WO2020183168A1 - Appareil de détection multicouche et procédé d'utilisation - Google Patents

Appareil de détection multicouche et procédé d'utilisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020183168A1
WO2020183168A1 PCT/GB2020/050602 GB2020050602W WO2020183168A1 WO 2020183168 A1 WO2020183168 A1 WO 2020183168A1 GB 2020050602 W GB2020050602 W GB 2020050602W WO 2020183168 A1 WO2020183168 A1 WO 2020183168A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
stretchable
sensing apparatus
layered sensing
vehicle
sensors
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PCT/GB2020/050602
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English (en)
Inventor
Juan Sebastian Tobon CONDE
Original Assignee
Hyve Dynamics Holdings Limited
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Publication of WO2020183168A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020183168A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
    • H05K1/02—Details
    • H05K1/0277—Bendability or stretchability details
    • H05K1/0283—Stretchable printed circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/14—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in capacitance or inductance of electrical elements, e.g. by measuring variations of frequency of electrical oscillators
    • G01L1/142—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in capacitance or inductance of electrical elements, e.g. by measuring variations of frequency of electrical oscillators using capacitors
    • G01L1/146—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in capacitance or inductance of electrical elements, e.g. by measuring variations of frequency of electrical oscillators using capacitors for measuring force distributions, e.g. using force arrays
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/20—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress
    • G01L1/205—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using distributed sensing elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/20—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress
    • G01L1/22—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/20—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress
    • G01L1/22—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges
    • G01L1/2287—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids; by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress using resistance strain gauges constructional details of the strain gauges
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/16—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring several components of force
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/16—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring several components of force
    • G01L5/161—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring several components of force using variations in ohmic resistance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/16—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring several components of force
    • G01L5/165—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring several components of force using variations in capacitance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L9/00—Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
    • G01L9/12—Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means by making use of variations in capacitance, i.e. electric circuits therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
    • G01M5/0083—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by measuring variation of impedance, e.g. resistance, capacitance, induction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
    • H05K1/16—Printed circuits incorporating printed electric components, e.g. printed resistor, capacitor, inductor
    • H05K1/162—Printed circuits incorporating printed electric components, e.g. printed resistor, capacitor, inductor incorporating printed capacitors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/01—Dielectrics
    • H05K2201/0104—Properties and characteristics in general
    • H05K2201/0133—Elastomeric or compliant polymer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/02—Fillers; Particles; Fibers; Reinforcement materials
    • H05K2201/0203—Fillers and particles
    • H05K2201/0242—Shape of an individual particle
    • H05K2201/026—Nanotubes or nanowires
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/09—Shape and layout
    • H05K2201/09209—Shape and layout details of conductors
    • H05K2201/09218—Conductive traces
    • H05K2201/09263—Meander
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/10—Details of components or other objects attached to or integrated in a printed circuit board
    • H05K2201/10007—Types of components
    • H05K2201/10151—Sensor

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus adapted to measure a number of variables. More particularly, the invention relates to a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus comprising a laminate structure adapted to measure strain orthogonal to a surface of the apparatus and a first lamina structure adapted to measure in-plane strain. The invention also relates generally to a method of using a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus adapted to measure pressure and strain across a surface of an object. More particularly, the invention relates to a method of monitoring a vehicle condition using the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of collecting data related to fluid flow over an object using the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus.
  • piezoresistivity, capacitance and piezoelectricity are mechanisms which can be used to measure pressure, with capacitive sensing providing for high sensitivity, fast response and a wide dynamic range.
  • Another sensing mechanism used is monitoring a change in resistance through a wire. This mechanism is commonly used for measuring strain and temperature.
  • stretchable sensors can be constructed from two electrode layers, embedded in an elastomeric material, separated by a separation layer constructed from a continuous flexible dielectric polymer. This construction allows for the measurement of a positive compressive force being applied to the electrode layers; however, it only provides low sensitivity and is unable to measure a negative compressive force being applied to the electrode layers.
  • the material used for electrodes in stretchable electronics have varied from rigid conductors to electrolytic fluids.
