WO2020209854A1

WO2020209854A1 - Hollow-core fiber with anti-resonant arches and method of manufacturing thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2020209854A1
Application number: PCT/US2019/026844
Authority: WO
Inventors: Francois Chenard; Oscas ALVAREZ; Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem; Erik SHARTNER
Original assignee: IRflex Corporation
Priority date: 2019-04-10
Filing date: 2019-04-10
Publication date: 2020-10-15

Abstract

A hollow-core fiber with a single layer of robust anti-resonant optical arches is disclosed, which is designed and made of infrared soft glass and allows the transmission of mid- to long-infrared wavelengths (1-15 microns). Each curved arch is solidly attached at two locations on the outer solid region surface and together the arches define the core diameter. The thickness and spacing between the arches are selected to minimize the fiber transmission loss <1 dB/m at wavelengths in the mid- to long-infrared where the infrared soft glass has high absorption >30 dB/m. A hollow-core preform with anti-resonant arches is made by extrusion of infrared soft glasses through a die specifically designed to produce the hollow-core fiber with anti-resonant arches.

Description

HOLLOW-CORE FIBER WITH ANTI-RESONANT ARCHES AND METHOD OF

MANUFACTURING THEREOF

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0001] Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to the design and precise fabrication of a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber, and more particularly to a hollow-core fiber made from an extruded soft glass preform that utilizes a single layer of robust reflecting optical arches for transmission of mid- to long-infrared light. The guidance mechanism and design of this fiber allow the low-loss transmission of wavelengths of light which falls within the high absorption spectrum of the confining material.

Description of Related Art

[0002] The hollow-core photonic band gap (HC-PBG) fiber is a special photonic crystal fiber design, which guides light in the air-core surrounded by a periodic 2-dimensional array of small holes in the cladding (see, for example, J. C. Knight, J. Broeng, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, "Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers," Science 282(5393), 1476-1478 (1998)). In the HC-PBG fiber the light is substantially confined to the hollow core by virtue of the periodic photonic band gap structure of the cladding. However, the guided light in the core strongly overlaps with the glass contour microstructure, which limits the HC-PBG transmission range to the transparency of the glass material used because of the light absorption in the glass struts.

[0003] Hollow-core anti-resonant (HC-AR) fiber is an alternative approach to HC-PBG fiber to minimize the light overlap in the glass stmts. The hollow core is surrounded by thin glass stmts of equal thickness t and refractive index n designed such that multiple wide transmission wavelength bands are centered between the high-loss resonant wavelengths of the fiber at:

[0005] The anti-resonance in the thin glass stmts at the interface of the hollow core and the cladding (core surround) efficiently reflects and confines the light in the hollow core. The HC-AR fiber can transmit longer wavelengths than otherwise possible in the glass itself because the light does not penetrate in the material.

[0006] HC-AR fiber with circular core surround, like the Kagome fiber (see, for example, F. Couny, F. Benabid, and P. S. Light, "Large-pitch kagome- structured hollow-core photonic crystal fiber," Opt. Lett. 31(24), 3574-3576 (2006)), confines more of the light in the air core but has a relatively high transmission loss (>1 dB/m) caused by the scattering of undesired and thicker nodes at the intersection between struts. The improved Kagome fiber with negative curvature core surround pushes the nodes away from the air core and significantly reduces the transmission loss <0.1 dB/m (see, for example, Y. Y. Wang, N. V. Wheeler, F. Couny, P. J. Roberts, and F. Benabid, "Low loss broadband transmission in hypocycloid-core Kagome hollow-core photonic crystal fiber," Opt. Lett. 36(5), 669-671 (2011)). Studies have demonstrated that most of the light confinement in the Kagome lattice fibers occurs due to anti resonance in the core surrounding ring with little contribution due to the second ring: the remaining part of the periodic layers of holes is not effective at creating coherent reflections and has almost no light-guiding role.

