WO2020181597A1 - 大规模mtc网络中一种基于分组的随机接入与数据传输方法 - Google Patents
大规模mtc网络中一种基于分组的随机接入与数据传输方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H04W4/70—Services for machine-to-machine communication [M2M] or machine type communication [MTC]
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- the invention belongs to the random access and data transmission technology in a large-scale MTC network, and specifically relates to the realization of a packet-based random access and data transmission scheme in the large-scale MTC network.
- MTCD machine-type communication devices
- Massive machine-type communication, mMTC has subsequently become one of the main communication scenarios for 5G.
- mMTC is mainly deployed in cellular networks.
- the traditional cellular network is designed for H2H, and mMTC will have a series of problems due to its own characteristics: First, the number of MTCDs is huge, and the number of preambles used for access is small. Massive MTCDs are initiated to the base station in a short time.
- Access requests will cause more access collisions, leading to serious network congestion, making a large number of devices unable to transmit data in time; secondly, the total amount of communication data in mMTC is large but the data packets of a single device are small, so traditional The four-way handshake process will cause large signaling overhead; finally, most of the MTCD transmission rate is small, but the wireless resources are limited.
- the direct data transmission from the MTCD to the base station will greatly reduce the resource utilization, and the MTCD itself is not suitable for transmission rate The high-speed transmission characteristics of 5G. Therefore, we urgently need to optimize and improve the existing cellular network based on the characteristics of the MTC itself.
- Some solutions start from the ACB mechanism to improve and alleviate the network congestion problem; some solutions focus on the reasonable allocation and use of resources to improve resource utilization; some solutions group devices, introduce gateways, and design double-hop networks To improve system performance. Among them, most of the grouping schemes do not specify the resource usage of the communication link from the device to the gateway, but only point out the use of a certain communication method.
- Some studies have introduced the concept of gateway forwarding threshold, and programming simulations show the impact of gateway forwarding threshold on system performance, but the concept of gateway forwarding threshold has not been further substituted into theoretical analysis for analytical deduction and theoretical analysis of gateway forwarding The impact of the threshold on system performance.
- the purpose of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings of the prior art and provide a packet-based random access and data transmission method in medium and large-scale MTC networks.
- the design is based on packet Random access and data transmission schemes, combined with the dual-hop link resource allocation ratio and gateway forwarding threshold, analyze and optimize the system to further improve network performance.
- the MTC gateway broadcasts ACB-like factors to the activated devices in the group, and the activated devices perform ACB-like detection.
- the devices in the group that pass the ACB-like detection randomly select a channel among U 1 orthogonal channels and transmit the data packet to the corresponding MTC.
- MTCG detects U 1 orthogonal channel. Only when a certain channel is selected by a device, MTCG can correctly detect the corresponding data packet, and even back-off the corresponding device for the data packet that fails the detection;
- the gateway receives the successfully detected data packets according to the buffer margin. If the buffer margin is greater than or equal to the number of successfully detected data packets, then all the successfully detected data packets are successfully received by the gateway and stored in the buffer queue, otherwise the gateway is buffered according to The margin size is randomly selected from the successfully detected data packets and stored in the cache queue, so that the cache queue length reaches the optimal forwarding threshold ⁇ * ;
- the MTCG whose buffer queue length reaches the optimal forwarding threshold ⁇ * initiates an access request to the BS, and accesses the base station through a four-message handshake process based on contention-based random access.
- the successful MTCG goes to the next step, and the access fails.
- MTCG initiates an access request again at the next random access opportunity;
- the base station randomly selects the successfully accessed MTCG according to the number of orthogonal channels of link 2 and allocates a channel for the gateway to forward the data packet in the buffer. If U 2 is greater than or equal to the number of successfully accessed MTCG, then all the successfully accessed All MTCGs can successfully forward data packets, otherwise the base station randomly selects U 2 among these MTCGs and allocates channels for the corresponding gateway to forward data packets in link 2. The MTCG that has not obtained the link 2 channel will initiate again at the next random access opportunity Access request.