  • the use of these types of conductors have limited the field of application because of the potential for leaking, breaking or undesired variation in the electrical properties when stretched.
  • Majidi et al in US20120118066 Al describe a pressure sensor with a plurality of liquid filled micro channels being used in areas such as wearable technology.
  • Nature Communication 4 p 1543 describes a stretchable wireless charging system using various stretchable electronics, such as serpentine conductor lines and using thin films of carbon nanotubes forming supercapacitors.
  • IVHM Integrated Vehicle Health Management
  • IVHM systems allow for the status and health of a vehicle system or part to be determined, they also allow for improved diagnostic of faults and even prediction of faults. Since the system knows the current state and predicts the future state it is possible to produce a maintenance schedule to allow optimised reliability or minimise downtime of the vehicle.
  • these systems are limited by the location and types of sensors used. For example, the system may not be able to make the most accurate predictions on the status of a component because the inferences are made from a sensor directed to a different component or measuring a less suitable variable.
  • a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus comprising: a stretchable sensing laminate structure having an array of sensors for measuring strain orthogonal to a surface of the apparatus; a first stretchable sensing lamina structure having an array of sensors for measuring in-plane strain; wherein the stretchable sensing laminate structure and the first stretchable sensing lamina structure form a stack.
  • the array of sensors of the first stretchable sensing lamina structure may comprise at least one row of strain gauges connected together by stretchable electrodes.
  • the strain gauges and/or the stretchable electrodes may be located on a dielectric elastomeric material.
  • the strain gauges and/or stretchable electrodes may be embedded in a dielectric elastomeric material.
  • the stretchable electrodes may be either serpentine electrodes or be formed from carbon nanotubes.
  • the strain gauges may be formed from a strain-sensitive conductive structure. These structures allow for the structure to have a minimal thickness. Furthermore, it ensures that the lamina structure can be deformed to a greater degree without damaging the ability to sense the in-plane strain.
  • the strain-sensitive conductive structure may be formed from one or more conductive filaments arranged in a continuous pattern.
  • the continuous pattern may be formed so that the resistance changes when deformed.
  • the strain-sensitive conductive structures may comprise a first number of strain-sensitive conductive structures located in a first orientation and a second number of strain-sensitive conductive structures in a second orientation. Furthermore, the strain-sensitive conductive structures may be divided into sets. Each set may have a different orientation when compared to another set.
  • the strain-sensitive conductive structure may be made from a material with a predetermined thermal expansion coefficient.
  • the material may be selected to minimise the apparent strain (thermal output) independent of a mechanical load.
  • the material may have a thermal expansion coefficient which matches or is similar to the material of the surface the multi-layered apparatus will be attached to.
  • the pattern of the strain-sensitive conductive structure may be a low temperature-sensitive strain-sensitive pattern.
  • Low temperature-sensitive strain-sensitive patterns have a minimal resistance change due to a change in temperature.
  • the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus may further comprise a second stretchable sensing lamina structure with an array of sensors for measuring temperature.
  • a second lamina structure it is possible to measure the temperature of the environment or an object.
  • the temperature data could be used to compensate other measured variables.
  • the second stretchable sensing lamina structure may be located between the stretchable sensing laminate structure for measuring strain orthogonal to the surface of the apparatus and the first stretchable sensing lamina structure.
  • the first lamina structure is in a position to be directly attached to an object to measure strain across the surface of the object.
  • the second lamina structure is in an intermediate position which allows for a decrease or removal of strain being registered by the array of temperature sensors.
  • the stretchable sensing laminate structure is located so that any strain orthogonal to the surface caused by an external force is directly registered.
  • the stretchable sensing laminate structure for measuring strain orthogonal to the surface of the apparatus may be located between the first and second stretchable sensing lamina structures. This arrangement improves the sensitivity of the array of temperature sensors as they would register less strain as there is an intermediate structure providing a buffer. However, it would lower the sensitivity of the stretchable sensing laminate structure.
  • the array of sensors for measuring temperature may comprise at least one row of temperature sensors connected together by stretchable electrodes.
  • the temperature sensors and or stretchable electrodes may be located on a dielectric elastomeric material.
