WO2020147201A1 - 一种利用桉树控制水域蓝藻生长的方法 - Google Patents

一种利用桉树控制水域蓝藻生长的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020147201A1
WO2020147201A1 PCT/CN2019/080177 CN2019080177W WO2020147201A1 WO 2020147201 A1 WO2020147201 A1 WO 2020147201A1 CN 2019080177 W CN2019080177 W CN 2019080177W WO 2020147201 A1 WO2020147201 A1 WO 2020147201A1
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water
ecological
layer
basin
filter
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
郑正
赵薇
罗兴章
何坚
张威振
徐力
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Fudan University
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Fudan University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • C02F3/327—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae characterised by animals and plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/281—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/007—Contaminated open waterways, rivers, lakes or ponds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/002—Construction details of the apparatus
    • C02F2201/007—Modular design
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/20—Prevention of biofouling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
    • C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
    • C02F3/104—Granular carriers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F7/00—Aeration of stretches of water
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of natural ecological restoration and protection on the surface, and in particular to a method for controlling the growth of cyanobacteria in waters.
  • cyanobacteria outbreak is a self-maintenance emergency response of lakes to excessive nutrients.
  • cyanobacteria erupt nutrients are absorbed in the cyanobacteria. But after the outbreak period passed, the nutrients in the decayed cyanobacteria returned to the lake. Therefore, when it comes to controlling cyanobacteria outbreaks, only the inhibition and killing of cyanobacteria is always a symptom but not the root cause. Accelerating the biogeochemical cycle of lake nutrients is the right choice for long-term stability.
  • the present inventors have conducted intensive research and provided a method for controlling the growth of cyanobacteria in waters by constructing a new type of ecological slope protection at the water-land crisscross zone on the banks of the watershed, and in the water and/or water of the river basin.
  • Eucalyptus trees are planted along the coast, and an ecological water treatment system with microorganisms, plants, animals, fillers, etc. as the main elements is constructed, which effectively realizes the efficient denitrification and phosphorus removal of river basin water, controls the spread of cyanobacteria, and improves the quality of the water environment.
  • a method for controlling the growth of cyanobacteria in a water area comprising: planting trees in the basin water and/or on the banks of the basin water;
  • the tree is eucalyptus, which absorbs or fixes pollutants through its roots and inhibits the growth of cyanobacteria.
  • the method further includes collecting eucalyptus leaves, and putting the eucalyptus leaves or eucalyptus leaf extract into the watershed water; wherein the eucalyptus leaf extract is the product after water extraction.
  • the method further includes constructing an ecological slope protection 100 at the land-water crisscross zone on the water bank of the river basin.
  • the slope of the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the water of the basin, and the surface layer of the ecological slope protection 100 is laid with a soft row 110 and a soft row 110.
  • the lower part is the ecological filter 120.
  • the ecological filter 120 isolates the basin water through a sealed tank.
  • the ecological filter 120 is filled with a filler layer and a supporting layer 125, and the basin water is introduced into the ecological filter 120.
  • the introduced basin water is treated with pollutants to reduce the eutrophication of the basin water.
  • the filling layer is supported by the supporting layer 125, and the treated basin water is discharged from the ecological slope protection 100 through the supporting layer 125.
  • the surface of the ecological slope protection is covered with a soft row composed of multiple layers of composite materials, and the inside is a biological filter, which is formed by grading fillers of different particle sizes, and the structure is mainly composed of microorganisms, plants, animals, and fillers.
  • a biological filter which is formed by grading fillers of different particle sizes, and the structure is mainly composed of microorganisms, plants, animals, and fillers.
