WO2020155480A1 - 一种食品微波三维打印方法及打印机 - Google Patents

一种食品微波三维打印方法及打印机 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020155480A1
WO2020155480A1 PCT/CN2019/088547 CN2019088547W WO2020155480A1 WO 2020155480 A1 WO2020155480 A1 WO 2020155480A1 CN 2019088547 W CN2019088547 W CN 2019088547W WO 2020155480 A1 WO2020155480 A1 WO 2020155480A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
microwave
printer
food
printing
barrel
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Ceased
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PCT/CN2019/088547
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
范大明
赵子龙
金立明
闫博文
张灏
高文华
曹洪伟
杨化宇
赵建新
陈卫
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Jiangnan University
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Jiangnan University
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Application filed by Jiangnan University filed Critical Jiangnan University
Publication of WO2020155480A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020155480A1/zh
Priority to US17/114,943 priority Critical patent/US11116247B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
    • A23P20/00—Coating of foodstuffs; Coatings therefor; Making laminated, multi-layered, stuffed or hollow foodstuffs
    • A23P20/20—Making of laminated, multi-layered, stuffed or hollow foodstuffs, e.g. by wrapping in preformed edible dough sheets or in edible food containers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
    • A23L5/10—General methods of cooking foods, e.g. by roasting or frying
    • A23L5/15—General methods of cooking foods, e.g. by roasting or frying using wave energy, irradiation, electrical means or magnetic fields, e.g. oven cooking or roasting using radiant dry heat
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
    • A23P30/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the process or apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
    • A23P20/00—Coating of foodstuffs; Coatings therefor; Making laminated, multi-layered, stuffed or hollow foodstuffs
    • A23P20/20—Making of laminated, multi-layered, stuffed or hollow foodstuffs, e.g. by wrapping in preformed edible dough sheets or in edible food containers
    • A23P20/25—Filling or stuffing cored food pieces, e.g. combined with coring or making cavities
    • A23P2020/253—Coating food items by printing onto them; Printing layers of food products
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a food microwave three-dimensional printing method and a printer, belonging to the technical field of food.
  • 3D printing is a new type of manufacturing method. It performs layered printing and layer-by-layer printing to manufacture parts according to the instructions of the control system. Compared with traditional manufacturing methods, it has the characteristics of fast speed, wide application range and high precision.
  • 3D printing is mainly used in the printing of temperature-sensitive materials such as chocolate and self-mixed slurry in the food field, and most of them use Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology.
  • FDM technology is to extrude the molten or slurried food fluid from the nozzle and pile it up on the platform. Because the melting point of chocolate is low, the molten chocolate is extruded in the barrel, and it will be fixed and formed immediately when the temperature is lower than the melting point of the chocolate.
  • the solidified chocolate has high mechanical strength, so 3D printing chocolate is also suitable for Support the printing of three-dimensional structure.
  • fluid gel-type foods such as surimi, minced meat and rice noodle slurry are mainly used as plate decorations in the catering industry, and they are not suitable for consumption because they are not matured.
  • the scheme of printing first and then curing is mainly adopted.
  • the uncured food slurry due to the poor mechanical strength of the uncured food slurry, it is easy to collapse during the printing process, and it is difficult to print with a good hollow Products with unsupported three-dimensional structure; and the printed food slurry is prone to product deformation during the heating and curing stage, and it is difficult to meet consumer requirements for products.
  • the method realizes the curing of the pancake while printing, but the conductive heating method is not suitable for the three-dimensional structure product with a certain thickness or height, and due to the conductive heating, the first ejected material will be overheated, and then the ejected material will be heated Incompleteness, resulting in uneven product maturation.
  • Li Weirong (201711206387.6) discloses a 3D printed microwave heating mechanism, which generates microwaves through a magnetron, and limits the heating range of the microwaves through the upper and lower microwave shielding frames, and heats the extruded plastic and metal molten wires to keep the materials in a molten state Easy to shape.
  • the transmission of microwaves in the air is prone to scattering, refraction, and dissipation. Therefore, it is not possible to ensure that the microwaves in the microwave dome can pass through the microwave outlet ring in a constant amount to reach the printing cavity to achieve uniform heating of the printed object.
  • the generator is not equipped with a cooling device, which is prone to overheating and damage to components.
  • Yang Weimin discloses a microwave sintered 3D printer, which uses a microwave knife with a small diameter and a small microwave range, but the medical microwave knife can withstand low power and temperature, poor heating speed, poor penetration, and short life; and The medical microwave knife does not have a leak-proof device.
  • the microwave is easy to leak and cause harm to the human body. It will gradually dissipate during the transmission process and is not suitable for microwave processing of food.
  • the material has a loss factor, the microwave will attenuate when it penetrates the material. Therefore, the thickness of the material needs to be determined according to the microwave range of the microwave knife and the loss constant of the material, so that it can be used in 3D printing applications in the food field. limit.
  • the present invention provides A food microwave three-dimensional printing method and printer.
  • the first object of the present invention is to provide a food microwave three-dimensional printer, the food three-dimensional printer includes a printing drive mechanism, a microwave heating unit, a leak-proof unit, an extrusion unit, a control unit, and a printing platform; wherein the microwave heating unit includes Microwave heating probe; the extrusion unit includes a barrel, the barrel wall of the barrel is a partially hollow structure, and the microwave heating probe is located in the hollow structure of the barrel wall.
  • the microwave heating probe includes a microwave transmission line, a cooling device, a stainless steel tube, and an insulator; wherein the stainless steel tube is placed in the hollow structure of the barrel wall, the microwave transmission line and the cooling device are placed in the stainless steel tube, and the insulator is located in the microwave heating probe Seal the stainless steel pipe at the terminal.
  • the microwave transmission line is a coaxial line.
  • the barrel has an extrusion nozzle
  • the port of the extrusion nozzle has a non-wave-absorbing material
  • the size of the non-wave-absorbing material is the vertical distance between the tip of the microwave heating probe and the extrusion nozzle, according to The microwave reflection loss R (dB) of the material to be printed is determined.
  • the non-wave-absorbing material is set in a circular ring shape and sleeved on the extrusion nozzle.
  • the non-wave-absorbing materials include: polytetrafluoroethylene, glass, ceramics, PFA, quartz, PEEK, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, PPS, polypropylene PP, polyethylene PE, polycarbonate PC, glass Fiber.
  • the non-wave-absorbing material has a circular ring shape, and the size of the non-wave-absorbing material is determined according to the microwave reflection loss R(dB) of the material to be printed, including: according to the microwave reflection loss R(dB) of the material to be printed ) Determine the vertical distance d between the front end of the microwave heating probe and the extrusion nozzle;
  • the absorbing effect of the material is not in a simple linear relationship with its thickness.
