WO2020197738A1 - Transfert de neutrons hors résonance à médiation par phonons - Google Patents

Transfert de neutrons hors résonance à médiation par phonons Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020197738A1
WO2020197738A1 PCT/US2020/021271 US2020021271W WO2020197738A1 WO 2020197738 A1 WO2020197738 A1 WO 2020197738A1 US 2020021271 W US2020021271 W US 2020021271W WO 2020197738 A1 WO2020197738 A1 WO 2020197738A1
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Prior art keywords
sample
nuclei
neutron
neutrons
transfer
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PCT/US2020/021271
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English (en)
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Peter L. Hagelstein
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Industrial Heat, Llc
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Publication of WO2020197738A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020197738A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
    • G21G7/00—Conversion of chemical elements not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to off-resonant neutron transfer, and more specifically to phonon-mediated, off-resonant neutron transfer.
  • the present disclosure relates to improved systems and methods of off-resonant neutron transfer.
  • a method of neutron enriching a portion of a sample includes applying phonons to a first side of a sample, thereby transferring neutrons from first nuclei within the sample to second nuclei within the sample, whereby the second nuclei are enriched with the transferred neutrons.
  • an apparatus for neutron enriching a portion of a sample includes a phonon source in contact with or mechanically coupled to a first side of a sample, the phonon source configured to apply phonons to the first side of the sample, thereby transferring neutrons from first nuclei within the sample to second nuclei within the sample, whereby the second nuclei are enriched with the transferred neutrons.
  • the phonons may be applied to the first side of the sample by a phonon source in contact with or mechanically coupled to the first side of the sample.
  • the phonons may have a frequency of at least one terahertz.
  • Transferring neutrons may include moving the neutrons away from the first side of the sample and toward a second side of the sample opposite the first side.
  • the second nuclei may be enriched with the transferred neutrons along or proximal the second side of the sample relative to the first nuclei along or proximal the first side of the sample.
  • the first nuclei may include Fe-57.
  • the second nuclei may include Fe-56.
  • Applying phonons to a first side of a sample may include triggering phonon- mediated, off-resonant neutron transfer.
  • a method of transferring a neutron from one isotope of a first element to a different isotope includes using phonon-mediated, off-resonant neutron transfer.
  • the different isotope may be an isotope of the first element.
  • the different isotope may be an isotope of a second element, wherein the first element and second element are not the same element.
  • the method of transferring a neutron from one isotope of a first element to a different isotope may further include detecting neutron transfer using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • the method of transferring a neutron from one isotope of a first element to a different isotope may further include detecting neutron transfer using neutron activation analysis (NAA).
  • NAA neutron activation analysis
  • a method of neutron transfer includes: transferring a neutron to a stable isotope, thereby producing a daughter that is unstable with one more neutrons; and, verifying the transferring step by looking for an emitted beta, characteristic x-ray, gamma, or alpha.
  • FIG. 1A shows an apparatus, according to at least one embodiment, for implementing a method of moving neutrons from a first nucleus to another nucleus
  • FIG. IB is an enlarged view of a portion of the apparatus of FIG. 1A as shown in dashed line;
  • FIG. 2 is diagrammatic representation of excitation transfer, according to at least one embodiment
  • FIG. 3 diagrammatically illustrates low-level energetic a, n emission, according to at least one embodiment, in which transferred energy disintegrates a Pd nucleus
  • FIG. 4 illustrates incoherent excitation transfer in which proton energy including recoil is 0.889 MeV;
  • FIG. 5 illustrates incoherent excitation transfer in which an alpha energy including recoil is 9.13 MeV;
  • FIG. 6A illustrates an apparatus, according to at least one embodiment, in which a radioactive source and a vibratory excitation element are attached to opposite sides of a steel plate;
  • FIG. 6B is a plot of 14.4 keV counts versus time
  • FIG. 7 is a decay scheme for the decay of Co-57 to Fe-57
  • FIG. 8 diagrammatically represents cancellation without off-res shift
  • FIG. 9 diagrammatically represents less cancellation with shift
  • FIG. 10 is a plot of deuteron binding energy shift
  • FIG. 11 is a plot showing dineutron scattering length for several different hard core radius parameter values
  • FIG. 12 is a plot showing dineutron binding energy for several different hard core radius parameter values
  • FIG. 13 is an illustration of the implementation of a prior art transmutation experiment (Iwamura, 2003).