  • the present invention is a sewage ecological treatment system designed according to the ecological functions of earthworms ingesting organic matter, improving soil aeration and water permeability, and the synergistic effect of earthworms and microorganisms, which shows good treatment effects for non-point source pollution;
  • the ecological slope protection of the present invention is a modular, large-scale, and serialized device system, which is easy for industrial production, has low construction and operating costs, and is easy to maintain; and it is convenient to take different water from the difference in water quality between the center of the basin and the shore. Point, through different layers of ecological filters for separate treatment, so that the sewage can comprehensively reach the standard of higher effluent water quality;
  • the setting of the aeration pipe in the present invention effectively solves the oxygenation problem of the basin water under the ecological slope protection, and is beneficial to the survival of aerobic organisms in the basin water, the removal of organic pollutants, and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus;
  • eucalyptus is specifically selected as a green tree species in the basin water and/or on the shore of the basin water. It can not only purify the water quality through root action, but also the allelochemicals produced during the growth process can effectively inhibit the growth of algae without producing Secondary pollution;
  • the construction of the regulating pond in the present invention plays a regulatory role in the fertilization of cyanobacteria, the reprocessing of river basin water, and the release of allelochemicals, and is an effective auxiliary means for the control of cyanobacteria in the basin water.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional structure of ecological slope protection in an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the arrangement of water-ecological slope protection-eucalyptus in a river basin in an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 3 shows a schematic structural diagram of a modular ecological filter in an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 4 shows a schematic diagram of a modular ecological slope protection structure in an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 5 shows the results of cyanobacteria density and cyanobacteria inhibition rate when the extract is added in Experimental Example 1, so that the concentration of the extract in the algae solution reaches 100mg (dry weight of leaves)/(L algae solution);
  • Figure 6 shows the results of cyanobacteria density and cyanobacteria inhibition rate when the extract is added in Experimental Example 1, so that the concentration of the extract in the algae solution reaches 200mg (dry weight of leaves)/(L algae solution);
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of the results of changes in cyanobacteria density, soluble organic phosphorus SPR, and nitrate nitrogen NO 3 - N during the co-cultivation of cyanobacteria and eucalyptus seedlings in Experimental Example 2.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method for controlling the growth of cyanobacteria in waters, the method comprising:
  • the ecological slope protection 100 is constructed at the water-land crisscross zone on the water bank of the river basin.
  • the slope body of the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the basin water.
  • the surface layer of the ecological slope protection 100 is laid with a soft row 110.
  • the lower part of the soft row 110 is an ecological filter 120.
  • the ecological filter 120 is sealed
  • the pond body isolates the basin water, the ecological filter 120 is filled with a filler layer and a supporting layer 125, and the basin water is introduced into the ecological filter 120, and the introduced basin water is treated with pollutants through the filler layer to reduce the eutrophication of the basin water
  • the filling layer is supported by the supporting layer 125, and the treated basin water is discharged from the ecological slope protection 100 through the supporting layer 125;
  • Plant trees in the basin water and/or along the banks of the basin water to absorb or fix pollutants through roots and inhibit the growth of cyanobacteria.
  • the present invention has discovered through research that plant algae control is a method with good ecological safety and good application prospects. Plants are large and live for a long time. The storage of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in plants is more stable than algae. The more the number and species of plants in the water basin, the stronger the self-purification ability. However, in my country's watersheds where the eutrophication is extremely serious, almost no other plants exist except for algae. Therefore, it is necessary to implement reconstruction through artificial means.
  • trees are planted in the basin water and/or on the banks of the basin water, preferably the trees are eucalyptus.
  • eucalyptus is the preferred tree species, which has the following characteristics:
  • allelochemicals water-soluble allelochemicals isolated from eucalyptus, such as ferulic acid, coumaric acid, coffee Acid, megacineol, gallic acid, quaternary acid, chlorogenic acid and other phenolic compounds, volatile allelochemicals such as pinene, allene, phenanthrene and cineole, etc.
  • synergistic effect of multiple allelochemicals It has good specificity in inhibiting algae, and it has stronger effect than barley straw, foxtail grass, bitter grass and other plants with allelochemicals. It can effectively inhibit the growth of algae without secondary pollution;
  • Eucalyptus grows fast, and its life cycle is relatively short among the trees, which is conducive to removing nutrients out of the water body. It has good wood and is often used for papermaking. It has a large social demand and high overall economic benefits.
  • the eucalyptus species is placed on the shore or in the water body of eutrophic water body where blooms occur, and when in the water body, part of it is above the water surface (can contact the air), and the part is below the water surface.
  • eucalyptus leaves are collected, and eucalyptus leaves or eucalyptus leaf extracts are poured into watershed water.
  • the eucalyptus leaf extract is the product after water extraction, and the extraction methods include ultrasonic extraction and fermentation extraction.