- the throughput optimization problem is
- Q M represents the total number of resource blocks used by the system to transmit data in a random access opportunity
- ⁇ 2 represents the number of resource blocks required by the gateway to forward a data packet
- ⁇ U represents the upper bound of the actual cache of the gateway
- ⁇ represents the stability of the system Distribution
- P represents the transition probability matrix of the gateway cache occupancy
- N PA represents the number of preamble codes.
- the modified differential evolution algorithm is 1) using a penalty function to transform the original optimization problem into an unconstrained optimization problem
- g( ⁇ , ⁇ ) represents the penalty function
- the integer variable forwarding threshold ⁇ is regarded as a real variable, and the real variable ⁇ is rounded to the nearest integer before the objective function is calculated.
- the evolutionary algorithm mutation operation is not closed. When the resource allocation ratio ⁇ and the forwarding threshold ⁇ obtained through the mutation operation exceed the value range, they are randomly generated within the value range to replace the variables outside the boundary.
- the penalty function g ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) T ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) - ⁇ [max (0, f ( ⁇ , ⁇ )) + max (0, - ⁇ ⁇ )], where ⁇ is a penalty factor.
- the packet-based random access and data transmission scheme proposed by the present invention is more suitable for the mMTC network. For the entire system, it can greatly improve the throughput, reduce the total service time of the system, alleviate network congestion, and improve resource utilization. For each MTCD , Can reduce the average access delay and increase the probability of successful access.
- Figure 1 is a system model of the double-hop mMTC network in the packet-based random access and data transmission scheme of the present invention.
- Figure 2 shows the resource allocation of link 1 and link 2 in the packet-based random access and data transmission scheme of the present invention.
- Fig. 3 is the variation curve of the total service time with the number of MTCDs of each group in the system under the present invention and the traditional scheme.
- Figure 4 is the variation curve of the total throughput with the number of MTCD per group of the system under the present invention and the traditional scheme.
- Fig. 5 is the variation curve of the average throughput with the number of MTCD per group of the system under the present invention and the traditional scheme.
- Fig. 6 is the variation curve of the successful access probability with the number of MTCD per group of the system under the present invention and the traditional scheme.
- Fig. 7 is the variation curve of the average access delay of successful equipment with the number of MTCD per group of the system under the present invention and the traditional scheme.
- N G MTC gateways N G MTC gateways
- each MTCG manages N g MTCDs.
- N D N G in the network.
- N g MTCDs in other words, N D MTCDs are divided into N G MTCD groups according to their MTCG.
- a random access opportunity (RAO) is recorded as T RAO , and the time axis is divided by T RAO as a unit.
- RAO random access opportunity
- the mMTC network architecture designed by the present invention is a double-hop network.
- the communication from the MTCD to the BS includes two links, called link 1 and link 2, respectively.
- MTCD transmits data packets to MTCG through link 1
- MTCG transmits data packets aggregated in the buffer to the BS through link 2.
- ⁇ -resource allocation ratio The resources of link 1 are equally divided into N G parts, which are respectively allocated to N G MTCD groups. Assuming that MTCD in link 1 needs ⁇ 1 RB to transmit a data packet to MTCG, then each MTCD group in link 1 contains
- link 2 only the gateway whose buffer size reaches the forwarding threshold ⁇ and successfully connected can transmit the data packets aggregated in the buffer to the BS through link 2. Note that we stipulate that when the gateway forwards the data packet to the BS, the data in the buffer queue should be transferred once All ⁇ data packets are transmitted to the base station. Assuming that MTCG transfers a data packet to BS in link 2 requires ⁇ 2 RBs, then link 2 contains
- link 1 it is assumed that each MTCD in each RAO has at most one data packet to be sent.
- the communication process of link 1 includes the following steps:
- MTCG receives data packets according to the buffer margin.
- the forwarding threshold ⁇ can initiate an access request to the base station, that is, a four-message handshake process.
- the buffer of the gateway in the double-hop mMTC network of the present invention can hold ⁇ data packets at most.
- the process of the gateway receiving data packets consists of two parts. 1) First, MTCG detects U 1 orthogonal channel. Each channel may have 3 situations, which are selected by one device, not selected by the device, and selected by multiple devices. Only one channel is selected by one device.