  • the absorption peak of the material's reflection loss R (dB) curve is the smallest, the corresponding thickness is the optimal size, that is, the d value is equal to the material's reflection loss.
  • Optimal absorption thickness is the optimal size, that is, the d value is equal to the material's reflection loss.
  • z in is the input impedance of the material to be printed;
  • ⁇ 0 is the magnetic permeability in free space, and the value is 4 ⁇ ⁇ 10 -7 H/m;
  • ⁇ is the magnetic permeability of the material to be printed;
  • ⁇ 0 is the dielectric constant in free space, taking the value 8.854 ⁇ 10 -12 F/m;
  • ⁇ is the dielectric constant of the material.
  • the cooling device includes a water inlet, a water outlet, a water inlet pipe, a water outlet pipe, and a water inlet and outlet tee; one end of the microwave transmission line is connected to the microwave generating device through an adapter, and the other end is connected to an insulator.
  • the water inlet of the cooling device is connected to the coolant container through a peristaltic pump, the coolant is pumped into the water inlet through the peristaltic pump, enters the gap formed by the stainless steel tube, the microwave transmission line and the insulator through the water inlet pipe, and then flows through the water outlet Return to the coolant container.
  • the pump head of the peristaltic pump is a detachable pump head.
  • the printer further includes a microwave generating device, and the microwave generating device includes a cooling fan and a microwave solid-state source;
  • the anti-leakage unit includes: a bell mouth at the front end of the barrel, a microwave absorbing coating on the printing platform, and a choke groove at the front end of the barrel.
  • the food three-dimensional printer further includes a bottom case, and the microwave generating device is located in the bottom case.
  • the second object of the present invention is to provide a food three-dimensional printing method, which adopts the above-mentioned food three-dimensional printer and includes:
  • a barrel with a corresponding size of non-absorbent material is selected and installed on the food three-dimensional printer;
  • the selection of a barrel with a corresponding size of non-absorbing material according to the type of material to be printed and installing on the food three-dimensional printer includes: determining the size of the non-absorbing material according to the following formula, that is, microwave heating The value of the vertical distance d between the tip of the probe and the extrusion nozzle;
  • the absorbing effect of the material is not in a simple linear relationship with its thickness.
  • the absorption peak of the material's reflection loss R (dB) curve is the smallest, the corresponding thickness is the optimal size, that is, the d value is equal to the material's reflection loss.
  • Optimal absorption thickness is the optimal size, that is, the d value is equal to the material's reflection loss.
  • z in is the input impedance of the material to be printed;
  • ⁇ 0 is the magnetic permeability in free space, and the value is 4 ⁇ ⁇ 10 -7 H/m;
  • ⁇ is the magnetic permeability of the material to be printed;
  • ⁇ 0 is the permittivity in free space, with a value of 8.854 ⁇ 10 -12 F/m;
  • ⁇ is the permittivity of the material to be printed .
  • the third object of the present invention is to provide the application of the above-mentioned food three-dimensional printer and/or the above-mentioned food three-dimensional printing method in the technical field of food three-dimensional printing, and the food includes fluid gel-type food.
  • the food three-dimensional printer and printing method provided by the present invention realize the 3D printing technology of continuous instant curing processing, effectively avoiding the traditional 3D printer's dependence on temperature-sensitive materials; the microwave heating probe embedded in the inner wall of the barrel is placed at the front insulator Release microwaves, combined with the size setting of non-absorbent materials, to achieve the effect of instant maturation of the extruded material; through the design of the bell mouth and choke groove of the anti-leakage unit, combined with the design of the absorbing material of the printing platform, effectively improve the heating efficiency of the product.
  • the microwave solid-state sources and coaxial lines Prevent microwave leakage and diffusion; transmit microwaves through microwave solid-state sources and coaxial lines, so that the microwave output is stable, and the power and frequency can be adjusted according to printing requirements, and the microwave solid-state sources are small in size and easy to integrate; the food three-dimensional printer provided by the present invention and The printing method can quickly heat and solidify the material extruded by the 3D printer, so that the product structure has high mechanical strength, can realize the production of a hollow and unsupported three-dimensional structure, and the product shape is not easy to collapse.
  • Figure 1 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the appearance of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the chassis of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure of the material barrel of the present invention. wherein, I is a schematic diagram of the structure of the tail of the microwave heating probe, and II is a schematic diagram of the output end of the microwave heating probe;
  • Figure 4 is an enlarged view of schematic diagram I of the tail structure of the microwave heating probe
  • Figure 5 is an enlarged view of schematic diagram II of the output end of the microwave heating probe
  • the 3D printer includes a microwave heating unit, an anti-leakage unit, an extrusion unit and a control unit.
  • the microwave heating unit includes microwave solid source 8, microwave heating probe 9, microwave heating probe water inlet 10, microwave heating probe water outlet 11, water inlet and outlet tee 12, water inlet pipe 13, stainless steel pipe 14, transmission cable 15, insulator 16, outlet Water pipe 17, microwave heating probe adapter 18, peristaltic pump 19, pump head 20, leakage prevention unit including bell mouth 21, rubber flat wave absorbing material 22, choke groove 23, heat dissipation fan 24, extrusion unit including barrel wall 25.
  • the food three-dimensional printer includes a printing drive mechanism, a microwave heating unit, an anti-leakage unit, an extrusion unit, a control unit, and a printing platform; wherein the microwave heating unit includes a microwave solid state Source, a microwave heating probe; the extrusion unit includes a barrel, the barrel wall of the barrel is partly hollow, and the microwave heating probe is located in the hollow structure of the barrel wall.
  • the food three-dimensional (3D) printer is designed on the basis of a 3D printer with a print drive mechanism, including the outer stainless steel frame material, X-axis guide rod 1, Z-axis guide rod 2, Y-axis guide rod 3, printing platform 4, The printing drive mechanism such as the barrel 5, the lead screw stepper motor 6, the fixed seat 7 and so on.
  • the microwave heating unit of the 3D printer includes a microwave solid source 8, a microwave heating probe 9, a microwave heating probe water inlet 10, a microwave heating probe water outlet 11, and a water inlet and outlet tee 12.
  • Integrated circuit 32 Integrated circuit 32.
  • the barrel wall 25 of the barrel 5 of the extrusion unit contains a partially hollow structure.
  • the microwave heating probe 9 of the microwave heating unit is embedded in the barrel wall 25.
  • the barrel 5 contains the material to be printed.
  • the printing process In the process, the material to be printed is ejected from the extrusion nozzle 26 driven by the lead screw stepping motor 6.
  • the extrusion nozzle 26 is provided with a non-wave-absorbing material 27 near the inner layer of the barrel 5.