[0007] This has resulted in the development of simplified HC-AR fibers with just one ring of capillary tubes surrounding its core. Recent improvements include the more efficient HC-AR fiber with a single row of non-touching tubes (see, for example, A. N. Kolyadin, A. F. Kosolapov, A. D. Pryamikov, A. S. Biriukov, V. G. Plotnichenko, and E. M. Dianov, "Light transmission in negative curvature hollow core fiber in extremely high material loss region," Opt. Express 21(8), 9514-9519 (2013)). The non-touching tube lattice structure eliminates the undesired scattering loss at the touching nodes and can achieve a low fiber transmission loss of <1 dB/m, even at long wavelengths up to 4 microns where the silica glass material absorption is very high, such as >880 dB/m. Additionally, simulations have shown that the higher order modes of the HC-AR fiber are more attenuated than the fundamental mode, so the fiber is purely single mode after only a few meters. However, silica cannot be used for HC-AR fiber at wavelengths >4.3 microns because the small portion of the guided light that interacts with the silica core-surround is highly absorbed and does not propagate far. Further, the manufacture of such single-ring non-touching tube fiber with the conventional stack-and-draw technique is very challenging. The precise stacking of the non-touching tubes in the preform is difficult to achieve and maintain up to the fiber draw. Variations in tube thickness and spacing will inevitably change the fiber transmission performances.

[0008] The use of infrared glasses for the fabrication of simplified HC-AR fiber is attractive for extending the transmission to longer wavelengths such as >4.3 microns. However, infrared glasses are soft with low melting temperature, and the manufacturing process of HC-AR fiber with soft glass is even more challenging. The stack-and-draw technique was unsuccessful in the fabrication of HC-AR fiber with a single row of touching chalcogenide glass tubes (see, for example, V. S. Shiryaev, "Chalcogenide glass hollow-core micro structured optical fibers," Frontier in Materials 2(24), 1-10 (2015)). Furthermore, it would be extremely unlikely to successfully use the stack-and-draw technique with infrared soft glasses to manufacture the HC- AR fiber with non-touching tubes while controlling precisely the thickness, shape, and spacing between tubes.

[0009] Extrusion is an alternative to the stack-and-draw technique for making HC-AR fiber with soft glass. The first extruded HC-AR fiber had a hexagonal core with a single ring of 6 cladding holes (see G. Tsiminis, K. J. Rowland, E. P. Schartner, N. A. Spooner, T. M. Monro, and H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, "Single-ring hollow core optical fibers made by glass billet extrusion for Raman sensing," Opt. Express 24(6), 5911-5917, (2016)). This first demonstration was made with lead-silicate glass (F2, Schott) and produced HC-AR fiber with very a high transmission loss of >20 dB/m in the visible wavelengths.

[00010] Infrared soft glass, chalcogenide, has recently been extruded to produce HC-AR "tube-like" fibers (see R. R. Gattass, D. Rhonehouse, D. Gibson, C. C. McClain, R. Thapa, V. Nguyen, S. S. Bayya, R. J. Weiblen, C. R. Menyuk, L. B. Shaw, J. S. Sanghera, "Infrared glass- based negative-curvature anti-resonant fibers fabricated through extrusion," Opt. Express 24(22), 25697-25703, (2016)). The die was fabricated to extrude a preform with a single row of eight non-touching tubes. The extruded preform had relatively thick inner tube wall thickness, approximately 350 microns, and had to be pressurized to draw the HC-AR fiber with 7 microns inner tube wall thickness. The produced HC-AR fiber showed some transmission in the long- infrared window around 10 microns, but it had significant fabrication imperfections (variations in inner tubes diameter (±8%), thickness (±7%), and spacing (±34%)) that resulted in "blurring" of the transmission band and fairly high transmission loss >2.1 dB/m. The non-touching tubes are susceptible to lateral movement during fiber fabrication, especially when pressurization is used. The fabrication of HC-AR fiber with non-touching tubes appears to be difficult to use with soft glass while controlling precisely the thickness, shape, and spacing between tubes.

[00011] The above-mentioned fiber designs offer some viable solutions and some drawbacks for the fabrication of HC-AR fibers. However, none of them can efficiently use infrared soft glasses to produce the desired HC-AR fiber for mid- to long-infrared light with the tight geometry tolerances (<5%) required to achieve a low transmission loss of <1 dB/m. Low melting temperature infrared soft glasses enable the opportunity to use extrusion techniques to precisely produce preforms with unique shapes and features. Consequently, there is a need for new HC-AR fiber designs and fabrication techniques that would enable the tight geometry tolerances and the low transmission loss in the mid- to long-infrared.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[00012] Embodiments of the present invention concern the use of infrared soft glass to produce an improved hollow-core fiber, using a single layer of anti-resonant optical arches to offer low-loss transmission of <1 dB/m in the mid- to long-infrared range (1-15 microns). The curved arches have a thickness corresponding to the anti-resonance wavelength and are precisely spaced between one another to minimize the fiber transmission loss and to have the fiber effectively in single mode operation. Each arch is solidly attached at two locations on the outer solid region to prevent any lateral displacement and to preserve the arches’ shape and uniformity during the fabrication process.