  • FIG. 14 is a plot of prior art data resulting from the Iwamura experiment of FIG. 13;
  • FIG. 15 is a decay scheme showing several decay processes
  • FIG. 16 is a diagram of resonant neutron transfer
  • FIG. 17 is a diagram of off-resonant neutron transfer.
  • the term“about,” when referring to a value or to an amount of mass, weight, time, volume, concentration, and/or percentage can encompass variations of, in some embodiments +/- 20%, in some embodiments +/-10%, in some embodiments +/- 5%, in some embodiments +/- 1%, in some embodiments +/-0.5%, and in some embodiments +/-0.1%, from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate in the presently disclosed subject matter.
  • electron capture on hydrogen may lead to neutrons via inverse beta decay, where delocalization might occur through coupling to the low-energy Bragg states. This requires the existence of a substantial population of MeV electrons, which are known not to be present due to an absence of either commensurate characteristic x-ray radiation or Bremsstrahlung.
  • a (phonon-mediated) resonant neutron transfer mechanism in which up-conversion may supply the energy needed for a neutron to be promoted to continuum states, including Bragg states.
  • a large coherent neutron transfer rate may be expected under such conditions, since each step of the process could be on resonance.
  • Arranging for sufficient energy exchange, to promote a bound neutron to a Bragg state is on the order of 6-7 MeV, and restrictive conditions are needed to observe the process.
  • the approach may be extended to the off- resonant case.
  • the exchange of only a single phonon can provide for off-resonant coupling of a bound neutron to a Bragg state, which is special since although neutrons also couple to other continuum states, the destructive interference associated with normal continuum states would preclude delocalization ⁇
  • Moving neutrons from one nucleus, say Fe-57, to a neighboring nucleus, say initially Fe-56, can be difficult to detect. However, in a specially configured implementation it may be observed.
  • an isotope separation kind of application in which a phonon source on one side of a thin sample sends THz phonons into the sample for a preferential movement of transferred neutrons to the other side.
  • a phonon source on one side of a thin sample sends THz phonons into the sample for a preferential movement of transferred neutrons to the other side.
  • a natural iron sample with a random mix of Fe-56, and about 2% of Fe-57 may result with the Fe-57 enriched on a side of the sample opposite the phonon source.
  • FIG. 1A an apparatus 10 for implementing a method of neutron enriching a portion of a sample by moving neutrons from a first nucleus to a neighboring or other nucleus, for example to implement isotope separation or concentration, is shown in FIG. 1A, according to at least one embodiment.
  • a source 12 of phonons 14 is in contact with or mechanically coupled to the first side 16 of a thin sample 20.
  • the phonons 14 have a frequency of at least one terahertz (1 THz).
  • the phonons 14 represent a vibrational signal transmitted into the sample 20 from source 12.
  • FIG. IB is an enlarged view of a portion IB, as marked in FIG. 1A, of the apparatus 10.
  • Transferred neutrons 22 are preferentially moved or migrated away from the phonon source 12 and first side 16, and toward a second side 18 of the sample 20, opposite the first side 16.
  • the neutrons 22 are transferred and moved from first nuclei 24 to neighboring or other second nuclei 26.
  • This effect over time, may enrich, with neutrons 22, the second nuclei 26 along or proximal the second side 18 relative to the first nuclei 24 along or proximal the first side 16.
  • Fe-57 enrichment may occur proximal or along the second side 18 of the sample 20.
  • phonon-mediated off-resonant neutron transfer may be used to move a neutron from one isotope of one element to a different isotope of the same element, or to a different isotope of a different element. Detection of neutron transfer may be done using NMR or neutron activation analysis, both of which have the potential to be very sensitive to be able to see a small number of new isotopes.
