulfates, sulfites, sulfonates, nitrates, nitrites and salts thereof. The organic substance may be a single molecule, a monomer, an oligomer and/or a polymer.

Examples of organic substances include aromatic compounds such as salicylic acid, phenol, catechol, 2-phenol phosphinic acid, 2-phenol phosphonic acid, 2-phenol sulphonic acid, 2- nitrophenol and 2-aminophenol, benzene, naphthalene, xylene, toluene and oligomers and polymers thereof, such as the aldehyde condensation products described in WO 2018/004334.

It was observed that the solubility of such aromatic compounds in water can be considerably increased upon addition of a small amount of eutectic composition (less than 5 wt%). Moreover, the viscosity of such solutions is generally reduced. Moreover, the aromatic compounds, e.g. salicylic acid, cannot be easily mixed into a polymer or resin without phase separation. The composition of the invention improves the compatibility of the aromatic compounds with such polymers or resins.

In one embodiment the organic substance may be an amine curing agent (e.g. for epoxy resins). Examples of amine curing agents include alkylated polyamines include propylene diamines such as coco propylene diamine, oleyl propylene diamine, arachidyl behenyl propylene diamine, soya propylene diamine, (partially) hydrogenated tallow propylene diamine, N,N,N’-trimethyl-N’-tallow propylene diamine and tallow propylene diamine; dipropylene triamines such as dodecyl dipropylene triamine, oleyl dipropylene triamine, octyl dipropylene triamine, stearyl dipropylene triamine and tallow dipropylene triamine and other polyamines such as N-tallowalkyl dipropylene tetramine, N-tallowalkyl tripropylene triamine, N-(3- aminopropyl)-N-cocoalkyl propylene diamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-tallowalkyl propylene diamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-cocoalkyl trimethylenediamine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-tallowalkyl trimethylenediamine and dendrimers containing propylene diamines; bisalkylated amines such as di(dodecyl) amine, di(oleyl) amine, di(arachidyl behenyl) amine, di(tallow) amine, di(octyl) amine, di(stearyl) amine and di(coco) amine; alkylated primary amines such as dodecyl amine, oleyl amine, hexadecyl amine, arachidyl behenyl amine, hydrogenated tallowalkyl amine, tallowalkyl amine, rapeseedalkyl amine, hydrogenated rapeseedalkyl amine, soyaalkyl amine, octyl amine, octadecyl amine, stearyl amine and coco amine; alkoxylated polyamines such as propylene diamines such as octyl/decyloxypropyl-1 ,3-diaminopropane, isodecyloxypropyl-1 ,3- diaminopropane, isododecyloxypropyl-1 ,3-diaminopropane, dodecyl/tetradecyloxypropyl-1 ,3- diaminopropane, isotridecyloxypropyl-1 ,3-diaminopropane and tetradecyloxypropyl-1 ,3- diaminopropane; and dipropylene triamines such as dodecyl dipropylene triamine, dodecyl dipropylene triamine, octyl/decyl dipropylene triamine, isotridecyl dipropylene triamine and tetradecyl dipropylene triamine; bisalkoxylated amines such as di(dodecyloxypropyl) amine, di(oleyloxypropyl) amine, di(arachidyl behenyloxypropyl) amine, di(tallowoxypropyl) amine, di(octyloxypropyl) amine, di(stearyloxypropyl) amine and di(cocoalkyloxy) amine; and alkoxylated amines such as isopropyloxypropyl amine, hexyloxypropyl amine, 2- ethylhexyloxypropyl amine, octyl/decyloxypropyl amine, isodecyloxypropyl amine,

dodecyl/tetradecyloxypropyl amine, isotridecyloxypropyl amine, tetradecyloxypropyl amine, tetradecyl/dodecyloxypropyl amine, linear alkyloxypropyl amine and

octadecyl/hexadecyloxypropyl amine. Also (liquefied) combinations with phenol-based compounds such as salicylic acid and catechol as described in WO 2012/177120 and WO 2012/177121 are contemplated. Such amines have a tendency to be unstable and solid depositions occur in the presence of electrolytes in particular metallic ions. The eutectic composition of the invention prevent such solid depositions. Moreover, when such solids are present the eutectic composition may dissolve such solids and form a storage stable liquid.