- MTCG can correctly detect the corresponding data packet, we also say that the device U 1 is selected successfully.
- the gateway then cache the received data packet successfully detected margin based, in particular, if the margin is greater than the cache U 1 equal to the number of packets successfully selected, then all U 1 selected gateway packet is successfully received and stored successfully In the cache queue, otherwise, the gateway randomly selects the data packets successfully selected by U 1 according to the size of the cache margin and stores them in the cache queue, so that the length of the cache queue reaches the forwarding threshold ⁇ .
- each MTCD group contains U 1 orthogonal channels, according to the principle of ACB mechanism, each orthogonal channel corresponds to a preamble.
- the ACB-like factor takes a value as follows:
- This type of ACB mechanism can control each MTCD group to have U 1 active devices in each RAO, thereby maximizing the number of successful devices selected by U 1 .
- the probability of a channel being selected by a device as then:
- each MTCD group contains U 1 orthogonal channels
- the value of the number of data packets that an MTCG can successfully detect in a RAO is 0, 1, 2, ..., U 1 .
- the communication process of link 2 includes the following steps:
- the MTCG whose buffer queue length reaches the forwarding threshold ⁇ initiates an access request to the BS, and accesses the base station through a contention-based random access four-message handshake process, that is, MTCG randomly selects a preamble and sends it to the BS through the physical random access channel
- the BS detects the preamble and sends back a random access response message to the MTCG.
- the MTCG transmits information on the allocated uplink channel through the random access response message.
- the BS detects the information and sends a contention resolution message to the successfully detected MTCG to notify the MTCG to receive Into success.
- the MTCG access is successful, which is also called the success of the MTCG competition preamble.
- the MTCG that successfully competes for the preamble proceeds to the next step, and the MTCG that fails the competition initiates an access request again in the next RAO.
- the BS randomly selects the MTCG that successfully competes for the preamble according to the number of orthogonal channels of link 2 and allocates a channel for the gateway to forward the data packet in the buffer. Specifically, if U 2 is greater than or equal to the number of successful MTCGs in the preamble, all successfully connected MTCGs can successfully forward data packets. Otherwise, the BS randomly selects U 2 among these MTCGs and allocates channels for the corresponding gateway in the chain Data packets are forwarded in way 2.
- N PA number of preamble codes. So the number of successful MTCGs in the competition preamble is:
- the probability of being successfully allocated to the link 2 channel is:
- the probability that the MTCG that reaches the forwarding threshold successfully forwards the data packet is:
- U 1 ⁇ indicates that the number of orthogonal channels in each group of link 1 is greater than or equal to the gateway forwarding threshold.
- the transition probability matrix of the buffer size state is shown in equation (12).
- P is a matrix of ⁇ +1 rows and ⁇ +1 columns.
- U 1 ⁇ indicates that the number of orthogonal channels in each group of link 1 is less than the gateway forwarding threshold.
- P G, k 0, (k>U 1 ), that is, in a RAO, a gateway is on the link 1
- the number of successfully detected data packets cannot exceed U 1 .
- the gateway Since a gateway can successfully detect U 1 data packets at most, when U 1 ⁇ , the gateway with a buffer size of at least ⁇ -U 1 may reach the forwarding threshold through the reception of link 1.
- we can get the probability that the current RAO gateway will reach the forwarding threshold due to the successful reception of the data packet when U 1 ⁇ is shown in the formula (16) in the brackets on the right side of the equal sign.
- the throughput of a RAO in the steady state of the system can be expressed as:
- U 2 ⁇ N G,PA that is, the number of successfully connected gateways is greater than or equal to the number of channels of link 2. Therefore, the probability that a gateway that successfully competes for the preamble can be allocated to the channel of link 2 is:
- U 2 > N G, PA that is, the number of gateways that have successfully accessed is less than the number of channels of link 2. All gateways that successfully compete for the preamble can be allocated to the channel of link 2, so the competition preamble The probability that a successful gateway can be assigned to the link 2 channel is:
- Equation (24b) is the constraint on the value range of the resource allocation ratio.
