WO2020153608A1 - Pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout comprising morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient - Google Patents

Pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout comprising morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient Download PDF

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WO2020153608A1
WO2020153608A1 PCT/KR2019/017960 KR2019017960W WO2020153608A1 WO 2020153608 A1 WO2020153608 A1 WO 2020153608A1 KR 2019017960 W KR2019017960 W KR 2019017960W WO 2020153608 A1 WO2020153608 A1 WO 2020153608A1
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pharmaceutical composition
morinda citrifolia
extract
scopoletin
present
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PCT/KR2019/017960
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French (fr)
Inventor
Si-Young Chang
Seung-Hyun Seo
Dae-Hwan Kim
Eun-ai CHO
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Wellnessbio Inc.
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Publication of WO2020153608A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020153608A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/365—Lactones
    • A61K31/366—Lactones having six-membered rings, e.g. delta-lactones
    • A61K31/37—Coumarins, e.g. psoralen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/74—Rubiaceae (Madder family)
    • A61K36/746—Morinda
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6949—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit inclusion complexes, e.g. clathrates, cavitates or fullerenes
    • A61K47/6951—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit inclusion complexes, e.g. clathrates, cavitates or fullerenes using cyclodextrin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A61K9/0056—Mouth soluble or dispersible forms; Suckable, eatable, chewable coherent forms; Forms rapidly disintegrating in the mouth; Lozenges; Lollipops; Bite capsules; Baked products; Baits or other oral forms for animals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/141—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers
    • A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • A61K9/2018—Sugars, or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose, mannitol; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/4858—Organic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/06—Antigout agents, e.g. antihyperuricemic or uricosuric agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2300/00—Processes
    • A23V2300/44—Supercritical state
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2236/00—Isolation or extraction methods of medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicine
    • A61K2236/30—Extraction of the material
    • A61K2236/37—Extraction at elevated pressure or temperature, e.g. pressurized solvent extraction [PSE], supercritical carbon dioxide extraction or subcritical water extraction

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout, which includes, as an active ingredient, a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom.
  • Gout is one of the typical metabolic disorders which results from excessive production of uric acid due to various metabolic abnormalities that cause excessive production of purine nucleotides, and occurs due to hyperuricemia in which the concentration of uric acid remaining in blood is elevated.
  • Uric acid in blood and joint fluid remains as urate crystals, which are deposited on the synovial membrane, cartilage, and subchondral bone of the joint, and periarticular and subcutaneous tissues of the joint, thus causing inflammation and pain.
  • Gout is a disease of genetic predisposition wherein long-term gout, such as recurrence of a gout attack and the like, causes the destruction of bones, cartilages, and the like, which progresses into joint deformation, fibrosis, bony ankyloses, and the like. Gout mainly occurs in middle-aged or older men, and the incidence thereof has recently increased and the age of the onset thereof has decreased, and these seem to be due to environmental influences. Female patients usually develop gout after menopause, or gout occurs in women with strong genetic predisposition or a weakened kidney function.
  • Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism in vivo and has been known as an enzyme which forms a urate from xanthine or hypoxanthine and causes painful gout since urates increased in plasma are accumulated in a fracture (Yagi k., Lipid peroxides and human diseases. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 45, 337-351, 1987).
  • xanthine oxidase oxidase
  • xanthine oxidase converts xanthine into uric acid, it generates a large amount of superoxide radicals, giving oxidative stress to surrounding cells, resulting in the occurrence of not only gout but also accompanying diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, and the like (Storch J.
  • Allopurinol is a therapeutic agent commonly used for gout treatment, which suppresses the production of uric acid, which is a toxin in the body, to thereby alleviate symptoms such as gout, hyperuricemia, and uric acid nephropathy.
  • allopurinol causes severe side-effects such as kidney stones, allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS), and the like (Joyce Z. Singer et al., The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 29, 82-87, 1986).
  • Colchicine is a drug used for the treatment and prevention of acute gout attacks, which inhibits the activation and migration of inflammatory cells by interfering with the action of neutrophils in white blood cells, which are immune cells.
  • acute gouty arthritis There is a problem that the progression of acute gouty arthritis is not blocked (Wallace SL et al., Renal function predicts colchicine toxicity: guidelines for the prophylactic use of colchicine in gout. J. Rheumatol., 18(2):264-269, 1991).
  • Probenecid which has long been used for gout treatment, promotes the excretion of uric acid by resorption of uric acid, but is contraindicated in patients with poor kidney function due to the load on the kidney (Edward A. Lock et al., Effect of the organic acid transport inhibitor probenecid on renal cortical uptake and proximal tubular toxicity of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene and its conjugates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 81(1), 32-42, 1985).
  • Morinda citrifolia is a perennial evergreen shrub plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae and is registered in the Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine under the name of herbal medicines: "Haepageuk” and "Pageukcheon”.
  • Morinda citrifolia is rich in about 200 or more types of various ingredients, including nutrients including phytochemicals and contains ingredients such as rutin, ursolic acid, proxeronine, damnacanthal, anthraquinone, and the like, and these ingredients are associated with physiological activities such as antibacterial activity, antiviral activity, antihypertensive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and the like.
  • Morinda citrifolia fruits are known to be highly effective in anti-inflammation and pain relief, blood sugar suppression, constipation relief, hemostasis, inflammation relief, and the like.
  • the inventors of the present invention confirmed that a Morinda citrifolia extract and scopoletin isolated therefrom had a gout treatment effect and, compared to other extraction methods, an extract obtained through extraction with a specific solvent and an extract obtained using a supercritical extraction method more effectively inhibited gout, thus completing the present invention.
  • Non-Patent Document 1 Yagi k., Lipid peroxides and human diseases. Chem. Phys. Lipids., 45, 337-351, 1987.
  • Non-Patent Document 2 Storch J. et al., Detergent-amplified chemiluminescence of lucigenin for determination of superoxide anion production by NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase. Anal. Biochem., 169, 262-267, 1988.
  • Non-Patent Document 3 Joyce Z. Singer et al., The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 29, 82-87, 1986.
  • Non-Patent Document 4 Wallace SL et al., Renal function predicts colchicine toxicity: guidelines for the prophylactic use of colchicine in gout. J. Rheumatol., 18(2):264-269, 1991.
  • Non-Patent Document 5 Edward A. Lock et al., Effect of the organic acid transport inhibitor probenecid on renal cortical uptake and proximal tubular toxicity of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene and its conjugates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 81(1), 32-42, 1985.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a use of a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom for treating gout.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of increasing the content of scopoletin in a Morinda citrifolia extract.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout, which includes a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient.
  • the present invention also provides a health functional food for preventing or alleviating gout, which includes a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient.
  • the present invention also provides a method of increasing the content of scopoletin in a Morinda citrifolia extract, including:
  • a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom has inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and is capable of inhibiting uric acid production, and thus can be effectively used for gout treatment.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the inhibitory activity of a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin against xanthine oxidase.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the DPPH radical-scavenging activity of a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the superoxide dismutase activity of a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates blood uric acid levels to confirm whether a Morinda citrifolia extract and scopoletin inhibit uric acid in an acute hyperuricemia-induced animal model.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout which includes a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient.
  • extract refers to a certain material that is completely or partially liquid at about 20 °C to about 50 °C and is hydrophobic but soluble in at least one organic solvent.
  • active ingredient refers to a component that can exhibit desired activity alone or can exhibit activity in combination with a carrier which is itself inactive.
  • prevention means inhibiting or delaying the onset of a disease, disorder, or illness. In the case where the onset of a disease, disorder, or illness is inhibited or delayed for a predetermined period of time, prevention may be considered complete.
  • treatment means partially or completely alleviating, ameliorating, relieving, inhibiting, or delaying a specific disease, disorder, and/or illness, or symptoms according to the illness, and reducing the severity thereof, or reducing the occurrence of one or more symptoms or features thereof.
  • the Morinda citrifolia extract according to the present invention may be prepared by a preparation method including the following processes:
  • the Morinda citrifolia may include all parts such as leaves, roots, stems, seeds, flowers, fruits, and the like, preferably fruits.
  • Morinda citrifolia fruits may be those obtained by washing dried Morinda citrifolia fruits and drying the washed fruits again. The drying process may be performed, preferably, at 40 °C to 80 °C for 3 hours to 7 hours.
  • the extraction solvent may be, preferably, one or more selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform, most preferably, ethanol.
  • the ethanol may be, preferably, ethanol alone or a 85% (v/v), 60% (v/v), or 30% (v/v) aqueous ethanol solution, and in consideration of increasing the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and uric acid production inhibitory activity of the extract, it is most preferable that ethanol alone may be used.
  • the extraction solvent may be added in an amount of, preferably 1 mL to 50 mL, more preferably 1 mL to 30 mL, and most preferably 1 mL to 20 mL, with respect to 1 g of Morinda citrifolia used for extraction.