  • a further improvement in sensitivity is possible by transferring a neutron onto a stable isotope such that the daughter with one more neutron is unstable. This can be verified by looking for an emitted beta, characteristic x-ray, gamma or alpha.
  • Such nuclear diagnostics can be even more sensitive. For example, in the case of gamma spectroscopy it is possible to develop unambiguous spectral and time-history evidence to identify and verify that the neutron transfer has taken place.
  • the off-resonant neutron transfer process may be expressed as: [0067]
  • the mass of the initial isotopes will in general be different than the mass of the final isotopes, with the difference in mass energy noted as dE here. If the lattice is able to either dissipate or provide the energy mismatch, then the process will proceed according to the associated Golden Rule rate. If too much energy needs to be provided, then the process will not occur.
  • candidate sets of isotopes are examined to see which ones have the minimum mass difference for a neutron transfer process.
  • analysis includes obtaining an isotope table file, and putting together some code to sort through all possible combinations to see which transitions result in the smallest mass defect.
  • the candidate with the lowest energy involves on the order of 40 eV for a mass difference.
  • the energy needs to be supplied to make unstable Ar-41.
  • Incoherent Dissipation of a Mass Excess For off-resonant neutron transfer processes in which the transfer is exothermic, it is expected that secondary coupling would be available to transfer energy to an electron, so that the mass energy defect could be dissipated. In this case the neutron transfer process would result in the production of some energy as heat along with the isotope changes. In one or more embodiments, some of the electron kinetic energy may be captured so that the nuclear mass energy could be converted to electrical energy.
  • a coupled phonon-nuclear system of the type under consideration includes a solid or liquid that contains lots of isotopes with a low-energy excited state (such as Hg-201 which has an excited state at 1.5 keV, or Fe-57 which has an excited state at 14.4 keV), and that is vibrated. If the vibrations are THz vibrations then the greatest energy exchange is expected. Collimated x- ray emissions have been interpreted in the Karabut experiment, Kornilova experiment, and Ivlev experiment in terms of this kind of up-conversion. The models for up-conversion predict down- conversion as well, so that the PdD and NiH/D systems both down-convert for excess heat production, but could up-convert for this kind of application.
  • a low-energy excited state such as Hg-201 which has an excited state at 1.5 keV, or Fe-57 which has an excited state at 14.4 keV
  • Fukai phase is related to in situ x-ray diffraction on Pd hydride under 5 GPa of hydrogen pressure which causes lattice contraction in 2-3 h at 700-800 °C due to vacancy formation.
  • Two-phase separation into PdH and a vacancy-ordered phase of Cu ⁇ Au structure (Pd 3 VacH 4 ) occurs on subsequent cooling.
  • the vacancy concentration in Pd metal is determined, by measuring density and lattice parameter changes, to be 18 ⁇ 3 at.%. This procedure provides a method of introducing superabundant vacancies in metals.
  • Applications of interest include implementations that provide a demonstration of the effect under discussion. For example, with the use of an ion gun to bombard a Hf target with Ar ions, it is possible to produce radioactive Ar-41, assuming that there are impurity isotopes in the Hf with low energy nuclear transitions. If not, then Hg, or Ta, or Fe or some other additive may be added to help with the up-conversion.
  • phonon-mediated off-resonant neutron transfer reactions may be used to make unstable isotopes for scientific and industrial applications.
  • excitation transfer is a lowest-order physical process. Excitation transfer may be responsible for some low-energy nuclear emissions from F&P experiments. Many excitation transfer reactions lead to up-conversion, and down-conversion. Up-conversion is proposed for collimated x-ray emission implementations. Subdivision (one deexcitation to multiple lower energy excitations) and down-conversion may explain excess heat, providing a toolbox to address many anomalies.
  • Equation 5 includes terms for the nucleus as a particle, internal nuclear structure, and coupling between center of mass motion and internal nuclear degrees of freedom.