  • the extrusion nozzle 26 is a round tube When the material to be printed enters the extrusion nozzle 26, the microwave passes through the circular non-absorbent material 27 for heating and curing.
  • different sizes of materials to be printed are selected 27 of non-absorbent materials, specific:
  • z in is the input impedance of the material to be tested;
  • ⁇ 0 is the magnetic permeability in free space, and the value is 4 ⁇ 10 -7 H/m;
  • ⁇ is the magnetic permeability of the material to be printed;
  • ⁇ 0 is the permittivity in free space, with a value of 8.854 ⁇ 10 -12 F/m;
  • ⁇ is the permittivity of the material to be printed.
  • the absorbing effect of the material is not in a simple linear relationship with its thickness.
  • the absorption peak of the reflection loss R(dB) curve of the material is the smallest, the corresponding thickness is the best size, generally less than -10dB, and the The size of the non-wave-absorbing material 27 corresponding to the printing material is the vertical distance d from the tip of the microwave heating probe 9 to the extrusion nozzle 26.
  • the non-wave-absorbing material 27 can be designed as a circular ring and set on the extrusion nozzle 26.
  • the nozzle 26 can be a round tube or other tube types, such as a rectangular hollow tube. It is flat and the thickness can be set arbitrarily. The present invention does not limit this. In practical applications, the corresponding tube type can be selected as required.
  • Non-absorbent materials include: polytetrafluoroethylene, glass, ceramics, PFA, quartz, PEEK, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, PPS, polypropylene PP, polyethylene PE, polycarbonate PC, glass fiber;
  • the non-wave-absorbing material 27 is described by taking a polytetrafluoroethylene material ring as an example.
  • FIG. 3I the enlarged view of Figure 3I (ie Figure 4) shows the microwave heating probe water inlet 10 and the microwave heating probe water outlet 11, and the water inlet and outlet tee 12; microwave heating probe The water inlet 10 is connected to the water inlet pipe 13, and the microwave heating probe water outlet 11 is connected to the water outlet pipe 17.
  • the cooling water is pumped from the coolant container through the pump head 20, and enters the water inlet and outlet tee 12 through the microwave heating probe water inlet 10, and continues to flow through the inlet
  • the water pipe 13 enters into the stainless steel pipe 14 to play a cooling role.
  • the cooling water enters the water inlet and outlet tee 12 through the water outlet pipe 17, and is discharged from the microwave heating probe water outlet 11, and then flows back to the cooling liquid container; completing its cooling function;
  • the cooling liquid container is not shown in the figure, and it can be set in a suitable position according to the actual application.
  • FIG. 5 The enlarged view of Figure 3II (ie Figure 5) shows the output end of the microwave heating probe connected to the insulator 16 and the relative position of the microwave heating probe 9 and the non-absorbent material 27 in the schematic diagram of the output end of the microwave heating probe.
  • the microwave heating probe 9 is fixed in the cavity inside the barrel wall, and one end of the insulator 16 of the microwave heating probe 9 is close to the extrusion nozzle 26.
  • the microwave heating probe One end of the adapter 18 is close to one end of the fixing base 7, and is fixed on the barrel wall 25 through an opening on the barrel wall 25;
  • the microwave heating probe 9 includes a microwave heating probe inlet 10 and a microwave heating probe outlet 11.
  • Water inlet and outlet tee 12 water inlet pipe 13, stainless steel pipe 14, transmission cable 15, insulator 16, water outlet pipe 17, microwave heating probe adapter 18, the stainless steel pipe 14 has a hollow structure inside and a microwave transmission cable inside 15.
  • the microwave heating probe connector includes a microwave heating probe adapter 18, a microwave heating probe water inlet 10, a microwave heating probe water outlet 11, and water inlet and outlet Tee 12, one end of the microwave transmission cable 15 close to the connector of the microwave heating probe is connected to the microwave heating probe adapter 18, and the other end of the microwave transmission cable 15 is located at the open end of the stainless steel tube 14, and is connected to the matching insulator 16.
  • the microwave transmission cable 15 extends into the insulator 16.
  • One end of the water inlet pipe 13 is connected to the microwave heating probe water inlet 10, and the other end enters the stainless steel pipe 14, and the water outlet pipe 17 is connected to the microwave heating probe water outlet 11
  • the cooling water enters the water inlet and outlet tee 12 through the water inlet 10 of the microwave heating probe, the cooling water enters the stainless steel pipe 14 through the water inlet pipe 13 for cooling, and the cooling water enters the water inlet and outlet tee 12 through the water outlet pipe 17.
  • the water outlet 11 of the microwave heating probe is discharged;
  • the microwave heating probe water inlet 10 is connected to the cooling water tank through the pump head 20, the microwave heating probe water inlet 10 is matched with the pipe interface to facilitate disassembly and installation, and the cooling water outlet 11 is connected to the cooling water tank through the pipe;
  • the insulator 16 is made of insulating materials with good toughness, low loss, high dielectric constant, and high temperature resistance.
  • the microwave heating probe water inlet 10, the microwave heating probe water outlet 11, and the water inlet and outlet tee 12 are all made of stainless steel to prevent microwave leakage. Moreover, the durability is good.
  • the stainless steel tube 14 does not absorb or transmit microwaves, ensuring that the microwaves can be transmitted along the microwave transmission cable 15 to the insulator 16 of the microwave heating probe 9 to release the microwaves;
  • the microwave is generated by the microwave solid-state source 8, and is transmitted to the microwave heating probe 9 along the transmission cable;
  • the microwave solid-state source 8 Compared with the traditional magnetron, the microwave solid-state source 8 has adjustable output power, phase and frequency, high frequency stability, small size and compactness, easy integration, and can withstand 100% reflected power.
  • the external thread on the top of the barrel 5 matches the internal thread of the fixing seat 7, which is convenient for installation and disassembly.
  • the outer diameter of the polytetrafluoroethylene material ring 27 is determined according to the microwave absorption capacity of the material under the microwave field to ensure that the material receives the microwave energy uniformly during the extrusion process in the extrusion nozzle.
  • the input impedance of the material layer can be calculated:
  • the absorbing effect of the material is not a simple linear relationship with its thickness.
  • the absorbing characteristics of the material are highly consistent, and there is an optimal thickness at the specified frequency.
  • a ring 27 of polytetrafluoroethylene material is fixed between the end of the extrusion nozzle 26 of the barrel 5 and the microwave heating probe 9, which can transmit microwaves and cause almost no loss of microwaves, thereby realizing efficient use of microwaves.
  • the front end of the extrusion nozzle 26 is designed with a choke groove 23, which, together with the bell mouth 21 and the rubber flat absorbing material 22, form a microwave anti-leakage unit.
  • the heat dissipation fan 24 can reduce the temperature of the rubber flat wave absorbing material 22 to prevent damage due to heat.