  • the temperature sensors and/or stretchable electrodes may be embedded in a dielectric elastomeric material.
  • the stretchable electrodes may either be serpentine electrodes or formed from carbon nanotubes.
  • the temperature sensors may be formed from a temperature-sensitive structure.
  • the temperature-sensitive structure may be formed from one or more conductive filaments arranged in a continuous pattern.
  • the continuous pattern may be formed so that the resistance changes when deformed by temperature expanding the conductor.
  • the temperature-sensitive structure may be constructed from a material with minimal resistance change due to deformation.
  • the pattern of the strain-sensitive conductive structure may be similar to the pattern of the temperature-sensitive conductive structure.
  • the pattern of the strain-sensitive conductive structure may be different to the pattern of the temperature sensitive conductive structure.
  • the first stretchable sensing lamina structure may be a strain-sensitive laminate structure formed from multiple lamina structures.
  • the strain-sensitive laminate structure may comprise at least two stretchable sensing lamina structures for measuring in-plane strain.
  • Each of the stretchable sensing lamina structures for measuring in-plane strain may comprise the features of the first stretchable sensing lamina structure.
  • the strain-sensitive conductive structure located in one stretchable sensing lamina structure may have a different orientation to the strain- sensitive conductive structure located in the other stretchable sensing lamina structure.
  • each lamina structure may be offset from another.
  • one lamina structure may measure in-plane strain in a direction orthogonal to the other lamina structure.
  • the second stretchable sensing lamina structure may be a temperature-sensitive laminate structure formed from multiple lamina structures.
  • the measurement of strain orthogonal to the surface of the apparatus may represent the deformation through compression and/or tension acting on the stretchable sensing laminate structure.
  • the strain orthogonal to the surface may represent pressure acting on the surface of the apparatus.
  • the stretchable sensing laminate structure may be a stretchable bidirectional pressure sensing laminate structure.
  • the stretchable bidirectional pressure laminate structure may comprise a first sheet made from a dielectric elastomeric material; a second sheet made from a dielectric elastomeric material; and at least one array of pressure-sensitive sensors. This structure allows for the array of sensors to be responsive to both positive and negative pressure.
  • the array of pressure-sensitive sensors may be formed by a first series of parallel conductor lines located on or in the first sheet, a second series of parallel conductor lines located on or in the second sheet, and a microstructure formed from a plurality of pillars made from a dielectric elastomeric material.
  • the plurality of pillars may be disposed between the first and second sheets; wherein the first series conductor lines are substantially orthogonal to the second series conductor lines.
  • the microstructure is an array of spaced apart repeating structures used to separate the series of electrodes.
  • the microstructure may be bonded to both the first and second sheets so that the array of pressure-sensitive sensors can register positive and negative pressure by the movement of the first and second dielectric elastomeric sheets. Because of the high sensitivity from this construction, low Reynold conditions are no longer a challenge. Furthermore, the sensors may register both compressive and tensile forces created by positive or negative pressure.
  • the array of pressure-sensitive sensors may be formed by a first series of parallel conductor lines located on or in the first sheet, a second series of parallel conductor lines located on or in the second sheet, and a separation layer made from a dielectric elastomer.
  • the separation layer is disposed between the first and second sheets. Furthermore, the separation layer may be bonded directly or indirectly to the first and second sheets.
  • the first series of conductor lines are substantially orthogonal to the second series of conductor lines.
  • the separation layer may be a microstructure comprising an array of spaced apart repeating structures used to separate the first and second series of conductor lines.
  • the separation layer may be a single structure for separating the first and second series of conductor lines.
  • the microstructure may be an array of spaced apart repeating structures used to separate two electrodes.
  • the structures may be cuboid, frustro-conical or other shapes.
  • the shapes should provide opposing faces for bonding either directly or indirectly to the first and second elastomeric sheets.
  • the shape may preferably be cuboid.
  • the first and second series of conductor lines may be formed from carbon nanotubes. This type of conductive material allows for the electrical properties of the conductor lines to be maintained when the sheets are stretched or deformed.
  • the number of conductor lines in the series, as well as the type of conductor material, may be selected based on the required specifications (resolution, sensitivity, or etc). For example, the number of conductor lines may be increased to improve the resolution.