  • Excitation transfer was proposed around 1930 in connection with energy exchange in biomolecules and is used in biophysics these days. Excitation transfers from one quantum system to another. The transfer of electronic excitation is known and observed. Embodiments herein implement phonon-mediated nuclear excitation transfer.
  • FIG. 1 is diagrammatic representation of excitation transfer, according to at least one embodiment, involving on-resonance and off-resonance states.
  • Equations Ec 1 - Ec 6 A simple model with weak coupling is expressed in Equations Ec 1 - Ec 6 : [0093] Reasonings: quantum mechanical effect; intermediate states off of resonance; at least 2 phonon exchange interactions may be needed for nuclear excitation transfer; overall effect is to move the excitation from one nucleus to another; destructive interference reduces indirect interaction strength; faster for lower energy nuclear transition; faster if phonon energy is high.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates low-level energetic a, n emission, in which energy is transferred to a Pd nucleus.
  • the transfer of D2/ 4 He (24 MeV) energy disintegrates a Pd nucleus (FIG. 3). This would produce low-level energetic alphas (observations reported by Chambers et al, Lipson et al, others). This would produce low-level energetic neutrons (observations reported by Roussetki et al, by Mosier-Boss et al).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates incoherent excitation transfer in which proton energy including recoil is 0.889 MeV.
  • the 0.79 MeV proton signal is attributed to “backscatter.”
  • the 0.79 MeV proton signal might be a result of incoherent excitation transfer reaction from HD/ 3 He, and the 8.54 MeV a signal might be a result of incoherent excitation transfer reaction from D2/ 4 He.
  • FIG. 6A illustrates an apparatus 100, according to at least one embodiment, in which a Co-57 source 102 and a transducer 104 are attached to opposite sides of a steel plate 106 secured between wood blocks 108 at opposite ends thereof.
  • An aluminum mesh 110 is placed between the source and an X-ray detector 112. Data taken is represented in FIG. 6B.
  • FIG. 6A The apparatus 100 of FIG. 6A was set up to look for excitation transfer due to MHz phonon exchange.
  • a plot of 14.4 keV counts versus time is shown in FIG. 6B.
  • FIG. 6B A plot of 14.4 keV counts versus time is shown in FIG. 6B.
  • the model includes phonon-nuclear coupling to nuclear electric dipole and related nuclear transitions.
  • El electric dipole
  • Ml magnetic dipole
  • E2 electric quadrupole
  • Augmenting spin-boson models with asymmetric loss can dramatically increase rates for up-conversion, and down-conversion. Modification of excitation transfer rates with loss is also expected.
  • Equation 20 the first term represents kinetic energy, where the reduced mass is M/2.
  • the last two terms represent an off-resonant correction.
  • the four intermediate terms represent a Hamada-Johnston potential.
  • FIG. 10 A big shift of the deuteron binding energy off of resonance is shown in FIG. 10.
  • the shift is nonlinear as a function of the off resonant energy, which is important since the increase in excitation transfer rate depends on second derivative. Shifts are needed for other nuclei.
  • FIGS. 11 and 12 are plots showing, respectively, dineutron scattering length (FIG. 11) and dineutron binding energy (FIG. 12) for several different hard core radius parameter values. The plots in FIGS. 11 and 12 are labeled for four hard core radius values: 0.343, 0.342, 0.341, and 0.340.
  • a dineutron can be bound off of resonance, as long as the off-resonant energy is large enough. Multi-neutron clusters are expected to be bound also far off of resonance, meaning multi-neutron exchange might be expected to be possible off of resonance. This poses perhaps an explanation for the Iwamura transmutation experiment (2003), an illustration of the implementation of which is shown in FIG. 13, and a plot of data resulting therefrom is shown in FIG. 14.
  • Equation 21 An example of off-resonant neutron cluster transfer is shown in Equation 21.
  • FIG. 15 is a decay scheme showing several decay processes, including beta decay of 96 Sr populated in Equation 21.
  • the 8-neutron cluster on resonance is not bound. The nuclear potential much stronger off of resonance.