  • the extruding end of the barrel 5 and the horn 21 are connected by threads, and the opening diameter of the horn is 0.8 wavelengths. This design meets the requirements of traditional waveguide heaters and can effectively prevent the leakage of microwaves.
  • the cabinet includes a control unit, a microwave solid-state source 8, and a peristaltic pump 19.
  • the power of the microwave solid-state source 8 is regulated by the control unit.
  • the flow rate of the peristaltic pump 19 is controlled by the control unit and can be adjusted according to different processing requirements. Change the power and flow rate.
  • This embodiment provides a food three-dimensional printing method, the method adopts the food three-dimensional printer given in the first embodiment, and the method includes:
  • a barrel with a corresponding size of non-absorbent material is selected and installed on the food three-dimensional printer;
  • z in is the input impedance of the material
  • ⁇ 0 is the permeability in free space, 4 ⁇ 10 -7 H/m
  • ⁇ is the permeability of the material
  • ⁇ 0 is the permittivity in free space , 8.854 ⁇ 10 -12 F/m
  • ⁇ is the dielectric constant of the material
  • the absorbing effect of the material is not in a simple linear relationship with its thickness.
  • the absorption peak of the material's reflection loss R (dB) curve is the smallest, the corresponding thickness is the optimal size, that is, the front end of the microwave heating probe 9
  • the vertical distance d of the extrusion nozzle 26 is the outer diameter of the non-wave-absorbing material 27.
  • the barrel 5 with the non-wave-absorbing material 27 of this size can be screwed to the fixing base 7.
  • the flow rate of the coolant can also be changed by the peristaltic pump flow rate adjustment knob 31 to ensure that the material to be printed in the inner layer of the barrel 5 is not matured before being squeezed into the extrusion nozzle 26.
  • the microwave solid-state source 8 is connected to the microwave heating probe adapter 18 through a transmission cable; one end of the pump head 20 is connected to a pipe connected to a cooling liquid container, and the cooling liquid flows into the microwave heating probe water inlet 10 through the other end of the pipe connected to the pump head 20
  • the water tee 12 reaches the water inlet pipe 13, enters the gap formed by the stainless steel pipe 14 and the microwave transmission cable 15 and the insulator 16 through the water inlet pipe 13, then passes through the water outlet pipe 17, and reaches the conduit through the microwave heating probe water outlet 11 to enter the cooling liquid container.
  • the cooling liquid may be cooling water, or any other liquid that can play a cooling effect.
  • the embodiment of the present invention uses cooling water as an example for description.
  • the microwave solid-state source 8 generates microwaves and transmits them to the microwave heating probe 9 to heat the material.
  • the microwaves emitted by the microwave heating probe 9 pass through the non-absorbent material 27 and enter the extrusion nozzle 26 to heat the extruded material.
  • the extrusion speed of the material is constant, so the time of the material heated through the extrusion nozzle 26 is the same, so that the material is heated evenly.
  • the material is heated and matured in the extrusion nozzle 26, and then reaches the printing platform 4, where it is stacked and formed layer by layer.
  • the extrusion nozzle 26 is at the height of the first layer, the Z axis remains unchanged, and the X and Y axes move according to the program.
  • the extruded material is pushed by the screw connected to the screw stepper motor 6, and the extruded material is heated by the microwave probe 9 Heat and mature, extrude through the extrusion nozzle 26, and reach the printing platform 4.
  • the barrel 5 When one layer of material is printed, the barrel 5 will rise a height along the Z axis for the next step of printing. Since the microwave heating heating probe 9 is fixed on the barrel 5, the heating probe 9 also rises to a height to perform the next layer extrusion. Heating of the output material.
  • the food three-dimensional printer and printing method provided by the present invention realize the 3D printing technology of continuous instant curing processing and effectively avoid the traditional 3D printer's dependence on temperature-sensitive materials; microwave heating probes embedded in the wall of the barrel release microwaves at the front end , Combined with the size setting of non-absorbent materials, realizing the effect of instant maturation of the extruded materials; through the design of the bell mouth and choke groove of the leak-proof unit, combined with the design of the absorbing material of the printing platform, effectively improve the heating efficiency of the product and prevent microwave Leakage and diffusion; the microwave is transmitted through the microwave solid-state source and coaxial line, so that the microwave output is stable, and the power and frequency can be adjusted according to the printing requirements.
  • the microwave solid-state source is small in size and easy to integrate; the cooling device is installed in the microwave heating probe to ensure The material to be printed in the barrel is not heated and cured by microwave when it does not enter the extrusion nozzle; the food three-dimensional printer and printing method provided by the present invention can quickly heat and solidify the material extruded by the 3D printer, so that the product structure is mechanically strong High, can realize the production of hollow and unsupported three-dimensional structure, and the product shape is not easy to collapse.