  • the extraction temperature, the extraction time, and the number of extractions may be appropriately selected.
  • the extraction temperature may range, preferably from 30 °C to 120 °C, more preferably from 50 °C to 100 °C, and most preferably from 70 °C to 90 °C.
  • the extraction time may range, preferably from 1 hour to 10 hours, more preferably from 1 hour to 8 hours, and most preferably from 1 hour to 5 hours.
  • the number of extractions may range from 1 to 5.
  • the extraction method may be, preferably, shaking extraction, Soxhlet extraction, or reflux extraction, most preferably, reflux extraction.
  • the concentration under reduced pressure may be performed using a vacuum condenser or a vacuum rotary evaporator.
  • the drying process may be, preferably, drying under reduced pressure, drying under vacuum, drying under boiling, spray drying, or freeze drying, most preferably, freeze drying.
  • the Morinda citrifolia extract according to the present invention may be prepared by, preferably, supercritical fluid extraction including the following processes:
  • Morinda citrifolia may include, preferably, fruits.
  • the supercritical fluid extraction according to the present invention may be divided into a method of allowing liquefied carbon dioxide to pass through a reactor and an auxiliary method of allowing a co-solvent to pass through a reactor.
  • the supercritical fluid extraction may be performed using, preferably, carbon dioxide brought into a supercritical state.
  • the carbon dioxide may be prepared at a temperature ranging, preferably from 30 °C to 100 °C, more preferably, from 40 °C to 80 °C, and most preferably, from 50 °C to 70 °C and at a pressure ranging, preferably, from 70 atm to 500 atm, more preferably, 100 atm to 400 atm, and most preferably, from 200 atm to 300 atm.
  • the supercritical fluid extraction may be performed using a mixed fluid prepared by additionally mixing the carbon dioxide brought into a supercritical state with a co-solvent.
  • the co-solvent may be, preferably, one or more selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform, more preferably, ethanol, and most preferably, a 85% (v/v) aqueous ethanol solution.
  • the extraction time of the supercritical fluid extraction may range, preferably, from 1 hour to 12 hours, more preferably, from 1 hour to 8 hours, and most preferably, from 1 hour to 4 hours.
  • Scopoletin according to the present invention is a compound represented by Formula 1 below, which has a molecular formula of C 10 H 8 O 4 (molecular weight: 192.17), has an effect of inhibiting cytokine activity, and is yellow crystalline powder.
  • the scopoletin may be isolated from, preferably, the Morinda citrifolia extract.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may include the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient in an amount of, preferably, 0.0001 wt% to 90 wt%, more preferably, 0.1 wt% to 50 wt%, and most preferably, 0.1 wt% to 30 wt%, with respect to the total weight of the composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may further include, in addition to the active ingredient, one or more active ingredients exhibiting identical or similar functions.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be formulated, using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in a unit dosage form or may be prepared by being put into a multi-dose container, according to a method that may be easily carried out by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains.
  • carrier refers to a compound that facilitates the addition of a compound into a cell or tissue
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to a composition that is physiologically acceptable and generally does not cause allergic responses or responses similar thereto such as gastrointestinal disorders and dizziness when administered to humans.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier which is commonly used in formulation, may be lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, acacia gum, calcium phosphate, alginates, gelatin, calcium silicate, micro-crystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, methyl cellulose, methylhydroxy benzoate, propylhydroxy benzoate, talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may further include, in addition to the above ingredients, additives such as a filler, an anti-coagulant, a lubricant, a wetting agent, a flavoring agent, an emulsifier, a preservative, and the like.
  • additives such as a filler, an anti-coagulant, a lubricant, a wetting agent, a flavoring agent, an emulsifier, a preservative, and the like.
  • the amount of the additive included in the pharmaceutical composition is not particularly limited and may be appropriately adjusted within an amount range used in general formulation.
  • composition according to the present invention may be formulated into oral preparations.
  • preparation for oral administration include tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous suspensions, oily suspensions, prepared powders, granules, emulsions, hard capsules, soft capsules, syrups, and elixirs.
  • a binder such as lactose, saccharose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, amylopectin, cellulose, gelatin, or the like; an excipient such as dicalcium phosphate or the like; a disintegrant such as corn starch, sweet potato starch, or the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, polyethylene glycol, or the like; or the like may be used, and a sweetener, a fragrance, syrup, or the like may also be used.
  • a liquid carrier such as fatty oil, and the like may be further used in addition to the aforementioned materials.
  • the term "excipient” refers to any substance that is not a therapeutic agent, and is intended to be used as a carrier or medium for the delivery of a therapeutic agent or added to the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the excipient enhances handling and storage properties or allows or promotes the formation of a unit dose of the composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be used by being formulated into various forms such as: oral formulations, e.g., liquids, suspensions, powders, granules, tablets, capsules, pills, extracts, emulsions, syrups, aerosols, and the like; injections such as sterile injection solutions; and the like, and may be orally administered or administered via various routes including intravenous administration, intraperitoneal administration, subcutaneous administration, intrarectal administration, local administration, and the like.
  • oral administration means administration of a substance prepared for the digestion of the active ingredient to the gastrointestinal tract for absorption.
  • liquid means a medicine to be taken in the form of a potion dissolved in water or an organic solvent.
  • the liquid has an advantage of more effective absorption of a drug into the systemic circulation in the intestinal tract compared to suspensions or solid preparations, and the liquid may also include an additional solute in addition to the drug and may also include an additive that imparts color, odor, sweetness, or stability.
  • the term "suspending agent” refers to any agonist capable of providing desired solubility and/or dispersibility of an alginate-containing composition, i.e., providing an aqueous formulation that is substantially transparent and free of sedimentation and lumps.
  • the term "powder” means a finely divided drug, a chemical, or a dried mixture of both.
  • the term "granule” refers to a granular form of a pharmaceutical or a mixture of medicines, which is generally within a range passing through a 4.76 mm to 20 mm sieve.
  • Granules are generally produced by soaking a powder or powder mixture and passing the resulting mass through a sieve or granulator of a suitable mesh size depending on a desired size of granules.
  • Granules are also in a particle state like powders, and thus a drug is highly likely to come into contact with the tongue, and therefore, when drugs with a bitter taste are used in a granular form, patients, especially children or the elderly may feel discomfort.
  • tablette means that a powdered medicine is compressed into a small disc shape to make it easy to take.
  • Tablets may include uncoated tablets, film-coated tablets, sugar-coated tablets, multi-layered tablets, dry coated tablets, inner core tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, chewable tablets, effervescent tablets, dispersible tablets, soluble tablets, and the like.
  • capsule means that produced by filling capsules with a drug or encapsulation-molding a drug with a capsule base, in the form of liquid, a suspension, water, powder, a granule, a mini-tablet, a pellet, or the like.
  • pill is intended to encompass a small, round solid dosage form including composite particles mixed with a binder and other excipients.
  • extract refers to a semi-solid or solid formulation prepared by leaching an active ingredient in a vegetable or animal herbal medicine using a suitable leaching agent, evaporating the solvent to concentrate the active ingredient to a predetermined concentration, and adjusting the content of the concentrate by adding an excipient thereto when there are regulations on the contents of main ingredients.
  • the term "syrup" means a concentrated homemade product of sugar or a sugar substitute.
  • the syrups are a formulation in which a medicine with an unpleasant taste, e.g., a bitter taste, is prepared into a liquid and that is easy to take, and particularly, is a formulation suitable for children to take.
  • the syrups may include, in addition to purified water and an extract, tetrasaccharides, substitute drugs thereof used to impart sweetness and viscosity, antimicrobial preservatives, flavors, colorants, or the like, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • sweeteners examples include, but are not limited to, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, aspartame, stevioside, fructose, lactose, sucralose, saccharin, and menthol.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be formulated into preparations including a ⁇ -cyclodextrin inclusion compound.
  • the inclusion compound may be in a form in which dried powder or scopoletin of the Morinda citrifolia extract is encapsulated in the internal cavity of ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • the ⁇ -cyclodextrin may be, preferably, one or more selected from the group consisting of 2,6-dimethyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxyethyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, and 2-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • the formulated pharmaceutical composition preferably includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and the content on the carrier is the same as described above.
  • a suitable dose of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may vary depending on the condition, body weight, age, and gender of a patient, health condition, dietary specificity, the nature of a formulation, the severity of disease, administration time of the composition, administration method, administration period or interval, excretion rate, and drug form, and may be appropriately selected by those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the suitable dose may range from about 0.1 mg/kg to 10,000 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to 8,000 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg to 6,000 mg/kg, or about 10 mg/kg to 4,000 mg/kg, preferably about 50 mg/kg to about 2,000 mg/kg, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and the pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a single dose or divided into multiple doses daily.
  • the term "effective dosage of the pharmaceutical composition” means the amount of an active ingredient of the composition sufficient to treat specific symptoms.