[00013] Embodiments also use extrusion to provide the preform with the hollow-core and anti-resonant arches. Three-dimensional (3D) printing (additive manufacturing) with metals is used to produce the extrusion die with an added high-precision machining at the die exit surface to produce high dimension tolerances and reduce the roughness of the inside walls of the die, thereby extruding the hollow-core preform with a smooth surface and very tight dimension tolerances (<5%). [00014] Embodiments also provide an extrusion die capable of controlling the flow speed of the extruded glass in the outer solid region such that it is faster than the flow speed of the extruded glass in the anti-resonant arches, while pulling slightly faster on the extruded preform (volume draw speed) than the glass volume speed in the die (volume feed speed), thereby transferring the arches shape from the die to the extruded hollow-core preform.

[00015] Embodiments also pull the preform into the hollow-core fiber with anti-resonant arches to transmit light that is highly attenuated in the glass material (absorption of about >30 dB/m), and to have a fiber guidance loss of about <1 dB/m in the mid- to long-infrared (1-15 microns).

[00016] The present invention will now further be described with reference to the appended drawings, which illustrate various non-limitative embodiments of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[00017] The accompanying drawings illustrate certain aspects of embodiments of the present invention, and should not be used to limit the invention. Together with the written description the drawings serve to explain certain principles of the invention.

[00018] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a hollow-core fiber with anti resonant arches in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[00019] FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematic diagrams that illustrate the bottom view and top view of the die design according to embodiments.

[00020] FIGS. 3 A and 3B are photographs that show the bottom view and top view of the 3D printed die according to embodiments.

[00021] FIG. 4 is a photograph that shows the extruded hollow-core preform with anti resonant arches extruded with the die of FIGS. 3 A and 3B without stretching according to embodiments.

[00022] FIG. 5 is a photograph that shows the extruded hollow-core preform with anti resonant arches extruded with the die of FIGS. 3 A and 3B with stretching according to embodiments. [00023] FIG. 6 is a contour plot of the intensity of the fundamental air-guided mode in accordance with a hollow-core fiber of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment.

[00024] FIG. 7 is a graph showing the calculated transmission loss of the fundamental mode of the hollow-core fiber.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[00025] Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood that the following discussion of exemplary embodiments is not intended as a limitation on the invention. Rather, the following discussion is provided to give the reader a more detailed understanding of certain aspects and features of the invention.

[00026] Generally, a hollow-core fiber is designed and made from an extruded soft glass preform that utilizes a single layer of robust reflecting optical arches for transmission of mid- to long-infrared light.

[00027] More precisely, FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic view of an embodiment of a hollow-core fiber 10 made of a single glass material. The hollow-core fiber 10 includes an outer solid region 11 and several curved arches 12 that are each solidly attached at two locations on the outer solid region 11. The outer solid region 11 mechanically secures the arches 12 and provides sufficient mechanical strength to handle the fiber. FIG. 1 illustrates the hollow-core fiber 10 with 8 curved arches 12. However, other embodiments can include a greater or smaller number of arches 12. The curved arches 12 can have a circular, elliptical, or oval shapes. Also, each curved arch 12 is attached to the outer solid region 11 by two legs 13 that can be straight or curved. The legs 13 hold the arches 12 firmly in place to prevent any lateral displacement, and also help to preserve the arches’ 12 shape and uniformity during the fabrication process. The arches 12 have a refractive index and uniform wall thickness chosen to fall within the optical anti-resonance of the thin glass arches 12 and efficiently reflect and confine the light within the hollow core 15. The ring of arches 12 forms the cladding region and defines the hollow core 15 diameter. Typically, the wall of the anti-resonant arches 12 is between 1 and 5 microns thick in order to achieve a mid- to long-infrared transmission (e.g. 1-15 microns). The thinnest walls provide a broader spectrum due to their having a more robust anti-resonant condition. The hollow core 15 diameter must be large enough, e.g. ~10x the operation wavelength, to have low transmission loss. The use of spacing 14 between the arches 12 is important to prevent excessive transmission loss that would occur otherwise in the nodes between touching arches. Also, the exact spacing 14 between the arches 12 is chosen to optimize the hollow-core fiber transmission. Smaller spacing 14 will improve light confinement in the hollow-core but can increase bending losses, while larger spacing 14 will promote better single mode operation at the expense of less confinement and increased loss. Modeling and simulations with fiber-optic design software can be used to find an optimum range. The refractive index and attenuation of the soft glass material can be included in the modeling. A smaller gap can actually increase losses even though the confinement is improved; also, the losses are closely tied to the core size as well as the wavelength of choice. The precise dimension tolerances, around <5%, of the hollow-core fiber with anti-resonant arches is important to achieve low-loss transmission within the desired wavelength band.