In one embodiment, the organic substance may be a polysaccharide. Examples of

polysaccharides include celluloses such as cellulose, methyl cellulose (MC), ethyl cellulose (EC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MEHEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC); and starches such as starch, oxidized starch, hydroxyethyl starch, hydroxypropyl starch and carboxymethyl starch; chitin and arabinoxylans. The polysaccharide can have any degree of polymerization (DP) and degree of substitution (DS) known in the art. It was found that polysaccharides, like sodium CMC, can be dissolved only slowly in water (ca. 30 minutes to complete dissolution), and by addition of eutectic composition - even at low amounts (below 5 wt%) - the dissolution rate of sodium CMC can be significantly increased (complete dissolution well within 5 minutes) under the same conditions (temperature, pressure and pH). It is believed that the eutectic composition can disentangle the long chains of the sodium CMC quickly and in this way cause a faster dissolution of the sodium CMC. Moreover, the viscosity of the polysaccharide solutions of the invention may be lowered.

The organic substance may also be an aliphatic hydrocarbon. Preferably, the organic substance is an aliphatic hydrocarbon which is liquid or solid at room temperature. In one embodiment, the organic substance is an aliphatic hydrocarbon with 5 or more carbon atoms. Examples of such aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes such as pentane, hexane, heptane, nonane and decane; alkenes such as 1 ,3-butadiene, 1-pentene, 2-pentene, 1 ,3-pentadiene, 1 -hexene and 2-hexene; alkynes such as 1-butyne, 2-butyne and 1-pentyne; long-chain alkanes such as white oil and paraffinic oil; cycloalkanes such as cyclopentane, cyclohexane and cycloheptane; and combinations of aliphatic carbons such as gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, aviation fuel and kerosine. Also substituted and/or branched aliphatic hydrocarbons and blends of two or more aliphatic hydrocarbons are contemplated. The inventors found that the lactam can be used to prevent phase separation of water and aliphatic carbon combination such as gasoline as the water will be blended into the gasoline. This results in a more homogenous burning profile of the gasoline.

The organic substance generally has a relatively low solubility in water at 20°C. The organic substance of the invention has a solubility in water at 20°C of at most 50 g/l. Preferably, the solubility in water at 25°C is at most 20 g/l, more preferably at most 10 g/l and even more preferably at most 5 g/l, and most preferably at most 1 g/l, and generally at least 1 mg/I, preferably at least 2 mg/I, more preferably at least 5 mg/I, and most preferably at least 10 mg/I.

In one embodiment, the composition may comprise the organic substance in an amount of at most 95 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the organic substance is present in an amount of at most 90 wt%, more preferably at most 85 wt%, even more preferably at most 80 wt% and most preferably at most 75 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.

In one embodiment, the composition may comprise the organic substance in an amount of at most 95 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the organic substance and the eutectic composition. Preferably, the organic substance is present in an amount of at most 90 wt%, more preferably at most 85 wt%, even more preferably at most 80 wt% and most preferably at most 75 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the organic substance and the eutectic composition.

In one embodiment, the composition may comprise the eutectic composition in an amount of at least 5 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the eutectic composition is present in an amount of at least 10 wt%, more preferably at least 15 wt%, even more preferably at least 20 wt% and most preferably at least 25 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 98 wt%, even more preferably at most 95 wt% and most preferably at most 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.

In one embodiment, the composition may comprise the eutectic composition in an amount of at least 5 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the organic substance and the eutectic composition. Preferably, the eutectic composition is present in an amount of at least 10 wt%, more preferably at least 15 wt%, even more preferably at least 20 wt% and most preferably at least 25 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 98 wt%, even more preferably at most 95 wt% and most preferably at most 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the organic substance and the eutectic composition.

Water may also be present in the composition of the invention. The combination of water and eutectic composition have the further advantage of an improved rheology, e.g. a lower viscosity and/or less to no gel formation or an improved compatibility, e.g. a faster dissolution and/or the absence of phase separation or solid deposition. The presence of eutectic composition in water enhances the solubility of apolar molecules while simultaneously decreasing viscosity or maintaining a low viscosity.

The weight ratio between water and eutectic composition is at least 0.01 , preferably at least 0.05, more preferably at least 0.1 , even more preferably at least 0.2, and most preferably at least 0.5, and generally at most 100, preferably at most 50, more preferably at most 20, even more preferably at most 10, and most preferably at most 5.

In one embodiment, the composition may comprise water in an amount of at most 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the composition. Preferably, water is present in an amount of at most 40 wt%, more preferably at most 35 wt%, even more preferably at most 30 wt% and most preferably at most 25 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.

The remaining part of the composition may be comprised of other components commonly used in compositions. With the organic substance and the eutectic composition the other components add up to 100 wt% of the total weight of the composition.