  • the effective dosage may vary depending on formulation method, administration method, administration time, and/or administration route, may vary according to several factors including the type and extent of a reaction to be achieved via administration of the pharmaceutical composition, the type, age, and body weight of a subject to which the pharmaceutical composition is to be administered, general health condition, the symptoms or severity of disease, gender, diet, excretion, ingredients of drugs and other compositions used simultaneously in the corresponding subject, and the like, and similar factors well known in the medical field, and the effective dosage suitable for desired treatment may be easily determined and prescribed by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be administered as a single dose or divided into multiple doses daily.
  • the composition may be administered as an individual therapeutic agent or in combination with other therapeutic agents, and may be administered sequentially or simultaneously with conventional therapeutic agents.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be administered in the minimum amount that enables achievement of the maximum effects without side effects in consideration of all the above-described factors, and this may be easily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains.
  • a health functional food for preventing or alleviating gout which includes a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin as an active ingredient.
  • the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin in the health functional food according to the present invention and the preparation method thereof are the same as described above.
  • the Morinda citrifolia extract may be prepared through, most preferably, extraction or supercritical extraction using ethanol alone as an extraction solvent.
  • the scopoletin may be isolated from the Morinda citrifolia extract.
  • the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin of the present invention may be used alone or in combination with other foods or food ingredients, and may be appropriately used according to a general method.
  • a health food according to the present invention may include, preferably, a Morinda citrifolia extract and ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • the term “functional food” means a food produced and processed using raw materials or ingredients having functionality useful for the human body, and in the present invention, the functional food has a beneficial effect on improving gout disease.
  • the term “functionality” may mean an effect useful for health use by controlling nutrients or physiological actions on the structure and function of the human body.
  • the type of food is not particularly limited.
  • foods to which the Morinda citrifolia extract may be added include various foods, beverages, types of gum, teas, candies, vitamin complexes, health functional foods, powders, granules, tablets, capsules, types of jelly, drinks, and the like, and may include all health foods in a general sense.
  • the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin according to the present invention may be added to a food or a beverage for the purpose of preventing or alleviating gout.
  • the amount of the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin in the food may range from 0.01 wt% to 30 wt% with respect to a total weight of the food
  • the amount of the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin in the beverage composition may range from 0.01 wt% to 90 wt%, preferably 0.01 wt% to 50 wt%, with respect to 100 mL of the beverage, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the health functional food according to the present invention has no particular limitation on other ingredients except for containing the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin as an essential ingredient in the indicated ratio, and may include various flavoring agents, natural carbohydrates, or the like as additives as in general beverages, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the natural carbohydrates include saccharides such as glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, dextrin, and cyclodextrin; and sugar alcohols such as xylitol, sorbitol, erythritol, and the like.
  • a natural flavoring agent thaumatin and stevia extracts (e.g., rebaudioside A, glycyrrhizin, and the like)
  • a synthetic flavoring agent sacharin, aspartame, and the like
  • the health functional food according to the present invention may further include various nutritional supplements, vitamins, minerals (electrolytes), flavors such as synthetic flavors, natural flavors, and the like, colorants and enhancers, pectic acid and salts thereof, alginic acid, citric acid, sodium citrate and salts thereof, organic acids, a protective colloid thickener, a pH adjuster, a stabilizer, a preservative, glycerin, alcohol, a carbonating agent used in carbonated beverages, and the like, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • additives may generally be selected from an amount range of 0.001 part by weight to 90 parts by weight with respect to 1 part by weight of the Morinda citrifolia extract, scopoletin, or a mixture thereof, which is an active ingredient, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • a method of increasing the content of scopoletin in a Morinda citrifolia extract including:
  • the Morinda citrifolia may include all parts such as leaves, roots, stems, seeds, flowers, fruits, and the like, preferably fruits.
  • Morinda citrifolia fruits may be those obtained by washing dried Morinda citrifolia fruits and drying the washed fruits again. The drying process may be performed, preferably, at 40 °C to 80 °C for 3 hours to 7 hours.
  • the supercritical fluid extraction may be performed using, preferably, carbon dioxide brought into a supercritical state.
  • the carbon dioxide may be prepared at a temperature ranging, preferably from 30 °C to 100 °C, more preferably, from 40 °C to 80 °C, and most preferably, from 50 °C to 70 °C and at a pressure ranging, preferably, from 70 atm to 500 atm, more preferably, 100 atm to 400 atm, and most preferably, from 200 atm to 300 atm.
  • the supercritical fluid extraction may be performed using a mixed fluid prepared by additionally mixing the carbon dioxide brought into a supercritical state with a co-solvent.
  • the co-solvent may be, preferably, one or more selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform, more preferably, ethanol, and most preferably, a 85% (v/v) aqueous ethanol solution.
  • the extraction time of the supercritical fluid extraction may range, preferably, from 1 hour to 12 hours, more preferably, from 1 hour to 8 hours, and most preferably, from 1 hour to 4 hours.
  • the concentration under reduced pressure may be performed using a vacuum condenser or a vacuum rotary evaporator.
  • the drying process may be, preferably, drying under reduced pressure, drying under vacuum, drying under boiling, spray drying, or freeze drying, most preferably, freeze drying.
  • a Morinda citrifolia distilled water extract was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except that distilled water was used as a solvent.
  • An extraction yield (dry weight of the final extract) is shown in Table 1 below.
  • a silica gel column (40 gram, RedSep Rf Normal-phase Flash Column, TELEDYNE ISCO, USA) was used, and the mobile phase solvent was divided into 5 fractions under a condition of hexane: ethyl acetate (80:20 ⁇ 60:40%(v/v)), and the concentrate was eluted with a mixed solvent of hexane: ethyl acetate (60:40 %(v/v)), concentrated, and dried to thereby isolate 35 mg of scopoletin.
  • an ultraviolet absorption photometer (measurement wavelength of 345 nm) was used as a detector
  • Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 x 250 mm, particle size: 5 ⁇ m) was used as the column
  • a mixed solution 50:50 %(v/v)) of methanol: water (0.1% formic acid) was used at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min.
  • the extraction yield of the Morinda citrifolia extract was relatively low, i.e., 14.3% in the case of supercritical fluid extraction, whereas it was shown to be high, i.e., 22% to 35.6% in the case of extraction using ethanol or an aqueous ethanol solution.
  • the content per unit gram of the Morinda citrifolia extract of scopoletin which is a bioactive substance of Morinda citrifolia
  • was significantly high in the case of supercritical fluid extraction whereas the case of extraction with an aqueous ethanol solution showed similar results regardless of the amount of mixed distilled water. No scopoletin was detected in distilled water extraction regardless of yield.
  • the scopoletin prepared according to Example 4 was analyzed by 1 H, 13 C-NMR(JNM-ECA 500, JEOL, Japan). The analysis results thereof are as follows.
  • the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the Morinda citrifolia extracts and scopoletin was measured according to a method of Stirpe et al. (Stirpe F. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 244: 3855-3863, 1969).
  • each of the Morinda citrifolia extracts prepared according to Examples 1 to 3 and the scopoletin obtained in Example 4 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a sample solution (10 mg/mL), and 0.1 mL of xanthine oxidase (0.2 unit/mL), 0.6 mL of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), and 0.1 mL of 2 mM xanthine (Sigma, X-2502) were added to 0.1 mL of the sample solution and a reaction was allowed to occur therebetween at 37 °C for 5 minutes.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • Inhibition rate (%) ⁇ 1-(Uric acid yield of sample solution/uric acid yield of control) ⁇ ⁇ 100
  • the DPPH radical-scavenging activity of the Morinda citrifolia extracts and scopoletin was measured in accordance with a method of Bozin et al. (Bozin, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Samojlik, I., Goran, A., & Igic, R., Phenolics as antioxidants in garlic (Allium sativum L., Alliaceae), Food Chemistry, 111(4), 925-929, 2008), but the number of samples and culture conditions (light-shielding conditions, reaction at 25 °C for 2 hours) were slightly modified.
  • each of the Morinda citrifolia extracts of Examples 1 to 3 and the scopoletin of Example 4 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a sample solution (10 mg/mL), and 950 ⁇ L of a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl solution was added to 50 ⁇ L of the sample solution, a reaction was allowed to occur therebetween at 25 °C for 2 hours, and 95% ethanol was added thereto so that the volume of the solution reached 4 mL. The resulting mixture was vigorously shaken and allowed to react in a dark room at room temperature for 2 hours.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • DPPH radical-scavenging activity (%) ⁇ (absorbance of control-absorbance of sample)/absorbance of control ⁇ ⁇ 100
  • the SOD activity of the Morinda citrifolia extracts and scopoletin was measured using SOD Assay Kit-WST (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Gaithersburg).
  • each of the Morinda citrifolia extracts of Examples 1 to 3 and the scopoletin of Example 4 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a sample solution (10 mg/mL), and 20 ⁇ L of the sample solution was mixed with a reaction mixture in the kit and softly shaken, and a reaction was allowed to occur therebetween at 37 °C for 20 minutes.
  • Absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a spectrophotometer, and the case where ascorbic acid (10 mg/mL) was applied instead of the sample solution was used as a control for comparison.
  • the SOD activity of the reaction solution was calculated using the following Equation.
  • SOD activity (%) ⁇ (absorbance of control-absorbance of sample)/absorbance of control ⁇ ⁇ 100
  • mice Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) white mice having a body weight of about 200 g were used as experimental animals and were divided into the following groups: a normal control; a hyperuricemia control; a group administered allopurinol, which is a positive control drug; a group administered scopoletin obtained in Example 4; and a group administered the Morinda citrifolia extract of Example 1, and 6 mice were assigned to each group.
  • a normal control a hyperuricemia control
  • a group administered allopurinol which is a positive control drug
  • a group administered scopoletin obtained in Example 4
  • a group administered the Morinda citrifolia extract of Example 1 6 mice were assigned to each group.
  • potassium oxonate (C 4 H 2 KN 3 O 4 , molecular weight: 195.17) was dissolved in 50 mg/mL of a 50% aqueous propylene glycol solution, and 250 mg/kg of the resulting solution was intraperitoneally administered to the hyperuricemia control, the allopurinol-administered group, the scopoletin-administered group, and the Morinda citrifolia extract-administered group.
  • a 50% aqueous propylene glycol solution was orally administered to the normal control, and each of 10 mg/kg of allopurinol, 100 mg/kg of the scopoletin of Example 4, and 100 mg/kg of the Morinda citrifolia extract of Example 1 was dissolved in a 50% aqueous propylene glycol solution and each resulting solution was orally administered to the corresponding group.
  • Potassium oxonate was administered to each group and after 3 hours, blood was collected via the tubes inserted in each group.
  • uric acid assay kit (ab65344, UK) and a microplate reader (SmartReader 96, ACCURIS Instruments, USA) were used to analyze blood uric acid.
  • Lactose, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, light anhydrous silicic acid, polyoxyl 40 stearate, and magnesium stearate were mixed with dried powder of the Morinda citrifolia supercritical extract of Example 1 in a speed mixer for 30 minutes. Gelatin hard capsules were filled with this mixture using a capsule filling machine.
  • Dried powder of the Morinda citrifolia supercritical extract of Example 1 was added to lactose, sodium bicarbonate, and corn starch and mixed, and a binder solution prepared by adding corn starch to purified water and gelatinizing the resulting solution was added thereto and blended in a mixer for 30 minutes.
  • the blended material was allowed to pass through a granulator to be granulated, and then put into a dryer, dried for 5 hours, and then was subjected to sizing in a sizer.
  • Magnesium stearate which is a lubricant, was added to the sized material and mixed, and then the resulting mixture was subjected to tableting in a weight of 288 mg per tablet.
  • Scopoletin was added to a mixture of xylitol, maltodextrin, and citric acid and mixed in a speed mixer for 30 minutes. The resulting mixture was allowed to pass through a granulator to be granulated, and then magnesium stearate, which is a lubricant, and yogurt flavor were added thereto and mixed, followed by tableting using a tablet press in a weight of 1 g per tablet.

Abstract

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout including a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient. Specifically, the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom according to the present invention exhibits xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and is capable of inhibiting uric acid production, and thus may be effectively used for gout treatment.

Description

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING OR TREATING GOUT COMPRISING MORINDA CITRIFOLIA EXTRACT OR SCOPOLETIN ISOLATED THEREFROM AS AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0009994, filed on January 25, 2019, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout, which includes, as an active ingredient, a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom.
Gout is one of the typical metabolic disorders which results from excessive production of uric acid due to various metabolic abnormalities that cause excessive production of purine nucleotides, and occurs due to hyperuricemia in which the concentration of uric acid remaining in blood is elevated. Uric acid in blood and joint fluid remains as urate crystals, which are deposited on the synovial membrane, cartilage, and subchondral bone of the joint, and periarticular and subcutaneous tissues of the joint, thus causing inflammation and pain. Gout is a disease of genetic predisposition wherein long-term gout, such as recurrence of a gout attack and the like, causes the destruction of bones, cartilages, and the like, which progresses into joint deformation, fibrosis, bony ankyloses, and the like. Gout mainly occurs in middle-aged or older men, and the incidence thereof has recently increased and the age of the onset thereof has decreased, and these seem to be due to environmental influences. Female patients usually develop gout after menopause, or gout occurs in women with strong genetic predisposition or a weakened kidney function.
Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism in vivo and has been known as an enzyme which forms a urate from xanthine or hypoxanthine and causes painful gout since urates increased in plasma are accumulated in a fracture (Yagi k., Lipid peroxides and human diseases. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 45, 337-351, 1987).
During the metabolism of purine bodies, adenine is converted into uric acid via hypoxanthine and xanthine, and guanine is directly metabolized into xanthine and decomposed into uric acid, wherein xanthine oxidase is known to be involved in these pathways. It is known that, when xanthine oxidase converts xanthine into uric acid, it generates a large amount of superoxide radicals, giving oxidative stress to surrounding cells, resulting in the occurrence of not only gout but also accompanying diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, and the like (Storch J. et al., Detergent-amplified chemiluminescence of lucigenin for determination of superoxide anion production by NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase. Anal. Biochem., 169, 262-267, 1988).
Allopurinol is a therapeutic agent commonly used for gout treatment, which suppresses the production of uric acid, which is a toxin in the body, to thereby alleviate symptoms such as gout, hyperuricemia, and uric acid nephropathy. However, allopurinol causes severe side-effects such as kidney stones, allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS), and the like (Joyce Z. Singer et al., The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 29, 82-87, 1986).
Colchicine is a drug used for the treatment and prevention of acute gout attacks, which inhibits the activation and migration of inflammatory cells by interfering with the action of neutrophils in white blood cells, which are immune cells. However, there is a problem that the progression of acute gouty arthritis is not blocked (Wallace SL et al., Renal function predicts colchicine toxicity: guidelines for the prophylactic use of colchicine in gout. J. Rheumatol., 18(2):264-269, 1991).
Probenecid, which has long been used for gout treatment, promotes the excretion of uric acid by resorption of uric acid, but is contraindicated in patients with poor kidney function due to the load on the kidney (Edward A. Lock et al., Effect of the organic acid transport inhibitor probenecid on renal cortical uptake and proximal tubular toxicity of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene and its conjugates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 81(1), 32-42, 1985).
Meanwhile, Morinda citrifolia is a perennial evergreen shrub plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae and is registered in the Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine under the name of herbal medicines: "Haepageuk" and "Pageukcheon". Morinda citrifolia is rich in about 200 or more types of various ingredients, including nutrients including phytochemicals and contains ingredients such as rutin, ursolic acid, proxeronine, damnacanthal, anthraquinone, and the like, and these ingredients are associated with physiological activities such as antibacterial activity, antiviral activity, antihypertensive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and the like. Specifically, Morinda citrifolia fruits are known to be highly effective in anti-inflammation and pain relief, blood sugar suppression, constipation relief, hemostasis, inflammation relief, and the like.
Therefore, as a result of having made efforts to discover a natural agent capable of addressing the problems of conventional gout therapeutic agents and effectively treating gout, the inventors of the present invention confirmed that a Morinda citrifolia extract and scopoletin isolated therefrom had a gout treatment effect and, compared to other extraction methods, an extract obtained through extraction with a specific solvent and an extract obtained using a supercritical extraction method more effectively inhibited gout, thus completing the present invention.
[Cited References]
[Non-Patent Documents]
(Non-Patent Document 1) Yagi k., Lipid peroxides and human diseases. Chem. Phys. Lipids., 45, 337-351, 1987.
(Non-Patent Document 2) Storch J. et al., Detergent-amplified chemiluminescence of lucigenin for determination of superoxide anion production by NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase. Anal. Biochem., 169, 262-267, 1988.
(Non-Patent Document 3) Joyce Z. Singer et al., The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 29, 82-87, 1986.
(Non-Patent Document 4) Wallace SL et al., Renal function predicts colchicine toxicity: guidelines for the prophylactic use of colchicine in gout. J. Rheumatol., 18(2):264-269, 1991.
(Non-Patent Document 5) Edward A. Lock et al., Effect of the organic acid transport inhibitor probenecid on renal cortical uptake and proximal tubular toxicity of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene and its conjugates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 81(1), 32-42, 1985.
An object of the present invention is to provide a use of a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom for treating gout.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of increasing the content of scopoletin in a Morinda citrifolia extract.
According to achieve the above-described objects, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout, which includes a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient.
The present invention also provides a health functional food for preventing or alleviating gout, which includes a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient.
The present invention also provides a method of increasing the content of scopoletin in a Morinda citrifolia extract, including:
1) subjecting Morinda citrifolia to supercritical fluid extraction to obtain an extract; and
2) concentrating the extract obtained in process 1) under reduced pressure and then drying the concentrate.
A Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom, according to the present invention, has inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and is capable of inhibiting uric acid production, and thus can be effectively used for gout treatment.
FIG. 1 illustrates the inhibitory activity of a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin against xanthine oxidase.
FIG. 2 illustrates the DPPH radical-scavenging activity of a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin.
FIG. 3 illustrates the superoxide dismutase activity of a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin.
FIG. 4 illustrates blood uric acid levels to confirm whether a Morinda citrifolia extract and scopoletin inhibit uric acid in an acute hyperuricemia-induced animal model.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
In the present invention, when a portion is referred to as "including" an element, unless otherwise specifically stated, this does not preclude other elements and also may mean that other elements are further included.
<Pharmaceutical Composition for Preventing or Treating Gout>
According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout, which includes a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient.
In the present invention, the term "extract" refers to a certain material that is completely or partially liquid at about 20 ℃ to about 50 ℃ and is hydrophobic but soluble in at least one organic solvent.
In the present invention, the term "active ingredient" refers to a component that can exhibit desired activity alone or can exhibit activity in combination with a carrier which is itself inactive.
In the present invention, the term "prevention" means inhibiting or delaying the onset of a disease, disorder, or illness. In the case where the onset of a disease, disorder, or illness is inhibited or delayed for a predetermined period of time, prevention may be considered complete.
In the present invention, the term "treatment" means partially or completely alleviating, ameliorating, relieving, inhibiting, or delaying a specific disease, disorder, and/or illness, or symptoms according to the illness, and reducing the severity thereof, or reducing the occurrence of one or more symptoms or features thereof.
The Morinda citrifolia extract according to the present invention may be prepared by a preparation method including the following processes:
1) preparing an extract by adding Morinda citrifolia to an extraction solvent;
2) filtering the extract obtained in process 1); and
3) concentrating the filtrate obtained in process 2) under reduced pressure and then drying the concentrate.
The Morinda citrifolia may include all parts such as leaves, roots, stems, seeds, flowers, fruits, and the like, preferably fruits. Preferably, Morinda citrifolia fruits may be those obtained by washing dried Morinda citrifolia fruits and drying the washed fruits again. The drying process may be performed, preferably, at 40 ℃ to 80 ℃ for 3 hours to 7 hours.
The extraction solvent may be, preferably, one or more selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform, most preferably, ethanol. The ethanol may be, preferably, ethanol alone or a 85% (v/v), 60% (v/v), or 30% (v/v) aqueous ethanol solution, and in consideration of increasing the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and uric acid production inhibitory activity of the extract, it is most preferable that ethanol alone may be used.
In addition, the extraction solvent may be added in an amount of, preferably 1 mL to 50 mL, more preferably 1 mL to 30 mL, and most preferably 1 mL to 20 mL, with respect to 1 g of Morinda citrifolia used for extraction.
In the extraction method, the extraction temperature, the extraction time, and the number of extractions may be appropriately selected. The extraction temperature may range, preferably from 30 ℃ to 120 ℃, more preferably from 50 ℃ to 100 ℃, and most preferably from 70 ℃ to 90 ℃. The extraction time may range, preferably from 1 hour to 10 hours, more preferably from 1 hour to 8 hours, and most preferably from 1 hour to 5 hours. Preferably, the number of extractions may range from 1 to 5.
In addition, the extraction method may be, preferably, shaking extraction, Soxhlet extraction, or reflux extraction, most preferably, reflux extraction.
The concentration under reduced pressure may be performed using a vacuum condenser or a vacuum rotary evaporator.
The drying process may be, preferably, drying under reduced pressure, drying under vacuum, drying under boiling, spray drying, or freeze drying, most preferably, freeze drying.
In addition, in consideration of increasing the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and uric acid production inhibitory activity of the extract, the Morinda citrifolia extract according to the present invention may be prepared by, preferably, supercritical fluid extraction including the following processes:
1) subjecting Morinda citrifolia to supercritical fluid extraction to obtain an extract; and
2) concentrating the extract obtained in process 1) under reduced pressure and then drying the concentrate.
In this regard, the description of Morinda citrifolia is the same as provided above. The Morinda citrifolia may include, preferably, fruits.
The supercritical fluid extraction according to the present invention may be divided into a method of allowing liquefied carbon dioxide to pass through a reactor and an auxiliary method of allowing a co-solvent to pass through a reactor.
The supercritical fluid extraction may be performed using, preferably, carbon dioxide brought into a supercritical state. Specifically, the carbon dioxide may be prepared at a temperature ranging, preferably from 30 ℃ to 100 ℃, more preferably, from 40 ℃ to 80 ℃, and most preferably, from 50 ℃ to 70 ℃ and at a pressure ranging, preferably, from 70 atm to 500 atm, more preferably, 100 atm to 400 atm, and most preferably, from 200 atm to 300 atm.
In addition, the supercritical fluid extraction may be performed using a mixed fluid prepared by additionally mixing the carbon dioxide brought into a supercritical state with a co-solvent. In this regard, the co-solvent may be, preferably, one or more selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform, more preferably, ethanol, and most preferably, a 85% (v/v) aqueous ethanol solution.
In addition, the extraction time of the supercritical fluid extraction may range, preferably, from 1 hour to 12 hours, more preferably, from 1 hour to 8 hours, and most preferably, from 1 hour to 4 hours.
In the preparation method according to the present invention, which uses supercritical fluid extraction, the description of concentration under reduced pressure and drying is the same as provided above.
Scopoletin according to the present invention is a compound represented by Formula 1 below, which has a molecular formula of C10H8O4(molecular weight: 192.17), has an effect of inhibiting cytokine activity, and is yellow crystalline powder.
[Formula 1]
Figure PCTKR2019017960-appb-I000001
The scopoletin may be isolated from, preferably, the Morinda citrifolia extract.
The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may include the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient in an amount of, preferably, 0.0001 wt% to 90 wt%, more preferably, 0.1 wt% to 50 wt%, and most preferably, 0.1 wt% to 30 wt%, with respect to the total weight of the composition. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may further include, in addition to the active ingredient, one or more active ingredients exhibiting identical or similar functions.
In addition, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be formulated, using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in a unit dosage form or may be prepared by being put into a multi-dose container, according to a method that may be easily carried out by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains. In the present invention, the term "carrier" refers to a compound that facilitates the addition of a compound into a cell or tissue, and the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to a composition that is physiologically acceptable and generally does not cause allergic responses or responses similar thereto such as gastrointestinal disorders and dizziness when administered to humans.
The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which is commonly used in formulation, may be lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, acacia gum, calcium phosphate, alginates, gelatin, calcium silicate, micro-crystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, methyl cellulose, methylhydroxy benzoate, propylhydroxy benzoate, talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
In addition, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may further include, in addition to the above ingredients, additives such as a filler, an anti-coagulant, a lubricant, a wetting agent, a flavoring agent, an emulsifier, a preservative, and the like. In the present invention, the amount of the additive included in the pharmaceutical composition is not particularly limited and may be appropriately adjusted within an amount range used in general formulation.
In addition, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be formulated into oral preparations. Non-limiting examples of the preparation for oral administration include tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous suspensions, oily suspensions, prepared powders, granules, emulsions, hard capsules, soft capsules, syrups, and elixirs. To formulate the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention for oral administration, a binder such as lactose, saccharose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, amylopectin, cellulose, gelatin, or the like; an excipient such as dicalcium phosphate or the like; a disintegrant such as corn starch, sweet potato starch, or the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, polyethylene glycol, or the like; or the like may be used, and a sweetener, a fragrance, syrup, or the like may also be used. Furthermore, in the case of capsules, a liquid carrier such as fatty oil, and the like may be further used in addition to the aforementioned materials.
In the present invention, the term "excipient" refers to any substance that is not a therapeutic agent, and is intended to be used as a carrier or medium for the delivery of a therapeutic agent or added to the pharmaceutical composition. Thus, the excipient enhances handling and storage properties or allows or promotes the formation of a unit dose of the composition.
The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be used by being formulated into various forms such as: oral formulations, e.g., liquids, suspensions, powders, granules, tablets, capsules, pills, extracts, emulsions, syrups, aerosols, and the like; injections such as sterile injection solutions; and the like, and may be orally administered or administered via various routes including intravenous administration, intraperitoneal administration, subcutaneous administration, intrarectal administration, local administration, and the like. In the present invention, the term "oral administration" means administration of a substance prepared for the digestion of the active ingredient to the gastrointestinal tract for absorption.
In the present invention, the term "liquid" means a medicine to be taken in the form of a potion dissolved in water or an organic solvent. The liquid has an advantage of more effective absorption of a drug into the systemic circulation in the intestinal tract compared to suspensions or solid preparations, and the liquid may also include an additional solute in addition to the drug and may also include an additive that imparts color, odor, sweetness, or stability.