  • the first and second series of conductor lines may be in direct contact with the microstructure or have an intervening layer, such as another dielectric elastomeric sheet.
  • Each pillar may be located at a crossing point between the first elastomeric sheet’s conductor lines and the second elastomeric sheet’s conductor lines.
  • the combination of a pillar and crossing point forms a pixel.
  • the number of pixels determines the resolution of the sensor.
  • Each pixel can provide a measurement, but the combination of pixels creates the array of pressure-sensitive sensors.
  • the stretchable laminate structure may comprise stretchable electrodes.
  • Each of the first and second sheets may have a stretchable electrode connected to the series of conductor lines.
  • the stretchable electrode may be located in or on its respective elastomeric sheet. Having a stretchable electrode connected to the conductor lines in the series of conductor lines allows for an electrical connection to each conductor line to be maintained despite the sensor being deformed.
  • the stretchable electrodes may be formed from any suitable material such as copper.
  • Each stretchable electrode may be a serpentine electrode. Serpentine electrodes can be stretched by up to 300% while maintaining their electrical properties.
  • the first stretchable sensing lamina structure or strain-sensitive laminate structure may comprise an adhesive for attaching the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus to an object. The adhesive may be applied separately or be an additional layer covered by a protector. Different adhesives vary in strength and an adhesive may be selected to allow the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus to be removed and reused.
  • the dielectric elastomeric materials used throughout the multi-layered apparatus may be a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer, or other suitable elastomeric dielectric material.
  • PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
  • This material is a stretchable dielectric polymer and may also be transparent, translucent or opaque.
  • At least one of the stretchable sensing structures may have a mean nominal thickness of approximately 0.3 mm.
  • a method of monitoring a vehicle condition comprising the steps of: gathering data indicative of pressure and strain across a surface of a vehicle using a stretchable multi layered sensing apparatus; and using the gathered data to determine the current condition of the vehicle or a component of the vehicle; wherein the stretchable multi layered sensing apparatus comprises a stretchable sensing laminate structure adapted to measure strain orthogonal to a surface of the multi-layered sensing apparatus and a first stretchable sensing lamina structure adapted to measure strain across the surface of the vehicle or component, wherein the stretchable sensing laminate structure and the first stretchable sensing lamina structure form a stack.
  • the method of monitoring a vehicle condition may further include the step of performing analysis on the gathered data to predict the future condition of a vehicle and/or a vehicle component. By knowing the future condition of a vehicle and/or vehicle component it is possible to plan and organise maintenance schedules.
  • the method of monitoring a vehicle condition may further comprise the step of applying the multi-layered sensing apparatus to a surface of a vehicle or a surface of a component by means of an adhesive.
  • the adhesive may be applied to the first stretchable sensing lamina structure. This allows for the multi-layered sensing apparatus to be moved to different portions of the vehicle or components.
  • the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus used in the second aspect of the invention may be the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • a method of collecting data related to fluid flow over an object using a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus comprising a laminate structure for measuring pressure and a first stretchable lamina structure for measuring strain across the surface of the object, the method comprises the steps of attaching the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus to an area of the object, subjecting the object to a fluid flow, and recording data indicative of pressure over the surface of the multi-layered sensing apparatus and strain across the surface of the object.
  • a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus By using a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus, it is possible to measure a variety of variables within a specific area. Moreover, by using an array of sensors within each of the stretchable structures it is possible to create a map of variables over an area. Traditionally, pressure taps, or point sensors only provide a single reading within an area. Furthermore, by allowing each stretchable structure to measure a single variable it is possible to improve the resolution. This is because the array of sensors for detecting a particular variable do not have to compete for space. By using an array of sensors it is possible to get detail similar to computational methods while also allowing for the accuracy of experimental methods. The method allows for the collection of data in real world conditions with actual real world objects, for example the method allows for a sensor to be attached to a vehicle being driven on public roads.
  • the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus used in the third aspect of the present invention may be the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • the method of analysing fluid flow may further comprise the step of placing the object within an experimental apparatus, such as a wind tunnel or water tank.