Emulsions

The invention further pertains to an emulsion comprising water, oil and a eutectic composition comprising lactam and a eutecting agent. Additionally, the invention pertains to an emulsion comprising water, oil and a eutectic composition comprising lactam and a eutecting agent, wherein the composition has a lower viscosity compared to a composition without the eutectic composition, and/or the composition is more compatible compared to a composition without the eutectic composition. The emulsion of the invention comprises at least two liquids and can be an oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion. Preferably, the emulsion is an oil-in-water emulsion. The eutectic composition of the invention is capable of lowering the viscosity of such emulsions. Moreover, it was found that the eutectic composition enabled a single phase when oil, e.g. white oil, and water were mixed with no or a delayed phase separation. The stability of emulsions of the invention are also generally improved.

The emulsion can be any emulsion known in the art. The emulsion can be a micro-emulsion comprising micrometer-sized droplets and a nano-emulsion comprising nanometer-sized droplets. The oil suitable in the emulsion of the invention is any oil or hydrophobic liquid known in the art. Examples of such oils include hydrocarbon oils such as mineral oil fractions comprising linear mineral oils (n-paraffins), branched mineral oils (iso-paraffinic) and/or cyclic mineral oils (naphthenic oils); polyisobutylenes (PIB), phosphate esters such as trioctyl phosphate;

polyalkylbenzens such as heavy alkylates, dodecyl benzene and other alkylarenes; esters of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids; linear or branched mono unsaturated hydrocarbons such as linear or branched alkanes containing 8 to 25 carbon atoms and linear or branched alkenes containing 8 to 25 carbon atoms; and natural oils such as palm oil, soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil and castor oil.

In one embodiment of an oil-in-water emulsion, the emulsion may comprise the oil in an amount of at most 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the emulsion. Preferably, the oil is present in an amount of at most 40 wt%, more preferably at most 35 wt%, even more preferably at most 30 wt% and most preferably at most 25 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the emulsion.

In one embodiment of an oil-in-water emulsion, the emulsion may comprise the oil in an amount of at most 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the oil and water. Preferably, the oil is present in an amount of at most 40 wt%, more preferably at most 35 wt%, even more preferably at most 30 wt% and most preferably at most 25 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the oil and water.

In one embodiment of an oil-in-water emulsion, the emulsion may comprise water in an amount of at least 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the emulsion. Preferably, water is present in an amount of at least 60 wt%, more preferably at least 65 wt%, even more preferably at least 70 wt% and most preferably at least 75 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 98 wt%, even more preferably at most 95 wt% and most preferably at most 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the emulsion.

In one embodiment of an oil-in-water emulsion, the emulsion may comprise water in an amount of at least 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the oil and water. Preferably, water is present in an amount of at least 60 wt%, more preferably at least 65 wt%, even more preferably at least 70 wt% and most preferably at least 75 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 98 wt%, even more preferably at most 95 wt% and most preferably at most 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the oil and water.

In one embodiment of a water-in-oil emulsion, the emulsion may comprise water in an amount of at most 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the emulsion. Preferably, water is present in an amount of at most 40 wt%, more preferably at most 35 wt%, even more preferably at most 30 wt% and most preferably at most 25 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the emulsion.

In one embodiment of a water-in-oil emulsion, the emulsion may comprise water in an amount of at most 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the oil and water. Preferably, water is present in an amount of at most 40 wt%, more preferably at most 35 wt%, even more preferably at most 30 wt% and most preferably at most 25 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the oil and water.

In one embodiment of a water-in-oil emulsion, the emulsion may comprise the oil in an amount of at least 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the emulsion. Preferably, the oil is present in an amount of at least 60 wt%, more preferably at least 65 wt%, even more preferably at least 70 wt% and most preferably at least 75 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 98 wt%, even more preferably at most 95 wt% and most preferably at most 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the emulsion.

In one embodiment of a water-in-oil emulsion, the emulsion may comprise the oil in an amount of at least 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the oil and water. Preferably, the oil is present in an amount of at least 60 wt%, more preferably at least 65 wt%, even more preferably at least 70 wt% and most preferably at least 75 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 98 wt%, even more preferably at most 95 wt% and most preferably at most 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the oil and water.

The eutectic composition of the invention can be chosen according to need in amounts as desired. The emulsion of the invention, both the water-in-oil emulsion and the oil-in-eater emulsion, may comprise the eutectic composition in an amount of at most 30 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the emulsion. Preferably, the eutectic composition is present in an amount of at most 25 wt%, more preferably at most 20 wt%, even more preferably at most 15 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the emulsion.

Alternatively, the emulsion of the invention may comprise the eutectic composition in an amount of at most 30 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the oil and water. Preferably, the eutectic composition is present in an amount of at most 25 wt%, more preferably at most 20 wt%, even more preferably at most 15 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the oil and water.