In the present invention, the term "suspending agent" refers to any agonist capable of providing desired solubility and/or dispersibility of an alginate-containing composition, i.e., providing an aqueous formulation that is substantially transparent and free of sedimentation and lumps.
In the present invention, the term "powder" means a finely divided drug, a chemical, or a dried mixture of both.
In the present invention, the term "granule" refers to a granular form of a pharmaceutical or a mixture of medicines, which is generally within a range passing through a 4.76 mm to 20 mm sieve. Granules are generally produced by soaking a powder or powder mixture and passing the resulting mass through a sieve or granulator of a suitable mesh size depending on a desired size of granules. Granules are also in a particle state like powders, and thus a drug is highly likely to come into contact with the tongue, and therefore, when drugs with a bitter taste are used in a granular form, patients, especially children or the elderly may feel discomfort.
In the present invention, the term "tablet" means that a powdered medicine is compressed into a small disc shape to make it easy to take. Tablets may include uncoated tablets, film-coated tablets, sugar-coated tablets, multi-layered tablets, dry coated tablets, inner core tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, chewable tablets, effervescent tablets, dispersible tablets, soluble tablets, and the like.
In the present invention, the term "capsule" means that produced by filling capsules with a drug or encapsulation-molding a drug with a capsule base, in the form of liquid, a suspension, water, powder, a granule, a mini-tablet, a pellet, or the like.
In the present invention, the term "pill" is intended to encompass a small, round solid dosage form including composite particles mixed with a binder and other excipients.
In the present invention, the term "extract" refers to a semi-solid or solid formulation prepared by leaching an active ingredient in a vegetable or animal herbal medicine using a suitable leaching agent, evaporating the solvent to concentrate the active ingredient to a predetermined concentration, and adjusting the content of the concentrate by adding an excipient thereto when there are regulations on the contents of main ingredients.
In the present invention, the term "syrup" means a concentrated homemade product of sugar or a sugar substitute. In the present invention, the syrups are a formulation in which a medicine with an unpleasant taste, e.g., a bitter taste, is prepared into a liquid and that is easy to take, and particularly, is a formulation suitable for children to take. In the present invention, the syrups may include, in addition to purified water and an extract, tetrasaccharides, substitute drugs thereof used to impart sweetness and viscosity, antimicrobial preservatives, flavors, colorants, or the like, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Examples of sweeteners that may be included in such syrups include, but are not limited to, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, aspartame, stevioside, fructose, lactose, sucralose, saccharin, and menthol.
The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be formulated into preparations including a β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound. Specifically, the inclusion compound may be in a form in which dried powder or scopoletin of the Morinda citrifolia extract is encapsulated in the internal cavity of β-cyclodextrin.
The β-cyclodextrin may be, preferably, one or more selected from the group consisting of 2,6-dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.
The formulated pharmaceutical composition preferably includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and the content on the carrier is the same as described above.
A suitable dose of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may vary depending on the condition, body weight, age, and gender of a patient, health condition, dietary specificity, the nature of a formulation, the severity of disease, administration time of the composition, administration method, administration period or interval, excretion rate, and drug form, and may be appropriately selected by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the suitable dose may range from about 0.1 mg/kg to 10,000 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to 8,000 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg to 6,000 mg/kg, or about 10 mg/kg to 4,000 mg/kg, preferably about 50 mg/kg to about 2,000 mg/kg, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and the pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a single dose or divided into multiple doses daily.
In the present specification, the term "effective dosage of the pharmaceutical composition" means the amount of an active ingredient of the composition sufficient to treat specific symptoms. The effective dosage may vary depending on formulation method, administration method, administration time, and/or administration route, may vary according to several factors including the type and extent of a reaction to be achieved via administration of the pharmaceutical composition, the type, age, and body weight of a subject to which the pharmaceutical composition is to be administered, general health condition, the symptoms or severity of disease, gender, diet, excretion, ingredients of drugs and other compositions used simultaneously in the corresponding subject, and the like, and similar factors well known in the medical field, and the effective dosage suitable for desired treatment may be easily determined and prescribed by one of ordinary skill in the art.
The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be administered as a single dose or divided into multiple doses daily. The composition may be administered as an individual therapeutic agent or in combination with other therapeutic agents, and may be administered sequentially or simultaneously with conventional therapeutic agents. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered in the minimum amount that enables achievement of the maximum effects without side effects in consideration of all the above-described factors, and this may be easily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains.
<Health Functional Food for Preventing or Alleviating Gout>
According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a health functional food for preventing or alleviating gout, which includes a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin as an active ingredient.
The Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin in the health functional food according to the present invention and the preparation method thereof are the same as described above.
In consideration of increasing the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and uric acid production inhibitory activity of the extract, the Morinda citrifolia extract may be prepared through, most preferably, extraction or supercritical extraction using ethanol alone as an extraction solvent.
The scopoletin may be isolated from the Morinda citrifolia extract.
For the health functional food according to the present invention, the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin of the present invention may be used alone or in combination with other foods or food ingredients, and may be appropriately used according to a general method. A health food according to the present invention may include, preferably, a Morinda citrifolia extract and β-cyclodextrin.
In the present invention, the term "functional food" means a food produced and processed using raw materials or ingredients having functionality useful for the human body, and in the present invention, the functional food has a beneficial effect on improving gout disease. In the present invention, the term "functionality" may mean an effect useful for health use by controlling nutrients or physiological actions on the structure and function of the human body.
The type of food is not particularly limited. Examples of foods to which the Morinda citrifolia extract may be added include various foods, beverages, types of gum, teas, candies, vitamin complexes, health functional foods, powders, granules, tablets, capsules, types of jelly, drinks, and the like, and may include all health foods in a general sense.
The Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin according to the present invention may be added to a food or a beverage for the purpose of preventing or alleviating gout. In this regard, the amount of the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin in the food may range from 0.01 wt% to 30 wt% with respect to a total weight of the food, and the amount of the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin in the beverage composition may range from 0.01 wt% to 90 wt%, preferably 0.01 wt% to 50 wt%, with respect to 100 mL of the beverage, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
In addition, the health functional food according to the present invention has no particular limitation on other ingredients except for containing the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin as an essential ingredient in the indicated ratio, and may include various flavoring agents, natural carbohydrates, or the like as additives as in general beverages, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The natural carbohydrates include saccharides such as glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, dextrin, and cyclodextrin; and sugar alcohols such as xylitol, sorbitol, erythritol, and the like. As the flavoring agent, a natural flavoring agent (thaumatin and stevia extracts (e.g., rebaudioside A, glycyrrhizin, and the like)) and a synthetic flavoring agent (saccharin, aspartame, and the like) may be used, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
In addition, the health functional food according to the present invention may further include various nutritional supplements, vitamins, minerals (electrolytes), flavors such as synthetic flavors, natural flavors, and the like, colorants and enhancers, pectic acid and salts thereof, alginic acid, citric acid, sodium citrate and salts thereof, organic acids, a protective colloid thickener, a pH adjuster, a stabilizer, a preservative, glycerin, alcohol, a carbonating agent used in carbonated beverages, and the like, but the present invention is not limited thereto. These additives may generally be selected from an amount range of 0.001 part by weight to 90 parts by weight with respect to 1 part by weight of the Morinda citrifolia extract, scopoletin, or a mixture thereof, which is an active ingredient, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
The details mentioned in the pharmaceutical composition and health functional food of the present invention are equally applied unless they contradict each other.
<Method of Increasing Content of Scopoletin in Morinda citrifolia Extract>
According to still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of increasing the content of scopoletin in a Morinda citrifolia extract, including:
1) subjecting Morinda citrifolia to supercritical fluid extraction to obtain an extract; and
2) concentrating the extract obtained in process 1) under reduced pressure and then drying the concentrate.
The Morinda citrifolia may include all parts such as leaves, roots, stems, seeds, flowers, fruits, and the like, preferably fruits. Preferably, Morinda citrifolia fruits may be those obtained by washing dried Morinda citrifolia fruits and drying the washed fruits again. The drying process may be performed, preferably, at 40 ℃ to 80 ℃ for 3 hours to 7 hours.
The supercritical fluid extraction may be performed using, preferably, carbon dioxide brought into a supercritical state. Specifically, the carbon dioxide may be prepared at a temperature ranging, preferably from 30 ℃ to 100 ℃, more preferably, from 40 ℃ to 80 ℃, and most preferably, from 50 ℃ to 70 ℃ and at a pressure ranging, preferably, from 70 atm to 500 atm, more preferably, 100 atm to 400 atm, and most preferably, from 200 atm to 300 atm.
In addition, the supercritical fluid extraction may be performed using a mixed fluid prepared by additionally mixing the carbon dioxide brought into a supercritical state with a co-solvent. In this regard, the co-solvent may be, preferably, one or more selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform, more preferably, ethanol, and most preferably, a 85% (v/v) aqueous ethanol solution.