  • an experimental apparatus such as a wind tunnel or water tank.
  • the object may be subjected to fluid flow in real-world conditions.
  • An example of this is applying the stretchable sensing apparatus to a vehicle, or part of a vehicle, then operating the vehicle outside of an experimental apparatus (wind tunnel etc) in real-world conditions. This allows for real world data to be collected instead of data within a controlled environment.
  • a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus comprising a plurality of stretchable sensing laminate structures; wherein each stretchable sensing laminate structure is bonded to at least another stretchable sensing laminate structure and comprises an array of sensors adapted to measure a different variable.
  • the first stretchable sensing lamina structure may be known as the bottom stretchable sensing lamina structure because it is the structure which is in contact with or attach to a surface of an object.
  • the stretchable structure (either the laminate structure or second lamina structure) can be known as the top structure because it is furthest away from the surface of the object.
  • Figure 1 shows an exploded schematic view of a first embodiment of the multi layered sensing apparatus according to the first aspect of the present invention
  • Figure 2 shows an exploded schematic view of a second embodiment of the multi-layered sensing apparatus according to the first aspect of the present invention
  • Figure 3 shows an array of strain-sensitive conductive structures according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 shows an array of temperature-sensitive conductive structures according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 shows an exploded schematic view of a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus 10.
  • the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus 10 comprises a stretchable laminate structure 12, a second stretchable lamina structure 14 and a first stretchable lamina structure 16.
  • the stretchable structures 12, 14 & 16 form a stack.
  • the laminate structure 12 forms the surface of the apparatus.
  • the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus 10 only needs to have stretchable sensing laminate structure 12 and the first stretchable sensing lamina structure 16.
  • the stretchable laminate structure 12 has a first dielectric elastomeric sheet 121, a second dielectric elastomeric sheet 123 and a microstructure formed by a plurality of dielectric elastomeric pillars 125.
  • Each pillar in the present embodiment is preferably a cuboid.
  • two opposite faces of the cuboid pillars are bonded, either indirectly or directly, to the first dielectric elastomeric sheet 121 and the second dielectric elastomeric sheet 123.
  • the stretchable laminate structure 12 has an array of sensors for measuring strain orthogonal to the surface of the apparatus.
  • the sensors are formed by a first series of parallel running conductor lines 127 located on or in the first dielectric elastomeric sheet 121, a second series of parallel running conductor lines 129 located on or in the second dielectric elastomeric sheet 123, and the plurality of dielectric elastomeric pillars 125.
  • the first series of conductor lines 121 are orthogonal to the second series of conductor lines 123.
  • Each pillar 125 of the microstructure is bonded to both the first and second dielectric elastomeric sheets so that the array of sensors can register strain orthogonal to the surface.
  • the registered strain can be representative of both a positive and negative pressure external to the apparatus, particularly the pressure along the surface of the apparatus or the first dielectric elastomeric sheet 121.
  • Each pillar 125 is located at a crossing point between conductor lines of the first series 127 and second series of conductor lines 129. There is no point at which the conductor lines of the first and second series are in physical contact, however there is a point at which they cross when the apparatus is viewed from above or below.
  • the combination of pillar and conductor line crossing point form the sensor.
  • the sensing mechanism used for the array of sensors in the laminate structure 12 is a capacitive mechanism. An external force causes the pillar to deform either by compressor or extension. This deformation causes a change in capacitance as the distance between the conductor lines change.
  • the capacitance of each pillar and conductor line crossing point is calculated by equation 1.
  • capacitance (C) is inversely proportional to the distance between the orthogonal conductor lines ( L ), and directly proportional to the area formed by conductor lines at the crossing point (A), relative permittivity of the dielectric material (e G ) and the permittivity in a vacuum (e 0 ).
  • the first series and second series of conductor lines 127, 129 are schematically represented by solid lines in figure 1, this is not indicative of the structure or type of material.
  • the conductor lines may be formed from carbon nanotubes, however any conductive material which is known to the skilled person as being flexible and deformable while maintaining its electrical properties would be suitable.