  • Part of the steps in the embodiments of the present invention can be implemented by software, and the corresponding software program can be stored in a readable storage medium, such as an optical disc or a hard disk.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
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Abstract

一种食品微波三维打印方法及打印机，属于食品技术领域。通过嵌入料筒（5）内壁的微波加热探头（9）在前端释放微波，结合非吸波材料（27）的尺寸设置，实现了挤出物料即时熟化的效果；通过防泄漏单元的喇叭口（21）、扼流槽（23）设计，结合打印平台（4）的吸波材料设计，有效提高产品加热效率，防止微波泄漏和扩散；通过设置冷却装置，保证了料筒（5）中盛放的待打印物料在未进入挤出喷嘴（26）时不被微波加热熟化；通过微波固态源（8）产生以及传输线传导微波，使得微波输出稳定，且功率、频率可根据打印需求进行调节，微波固态源（8）体积小便于集成；通过边打印边加热熟化的方式使得打印出的产品结构机械强度高，可实现中空无支撑立体结构的制作，产品造型不易坍塌。

Description

一种食品微波三维打印方法及打印机 技术领域
本发明涉及一种食品微波三维打印方法及打印机，属于食品技术领域。
背景技术
3D打印是一种新型的制造方式，它根据控制系统的指令进行分层打印、逐层堆积的打印方式制造零件，相较于传统的制作方法具有速度快、适用范围广、精度高的特点。目前3D打印在食品领域中主要应用于巧克力和自主混合浆料等温敏型物料的打印，且大多采用熔融沉积成型(Fused Deposition Modeling，FDM)技术。FDM技术是将熔融或者浆状的食品流体从喷嘴中挤出，在平台上堆积成型。由于巧克力的熔点较低，熔融的巧克力在料筒中挤出，遇到温度低于巧克力熔点的打印平台就立即固定成型，且固化的巧克力有着较高的机械强度，所以3D打印巧克力同样适用于无支撑立体结构的打印。
相对来说，鱼糜、肉糜和米面浆料等流动态凝胶型食品则主要作为餐盘装饰出现于餐饮领域中，由于其未经熟化，不适于食用。而对于此类物料的3D打印加工技术，目前主要采用先打印后熟化的方案，但是由于未熟化的食品浆料的机械强度较差，打印过程中易发生坍塌，很难打印具有较好的中空无支撑立体式结构的产品；并且打印成型的食品浆料在加热熟化的阶段，极易发生制品的形变，难以满足消费者对于产品的要求。
为了解决3D打印对温敏型物料的依赖以及对中空无支撑立体式结构机械强度低，易坍塌等现象，使其能够应用于上述鱼糜、肉糜和米面浆料等流动态凝胶型食品的3D打印，即时熟化式打印方法逐渐引起了研究者们的兴趣。贲伟锋(201720021832.0)公开的一种制作煎饼的3D打印机以及赵诤(201620975303.X)(201620969406.5)公开的一种煎饼3D打印机以及基于煎饼3D打印机的加热装置，均采用了在打印平台安装加热板的方式实现对煎饼的边打印边熟化，但是传导加热的方式不适用于具有一定厚度或高度的立体式结构产品，并且由于传导式加热会导致先喷出的物料加热过度，而后喷出的物料加热不彻底，进而造成产品熟化不均匀。
李卫荣(201711206387.6)公开了一种3D打印的微波加热机构，通过磁控管产生微波，并通过上下微波屏蔽框限制微波的加热范围，对挤出的塑料、金属熔融丝加热，使物料保持熔融状态便于成型。但是微波在空气中传输易发生散射、折射、消散，因此并不能够确保微波导流罩内的微波能够以恒定的量穿过微波出口环到达打印腔以实现对打印对象的均匀加热，并且微波发生器未设置冷却装置，易发生过热现象，损坏部件。
杨卫民(201510235822.2)公开了一种微波烧结的3D打印机，采用的微波刀直径细、微波范围小，但是医用的微波刀可以承受的功率以及温度低，加热速度、穿透能力差、寿命短；并且医用微波刀没有防泄漏装置，微波易泄漏对人体造成伤害，在传输过程中逐渐消散，不适用于食品的微波加工处理。同时，由于物料具有损耗因数，微波在穿透物料的时候会发生衰减，因此物料的厚度需要根据微波刀的微波范围和物料的损耗常数确定，使其在食品领域内的3D打印应用中使用受限。
因此亟需研究一种能够对鱼糜、肉糜和米面浆料等流动态凝胶型食品进行3D打印，且不受所需打印成型后的物料的厚度或者中空立体结构性强等因素的限制的3D打印及对应的打印机。
发明内容
为了解决目前存在的在鱼糜、肉糜和米面浆料等流动态凝胶型食品的3D打印过程出现的熟化不彻底、打印制品易坍塌、不易打印中空立体结构的制品等问题，本发明提供了一种食品微波三维打印方法及打印机。
本发明的第一个目的在于提供一种食品微波三维打印机，所述食品三维打印机包括打印驱动机构、微波加热单元、防泄漏单元、挤出单元、控制单元和打印平台；其中，微波加热单元包括微波加热探头；挤出单元包括料筒，所述料筒的料筒壁为部分中空结构，所述微波加热探头位于所述料筒壁的中空结构内。
可选的，所述微波加热探头包括微波传输线、冷却装置、不锈钢管、绝缘体；其中，不锈钢管置于料筒壁的中空结构内，微波传输线和冷却装置置于不锈钢管内，绝缘体位于微波加热探头终端处且对不锈钢管进行密封。
可选的，微波传输线为同轴线。
可选的，所述料筒具有挤出喷嘴，所述挤出喷嘴端口具有非吸波材料，所述非吸波材料的尺寸，即微波加热探头前端与挤出喷嘴之间的垂直距离，根据待打印物料的微波反射损耗R(dB)确定。
可选的，非吸波材料设置为圆环状，套在挤出喷嘴上。
可选的，所述非吸波材料包括：聚四氟乙烯、玻璃、陶瓷、PFA，石英、PEEK、聚砜、聚醚砜、PPS、聚丙烯PP、聚乙烯PE、聚碳酸酯PC、玻纤。
可选的，所述非吸波材料为圆环形，所述非吸波材料的尺寸根据待打印物料的微波反射损耗R(dB)确定，包括：根据待打印物料的微波反射损耗R(dB)确定微波加热探头前端与挤 出喷嘴之间的垂直距离d；
根据下述公式确定d的取值；
Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-000002
在指定频率下，物料的吸波效果与其厚度并非呈简单的线性关系，当物料的反射损耗R(dB)曲线吸收峰值最小时对应的厚度即为最佳尺寸，即d值等于物料反射损耗的最佳吸收厚度。