[00028] Soft glass has a low melting temperature, <800°C, and can be extruded into rods or tubes of various shapes. Soft glasses for preferred embodiments include infrared glasses such as chalcogenide, fluoride, and tellurite, for example. Typically, the soft glass is inserted in a sleeve inside an oven and pushed with a piston through a die designed for the extrusion process. The extrusion die can be made of metals like stainless steel, titanium alloy, aluminum alloy, or Inconel, for example. FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate a novel die design to extrude the hollow-core preform with anti-resonant arches. FIG. 2A illustrates the bottom view of the die where the soft molten glass is pushed in. FIG. 2B illustrates the top view of the die from where the extruded glass comes out as a hollow-core glass preform with the desired anti-resonant arches. The sleeve temperature is adjusted to melt the soft glass to the desired viscosity. Lower sleeve temperatures result in a higher viscosity and a higher load on the piston pushing on the soft glass, while higher temperatures produce a lower viscosity and a lower load. The normal range of load for soft glass extrusion is between about 30 kg and 500 kg, with a preferred embodiment having a range in between 30 kg and 150 kg to preserve the desired shapes. The soft glass is extruded through the die and flows in between the 8 arms 20 and 8 spokes 21 to form the anti-resonant arches 12. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is used to produce the complex die design in FIGS. 2A and 2B in a single piece with the desired complex shape and in a cost-effective manner that cannot be otherwise achieved by traditional milling/erosion techniques.

[00029] The 3D printed extrusion die shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B was printed on a 3D System ProX 200. The typical accuracy for this machine is ±0.05 mm, with a surface finish quality of up to 0.005 mm Ra. Detail size is typically 0.1mm in the v and y direction and 0.02 mm in the z direction. It can be understood by those skilled in the art of metal 3D printing that different 3D metal printing machines will exhibit different resolving capabilities and that the manufactured product will vary commensurate with the quality of the printing machine, laser spot size, metal powder layer thickness, metal powder particle size distribution and other such parameters that need to be considered when 3D metal printing.

[00030] CNC machining is used to manufacture the arms 20 and spokes 21 at the die exit (FIG. 2B) and in the gaps between the arms 20 and spokes 21 to produce the tight dimension tolerances (±0.01 mm) and surface smoothness (Ra<0.003 mm) needed to extrude the hollow- core preform with the required uniform dimensions and surface smoothness. Also, the speed of the extruded glass preform at the exit of the die must be slow (e.g. <2 mm/min) to achieve a high-quality surface with a high degree of fire polish directly from the oven and die. In a preferred embodiment, the inside curvature of the die cavity, the depth of the arms 20, and the spacing between the arms 20 and the spokes 21 are configured to control the flow of glass inside the extrusion die, the flow of glass being higher in the outer solid region and slower in the anti resonant arches. As the glass making up the outer solid region emerges first, the flow speed in this region is faster than in the anti-resonant arches. The idea behind this is to make the faster flowing glass in the outer solid region pull on the glass emerging from the arches’ slots during extrusion as this ensures that the glass from the arches’ slots is as thin as or even thinner than the slots. Otherwise, die swell would be observed, i.e. the arches thickness would be larger than the slot thickness. The drawback of this approach is that the pulling force by the glass of the outer solid region pulls the arches towards the outer region and collapses the arches. In order to overcome this issue, the extruded preform is stretched from the die exit at the extruded glass volume speed (draw speed) slightly higher than the glass volume speed in the die (feed speed). This difference in speed maintains the arches’ height while also maintaining the arches’ thickness or making them even thinner than the slots. The combination of the novel die design and the slightly faster extrusion draw speed results in proper transfer of the arches’ shape from the die to the extruded hollow-core preform.