  • the species of eucalyptus is not limited, such as Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus Congo No. 12, Eucalyptus grandis and the like.
  • a plurality of ecological slope protection 100 are arranged along the river basin water to form a plurality of ecological slope protection groups separated by a predetermined interval.
  • the soft row 110 laid on the surface of the ecological slope protection 100 is woven by multiple layers of high molecular polymer fibers.
  • the soft row 110 has a larger stable pore size, preferably 0.05 to 1 cm, more preferably 0.1 to 0.5 cm. This pore size can intercept the sediment in the water and connect it to the gaps between the fibers to form blocks, thereby providing favorable conditions for plant rooting.
  • the planted plants not only play a role in landscaping, but also create suitable conditions for fish, shrimp and soft organisms.
  • the growth environment of China has formed a biosphere in which plants-animals-microbes are each other’s food chain, rebuilding the original ecology and ensuring biodiversity.
  • the plants are aquatic plants, including but not limited to balsamic grass, Phalaris arundinacea, alfalfa, ryegrass, Dactylis, vetiver and the like.
  • the soft row 110 of the present invention can be composed of one or more of non-woven fabrics, geotextiles, eco-bags, etc. woven from existing multi-layer polymer fibers. Compared with traditional hard slope protection, Greatly save the consumption of resources such as stones.
  • the filling layer of the ecological filter 120 is laid with four functional layers from top to bottom.
  • the first layer is the soil layer 121, which is used to support the growth of aquatic plants, carry out heavy metal adsorption, organic matter degradation, and nitrogen and phosphorus removal;
  • the second layer is the adjustment layer 122, which is used to support the soil layer 121 and perform adsorption and fixation of heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter;
  • the third layer is the biological layer 123, which is used for the adsorption and fixation of heavy metals, the degradation of organic matter, and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus.
  • the fourth layer is the ecological layer 124, which is used to filter the water body, intercept the soil, avoid soil loss, and block the water outlet pipeline.
  • the soil layer 121 is laid on the first layer, and the thickness of the soil layer 121 is 35-50 cm, which is convenient for the root growth of aquatic plants.
  • carbon is added to the soil layer 121, and earthworms are added to the soil layer 121, so that the soil layer 121 is converted into an earthworm bed.
  • the stocking density of earthworms is 8g-12g (earthworms)/(L filler).
  • carbon includes but is not limited to wood chips, fungus chaff, straw, straw, etc.
  • the earthworms are selected from Taihu red earthworms or william ringworms, and the improved new earthworm species has significant flood resistance and is more resistant to dirt.
  • the introduction of earthworms, the introduction of microorganisms in the soil and microorganisms in the biological layer 123 facilitates the ecological filter 120 to make full use of the synergistic effect of the earthworms and microorganisms, and the functions of the earthworms to increase air permeability, water permeability, and ingest organic matter, which can be better and better. Effective sewage treatment.
  • Earthworms can not only degrade organic matter in the ecological filter 120, but also promote the conversion and mineralization of C, N, and P through its gizzard grinding and intestinal biochemical action, as well as the synergistic effect with microorganisms, but its main function In order to mechanically loosen and dissolve in the active soil layer, it can physically sweep the filter bed and prevent soil compaction and blockage.
  • the activity of earthworms in the filter can also effectively increase the number of microorganisms and microbial activity, and promote the anaerobic decomposition and transformation of organic matter.
  • the second layer is laid with an adjustment layer 122
  • the adjustment layer 122 is composed of natural zeolite, limestone and activated carbon, and the mixing ratio is 1:1:1; the thickness of the adjustment layer 122 is 20-30 cm.
  • Natural zeolite, limestone and activated carbon all have more pore structure and corresponding adsorption capacity, especially activated carbon has a very strong adsorption capacity; and the molecular structure of natural zeolite makes it have the ability to adsorb heavy metals, ammonia nitrogen and organic matter in ore materials. Greater advantage: Limestone can effectively regulate the acidity and alkalinity of the water body, which is beneficial to the growth of upper plants and the activity of microorganisms in the third layer of biological layer 123.
  • the amount of activated carbon and limestone decreases correspondingly, and the adsorption capacity of pollutants decreases; the increase of activated carbon amount, the amount of natural zeolite and limestone decreases correspondingly, although the adsorption capacity is increased, the supporting capacity of the soil layer 121 and the pH of the water body are increased.