The remaining part of the composition may be comprised of other components commonly used in emulsions. With the oil, water and the eutectic composition the other components add up to 100 wt% of the total weight of the emulsion.

The emulsion of the invention may further comprise an emulsifier. The eutectic composition may enable the formation of a stable emulsion. When the eutectic composition is not sufficient to form a stable emulsion, an emulsifier may be added. Alternatively, when the aim is to change the rheology of the emulsion, in particular to reduce its static and/or dynamic viscosity, the eutectic composition can be added to an emulsion comprising conventional emulsifiers. The emulsifier can be any emulsifier known in the art and which can form a stable emulsion.

Examples of such emulsifiers include food emulsifiers such as lecithin, soy lecithin, sodium phophates, mono- and diglycerides, sodium stearoyl lactylate, diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglyceride (DATEM); anionic detergents such as alkylbenzene sulfonates, N-acylglycinates and N-acylglutamates; cationic detergents such as quaternary ammonium compounds, non ionic detergents such as polyoxyethylene-based detergents such as polysorbates (e.g. Tween 80) and polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether (Triton X-100) and glucosides such as

octylthioglucoside (OTG); zwitterionic detergents such as betaines, N-alkylamidobetaines and polyaminocsarboxylates; and emulsifiers used in pharmacy such as emulsifying wax, polysorbate 20, ceteareth 20.

The emulsifier can be chosen according to need in amounts as desired. The emulsion of the invention, both the water-in-oil emulsion and the oil-in-eater emulsion, may comprise the emulsifier in an amount of at most 30 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the emulsion. Preferably, the emulsifier is present in an amount of at most 25 wt%, more preferably at most 20 wt%, even more preferably at most 15 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the emulsion.

Alternatively, the emulsion of the invention may comprise the emulsifier in an amount of at most 30 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the oil and water. Preferably, the emulsifier is present in an amount of at most 25 wt%, more preferably at most 20 wt%, even more preferably at most 15 wt% and most preferably at most 30 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the oil and water.

The emulsions may further comprise additives such as heat stabilizers, flame retardants, UV stabilizers, fungicides, biocides, perfumes, relaxers, colorants, fillers, pigments and dyes, thickeners, preservatives, freeze thaw stabilizers, moisturizers, pH controlling agents, water phase stabilizing agents, vitamins, sebum absorbants, active ingredients and antifoams. The active ingredients may be an active pharmaceutical ingredient vegetable or botanical extracts, essential oils, or a cosmetic component. Examples of such active ingredients include anti-acne agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, therapeutic active ingredients, external analgesics, skin bleaching agents, anti-cancer agents, diuretics, agents for treating gastric and duodenal ulcers, proteolytic enzymes, antihistamine or H1 histamine blockers, sedatives, bronchodilators, cardiovascular agents, antiarrhythmic agents, ACE inhibitors, non. -steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac, antipsoriasis agents such as clobetasol propionate, anti-dermatitis agents, corticosteroidal drugs, beta-blockers and alpha-l blockers.

The emulsions of the invention can be used in food application, paints, construction

applications, textiles e.g. fiber treatment, leather lubrication, household care compositions, softening, fabric care in laundry applications, healthcare applications, release agents, water- based coatings and personal care or cosmetic applications. The cosmetic applications include those that are intended to be placed in contact with portions of the human body (skin, hair, nails, mucosa, etc.) or with teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance, protecting them, keeping them in good condition or modifying odors, and skin care, sun care, hair care or nail care applications. Consequently, the present invention further pertains to emulsions of the invention, in particular oil-in-water emulsions, for use in creams, ointments, unguents, gels, pastes, liniments, foams, transdermal patches, lotions and topical solutions. In one aspect of the invention, the invention pertains to a cosmetic composition comprising the eutectic composition of the invention, optionally an active cosmetic ingredient, and a cosmetic excipient. In another aspect of the invention, the invention pertains to a cosmetic composition comprising the eutectic composition of the invention, an active cosmetic ingredient, and a cosmetic excipient. The active cosmetic ingredient can be any conventional active cosmetic ingredient used in cosmetic compositions known in the art. The cosmetic excipient can be any conventional excipient used in cosmetic compositions known in the art. The invention further pertains to a cosmetic composition comprising the emulsion of the invention, in particular the oil- in-water emulsion. The advantage of the eutectic composition of the invention is the easier preparation of complex compositions due to the improved compatibility and/or the lowering of the static or dynamic viscosity of the compositions.