[00031] The extruded hollow-core preform with anti-resonant arches is pulled in a fiber using traditional fiber draw techniques. The hollow-core preform is attached to a preform feed and connected to pressurization system where the hollow core and the anti-resonant arches can be independently pressurized. The preform is lowered in the oven at constant feed speed. The heated preform tip forms a bead that drops down the fiber draw tower carrying the fiber. The fiber is pulled and spooled at a draw speed of typically between 2 to 20 m/min. Typical pressures inside the hollow-core preform with anti-resonant arches are controlled within a range between 0 to 50 mbar to precisely adjust the fiber geometries with the desired hollow core diameter and arch dimensions; basically, a higher inner pressure increases the arches’ size and reduces the arches’ wall thickness. The oven temperature is adjusted to have a fiber viscosity such that the fiber draw tension is between 2 g and 15 g, with a preferred embodiment having a range between 5-8 g to transfer the arches’ shape from the preform to the hollow-core fiber and also produce a circular fiber. A high fiber draw tension that is too high has a tendency to produce elliptically-shaped fibers.

[00032] Example 1

[00033] Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the extrusion die shown was fabricated using 3D printing according to the die design illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG. 3A shows a bottom view of the die where the soft molten glass is pushed in, and FIG. 3B shows a top view of the die from where the extruded glass emerges. The 3D printed extrusion die shown is made of titanium alloy. The rough surface inside the 3D printed die of FIGS. 3A and 3B is clearly visible. The rough surfaces of the arms and spokes and the inside walls of the slots between them on the die exit (FIG. 3B) have been milled with CNC machining. The measured gap in the curved arches was 0.449 mm ± 1%.

[00034] Example 2

[00035] The hollow-core preform with anti-resonant arches was extruded with the extrusion die described in Example 1. The extruded preform was made of infrared chalcogenide glass, more specifically AS S composition. The AS S glass is transparent in the infrared up to 6.5 microns. The AS₂S₃ glass billet was 25.1 mm in diameter, 70 mm long, and was inserted in the stainless steel sleeve for extrusion.

[00036] Referring to FIG. 4, a first preform was extruded at a sleeve temperature of 375°C and a fixed piston speed of 0.15 mm/min which resulted in a load of 50-60 kg on the piston. The extruded preform was attached to a chuck to control the draw speed. The draw speed was fixed at 0.45 mm/min such that the glass volume draw speed was the same as the glass volume feed speed, i.e. no stretching of the preform. The extruded preform diameter was 17.5 mm and the length was about 150 mm. The wall thickness of the arches was 0.14 mm. As visible in FIG. 4, the arches have collapsed and the height was 0.95 mm.

[00037] Referring to FIG. 5, a second preform was extruded at a slightly faster draw speed of 0.48 mm/min, i.e. stretching of the preform. The sleeve temperature was 380°C and the piston speed was fixed at 0.15 mm/min, which resulted in a load of 35-40 kg on the piston. The extruded preform diameter was 16 mm and the length was about 150 mm. As shown in FIG. 5, the arches preserved a much better shape than the perform shown in FIG. 4. The height of the arches was 1.3 mm and the wall thickness was 0.18 mm, which was thinner than the gap of 0.449 mm in the die. The hollow core diameter was approximately 4.8 mm. The hollow-core preform dimensions were uniform <5% over the entire length. The surface of the extruded preform is mirror-like on the outside as well as on the inside. The preform can be pulled in the desired hollow-core fiber with anti-resonant arches with standard fiber draw techniques.

[00038] Example 3

[00039] Example 3 relates to a design of the hollow-core fiber with 8 anti-resonant arches for the transmission of CO₂ laser light at 10.6 microns. The fiber parameters used for the simulations are: AS₂S₃ glass, a hollow core diameter of 0.185 mm, an anti-resonant arch wall thickness of 3.7 microns, and a gap between the arches of 21.5 microns. FIG. 6 illustrates the calculated intensity profile of the fundamental mode at 10.6 microns. The intensity is clearly reflected by the anti-resonant arches and barely penetrates within the gaps. FIG. 7 illustrates the calculated spectral loss of the fundamental mode of the hollow-core fiber with anti-resonant arches. Two transmission windows are illustrated, one centered around 10 microns (1^st order resonance) and the other centered around 6.5 microns (2^nd order resonance). The calculated transmission loss of the fundamental mode at 10.6 microns was 0.138 dB/m. In aspects, the calculated transmission loss of the hollow-core fiber with anti-resonant arches is low when one considers that AS S glass highly absorbs light at 10.6 micron (118 dB/m). Also, the hollow-core fiber with anti-resonant arches is relatively resistant to bending loss. The calculated bending loss for the fundamental mode was <0.2 dB/m for a bend radius of around 150 mm.