  • the adjustment capacity decreases; the increase in the amount of limestone, the corresponding decrease in the amount of natural zeolite and activated carbon, improves the pH adjustment ability of the water body, but the adsorption capacity decreases.
  • the particle size of natural zeolite, limestone and activated carbon in the adjustment layer 122 is 0.2-2.0 cm.
  • the ecological filter 120 is a measure to effectively reduce or remove pollutants in the leachate through the three synergistic effects of physics, chemistry and biology. A moderate amount of dissolved oxygen is conducive to the progress of physical, chemical, and biological reactions.
  • the selection of the particle size of the filler in the adjustment layer 122 takes into account the coordination of gas circulation and the adsorption of pollutants. Within this range, it will not cause poor gas circulation due to dense packing of the filler, and at the same time has a better adsorption capacity.
  • the third layer is laid with a biological layer 123, and the filler is activated carbon loaded with bacteria, that is, biological activated carbon.
  • the thickness of the biological layer 123 is 20-40 cm.
  • the above-mentioned loaded bacteria include nitrifying bacteria (nitrite bacteria and nitrate bacteria) and phosphorous accumulating bacteria, which can be combined with carrier methods (such as Chen Zhaohui, Zhang Han, etc..
  • Biochar and its immobilized microorganisms have a deodorizing and synergistic effect on garbage compost (English) [J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2013, 13(32): 9592-9597+9618. Documented method) immobilized on biochar to improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency through the combined use of biochar adsorption and microbial metabolism.
  • Phosphorus accumulating bacteria can synthesize polyphosphate under aerobic conditions and accumulate in bacterial cells, and release phosphorus under anaerobic conditions. Its aerobic accumulation of phosphorus is greater than that of anaerobic release, so the addition of phosphorus accumulating bacteria can Effectively control the phosphorus content in the leachate.
  • Nitrifying bacteria can oxidize ammonia into the form of nitrite and nitrate, while denitrifying bacteria can use organic matter and nitrate for denitrification and denitrification, and the combination of the two can achieve nitrogen removal.
  • the particle size of the biological activated carbon is 0.10 to 0.80 cm, which is conducive to the realization of the coexistence of an aerobic environment and an anoxic environment and the realization of the function of microorganisms.
  • the fourth layer is laid with an ecological layer 124, and the filler in the ecological layer 124 is one or more of waste materials such as fine sand, gravel, steel slag, cinder, construction waste, and waste gypsum.
  • the thickness of the ecological layer 124 is 20-40 cm; the particle size of the filler is 0.1-5.0 cm.
  • the above-mentioned waste materials that are idle and difficult to handle in life are used in ecological construction, which improves the utilization value of the materials and reduces the construction cost of the ecological slope protection 100.
  • the filler in the ecological layer 124 contains materials with adsorption properties such as fine sand, gravel, cinder, construction waste, and waste gypsum
  • the ecological layer 124 has the function of adsorbing heavy metals and organics in addition to the filtering function.
  • a supporting layer 125 is laid under the filler layer to support the upper layer of the filler.
  • the filler is pebbles, and the particle size of the pebbles is 5.0-10.0 cm.
  • the thickness of the supporting layer 125 is 10-15 cm.
  • Cobblestone is weathered rock, which has a porous structure and the performance of adsorbing pollutants, so it can carry out the adsorption and fixation of heavy metals and organics; at the same time, its relatively high particle size facilitates the drainage of the water body after the above four-layer filler treatment from the bottom of the ecological slope 100
  • the tube 150 is discharged.
  • the basin water is introduced into the ecological slope protection 100 through a water distribution pipe 130 by a water pump, and the water distribution pipe 130 is installed on the surface layer of the ecological slope protection 100 (the surface layer represents the outside of the soil layer 121) and In the soil layer 121, the water distribution pipe 130 is a PVC pipe, and the pipe diameter is distributed with water outlet holes of 0.1-0.5 cm, so that water can penetrate into the new ecological slope protection 100.
  • the outer periphery of the water distribution pipe 130 is covered with bluestones with geotextile, and the outer layer of the geotextile is soil. The arrangement of the geotextile filter and bluestone support prevents the possibility of blocking the water outlet holes by the moist soil.