In another aspect, the invention pertains to topical compositions comprising the emulsion of the invention, in particular the oil-in-water emulsion. Moreover, the invention pertains to a hair care composition, in particular shampoo, comprising the emulsion of the invention, in particular the oil-in-water emulsion. The eutectic composition of the invention allows for removal of grease present in hair and head skin without significantly affecting the head skin, for example through skin reddening or allergic reactions.

The invention further pertains to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the eutectic composition of the invention, an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a pharmaceutical excipient. The pharmaceutical excipient can be any conventional excipient used in

pharmaceutical compositions known in the art. Moreover, the invention pertains to a

pharmaceutical composition comprising the emulsion of the invention, in particular the oil-in water emulsion. The eutectic composition generally allows a higher dose of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the pharmaceutical composition. Especially, higher doses of the lowly water-soluble APIs are achievable, especially APIs from the BCS classes II and IV.

The eutectic composition of the invention can also be used in processes wherein emulsions are used, such as emulsion polymerization such as the polymerization of plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA); the polymerization of synthetic rubbers such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene and polychloroprene (Neoprene). Dispersions

The invention further pertains to a dispersion comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent, and optionally water, and solid particles, wherein the composition has a lower viscosity compared to a composition without the eutectic composition, and/or the composition is more compatible compared to a composition without the eutectic composition.

The solid particles may be any solid particle known in the art and which can be suitably used in dispersions. The solid particles of the invention may be selected from polymeric particles, oxide and/or hydroxide particles, pigments and fillers.

Examples of polymeric particles include polyolefins such as polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene; polyesters such as polyacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate. Further examples of monomers of suitable polymers have been described above.

Examples of oxides and/or hydroxides particles include oxides and hydroxides of aluminum, silicium, boron, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, nickel, cobalt, titanium, zirconium, cerium, chromium, zinc, tin and tungsten. Preferably, the oxide and/or hydroxides particles are oxides and/or hydroxides selected from aluminum, silicium, calcium, titanium and iron.

Examples of pigments include metal-based pigments, inorganic pigments and biological and organic pigments. Examples of metal-based pigments include cadmium pigments such as cadmium yellow cadmium green, cadmium orange, cadmium sulfoselenide and cadmium red; cobalt pigments such as cobalt violet, cobalt blue, aureolin and cerulean blue; chromium pigments such as chrome yellow and chrome green (viridian); copper pigments such as azurite, Han purple, Han blue and Egyptian blue; iron oxide pigments such as sanguine, caput mortuum, red ochre, Venetian red and Prussian blue; lead pigments such as lead white, Naples yellow, red lead and lead-tin-yellow; manganese pigments such as manganese violet and YlnMn blue; mercury pigments such as vermillion; titanium pigments such as titanium yellow, titanium beige, titanium white and titanium black; and zinc pigments such zinc white, zinc ferrite and zinc yellow. Examples of (non-metal-based) inorganic pigments include carbon pigments such as carbon black and ivory black and clay earth pigments such as yellow ochre, raw sienna, burnt sienna, raw umber and burnt umber; and ultramarine pigments such as ultramarine and ultramarine green shade. Examples of biological pigments include alizarin, alizarin crimson, gamboge, cochinal red, rose madder, indigo, indian yellow and Tyrian purple. Examples of organic pigments include quinacridone, magenta, phthalo green, phthalo blue, pigment red 170 and diarylide yellow.

Examples of fillers include calcium carbonates such as ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), kaolin, carbon black, talc, bentonite, hydrotalcite and hydrotalcite-like clays, diatomite, limestone, titanium dioxide, wood flour, saw dust, calcium sulphate, aluminum trihydrate, aluminum silicate and silica.

In one embodiment, the dispersion may comprise the solid particles in an amount of at most 60 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the dispersion. Preferably, the solid particles is present in an amount of at most 50 wt%, more preferably at most 40 wt%, even more preferably at most 30 wt% and most preferably at most 25 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.

In one embodiment of the invention, the solid particles have a d90 value of at most 100 pm, preferably at most 50 pm, more preferably at most 20 pm, even more preferably at most 10 pm, even more preferably at most 5 pm, and most preferably at most 1 pm, and at least 10 nm, preferably at least 20 nm, more preferably at least 50 nm and most preferably at least 100 nm.

In one embodiment of the invention, the solid particles have a d99 value of at most 100 pm, preferably at most 50 pm, more preferably at most 20 pm, even more preferably at most 10 pm, even more preferably at most 5 pm, and most preferably at most 1 pm, and at least 10 nm, preferably at least 20 nm, more preferably at least 50 nm and most preferably at least 100 nm.