- Equation (24c) shows that the forwarding threshold is a positive integer with a minimum value of 1, but it cannot exceed the actual gateway cache upper bound ⁇ U.
- Equations (24d) and (24e) are the constraints of the Markov chain stable distribution theory, which are used to solve the smooth distribution of gateway cache under the conditions of a given resource allocation ratio and forwarding threshold.
- Equation (24d) shows the smooth distribution and transfer The relationship of the probability matrix, formula (24e) shows that the sum of the probabilities of all states under a stationary distribution is 1, and the probability of each state is greater than 0 and less than 1.
- Equation (24f) indicates that the maximum throughput occurs in the first case of 5.1, and the corresponding optimization target expression is shown in Equation (24a).
- P T -I is a matrix with ⁇ +1 rows and ⁇ +1 columns, and no matter U 1 ⁇ or U 1 ⁇ , the second row of P T -I
- formula (44) is a quadratic equation of ⁇ ⁇ -1 . From the root formula, we can get:
- the optimization problem described by equation (24) is a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem with constraints. Since the problem contains both continuous and discrete variables, it is difficult to solve. Therefore, we use a modified differential evolution algorithm to solve it.
- Differential evolution algorithm is a heuristic algorithm based on real number coding and global optimization in continuous space. It intelligently guides the direction of optimization search through the group generated by the cooperation and competition of individuals between groups, including population initialization, mutation, Cross, choose 4 operations. Next, we will introduce the specific content of these four operations in differential evolution.
- the specific operation of population initialization is to randomly and uniformly generate the first generation population according to the value range of each component:
- the mutant individuals produced by the mutation operation are:
- s 1 , s 2 , s 3 3 individuals randomly selected in the population and s 1 ⁇ s 2 ⁇ s 3 ⁇ m, F——variation factor, generally F ⁇ (0,2).
- Crossover operation refers to dividing the parent individual according to a certain probability And variant individuals Cross each component separately to generate a temporary individual.
- Each component of the temporary individual generated by the mth individual of the lth generation population through this operation is:
- nth component of, r 1,n (n 1, 2)—— Randomly uniform in the interval [0,1] Parts.
- the selection operation refers to the parent individual With temporary individuals Choose the best individual as the next generation individual. For the maximization problem, it is to choose the next generation that makes the objective function larger, and the parent individual
- the next-generation individuals produced by this operation are:
- g() represents the objective function in the optimization problem.
- the mutation individual may have boundary violations, that is, the value of a component may exceed the boundary. Therefore, when the value of a component exceeds the boundary, we take it A number is randomly generated within the value range to replace the component.
- Figure 3 shows the variation curve of the total service time with the number of MTCDs in each group under the two schemes.
- the total service time is defined as the total number of RAOs required for the system to service all MTCDs. All devices are fully serviced. The device either successfully transmits within the maximum number of transmissions, or fails due to exceeding the maximum number of retransmissions. It can be seen that under the two schemes, the total service time increases as the number of MTCDs in each group increases, but the grouping scheme in this paper has a slower growth rate, and the scheme designed by the present invention can greatly reduce the total service time compared to the traditional scheme.
- the gateway is introduced into the traditional solution, and the double-hop mMTC network architecture is designed,
- the Markov chain is used to analyze the smooth distribution of the gateway cache state, and on this basis, the system is optimized to maximize the system throughput, thereby improving the system performance and greatly reducing the total service time.
- Figure 4 shows the variation curve of the total throughput with the number of MTCDs in each group of the system under the two schemes.
- the total throughput is defined as the total number of MTCDs successfully transmitted within the maximum number of transmissions.
- the total service time is shown in the figure.
- the total throughput and the total throughput during the interception period It can be seen that under the two schemes, the total throughput in the total service time is equivalent. In other words, under the two schemes, almost all devices can transmit successfully within the maximum number of retransmissions. However, it can be seen from Figure 3 that the traditional scheme requires Spend more time.
- the total throughput in the interception time period differs greatly between the two schemes. As the number of MTCDs in each group increases, the solution of the present invention can serve more devices in the interception time period. The specific reason is the same as that shown in FIG. 3.
- Figure 5 shows the variation curve of the average throughput with the number of MTCDs in each group of the system under the two schemes.