  • a dineutron is bound at about +25 MeV off- resonance.
  • An 8 neutron cluster would be expected to be bound with +20-35 MeV off of resonance. This is possibly in connection with single or multiple D2/ 4 He excitation transfer coherent processes. If true, then a similar implementation with restricted Pd isotopes would transfer a smaller neutron cluster, and beta decay products may be seen, or this could rule out a proposed mechanism if decay products are not present
  • FIGS. 16 and 17 are diagrams showing resonant neutron transfer and off-resonant neutron transfer, respectively.
  • candidates preferably minimize energy mismatch between initial and final states.
  • the mass table was thus analyzed, and computer code sorted through all possible neutron transfer reactions to look for nuclei pairs where a new unstable nucleus is made. The results are shown in Table 1 in the preceding.
  • an Ar ion beam is incident on a Hf sample, to produce radioactive 41 Ar.
  • Others embodiments could be implemented with either alloys, co-deposited material, and/or evaporations along with stress (similar to excitation transfer experiments).
  • excitation transfer models are analyzed. Straightforward prior predictions may be too low to connect with experiments. Loss helps, but not enough to fix things.
  • Off- resonance energy shifts are proposed to address the problem. Computations of deuteron binding energy off of resonance calculate a big shift, and strong nonlinearity. This version of the model may connect with experiments. Phonon-mediated single neutron transfer reactions are proposed, and tested by making and detecting short-lived unstable nuclei. Dineutron stabilization off of resonance is expected. Multi-neutron cluster exchange off of resonance where clusters can be bound is proposed.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour enrichir en neutrons une partie d'un échantillon, qui comprend l'application de phonons à un premier côté de l'échantillon, ce qui permet de transférer des neutrons à partir de premiers noyaux à l'intérieur de l'échantillon vers des seconds noyaux à l'intérieur de l'échantillon, les seconds noyaux étant ainsi enrichis des neutrons transférés. L'invention concerne également un appareil pour enrichir en neutrons une partie d'un échantillon, qui comprend une source de phonons en contact avec un premier côté de l'échantillon ou accouplée mécaniquement à celui-ci, la source de phonons étant configurée pour appliquer des phonons au premier côté de l'échantillon, ce qui permet de transférer des neutrons à partir de premiers noyaux à l'intérieur de l'échantillon vers des seconds noyaux à l'intérieur de l'échantillon, les seconds noyaux étant enrichis des neutrons transférés.
PCT/US2020/021271 2019-03-23 2020-03-05 Transfert de neutrons hors résonance à médiation par phonons WO2020197738A1 (fr)

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007298497A (ja) * 2006-05-05 2007-11-15 Westinghouse Electric Co Llc 安定な同位体を用いた遡及的線量測定
WO2015175116A1 (fr) * 2014-05-16 2015-11-19 ISO Evolutions, LLC Procédés et appareil de production d'isotopes
US20170023500A1 (en) * 2014-04-30 2017-01-26 Xrsciences Llc Air Slide Analyzer System and Method
WO2018226597A1 (fr) * 2017-06-05 2018-12-13 Metzler Florian Système et procédé pour générer une émission de photons à partir de noyaux atomiques
US10186337B2 (en) * 2010-09-22 2019-01-22 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Compact radioisotope generator

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007298497A (ja) * 2006-05-05 2007-11-15 Westinghouse Electric Co Llc 安定な同位体を用いた遡及的線量測定
US10186337B2 (en) * 2010-09-22 2019-01-22 Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. Compact radioisotope generator
US20170023500A1 (en) * 2014-04-30 2017-01-26 Xrsciences Llc Air Slide Analyzer System and Method
WO2015175116A1 (fr) * 2014-05-16 2015-11-19 ISO Evolutions, LLC Procédés et appareil de production d'isotopes
WO2018226597A1 (fr) * 2017-06-05 2018-12-13 Metzler Florian Système et procédé pour générer une émission de photons à partir de noyaux atomiques

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