其中，z in为待打印物料的输入阻抗；c为真空光速，c＝3×10 8m/s；ω＝2πf，f为微波频率，μ 0为自由空间中磁导率，取值为4π×10 -7H/m；μ为待打印物料的磁导率；ε 0为自由空间中的介电常数，取值为8.854×10 -12F/m；ε为物料的介电常数。
可选的，所述冷却装置包括进水口、出水口，进水管、出水管和进出水三通；所述微波传输线一端通过转接器与微波产生装置连接，另一端连接于绝缘体中。
可选的，所述冷却装置的进水口通过蠕动泵与冷却液容器连接，冷却液经蠕动泵泵入进水口，通过进水管进入不锈钢管与微波传输线以及绝缘体组成的间隙，再经出水口流回冷却液容器。
可选的，所述蠕动泵的泵头为可拆卸泵头。
可选的，所述打印机还包括微波产生装置，所述微波产生装置包括冷却风扇和微波固态源；
所述防泄漏单元包括：料筒前端的喇叭口、打印平台上的微波吸收涂层、料筒前端的扼流槽。
可选的，所述食品三维打印机还包括底部机箱，微波产生装置位于底部机箱内。
本发明的第二个目的在于提供一种食品三维打印方法，所述方法采用上述食品三维打印机，包括：
根据待打印物料的种类选择具有相应尺寸的非吸波材料的料筒安装在所述食品三维打印机上；
设定食品三维打印机的微波功率；
根据打印模型对待打印物料进行3D打印。
可选的，所述根据待打印物料的种类选择具有相应尺寸的非吸波材料的料筒安装在所述食品三维打印机上，包括：根据下述公式确定非吸波材料的尺寸，即微波加热探头前端与挤出喷嘴之间的垂直距离d的取值；
Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-000004
在指定频率下，物料的吸波效果与其厚度并非呈简单的线性关系，当物料的反射损耗R(dB)曲线吸收峰值最小时对应的厚度即为最佳尺寸，即d值等于物料反射损耗的最佳吸收厚度。
其中，z in为待打印物料的输入阻抗；c为真空光速，c＝3×10 8m/s；ω＝2πf，f为微波频率，μ 0为自由空间中磁导率，取值为4π×10 -7H/m；μ为待打印物料的磁导率；ε 0为自由空间中的介电常数，取值为8.854×10 -12F/m；ε为待打印物料的介电常数。
本发明的第三个目的在于提供上述食品三维打印机和/或上述食品三维打印方法在食品三维打印技术领域内的应用，所述食品包括流动态凝胶型食品。
本发明有益效果是：
本发明提供的食品三维打印机和打印方法，实现了连续式即时熟化加工的3D打印技术，有效避免了传统3D打印机对温敏型物料的依赖；通过嵌入料筒内壁的微波加热探头在前端绝缘体处释放微波，结合非吸波材料的尺寸设置，实现了挤出物料即时熟化的效果；通过防泄漏单元的喇叭口、扼流槽设计，结合打印平台的吸波材料设计，有效提高产品加热效率，防止微波泄漏和扩散；通过微波固态源以及同轴线传输微波，使得微波输出稳定，且功率、频率可根据打印需求进行调节，且微波固态源体积小便于集成；本发明提供的食品三维打印机和打印方法可快速加热并固化3D打印机所挤出的物料，使得产品结构机械强度高，可实现中空无支撑立体结构的制作，制得的产品造型不易坍塌。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例中的技术方案，下面将对实施例描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明外观立体示意图；
图2为本发明机箱剖面图；
图3为本发明料筒剖面结构示意图；其中，Ⅰ为微波加热探头尾部结构示意图，Ⅱ为微波加热探头输出端结构示意图；
图4为微波加热探头尾部结构示意图Ⅰ的放大图；
图5为微波加热探头输出端结构示意图Ⅱ的放大图；
图1-图5中，X轴导杆1、Z轴导杆2、Y轴导杆3、打印平台4、料筒5、丝杠步进电机6、固定座7等打印驱动装机构。如图1、图2、图3所示，该3D打印机包括微波加热单元、防泄漏单元、挤出单元以及控制单元。微波加热单元包括微波固态源8、微波加热探头9、微波加热探头进水口10、微波加热探头出水口11、进出水三通12、进水管13、不锈钢管14、传输电缆15、绝缘体16、出水管17、微波加热探头转接器18、蠕动泵19、泵头20，防泄漏单元包括喇叭口21、橡胶平板吸波材料22、扼流槽23、散热风扇24，挤出单元包括料筒壁25、挤出喷嘴26、非吸波材料27，控制单元包括触摸屏28、总开关29、微波功率调整旋钮30、蠕动泵流速调节旋钮31、集成电路32。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合附图对本发明实施方式作进一步地详细描述。
实施例一：
本实施例提供一种食品三维打印机，参见图1，所述食品三维打印机包括打印驱动机构、微波加热单元、防泄漏单元、挤出单元、控制单元和打印平台；其中，微波加热单元包括微波固态源，微波加热探头；挤出单元包括料筒，所述料筒的料筒壁为部分中空结构，所述微波加热探头位于所述料筒壁的中空结构内。
该食品三维(3D)打印机在设有打印驱动机构的3D打印机基础上设计而成，包括外围不锈钢框架材料、X轴导杆1、Z轴导杆2、Y轴导杆3、打印平台4、料筒5、丝杠步进电机6、固定座7等打印驱动装机构。
如图1、图2、图3所示，该3D打印机的微波加热单元包括微波固态源8、微波加热探头9、微波加热探头进水口10、微波加热探头出水口11、进出水三通12、进水管13、不锈钢管14、传输电缆15、绝缘体16、出水管17、微波加热探头转接器18、蠕动泵19、泵头20、防泄漏单元包括喇叭口21、橡胶平板吸波材料22、扼流槽23、散热风扇24，挤出单元 包括料筒壁25、挤出喷嘴26、非吸波材料27，控制单元包括触摸屏28、总开关29、微波功率调整旋钮30、蠕动泵流速调节旋钮31、集成电路32。
如图3所示，挤出单元的料筒5的料筒壁25含有部分中空结构，微波加热单元的微波加热探头9嵌入料筒壁25中，料筒5中盛放有待打印物料，打印过程中，待打印物料通过丝杠步进电机6的推动从挤出喷嘴26中喷出，挤出喷嘴26靠近料筒5的内层处设有非吸波材料27，挤出喷嘴26为圆管型，当待打印物料进入至挤出喷嘴26中时，微波通过圆环形非吸波材料27对其进行加热熟化处理，为保证待打印物料的完全均匀熟化，不同的待打印物料选择不同尺寸的非吸波材料27，具体的：
(1)首先测定待打印物料的介电常数ε和磁导率μ；
Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-000005
将测得的待打印物料的介电常数ε和磁导率μ输入上述公式计算待打印物料的输入阻抗z in，上述公式中，z in为待测物料的输入阻抗；c为真空光速，c＝3×10 8m/s；ω＝2πf，f为微波频率，μ 0为自由空间中磁导率，取值为4π×10 -7H/m；μ为待打印物料的磁导率；ε 0为自由空间中的介电常数，取值为8.854×10 -12F/m；ε为待打印物料的介电常数.