  • the first dielectric elastomeric sheet 121 and second dielectric elastomeric sheet 123 of the laminate structure 12 may each include a stretchable electrode in the form of a serpentine electrode 131 made from copper.
  • Each serpentine electrode 131 is connected to the ends of all the conductor lines in the series on its respective sheet. Furthermore, the serpentine electrode of the first elastomeric sheet is perpendicular to the serpentine electrode of the second elastomeric sheet.
  • the second lamina structure 14 comprises a dielectric elastomeric sheet 141 with an array of sensors 143 for measuring temperature.
  • the array of sensors 143 are located on the dielectric elastomeric sheet 141.
  • the sensors may be embedded within the dielectric elastomeric sheet 143 or another sheet. Additionally, the sensors may be encapsulated by an additional layer of dielectric elastomeric material.
  • the array of sensors for measuring temperature 143 are arranged in five rows of three sensors. In other embodiments the number of sensors within a row and the number of rows may vary.
  • Each sensor 143 has an electrical property which varies based on temperature. For example, a thermistor or at least one conductive filament arranged in a known pattern in which the resistance changes based on a temperature. See figure 4 for an example of a conductive filament pattern.
  • Each sensor 143 is represented schematically as blocks; however, this is not indicative of the type of sensor.
  • a sensor may be constructed from a temperature-sensitive conductive filament pattern. The electrical resistance of the pattern changes based on deformation of the pattern due to temperature. See figure 4 for an example of a conductive filament pattern.
  • the stretchable electrodes 145 are represented schematically by solid lines in figure 1, this is not indicative of the structure or type of material.
  • the stretchable electrodes 145 may be any construction which allow for the electrical properties to be maintained while being flexible and/or deformable. For example, they may be serpentine electrodes or electrodes formed from carbon nanotubes as shown in figures 3 and 4.
  • the first lamina structure 16 comprises a dielectric elastomeric sheet 161 with an array of sensors 163 for measuring strain.
  • the array of sensors 163 are located on the dielectric elastomeric sheet 161.
  • the sensors may be embedded within the dielectric elastomeric sheet 161 or another sheet.
  • the sensors may also be encapsulated by an additional layer of dielectric elastomeric material.
  • the first lamina structure 16 has an adhesive layer 167 which allows the sensor 10 to be attached to an object.
  • the array of sensors for measuring strain 163 are arranged in five rows of three sensors. In other embodiments the number of sensors within a row and the number of rows may vary. Each sensor is represented schematically as blocks; however, this is not indicative of the type of sensor.
  • a sensor may be constructed from a strain- sensitive conductive filament pattern. The electrical resistance of the pattern changes based on deformation of the pattern. See figure 3 for an example of a conductive filament pattern.
  • the stretchable electrodes 165 are represented schematically by solid lines in figure 1, this is not indicative of the structure or material.
  • the stretchable electrodes 165 may be any construction which allow for the electrical properties to be maintained while being flexible and/or deformable. For example, they may be serpentine electrodes or electrodes formed from carbon nanotubes as shown in figures 3 and 4.
  • Figure 2 shows a second embodiment of the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus 20.
  • the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus 20 comprises a stretchable laminate structure 22, a second stretchable lamina structure 24 and a first stretchable lamina structure 26.
  • the stretchable laminate structure 22 has a first dielectric elastomeric sheet 221, a second dielectric elastomeric sheet 223 and a separation layer 225 made from dielectric elastomer.
  • the stretchable laminate structure 22 has a first conductive layer 227 disposed between the first sheet 221 and the separation layer 225.
  • the conductive layer 227 is made from a dielectric elastomeric material and has a first series of parallel conductor lines located in or on the layer.
  • the stretchable laminate structure 22 has a second conductive layer 229 disposed between the second sheet 223 and the separation layer 225.
  • the second conductive layer 229 is made from a dielectric elastomeric material and has a series of parallel conductor lines located in or on the layer.
  • the series of conductor lines in the first conductive layer 227 are orthogonal to the series of conductor lines in the second conductive layer 229.
  • the first and second series of conductor lines may be located on or in the first and second dielectric elastomeric sheets.
  • the separation layer 225 may be a microstructure formed from an array of repeating structures of the same shape.