In one embodiment of the invention, the solid particles have a d90 value of at most 100 pm, preferably at most 50 pm, more preferably at most 20 pm, even more preferably at most 10 pm, even more preferably at most 5 pm, and most preferably at most 1 pm, and at least 500 nm, preferably at least 1 pm, more preferably at least 2 pm and most preferably at least 5 pm. Solid particles with a particle size (or d90 value) smaller than 500 nm, and preferably smaller than 1 pm, may pose a health risk to humans and other mammals.

In one embodiment of the invention, the solid particles have a d99 value of at most 100 pm, preferably at most 50 pm, more preferably at most 20 pm, even more preferably at most 10 pm, even more preferably at most 5 pm, and most preferably at most 1 pm, and at least 500 nm, preferably at least 1 pm, more preferably at least 2 pm and most preferably at least 5 pm. In one embodiment, the dispersion may comprise the eutectic composition in an amount of at least 40 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the dispersion. Preferably, the eutectic composition is present in an amount of at least 50 wt%, more preferably at least 60 wt%, even more preferably at least 70 wt% and most preferably at least 75 wt%, and preferably at most 99 wt%, more preferably at most 98 wt%, even more preferably at most 95 wt% and most preferably at most 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the dispersion.

Water may also be present in the composition of the invention. The combination of water and eutectic composition have the further advantage of an improved rheology, e.g. a lower viscosity and/or less to no flocculation or an improved compatibility, e.g the absence of phase separation or solid deposition and easier mixing in a matrix such as a binder and/or polymer.

The weight ratio between water and eutectic composition is at least 0.01 , preferably at least 0.03, more preferably at least 0.05, even more preferably at least 0.1 , even more preferably at least 0.2, and most preferably at least 0.5, and generally at most 100, preferably at most 50, more preferably at most 40, even more preferably at most 20, even more preferably at most 10, and most preferably at most 5.

In one embodiment, the dispersion may comprise water in an amount of at most 50 % by weight (wt%), based on the total weight of the dispersion. Preferably, water is present in an amount of at most 40 wt%, more preferably at most 35 wt%, even more preferably at most 30 wt% and most preferably at most 25 wt%, and preferably at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 2 wt%, even more preferably at least 5 wt% and most preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the dispersion.

Additionally or alternatively to water, another solvent may be present. Examples of other solvents include alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol; alkanes such as pentane and hexane; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), acetone and methyl propyl ketone; and aromatic solvents such as toluene and benzene. In a preferred embodiment, the dispersion does not comprise another solvent. Especially, these solvents increase the amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) when partly replacing water. Therefore, the dispersion of the invention only comprises water and/or eutectic composition as solvent.

The remaining part of the composition may be comprised of other components commonly used in dispersions. With the solid particles and the eutectic composition, the other components add up to 100 wt% of the total weight of the composition. Uses

The eutectic composition of the invention, optionally with water, can be used in a wide range of applications. The invention pertains to the use of eutectic composition, optionally with water, in food applications, paints, construction applications, textiles e.g. fiber treatment, leather lubrication, household care compositions, softening, fabric care in laundry applications, healthcare applications, release agents, water-based coatings, personal care or cosmetic applications, emulsion polymerizations, carpeting, automobile parts, window frames, kitchen worktops, container closures, lunch boxes, closures, medical devices, household articles, food containers, dishwashers, outdoor furniture, blow-molded bottles, disposable non-woven fabrics, cables and wires, packaging, coil coating applications, can coatings (both external and internal can coatings), car refinish, mining, oil drilling, fuel additive and automotive applications. Each of these uses is separately contemplated and is meant to be explicitly and individually disclosed.

The invention is exemplified in the following Examples.

Examples Example 1

5 g of Epikote 828 (solid) was mixed with 5 g e-caprolactam (solid). The mixture was heated to 70°C, upon which the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

Example 2: g-butyrolactam and salicylic acid (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 8.1 g of salicyclic acid (solid). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

The resulting liquid remained liquid at -28°C.

Example 3: e-caprolactam and salicylic acid (molar ratio 1 :1 )

6.6 g of e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 8.1 g of salicyclic acid (solid). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

The resulting liquid remained liquid at -28°C. Example 4: g-butyrolactam and salicylic acid (molar ratio 2:1 )

10 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 8.1 g of salicyclic acid (solid). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. The resulting liquid remained liquid at -28°C.

Example 5: e-caprolactam and salicylic acid (molar ratio 2:1 )

13.2 g of e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 8.1 g of salicyclic acid (solid). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. The resulting liquid remained liquid at -28°C.