(2)结合下述公式
Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-000006
在指定频率下，物料的吸波效果与其厚度并非呈简单的线性关系，当物料的反射损耗R(dB)曲线吸收峰值最小时对应的厚度即为最佳尺寸，一般小于-10dB，得出待打印物料对应的非吸波材料27的尺寸，即微波加热探头9前端到挤出喷嘴26的垂直距离d。
如此即可保证待打印物料在挤出喷嘴26挤出时已被完全均匀熟化。
实际应用中，可将非吸波材料27设计为圆环状，套在挤出喷嘴26上，喷嘴26可以是圆管型，也可以是其他管型，比如矩形空心管，其挤出物料即为扁平状的，厚度可随意设置，本发明对此不作限定，实际应用中根据需要选择相应管型即可。
非吸波材料包括：聚四氟乙烯、玻璃、陶瓷、PFA，石英、PEEK、聚砜、聚醚砜、PPS、聚丙烯PP、聚乙烯PE、聚碳酸酯PC、玻纤；
下述实施例中，非吸波材料27以聚四氟乙烯材料环为例进行说明。
同时，为保证料筒5中盛放有待打印物料在未进入挤出喷嘴26时不被微波加热熟化， 需要微波加热探头9内设置冷却装置，包括进水管13和出水管17，与微波传输电缆15并行固定于不锈钢管14中，对应的，图3Ⅰ的放大图中(即图4)示出了微波加热探头进水口10和微波加热探头出水口11，以及进出水三通12；微波加热探头进水口10连接进水管13，微波加热探头出水口11连接出水管17；冷却水从冷却液容器经泵头20泵出，经微波加热探头进水口10进入进出水三通12，继续流经进水管13进入不锈钢管14内起到冷却作用，冷却水经出水管17进入进出水三通12，从微波加热探头出水口11排出，继而流回冷却液容器；完成其冷却的功能；本发明附图中未示出冷却液容器，实际应用中可根据需要设置在合适的位置。
图3Ⅱ的放大图中(即图5)微波加热探头输出端示意图中示出了微波加热探头输出端连接绝缘体16以及微波加热探头9与非吸波材料27的相对位置，
如图3、图4、图5所示，所述微波加热探头9固定于料筒壁内部的空腔中，所述微波加热探头9的绝缘体16一端靠近挤出喷嘴26，所述微波加热探头转接器18一端靠近固定座7一端，并且通过料筒壁25上的开口固定在料筒壁25上；
如图2、图3、图4、图5示，在发明一种适用于流动态食品连续式即时熟化加工的3D打印机中，微波加热探头9包括微波加热探头进水口10、微波加热探头出水口11、进出水三通12、进水管13、不锈钢管14、传输电缆15、绝缘体16、出水管17、微波加热探头转接器18，所述不锈钢管14内部为空心结构，内部有微波传输电缆15，所述不锈钢管14一端与微波加热探头转接器18连接，所述微波加热探头连接器包括微波加热探头转接器18、微波加热探头进水口10、微波加热探头出水口11、进出水三通12，所述微波传输电缆15靠近微波加热探头连接器的一端与微波加热探头转接器18相连接，微波传输电缆15的另一端位于不锈钢管14的开口端，并与配套的绝缘体16相连接；
如图5所示，微波传输电缆15伸至绝缘体16中，所述进水管13一端与微波加热探头进水口10相连，另一端进入不锈钢管14，所述出水管17与微波加热探头出水口11相连接，所述冷却水经微波加热探头进水口10进入进出水三通12，冷却水经进水管13进入不锈钢管14起到冷却作用，冷却水经出水管17进入进出水三通12，从微波加热探头出水口11排出；
所述微波加热探头进水口10通过泵头20与冷却水水槽连接，微波加热探头进水口10与导管接口相匹配方便拆卸与安装，所述冷却水出水口11与冷却水水槽通过导管连接；
所述绝缘体16采用韧性好、低损耗、高介电常数、耐高温的绝缘材料，所述微波加热探头进水口10、微波加热探头出水口11、进出水三通12均为不锈钢材质防止微波泄漏并且 耐用性好，所述不锈钢管14不吸收、不透过微波，确保微波能够沿微波传输电缆15传输到微波加热探头9的绝缘体16处，使微波释放；
微波由微波固态源8产生，沿传输电缆传输到微波加热探头9；
所述微波固态源8相较于传统的磁控管具有输出功率、相位和频率可调节，频率稳定度高，小型紧凑，容易集成，可承受100％反射功率的特点.
所述料筒5顶部的外螺纹与固定座7的内螺纹相匹配，便于安装拆卸。
所述聚四氟乙烯材料环27的外径根据微波场下物料的微波吸收能力确定，确保物料在挤出喷嘴中挤出过程均匀接受微波能量。在材料学领域，基于传输线理论开展物料吸波性能的研究是众多学者普遍认同的。根据传输线理论可以推算出物料层的输入阻抗：
Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-000007
μ 0为自由空间中磁导率，取值为4π×10 -7H/m；μ为物料的磁导率；ε 0为自由空间中的介电常数，取值为8.854×10 -12F/m；ε为物料的介电常数；c为真空光速，取值为3×10 8m/s；ω＝2πf为频率；d为最佳吸收厚度；则物料层的反射损耗R(dB)表示为：
Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-000008
物料的吸波效果并与其厚度并非呈简单的线性关系，高水分含量时物料的吸波特性呈现高度一致性，在指定频率存在最佳厚度。
所述料筒5的挤出喷嘴26末端与微波加热探头9之间固定有聚四氟乙烯材料环27，能够透过微波并几乎不对微波造成损耗，实现微波的高效利用。
所述挤出喷嘴26前端有扼流槽23设计，与喇叭口21、橡胶平板吸波材料22共同组成微波防泄漏单元。所述散热风扇24能够降低橡胶平板吸波材料22的温度，防止受热损坏。
料筒5的挤出端与喇叭口21通过螺纹连接，喇叭口的开口直径为0.8个波长，此设计符合传统波导加热器的要求，能够有效的防止微波的泄漏。
如图2所示，机箱内包括控制单元、微波固态源8、蠕动泵19，所述微波固态源8功率被控制单元调控，所述蠕动泵19的流速被控制单元控制，可根据不同加工要求改变功率和流速。
实施例二
本实施例提供一种食品三维打印方法，所述方法采用实施例一中给出的食品三维打印机，所述方法包括：
根据待打印物料的种类选择具有相应尺寸的非吸波材料的料筒安装在所述食品三维打印机上；
具体的，(1)首先测定待打印物料的介电常数ε和磁导率μ；
Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-000009
将待打印物料的介电常数ε和磁导率μ输入上述公式计算待打印物料的输入阻抗z in，上述公式中，z in为物料的输入阻抗；c为真空光速，c＝3×10 8m/s；ω＝2πf，f为微波频率，μ 0为自由空间中磁导率，4π×10 -7H/m；μ为物料的磁导率；ε 0为自由空间中的介电常数，8.854×10 -12F/m；ε为物料的介电常数
(2)结合下述公式
Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-000010
在指定频率下，物料的吸波效果与其厚度并非呈简单的线性关系，当物料的反射损耗R(dB)曲线吸收峰值最小时对应的厚度即为最佳尺寸，即为微波加热探头9前端到挤出喷嘴26的垂直距离d，也就是非吸波材料27的外径。
选择此尺寸d的非吸波材料27即可保证待打印物料在挤出喷嘴26挤出时已被完全均匀熟化。选定后即可将具有该尺寸的非吸波材料27的料筒5通过螺旋固定到固定座7上。
设定食品三维打印机的微波功率；通过该打印机的微波功率调整旋钮30选定打印机的微波输出功率；
根据打印模型对待打印物料进行3D打印。
还可以通过蠕动泵流速调节旋钮31改变冷却液的流动速率以保证料筒5内层中的待打印物料在被挤入挤出喷嘴26之前不被熟化。
微波固态源8通过传输电缆连接微波加热探头转接器18；所述泵头20连接导管一端接通冷却液容器，冷却液经泵头20连接的导管另一端流入微波加热探头进水口10经进出水三通12到达进水管13，经进水管13进入不锈钢管14与微波传输电缆15以及绝缘体16组成的间隙，再通过出水管17，经微波加热探头出水口11到达导管进入冷却液容器。