  • the array of sensors in the laminate structure 22 are formed from the separation layer 225 and the crossing points between the series of conductor lines in the first conductive layer 227 and the series of conductor lines in the second conductive layer 229.
  • the sensing mechanism works through a change in capacitance caused by a change in distance between the two electrodes at the crossing point.
  • the laminate structure 22 may be substantially the same or similar to the laminate structure disclosed in the applicant’s co-pending application no. 1901260.8, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
  • the first stretchable lamina structure 24 comprises an array of temperature sensors 243.
  • the current embodiment shows a single row of five temperature sensors connected by a conductive layer 245.
  • the conductive layer 245 is made from a stretchable substrate, such as a dielectric elastomeric material, with a series of stretchable electrodes formed in or on the layer.
  • the conductive layer 245 is bonded to a further layer 241 made from a dielectric elastomer.
  • the second stretchable lamina structure 24 is bonded to the laminate structure 22.
  • the array of sensors and/or the conductive layer 245 may be bonded directly to the second dielectric elastomeric sheet 223.
  • the first stretchable lamina structure 26 comprises an array of strain-sensitive sensors 263.
  • the current embodiment shows a single row of five strain gauges connected by a conductive layer 265.
  • the conductive layer 265 is made from a stretchable substrate, such as a dielectric elastomeric material, with a series of stretchable electrodes formed in or on the layer.
  • the conductive layer 265 is bonded to a further layer 261 made from a dielectric elastomer.
  • the first stretchable lamina structure 26 is bonded to the second lamina structure 24.
  • the array of sensors and/or the conductive layer 265 may be bonded directly to layer 241.
  • each sensor of the array of strain gauges 263 and array of temperature sensors 243 are represented schematically as blocks; however, this is not indicative of the type of sensor.
  • each sensor of the array of strain gauges 263 and the array of temperature sensors 243 may be formed from a conductive filament pattern.
  • Figure 3 shows an array of sensors 30 from the first lamina structure.
  • the array of sensors is constructed from a plurality of sensor rows. Each row comprises a series of sensors 32 connected by stretchable electrodes 34.
  • the sensors shown are strain- sensitives structures constructed from a conductive filament arranged in a known pattern.
  • a conductive filament pattern will use a property of electrical conductance and its dependence on the conductor’s geometry to determine strain. When the conductive filament is deformed or stretched, within limits of the material’s elasticity, it becomes narrower and longer resulting in an increase in electrical resistance. Conversely, when compressed the conductive filament will broaden and shorten, decreasing its electrical resistance. The electrical resistance is indicative of the strain.
  • a typical pattern for a strain-sensitive conductive filament is a series of parallel conductor runs. Each parallel run is connected to another parallel run by an orthogonal conductor run at its end. The parallel runs are closely spaces and may vary in length. There are other known patterns which involve complex shapes and/or curved conductor runs.
  • the stretchable electrodes 34 are serpentine electrodes made from a conductive material such as copper.
  • the stretchable electrodes 34 can be formed from carbon nanotubes (similar to figure 4) applied to the elastomeric material in the first lamina structure. The stretchable electrodes 34 maintain their electrical properties when stretched or deformed.
  • Figure 4 shows an array of sensors 40 from the second lamina structure.
  • the array of sensors is constructed from a plurality of sensor rows. Each row comprises a series of sensors 42 connected by stretchable electrodes 44.
  • the sensors shown are temperature-sensitive structures constructed from a conductive filament arranged in a known pattern.
  • a conductive filament pattern will use a property of electrical conductance and its dependence on the conductor’s geometry to determine temperature. When the conductive filament experiences a change in temperature the resistivity of the material will change. The change in resistivity is indicative of the change in temperature.
  • the patterns used for temperature sensing may be similar to those used for strain gauges, however they may be different.
  • the stretchable electrodes 44 are formed from carbon nanotubes. In other embodiments, the stretchable electrodes 44 may be formed from serpentine electrodes (similar to figure 3). The stretchable electrodes 44 maintain their electrical properties when stretched or deformed.
  • the second aspect of the invention is provided by a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus used to gather data indicative of the pressure and strain across a surface of a vehicle or component of the vehicle.