Example 6: g-butyrolactam, trimethylol propane (molar ratio 1 :1 ) and water

5 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 7.9 g of trimethylol propane. The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent, very viscous liquid was obtained. Water was added to the liquid of Example 6, and the liquid remained transparent even at 50 wt% of water. The viscosity of the liquid is considerably reduced with the addition of water.

Example 7: e-caprolactam, trimethylol propane (molar ratio 1 :1 ) and water

6.6 g of e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 7.9 g of trimethylol propane. The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent, lowly viscous liquid was obtained.

Example 8: g-butyrolactam and maleic anhydride (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 5.8 g of maleic anhydride. The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. Example 9: g-butyrolactam and citraconic anhydride (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 7.7 g of citraconic anhydride. The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. Example 10: g-butyrolactam and phthalic anhydride (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 8.7 g of phthalic anhydride. The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

Example 1 1 : g-butyrolactam and CMC in water

5 g of g-butyrolactam (5 wt%) was mixed with 3 g of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC with Mw of about 100,000; 3 wt%) in water. The resulting liquid is very thin and transparent

As comparative example, 3 g of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC with Mw of about 100,000; 3 wt%) was dissolved in water.

The dissolution rate of CMC is considerably faster in the liquid of Example 11 (within minutes) than in the comparative example (about 30 minutes). Moreover, the viscosity of the liquid of Example 11 is substantially lower than the viscosity of the liquid of the comparative example.

Example 12: g-butyrolactam and 1 ,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 19.0 g of 1 ,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene (Perkalink® 900). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. No discoloration over time was observed which is indicative for a good stability or improved stability over the imide per se.

Example 13: g-butyrolactam and fumed silica

8.5 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 1.5 g of fumed silica (15 wt%). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, liquid dispersion was obtained.

At 50 wt% fumed silica, a solid is obtained which has an improved flow properties (i.e. is free flowing) and is considerably compacter (less voluminous) than fumed silica per se.

Example 14: g-butyrolactam and PVB

5 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 5.0 g of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) dissolved in butylene glycol. The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained, which has a lower viscosity than PVB in butylene glycol without the g- butyrolactam. Example 15: g-butyrolactam and hydrogen peroxide

7 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 3.0 g of hydrogen peroxide (30 wt%). A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. The liquid of Example 15 was still stable and unchanged after 4 weeks of storage. Example 16: g-butyrolactam and sucrose (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 10.1 g of sucrose (disaccharide, 1 mol of monomeric unit). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. To the obtained liquid, 3.8 g de-ionized water was added and mixed. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained with a lower viscosity than the liquid without water addition.

Example 17: g-butyrolactam and D-glucose (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam (solid) was mixed with 10.6 g of D-glucose. The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

To the obtained liquid, 3.9 g de-ionized water was added and mixed. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained with a lower viscosity than the liquid without water addition.

Example 18: e-caprolactam and CuCI_?

6.6 g of e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 1.9 g of CuCI₂ (22 wt%). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

Example 19: e-caprolactam and LiCI

6.6 g of e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 1.3 g of LiCI (16 wt%). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

Example 20: e-caprolactam and LiN0₃

6.6 g of e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 1.9 g of LiN0₃ (22 wt%). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. Comparative Example A: e-caprolactam and methanol (molar ratio 1 :1 )

6.6 g e-caprolactam was mixed with 1.9 g of methanol. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

Distillation of the resulting liquid resulted in a distillate comprising methanol. A solid deposited in the remaining liquid.

Example 21 : e-caprolactam and ambrisentan

6.6 g e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 3.3 g of ambrisentan (33 wt%). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent, viscous liquid was obtained. Addition of water (21 wt%) results in a pourable, transparent thin liquid.

To the resulting composition of the invention, dimethyl ethanolamine (DMAE) was added until a pH of 7 is reached. A pourable, transparent, thin liquid was obtained. The resulting composition can be diluted with water until a concentration of 2.8 wt% ambrisentan. No solids were formed.

Example 22: e-caprolactam and ambrisentan

6.6 g e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 6.6 g of ambrisentan (50 wt%). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent, viscous liquid was obtained.

Addition of water (21 wt%) results in a pourable, transparent thin liquid.

Example 23: e-caprolactam and water (molar ratio 1 :1.1 )

6.6 g e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 1.2 g of water (15 wt%). The mixture was mixed at room temperature until the mixture turns into a transparent liquid. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

The resulting eutectic composition remained liquid after 1 hour at -10°C. Example 24: e-caprolactam and water (molar ratio 1 :2.7)

6.6 g e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 2.8 g of water (30 wt%). The mixture was mixed at room temperature until the mixture turns into a transparent liquid. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. The resulting eutectic composition remained liquid after 1 hour at -10°C.