实际使用中，冷却液可采用冷却水，或者其他任何可起到冷却作用的液体，本发明实施例以采用冷却水为例进行说明。
打印之前还可能需要先对冷却水通路进行检漏，若发生漏水情况则进行检查，解决漏水问题。
若无漏水问题，在触摸屏28上点击开始打印进入打印程序。
打印过程中，微波固态源8产生微波，传输到微波加热探头9对物料进行加热，微波加热探头9发射的微波穿过非吸波材料27进入挤出喷嘴26对挤出的物料进行加热，由于物料挤出速度恒定，因此通过挤出喷嘴26被加热的物料的时间一致，达到物料受热均匀的目的。
物料在挤出喷嘴26内被加热熟化，随后到达打印平台4，在打印平台4上逐层堆积成型。
挤出喷嘴26在第一层的高度上，Z轴保持不变，X、Y轴根据程序移动，通过丝杠步进电机6连接的丝杠推动挤出物料，挤出的物料被微波加热探头9加热熟化，经挤出喷嘴26挤出，到达打印平台4。
当一层物料被打印完毕，料筒5沿Z轴上升一个高度进行下一步的打印，由于微波加热加热探头9被固定在料筒5上，加热探头9也上升一个高度，进行下一层挤出物料的加热。
待所有层打印完毕，各部件回原点，取出打印制品。
本发明提供的食品三维打印机和打印方法，实现了连续式即时熟化加工的3D打印技术，有效避免了传统3D打印机对温敏型物料的依赖；通过嵌入料筒壁的微波加热探头在前端释放微波，结合非吸波材料的尺寸设置，实现了挤出物料即时熟化的效果；通过防泄漏单元的喇叭口、扼流槽设计，结合打印平台的吸波材料设计，有效提高产品加热效率，防止微波泄漏和扩散；通过微波固态源以及同轴线传输微波，使得微波输出稳定，且功率、频率可根据打印需求进行调节，微波固态源体积小便于集成；通过在微波加热探头内设置冷却装置，保证了料筒中盛放的待打印物料在未进入挤出喷嘴时不被微波加热熟化；本发明提供的食品三维打印机和打印方法可快速加热并固化3D打印机所挤出的物料，使得产品结构机械强度高，可实现中空无支撑立体结构的制作，制得的产品造型不易坍塌。
本发明实施例中的部分步骤，可以利用软件实现，相应的软件程序可以存储在可读取的存储介质中，如光盘或硬盘等。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (15)

  1. 一种食品三维打印机，其特征在于，所述食品三维打印机包括打印驱动机构、微波加热单元、防泄漏单元、挤出单元、控制单元和打印平台；其中，微波加热单元包括微波固态源、微波加热探头；挤出单元包括料筒，所述料筒的料筒壁为部分中空结构，所述微波加热探头位于所述料筒壁的中空结构内。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述微波加热探头包括微波传输线、冷却装置、不锈钢管、绝缘体；其中，不锈钢管置于料筒壁的中空结构内，微波传输线和冷却装置置于不锈钢管内，绝缘体位于微波加热探头终端处且对不锈钢管进行密封。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述料筒具有挤出喷嘴，所述挤出喷嘴端口具有非吸波材料，所述非吸波材料的尺寸，即微波加热探头前端与挤出喷嘴的垂直距离根据待打印物料的微波反射损耗R(dB)确定。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述非吸波材料为圆环形，所述非吸波材料的尺寸根据待打印物料的微波反射损耗R(dB)确定，包括：根据待打印物料的微波反射损耗R(dB)确定微波加热探头前端与挤出喷嘴的垂直距离d；
    根据下述公式确定d的取值；
    Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-100002
    其中，物料的反射损耗R(dB)曲线吸收峰值最小时对应的物料厚度值即为d值；z in为待打印物料的输入阻抗；c为真空光速，c＝3×10 8m/s；ω＝2πf，f为微波频率，μ 0为自由空间中磁导率，取值为4π×10 -7H/m；μ为待打印物料的磁导率；ε 0为自由空间中的介电常数，取值为8.854×10 -12F/m；ε为物料的介电常数。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述非吸波材料包括：聚四氟乙烯、玻璃、陶瓷、PFA，石英、PEEK、聚砜、聚醚砜、PPS、聚丙烯PP、聚乙烯PE、聚碳酸酯PC、玻纤。
  6. 根据权利要求2-5任一所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述冷却装置包括进水口、出水口，进水管、出水管和进出水三通；所述微波传输线一端通过转接器与微波产生装置连接，另一端连接于绝缘体中。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述冷却装置的进水口通过蠕动泵与冷却液容器连接，冷却液经蠕动泵泵入进水口，通过进水管进入不锈钢管与微波传输线以及绝缘体组成的间隙，再经出水口流回冷却液容器。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述蠕动泵的泵头为可拆卸泵头。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述打印机还包括微波产生装置，所述微波产生装置包括冷却风扇和微波固态源；
    所述防泄漏单元包括：料筒前端的喇叭口、打印平台上的微波吸收涂层、料筒前端的扼流槽。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述打印机可用于打印流动态凝胶型食品。
  11. 根据权利要求1所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述防泄漏单元包括：料筒前端的喇叭口、打印平台上的微波吸收涂层、料筒前端的扼流槽。
  12. 根据权利要求1所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述食品三维打印机还包括底部机箱，微波产生装置位于底部机箱内。
  13. 一种食品三维打印方法，其特征在于，所述方法采用权利要求1-12任一所述的食品三维打印机，包括：
    根据待打印物料的种类选择具有相应尺寸的非吸波材料的料筒安装在所述食品三维打印机上；
    设定食品三维打印机的微波功率；
    根据打印模型对待打印物料进行3D打印。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，所述根据待打印物料的种类选择相应 尺寸的非吸波材料的料筒安装在所述食品三维打印机上，包括：根据下述公式确定微波加热探头前端与挤出喷嘴之间的垂直距离d；
    Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-100003
    Figure PCTCN2019088547-appb-100004
    其中，物料的反射损耗R(dB)曲线吸收峰值最小时对应的物料厚度值即为d值；z in为待打印物料的输入阻抗；c为真空光速，c＝3×10 8m/s；ω＝2πf，f为微波频率，μ 0为自由空间中磁导率，取值为4π×10 -7H/m；μ为待打印物料的磁导率；ε 0为自由空间中的介电常数，取值为8.854×10 -12F/m；ε为待打印物料的介电常数。
  15. 权利要求1-12任一所述的食品三维打印机和/或权利要求13-14任一所述的食品三维打印方法在食品三维打印技术领域内的应用，其特征在于，所述食品包括流动态凝胶型食品。
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