  • the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus comprises a stack of stretchable structures.
  • the stack of stretchable structures comprises a stretchable laminate structure adapted to measure strain orthogonal to the surface of the multi-layered sensing apparatus and a first stretchable lamina structure adapted to measure strain across the surface of a vehicle or component of the vehicle.
  • the first stretchable lamina structure is attached to the surface of a vehicle or the surface of a component part of the vehicle. As the multi-layered sensing apparatus is stretchable it can closely conform to the surface it is attached to. The vehicle is then operated in real world conditions or within a wind tunnel. During operation of the vehicle the laminate structure is used to gather data indicative of strain orthogonal to the surface of the multi-layered sensing apparatus, this strain represents the pressure over the surface. The first lamina structure is used to gather data indicative of strain across the surface of the vehicle or component of the vehicle.
  • the gathered data is than used to determine the condition or health of the vehicle or component of the vehicle.
  • the gathered data can be analysed on its own or with other measured variables and/or other data to determine the condition, status, state or health of the vehicle or component of the vehicle.
  • the gathered data is provided to an integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) system which performs analysis on the data to determine the condition, status, state or health of the vehicle or vehicle component.
  • IVHM integrated vehicle health management
  • the IVHM system determines the condition, state, status or health of a vehicle system or component.
  • the condition, state, status and/or health can be used in a further process, for example fault diagnostics or predictions of faults.
  • the IVHM system may also predict the future condition, status, state or health of the vehicle or component of the vehicle.
  • the IVHM system may used the current state, condition, status or health of the vehicle and the predicted state, condition, status or health of the vehicle to produce a maintenance schedule for the vehicle.
  • Another embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention uses a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • the third aspect of the invention is provided by a stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus attached to an object allowing for the collection of data related to fluid flow over the object.
  • the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus comprises a stack of stretchable structures.
  • the stack of stretchable structures includes a stretchable laminate structure adapted to measure pressure over the surface of the multi-layered sensing apparatus and a first stretchable lamina structure adapted to measure strain across a surface of the object.
  • the first stretchable lamina structure is attached to an area of the surface of the object by means of an adhesive. Because the multi-layered sensing apparatus is stretchable it can closely conform to the surface of the object. Once the stretchable multi-layered sensing apparatus has been attached to the object it is subjected to fluid flow, preferably in real world conditions or within a wind tunnel or water tank.
  • the laminate structure is used to gather data indicative of the pressure over the objects surface.
  • the first lamina structure is used to gather data indicative of the strain the object experiences. The gathered data is recorded and can be used either immediately in analysing fluid flow or stored for later analysis.
  • the fluid flow over the multi-layered apparatus creates an external force which acts on the surface of the laminate structure. The external force deforms the material of the laminate structure which is used to determine the pressure over the surface.
  • the first lamina structure undergoes deformation as a result of the surface of the object deforming.
  • the third aspect of the present invention uses a multi layered sensing apparatus described in the first aspect of the present invention.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un appareil de détection multicouche étirable comprenant une structure stratifiée étirable dotée d'un réseau de capteurs servant à mesurer une déformation orthogonale à une surface de l'appareil et une première structure stratifiée extensible dotée d'un réseau de capteurs servant à mesurer une déformation à travers l'appareil. Les structures étirables forment un empilement. L'invention concerne également un procédé de surveillance de l'état d'un véhicule à l'aide d'un appareil de détection multicouche servant à rassembler des données indicatives de la pression et de la déformation sur une surface du véhicule. L'appareil de détection multicouche comprend une première et une seconde structure stratifiée étirable. La première structure stratifiée étirable sert à mesurer une déformation orthogonale à la surface de l'appareil et des seconds capteurs de structure stratifiée étirable servent à mesurer une déformation dans le plan. L'invention concerne en outre un autre procédé de collecte de données associées à un écoulement de fluide sur un objet à l'aide de l'appareil de détection multicouche.
PCT/GB2020/050602 2019-03-14 2020-03-11 Appareil de détection multicouche et procédé d'utilisation WO2020183168A1 (fr)

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