In addition, the extraction time of the supercritical fluid extraction may range, preferably, from 1 hour to 12 hours, more preferably, from 1 hour to 8 hours, and most preferably, from 1 hour to 4 hours.
The concentration under reduced pressure may be performed using a vacuum condenser or a vacuum rotary evaporator.
The drying process may be, preferably, drying under reduced pressure, drying under vacuum, drying under boiling, spray drying, or freeze drying, most preferably, freeze drying.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples to specifically explain the present specification. However, the examples according to the present specification may be modified into many different forms and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present specification. The examples of the present specification are provided to more fully describe the present specification to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Example 1. Preparation of Morinda citrifolia Supercritical Extract
Vietnamese dried Morinda citrifolia fruit was purchased, washed clean with water, and then dried using a hot air dryer at 50 ℃ for 5 hours. After grinding 1 kg of the dried Morinda citrifolia, the dried Morinda citrifolia was placed in a 5 L extraction tank of a supercritical fluid extractor (5 L SCF SYSTEM, PHOS-ENTECH, Korea), and while supplying carbon dioxide at a rate of 70 cc/min via a liquefied carbon dioxide supply pump, the carbon dioxide was brought into a supercritical state under a temperature condition of 60 ℃ and a pressure condition of 250 atm. The temperature and pressure were conditions used that showed the best results obtained through preliminary experiments. While supplying a 85%(v/v) aqueous ethanol solution as a co-solvent to the extractor at a rate of 10 mL/min using a supercritical fluid chromatography pump (PHOS-ENTECH, Korea), an extract was collected via a separation tank for 2 hours. The extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator (EYELA A-3S, Japan) and freeze-dried using a lyophilizer (BK-80N50, China) to thereby obtain a dried extract having a dry weight of 143 mg/g.
Example 2. Preparation of Morinda citrifolia Ethanol Extract
Ethanol alone or 250 mL of a 85%, 60%, or 30% aqueous ethanol solution was added to 25 g of ground Morinda citrifolia fruit powder, the resulting solution was subjected to reflux cooling extraction at 80 ℃ for 2 hours and filtered with filter paper (Whatman No. 4, USA), and then the filtered extract was concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator and freeze-dried using a lyophilizer to thereby obtain a Morinda citrifolia ethanol extract. Each extraction yield (dry weight of the final extract) is shown in Table 1 below.
Example 3. Preparation of Morinda citrifolia Distilled Water Extract
A Morinda citrifolia distilled water extract was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except that distilled water was used as a solvent. An extraction yield (dry weight of the final extract) is shown in Table 1 below.
Example 4. Isolation of Scopoletin from Morinda citrifolia Extract
50 g of the extract prepared according to Example 1 was dispersed in 500 mL of distilled water, and then sequentially divided three times with 500 mL of hexane and ethyl acetate each to obtain an ethyl acetate fraction, which was then concentrated to obtain 10.2 g of a concentrate. Silica gel column chromatography (CombiFlash EZ Prep, TELEDYNE ISCO, USA) was performed on the concentrated ethyl acetate fraction. For the column, a silica gel column (40 gram, RedSep Rf Normal-phase Flash Column, TELEDYNE ISCO, USA) was used, and the mobile phase solvent was divided into 5 fractions under a condition of hexane: ethyl acetate (80:20→60:40%(v/v)), and the concentrate was eluted with a mixed solvent of hexane: ethyl acetate (60:40 %(v/v)), concentrated, and dried to thereby isolate 35 mg of scopoletin.
Experimental Example 1. Analysis of Content of Scopoletin in Morinda citrifolia Extract
The content of scopoletin included in each of the extracts prepared according to Examples 1 to 3 was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (Waters 2695, USA).
Specifically, an ultraviolet absorption photometer (measurement wavelength of 345 nm) was used as a detector, Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 x 250 mm, particle size: 5 μm) was used as the column, and for the mobile phase solvent, a mixed solution (50:50 %(v/v)) of methanol: water (0.1% formic acid) was used at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min.
As a result, as shown in Table 1 below, the extraction yield of the Morinda citrifolia extract was relatively low, i.e., 14.3% in the case of supercritical fluid extraction, whereas it was shown to be high, i.e., 22% to 35.6% in the case of extraction using ethanol or an aqueous ethanol solution. However, the content per unit gram of the Morinda citrifolia extract of scopoletin, which is a bioactive substance of Morinda citrifolia, was significantly high in the case of supercritical fluid extraction, whereas the case of extraction with an aqueous ethanol solution showed similar results regardless of the amount of mixed distilled water. No scopoletin was detected in distilled water extraction regardless of yield.
Extraction conditions Extracted amount(g) Yield (%) Content of scopoletin (mg/g)
Supercritical 143 14.3 7.62
30% ethanol 8.9 35.6 1.26
60% ethanol 8.7 34.8 1.25
85% ethanol 8.4 33.6 1.26
Ethanol alone 5.5 22 4.43
Distilled water 8 32 -
Experimental Example 2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Scopoletin
The scopoletin prepared according to Example 4 was analyzed by 1H, 13C-NMR(JNM-ECA 500, JEOL, Japan). The analysis results thereof are as follows.
1H NMR ppm (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 3.89 (3H, s, OCH3-6), 6.25 (1H, d, J=9.75, H-3), 6.77 (1H, s), 7.20 (1H, s), 7.84 (1H, d, J=9.75, H-4)
13C-NMR ppm (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 56.7 (C-10, O-CH3), 103.7 (C-8), 109.9 (C-5), 112.1 (C-4), 113.3 (C-2), 144.7 (C-3), 151.9 (C-7), 151.2 (C-9), 151.9 (C-7), 160.8 (C-1)
Experimental Example 3. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity
The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the Morinda citrifolia extracts and scopoletin was measured according to a method of Stirpe et al. (Stirpe F. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 244: 3855-3863, 1969).
Specifically, each of the Morinda citrifolia extracts prepared according to Examples 1 to 3 and the scopoletin obtained in Example 4 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a sample solution (10 mg/mL), and 0.1 mL of xanthine oxidase (0.2 unit/mL), 0.6 mL of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), and 0.1 mL of 2 mM xanthine (Sigma, X-2502) were added to 0.1 mL of the sample solution and a reaction was allowed to occur therebetween at 37 ℃ for 5 minutes. 1 mL of 20% trichloroacetic acid was added to the reaction product, and after the reaction was completed, the reaction product was centrifuged to remove proteins therefrom, followed by filtration. For the produced uric acid, absorbance was measured at 292 nm using a spectrophotometer (Genesys 20 Thermo Scientific, USA), and the case where distilled water was added instead of the sample solution was used as a control for comparison. An inhibition rate was calculated using the following Equation.
Inhibition rate (%) = {1-(Uric acid yield of sample solution/uric acid yield of control)} × 100
As a result, as shown in FIG. 1, significant xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was exhibited in the case of the extract obtained using ethanol solvent alone, scopoletin, and the supercritical extract.
Experimental Example 4. DPPH Radical-Scavenging Activity
The DPPH radical-scavenging activity of the Morinda citrifolia extracts and scopoletin was measured in accordance with a method of Bozin et al. (Bozin, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Samojlik, I., Goran, A., & Igic, R., Phenolics as antioxidants in garlic (Allium sativum L., Alliaceae), Food Chemistry, 111(4), 925-929, 2008), but the number of samples and culture conditions (light-shielding conditions, reaction at 25 ℃ for 2 hours) were slightly modified.
Specifically, each of the Morinda citrifolia extracts of Examples 1 to 3 and the scopoletin of Example 4 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a sample solution (10 mg/mL), and 950 μL of a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl solution was added to 50 μL of the sample solution, a reaction was allowed to occur therebetween at 25 ℃ for 2 hours, and 95% ethanol was added thereto so that the volume of the solution reached 4 mL. The resulting mixture was vigorously shaken and allowed to react in a dark room at room temperature for 2 hours. Absorbance was measured at 515 nm using a spectrophotometer, and the case where ascorbic acid (10 mg/mL) was applied instead of the sample solution was used as a control for comparison. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity of the reaction solution was calculated using the following Equation.
DPPH radical-scavenging activity (%) = {(absorbance of control-absorbance of sample)/absorbance of control} × 100
As a result, as illustrated in FIG. 2, significant DPPH radical-scavenging activity was exhibited in the case of the extract obtained using ethanol solvent alone, scopoletin, and the supercritical extract.
Experimental Example 5. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity
The SOD activity of the Morinda citrifolia extracts and scopoletin was measured using SOD Assay Kit-WST (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Gaithersburg).
Specifically, each of the Morinda citrifolia extracts of Examples 1 to 3 and the scopoletin of Example 4 was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a sample solution (10 mg/mL), and 20 μL of the sample solution was mixed with a reaction mixture in the kit and softly shaken, and a reaction was allowed to occur therebetween at 37 ℃ for 20 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a spectrophotometer, and the case where ascorbic acid (10 mg/mL) was applied instead of the sample solution was used as a control for comparison. The SOD activity of the reaction solution was calculated using the following Equation.