[00040] The present invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments having various features. In light of the disclosure provided above, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the practice of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosed features may be used singularly, in any combination, or omitted based on the requirements and specifications of a given application or design. When an embodiment refers to“comprising” certain features, it is to be understood that the embodiments can alternatively“consist of’ or“consist essentially of’ any one or more of the features. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention.

[00041] It is noted in particular that where a range of values is provided in this specification, each value between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range as well. The singular forms“a,”“an,” and“the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary in nature and that variations that do not depart from the essence of the invention fall within the scope of the invention. Further, all of the references cited in this disclosure are each individually incorporated by reference herein in their entireties and as such are intended to provide an efficient way of supplementing the enabling disclosure of this invention as well as provide background detailing the level of ordinary skill in the art.

Claims

1. A hollow-core fiber comprising:

a tube having an outer boundary and an inner boundary with a solid region therebetween; and

a plurality of arched structures in direct contact with the inner boundary;

wherein together the inner boundary and the plurality of arched structures define a passageway within the tube, which passageway is capable of transmission of mid- to long-infrared light.

2. The hollow-core fiber of claim 1, wherein each of the arched structures is separated from an adjacent arched structure by a gap such that a portion of the inner boundary is disposed between each adjacent arched structure.

3. The hollow-core fiber of claim 1, wherein each of the arched structures has a refractive index and a thickness, wherein the refractive index and the thickness are within an optical anti resonance of each of the arched structures, and wherein the refractive index and the thickness reflect and confine light within the passageway.

4. The hollow-core fiber of claim 1, wherein each of the arched structures is directly attached at two locations to the inner boundary of the tube.

5. The hollow-core fiber of claim 1, wherein each of the arched structures comprises a pair of legs directly attached to the inner boundary of the tube.

6. The hollow-core fiber of claim 5, wherein each of the arched structures comprises a curvilinear region which is disposed between the pair of legs.

7. The hollow-core fiber of claim 5, wherein each leg of the pair of legs is straight.

8. The hollow-core fiber of claim 5, wherein each leg of the pair of legs is curved.

9. The hollow-core fiber of claim 6, wherein the curvilinear region bridges the pair of legs and projects into the passageway of the tube.

10. The hollow-core fiber of claim 6, wherein the curvilinear region has a shape which is circular, elliptical, or oval.

11. The hollow-core fiber of claim 1, wherein the tube and the plurality of arched structures comprise one or more infrared transparent materials.

12. The hollow-core fiber of claim 11, wherein the one or more infrared transparent materials comprise one or more soft glasses comprising chalcogenide, fluoride, and/or tellurite.

13. The hollow-core fiber of claim 1, wherein the passageway is capable of transmission of mid- to long-infrared light with a fiber guidance loss of about <1 dB/m.

14. The hollow-core fiber of claim 1, wherein the tube and the plurality of arched structures comprise one or more materials capable of attenuated transmission of mid- to long-infrared light.

15. The hollow-core fiber of claim 14, wherein the one or more materials have an absorption of mid- to long-infrared light exceeding 30 dB/m.

16. An extrusion die comprising:

a metallic cylindrical body;

an outer annular aperture disposed within the metallic cylindrical body; and

an inner die disposed within the outer annular aperture;

wherein the inner die comprises a plurality of extensions within the metallic cylindrical body, which extensions are separated by spokes of the metallic cylindrical body which penetrate into the inner die.

17. The extrusion die of claim 16, wherein the metallic cylindrical body comprises one or more of stainless steel, titanium alloy, aluminum alloy, and/or Inconel.

18. The extrusion die of claim 16, wherein the extensions and spokes have dimension tolerances capable of extruding a hollow-core preform with uniform dimension tolerances of less than 5%.

19. The extrusion die of claim 18, wherein the extensions and spokes have dimension tolerances of ±0.01 mm and a surface smoothness (Ra) of less than 0.003 mm.

20. A method of manufacturing a hollow-core preform, comprising:

feeding a volume of one or more soft glasses through the extrusion die of claim 16, wherein the flow speed of the volume of one or more soft glasses in the outer annular aperture is greater than the flow speed of the volume of one or more soft glasses in the inner die; and pulling an extruded hollow-core preform from an exit of the extrusion die at a volume speed greater than a volume speed of the volume of one or more soft glasses being fed into the extrusion die.

21. An extruded hollow-core preform manufactured according to the method of claim 20.