- the average throughput is defined as the number of MTCDs that can be served by an average RAO, that is, the number of MTCDs successfully accessed within the maximum number of transmissions.
- the ratio of the total number of RAOs required for the service, the average throughput during the total service time and the average throughput during the interception period are plotted in the figure. It can be seen that under the two schemes, the average throughput in the total service time and the interception period is equivalent, but the scheme of the present invention can greatly improve the average throughput compared with the traditional scheme. The specific reason is similar to Figure 3.
- Figure 6 shows the variation curve of the probability of successful access with the number of MTCDs in each group of the system under the two schemes.
- the probability of successful access within the total service time and the interception time period is drawn respectively.
- the probability of successful access It is defined as the ratio of the number of successfully accessed MTCDs to the total number of MTCDs transmitted in the defined time period. It can be seen that under the two schemes, the probability of successful access within the total service time period is equivalent, but the scheme of the present invention has a higher probability of successful access during the interception time period. The specific reason is similar to Figure 3.
- Figure 7 shows the variation curve of the average access delay of successful devices with the number of MTCDs per group under the two schemes.
- the average access delay is defined as the average RAO required for a successful MTCD from the initial activation to the successful reception of the base station. number. It can be seen that under the two schemes, during the total service time, the scheme of the present invention can greatly reduce the average delay. During the interception time period, the scheme of the present invention also reduces the average access delay of successful devices. The specific reason is similar to Figure 3.
- the packet-based random access and data transmission scheme proposed by the present invention is more suitable for the mMTC network.
- the throughput can be greatly improved, and the total service time of the system can be reduced.
- it can reduce The average access delay increases the probability of successful access.
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Abstract
Description
| 参数 | 值 |
| MTCD流量到达模型 | 均匀分布 |
| MTCG总数 | 20 |
| 可用PA数 | 54 |
| 所有MTCD到达所需总RAO数 | 2000 |
| 总资源块数Q M | 3600 |
| 链路1传输一个数据包所需资源块数δ 1 | 20 |
| 链路2转发一个数据包所需资源块数δ 2 | 5 |
| 网关缓存大小上界γ U | 50 |
| 每个设备的最大重传次数 | 10 |
| 退避窗口所需总RAO数 | 4 |
| 种群大小ps | 40 |
| 变异因子F | 1 |
| 交叉概率cp | 0.6 |
| 惩罚因子σ | 10^6 |
| 差分演化算法迭代次数L | 100 |
| 截取时间开始时隙 | 第750个RAO |
| 截取时间结束时隙 | 第1500个RAO |
Claims (5)