Example 25: e-caprolactam and water (molar ratio 1 :6.3)

6.6 g e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 6.6 g of water (50 wt%). The mixture was mixed at room temperature until the mixture turns into a transparent liquid. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. The resulting eutectic composition remained liquid after 1 hour at -10°C.

Example 26: e-caprolactam and water (molar ratio 1 :18.9)

6.6 g e-caprolactam (solid) was mixed with 19.8 g of water (75 wt%). The mixture was mixed at room temperature until the mixture turns into a transparent liquid. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. The resulting eutectic composition remained liquid after 1 hour at -10°C.

Example 27: g-butyrolactam and benzyl alcohol (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam was mixed with 6.4 g of benzyl alcohol. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

Example 28: e-caprolactam and benzyl alcohol (molar ratio 1 :1 )

6.4 g of benzyl alcohol was mixed with 6.6 g e-caprolactam (solid). A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

Example 29: g-butyrolactam and methyl lactate (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam was mixed with 6.2 g of methyl lactate. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. Example 30: e-caprolactam and methyl lactate (molar ratio 1 :1 )

6.2 g of methyl lactate was mixed with 6.6 g e-caprolactam (solid). A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. Example 31 : g-butyrolactam and ethyl lactate (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam was mixed with 6.9 g of ethyl lactate. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

Example 32: e-caprolactam and ethyl lactate (molar ratio 1 :1 )

6.9 g of ethyl lactate was mixed with 6.6 g e-caprolactam (solid). A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

Example 33: g-butyrolactam and butyl lactate (molar ratio 1 :1 )

5 g of g-butyrolactam was mixed with 8.6 g of butyl lactate. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. Example 34: e-caprolactam and butyl lactate (molar ratio 1 :1 )

8.6 g of butyl lactate was mixed with 6.6 g e-caprolactam (solid). A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

Example 35: e-caprolactam and n-hexylacetate (molar ratio 1 :1 ) and water

12.7 g of n-hexylacetate was mixed with 10 g e-caprolactam (solid) and 1.6 g water. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained.

The resulting eutectic composition remained liquid after 1 hour at -24°C.

Example 36: e-caprolactam and diallyl phthalate (molar ratio 1 :1 ) and water

21.8 g of diallyl phthalate was mixed with 10 g e-caprolactam (solid) and 2.2 g water. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. The resulting eutectic composition remained liquid after 1 hour at -24°C.

Example 37: e-caprolactam, lactic acid and water (weight ratio 5:4:1 )

4 g of lactic acid and 1 g of de-ionized water were mixed with 5 g e-caprolactam (solid). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. The resulting eutectic composition remained liquid after 1 hour at -24°C. Example 38: e-caprolactam, citric acid and water (weight ratio 5:4:1 )

4 g of lactic acid and 1 g of de-ionized water were mixed with 5 g e-caprolactam (solid). The mixture was heated to about 70°C until the mixture turns into a liquid. Subsequently, the liquid mixture was cooled to room temperature. A pourable, transparent liquid was obtained. The resulting eutectic composition remained liquid after 1 hour at -10°C.

Claims

1. A eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent.

2. Eutectic composition according to claim 1 wherein the lactam is selected from the group of 2-azetidinone, g-butyrolactam, 2-piperidinone, e-caprolactam and caprylolactam.

3. Eutectic composition according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the lactam is e-caprolactam or g- butyrolactam.

4. Eutectic composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the eutecting agent is selected from the group consisting of cyclic acids, aliphatic acids, cyclic acid anhydrides, aliphatic acid anhydrides, amines, amides, imides and alcohols.

5. Eutectic composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the eutecting agent is a metal salt.

6. A eutectic composition comprising a lactam and water, and optionally a second eutecting agent.

7. Use of eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent as a rheology modifier and/or compatibilizer.

8. A coating composition comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a

eutecting agent, and optionally water, and a first resin.

9. A composition comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent, and optionally water, and a monomer, oligomer and/or polymer.

10. An emulsion comprising water, oil and a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent.

1 1 . A dispersion comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent, and optionally water, and solid particles.

12. A coated substrate comprising a substrate and a cured coating composition applied to at least part of the substrate, the coating composition being in accordance with claim 7.

13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a eutecting agent, an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a pharmaceutical excipient.

14. A cosmetic composition comprising a eutectic composition comprising a lactam and a

eutecting agent, optionally an active cosmetic ingredient, and a cosmetic excipient.