SOD activity (%) = {(absorbance of control-absorbance of sample)/absorbance of control} × 100
As a result, as illustrated in FIG. 3, significant SOD activity was exhibited in the case of the extract obtained using ethanol solvent alone, scopoletin, and the supercritical extract.
Experimental Example 6. Inhibition of Uric Acid in Acute Hyperuricemia Model
The inhibitory effects of the Morinda citrifolia extracts and scopoletin against uric acid were examined in an acute hyperuricemia-induced animal model.
Specifically, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) white mice having a body weight of about 200 g were used as experimental animals and were divided into the following groups: a normal control; a hyperuricemia control; a group administered allopurinol, which is a positive control drug; a group administered scopoletin obtained in Example 4; and a group administered the Morinda citrifolia extract of Example 1, and 6 mice were assigned to each group. One day before the experiment, for blood collection, the jugular vein of each experimental animal was intubated using a silastic tube (Silastic tubing, Dow Corning Co., USA) and a polyethylene tube (PE-50, Medichem, USA). To induce acute hyperuricemia, potassium oxonate (C4H2KN3O4, molecular weight: 195.17) was dissolved in 50 mg/mL of a 50% aqueous propylene glycol solution, and 250 mg/kg of the resulting solution was intraperitoneally administered to the hyperuricemia control, the allopurinol-administered group, the scopoletin-administered group, and the Morinda citrifolia extract-administered group. After 1 hour, a 50% aqueous propylene glycol solution was orally administered to the normal control, and each of 10 mg/kg of allopurinol, 100 mg/kg of the scopoletin of Example 4, and 100 mg/kg of the Morinda citrifolia extract of Example 1 was dissolved in a 50% aqueous propylene glycol solution and each resulting solution was orally administered to the corresponding group. Potassium oxonate was administered to each group and after 3 hours, blood was collected via the tubes inserted in each group. After the collected blood was centrifuged using a centrifuge (Union 32R, HANIL, Korea) at 3,000×g for 5 minutes and plasma was separated, a uric acid assay kit (ab65344, UK) and a microplate reader (SmartReader 96, ACCURIS Instruments, USA) were used to analyze blood uric acid.
As a result, as illustrated in FIG. 4, significant uric acid production inhibitory activity was exhibited in the scopoletin-administered group and the Morinda citrifolia extract-administered group, compared to the hyperuricemia control and the allopurinol-administered group.
From the above results, it was confirmed that the Morinda citrifolia extracts and scopoletin isolated therefrom were effective in preventing or treating gout.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following Preparation Examples. These Preparation Examples are provided to aid in understanding of the practice of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Preparation Example 1. Preparation of Inclusion Compound of Morinda citrifolia Extract and β-cyclodextrin
Dried powder of Morinda citrifolia supercritical extract of Example 1 · · · · ·· ·10 g
hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin · · · · · · · · · ·20 g
10 g of dried powder of the Morinda citrifolia supercritical extract of Example 1 and 20 g of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin were added to 100 mL of a 30%(v/v) aqueous ethanol solution and dissolved therein, and then stirred using a homogenizer (ULTRA TURRAX®IKA®T18basic) at 6,000 rpm per min for 30 minutes, and then freeze-dried using a lyophilizer (BK-80N50, China).
Preparation Example 2. Preparation of Capsules
Dried powder of Morinda citrifolia supercritical extract of Example 1 ·· · · ·100 mg
Lactose · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 80 mg
Carboxymethyl cellulose calcium · · · · · · · · 4 mg
Light anhydrous silicic acid · · · · · · · · · 4 mg
Polyoxyl 40 stearate· · · · · · · · · · · · 2 mg
Magnesium stearate · · · · ·· · · · · · · · 1 mg
Lactose, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, light anhydrous silicic acid, polyoxyl 40 stearate, and magnesium stearate were mixed with dried powder of the Morinda citrifolia supercritical extract of Example 1 in a speed mixer for 30 minutes. Gelatin hard capsules were filled with this mixture using a capsule filling machine.
Preparation Example 3. Preparation of Tablets
Dried powder of Morinda citrifolia supercritical extract of Example 1 · · · ·100 mg
Lactose··························160 mg
Corn starch························22 mg
Sodium bicarbonate····················5 mg
Magnesium stearate····················1 mg
Purified water················appropriate amount
Dried powder of the Morinda citrifolia supercritical extract of Example 1 was added to lactose, sodium bicarbonate, and corn starch and mixed, and a binder solution prepared by adding corn starch to purified water and gelatinizing the resulting solution was added thereto and blended in a mixer for 30 minutes. The blended material was allowed to pass through a granulator to be granulated, and then put into a dryer, dried for 5 hours, and then was subjected to sizing in a sizer. Magnesium stearate, which is a lubricant, was added to the sized material and mixed, and then the resulting mixture was subjected to tableting in a weight of 288 mg per tablet.
Preparation Example 4. Preparation of Liquid
Inclusion compound of Preparation Example 1·········300 mg
Xylitol···························30 g
Cherry flavor························20 mg
Purified water·················Appropriate amount
300 mg of the inclusion compound of the Morinda citrifolia extract and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, prepared according to Preparation Example 1 was added to purified water and dissolved, and xylitol and cherry flavor were added thereto and stirred in a homo mixer for 20 minutes, thereby preparing a liquid (total amount: 100 mL).
Preparation Example 5. Preparation of Chewable Tablets
Scopoletin························30 mg
Xylitol··························650 mg
Maltodextrin·······················260 mg
Citric acid························50 mg
Yogurt flavor·······················10 mg
Magnesium stearate····················1 mg
Scopoletin was added to a mixture of xylitol, maltodextrin, and citric acid and mixed in a speed mixer for 30 minutes. The resulting mixture was allowed to pass through a granulator to be granulated, and then magnesium stearate, which is a lubricant, and yogurt flavor were added thereto and mixed, followed by tableting using a tablet press in a weight of 1 g per tablet.

Claims (16)

  1. A pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin as an active ingredient.
  2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the Morinda citrifolia extract is obtained through extraction with one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform.
  3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the Morinda citrifolia extract is obtained through extraction using ethanol solvent alone.
  4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the Morinda citrifolia extract is obtained using a supercritical fluid extraction method.
  5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, wherein the supercritical fluid extraction method is performed using carbon dioxide brought into a supercritical state under a temperature condition of 30 ℃ to 100 ℃ and a pressure condition of 70 atm to 500 atm.
  6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the supercritical fluid extraction method uses mixed fluid, the mixed fluid being prepared by additionally mixing the carbon dioxide brought into a supercritical state with a co-solvent.
  7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein the co-solvent comprises one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform.
  8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the scopoletin is isolated from the Morinda citrifolia extract.
  9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin is included in an amount of 0.0001 wt% to 90 wt% with respect to a total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
  10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated into a form of a liquid, powder, granules, a tablet, a capsule, a pill, a troche, or an extract.
  12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated into a preparation comprising an inclusion compound with the inclusion being provided by β-cyclodextrin.
  13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the inclusion compound is a form in which dried powder or scopoletin of the Morinda citrifolia extract is encapsulated in an internal cavity of β-cyclodextrin.
  14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the β-cyclodextrin comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of 2,6-dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.
  15. A health functional food for preventing or alleviating gout, the health functional food comprising a Morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient.
  16. A method of increasing a content of scopoletin in a Morinda citrifolia extract, the method comprising:
    1) subjecting Morinda citrifolia to supercritical fluid extraction to obtain an extract; and
    2) concentrating the extract obtained in process 1) under reduced pressure and then drying the concentrate.
PCT/KR2019/017960 2019-01-25 2019-12-18 Pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating gout comprising morinda citrifolia extract or scopoletin isolated therefrom as an active ingredient WO2020153608A1 (en)

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KR102447082B1 (en) * 2021-12-10 2022-09-27 주식회사 웰니스바이오 Process for preparing artemisia extract, pharmaceutical composition and health functional food composition comprising artemisia extract for preventing or treating of atopy
CN114921289B (en) * 2022-05-27 2023-08-22 云南中宝龙天然香料有限公司 Supercritical enzymolysis compound extraction method of essential oil pericarpium citri reticulatae extract

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KR20050120881A (en) * 2004-06-21 2005-12-26 주식회사 코리아나화장품 Cosmetic composition comprising a supercritical fluid extract of morinda citrifolia
US20060141076A1 (en) * 2004-11-01 2006-06-29 Palu Afa K Morinda citrifolia based compositions and methods for inhibiting xanthine oxidase
JP2007159509A (en) * 2005-12-15 2007-06-28 Kanehide Bio Kk Functional food containing morinda citrifolia, and method for producing the same
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US20060141076A1 (en) * 2004-11-01 2006-06-29 Palu Afa K Morinda citrifolia based compositions and methods for inhibiting xanthine oxidase
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