- 大规模MTC网络中一种基于分组的随机接入与数据传输方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:(1)在mMTC网络中,引入MTC网关MTCG,让每个网关管理若干个设备,分别对应于一个MTCD组,将用于数据传输的资源按照修正差分演化算法所求的最优资源分配比β *分为2部分:即链路1与链路2,将链路1中的资源均分给每组,每组的资源按照MTCD传输一个数据包所需的资源块数划分为U 1个信道,根据修正差分演化算法所求的最优转发阈值γ *及网关转发一个数据包所需的资源块数将链路2划分为U 2个信道;(2)MTC网关向组内激活设备广播类ACB因子,激活设备进行类ACB检测,通过类ACB检测的组内设备在U 1个正交信道中随机选择一个信道将数据包传输给相应的MTC网关;(3)MTCG检测U 1个正交信道,其中只有某个信道被一个设备选择时,MTCG才能正确检测出对应的数据包,对于检测失败的数据包其对应设备进行均匀退避;(4)网关根据缓存余量接收成功检测的数据包,若缓存余量大于等于检测成功的数据包数,则所有检测成功的数据包被网关成功接收并存储在缓存队列中,否则网关根据缓存余量大小在检测成功的数据包中随机选择若干个并存储在缓存队列中,使得缓存队列长度达到最优转发阈值γ *;(5)缓存队列长度达到最优转发阈值γ *的MTCG向BS发起接入请求,通过基于竞争的随机接入四消息握手过程接入基站,接入成功的MTCG进行下一步,接入失败的MTCG在下一个随机接入机会再次发起接入请求;(6)基站根据链路2的正交信道数随机选择接入成功的MTCG并分配信道供网关转发缓存中的数据包,若U 2大于等于接入成功的MTCG数,则所有接入成功的MTCG都可以成功转发数据包,否则基站在这些MTCG中随机选择U 2个并分配信道供相应网关在链路2中转发数据包,未获得链路2信道的MTCG在下一个随机接入机会再次发起接入请求。
- 根据权利要求1所述的大规模MTC网络中一种基于分组的随机接入与数据传输方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中最优资源分配比β *和最优转发阈值γ *,首先通过马尔可夫理论分析出网关缓存队列长度的状态转移概率矩阵,对网关缓存占有量的变化过程进行数学建模,得到每一个随机接入机会中发起接入请求的网关数,即 π i,(i=0,1,...γ)表示系统达到平稳状态时网关缓存大小在每一RAO结束时刻为i的概率,N G表示网关数,P G,t(i=0,1,2,...,U 1)表示一个MTCG在一个RAO成功检测i(i=0,1,2,...,U 1)个包的概率,从而得到每一个随机接入机会的吞吐量,即T(β,γ)=N G,γ·P s·γ,P s表示网关成功转发的概率,结合资源分配比网关缓存上界以及平稳分布的条件构造吞吐量的优化问题,利用修正差分演化算法求得最优转发阈值γ *和最优资源分配比β *。
- 根据权利要求4所述的大规模MTC网络中一种基于分组的随机接入与数据传输方法,其特征在于,所述罚函数g(β,γ)=T(β,γ)-σ[max(0,f(β,γ))+max(0,-π γ)],其中σ为惩罚因子。
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| CN111294775B (zh) * | 2020-02-10 | 2021-04-20 | 西安交通大学 | 一种大规模mtc与h2h共存场景中基于h2h动态特性的资源分配方法 |
| CN112004213B (zh) * | 2020-08-28 | 2022-07-29 | 南京邮电大学 | 一种mMTC分层系统中基于干扰图的资源分配方法 |
| CN112996081A (zh) * | 2021-02-04 | 2021-06-18 | 慕熠物联网技术(湖州)有限公司 | 一种基于时间敏感算法的窄带无线通信系统终端节点 |
| CN117692961B (zh) * | 2024-02-04 | 2024-04-26 | 北京邮电大学 | 低轨卫星物联网随机接入拥塞控制方法和装置 |
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| CN106851732A (zh) * | 2010-08-12 | 2017-06-13 | 英特尔公司 | 机器类型通信数据的数据处理方法、装置及系统 |
| CN108282821A (zh) * | 2018-01-23 | 2018-07-13 | 重庆大学 | 一种物联网通信中面向巨连接的基于分组的拥塞控制接入方法 |
| WO2018234851A1 (en) * | 2017-06-21 | 2018-12-27 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Random access procedure for massive mtc devices |
| CN109218004A (zh) * | 2018-10-26 | 2019-01-15 | 南京邮电大学 | 基于SCMA mMTC系统分层机器类通信的子载波及功率分配方法 |
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| CN108848482B (zh) * | 2018-06-12 | 2021-03-16 | 南京邮电大学 | 基于mMTC分层接入框架的资源分配方法 |
| CN108882301B (zh) * | 2018-07-25 | 2020-07-28 | 西安交通大学 | 大规模m2m网络中基于最优功率退避的非正交随机接入方法 |
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| CN106851732A (zh) * | 2010-08-12 | 2017-06-13 | 英特尔公司 | 机器类型通信数据的数据处理方法、装置及系统 |
| WO2018234851A1 (en) * | 2017-06-21 | 2018-12-27 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Random access procedure for massive mtc devices |
| CN108282821A (zh) * | 2018-01-23 | 2018-07-13 | 重庆大学 | 一种物联网通信中面向巨连接的基于分组的拥塞控制接入方法 |
| CN109218004A (zh) * | 2018-10-26 | 2019-01-15 | 南京邮电大学 | 基于SCMA mMTC系统分层机器类通信的子载波及功率分配方法 |
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