  • an aeration pipe 140 is arranged beside the water distribution pipe 130 installed in the soil layer 121, and an aeration pipe 140 is externally connected with a fan for aeration. There is an aeration pipe 140 beside the water distribution pipe 130.
  • the aeration pipe 140 effectively solves the oxygenation problem of the basin water under the ecological slope protection 100, which is beneficial to the survival of plants, earthworms and aerobic microorganisms and organic pollutants in the basin water (mainly BOD)
  • BOD ecological slope protection
  • aeration pipe 140 and the water distribution pipe 130 are respectively wrapped in bluestone-geotextile.
  • the aeration pipe 140 may also be a PVC pipe, with vent holes of 0.05-0.2 cm distributed on the pipe diameter.
  • a sheet namely, a waterproof sheet
  • a waterproof sheet with good sealing performance, water-proof and impermeable properties is used to isolate the ecological slope protection 100 from the external river basin water.
  • the ecological slope protection 100 adopts a modular structure, that is, the waterproof sheet is made into the body of the ecological filter 120, so that the body can be assembled and placed at the water treatment site. Fillers are added in order, and one pond body corresponds to an ecological filter 120.
  • Each ecological slope protection 100 may include one or more ecological filters 120, and preferably, each ecological slope protection 100 includes at least two ecological filters 120.
  • the uppermost ecological filter 120 is designed in a stepped shape, so that a heavy object can be placed on the ladder to press and fix the soft row 110.
  • the water outlet pipe in the ecological filter tank 120 of the upper layer is connected with the water distribution pipe 130 of the ecological filter tank 120 in the lower layer.
  • the subsequent watershed water flows into the soil layer 121; the aeration pipe 140 in the ecological filter 120 of the upper layer is connected with the aeration pipe 140 of the ecological filter 120 of the lower layer, so that the gas passes through the ecological filter 120 of the upper layer.
  • the aperture of the aeration pipe 140 in the next layer of ecological filter 120 is larger than that of the aeration pipe 140 in the upper layer of ecological filter 120, which is beneficial to Gas transmission.
  • the new ecological slope protection 100 adopts a modular structure.
  • the drainage pipe 150 at the bottom end of the ecological filter 120 can be spliced with the water distribution pipe 130 of the ecological filter (120) on the upper layer to realize the series connection of multi-level units. All components such as biological
  • the state filter tank body, water distribution pipe 130, aeration pipe 140, drainage pipe 150, etc. can all be prefabricated, and then spliced and assembled on site, buried under the slope, and easy to install, which greatly improves the construction speed and realizes water treatment in the basin.
  • Facilities and equipment are conducive to industrial production and also facilitate subsequent maintenance and replacement of fillers.
  • a metal wire cage is sleeved on the periphery of each ecological filter 120 to increase the force point for the ecological filter 120.
  • the ecological filter 120 is Operations such as replacement.
  • the water on the shore will be processed by the ecological filter 120 with more layers than the water in the center of the basin.
  • the water at the shore passes through three layers.
  • the ecological filter 120 is processed, and the water in the center of the river is processed through the two-layer ecological filter 120.
  • the height of the ecological slope protection 100 is gradually reduced from the shore to the water body. In this way, the water from the center of the basin and the shore water can be separately input into the ecological filter 120 of different heights for processing.
  • the basin water comprehensively reaches the standard of higher water quality.
  • the restoration method includes: taking out the uppermost ecological filter 120 in the ecological slope protection 100, upgrading the second ecological filter 120 to the uppermost ecological filter 120, and refilling the new ecological filter 120 Fill up to the original second-layer ecological filter 120 position. Since the ecological filter 120 below the second layer has better treated water quality than the upper layer, it can be directly replaced with a new ecological filter 120 after longer water treatment.
  • the ecological slope protection 100 is an upright slope protection, and the direction in which the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the water body is approximately perpendicular to the shoreline, that is, the angle ⁇ with the shoreline is 85° ⁇ 95°;
  • the ecological slope protection 100 is an upward-lifting slope protection, and in the direction of water flow, the angle ⁇ between the direction of the ecological slope protection 100 extending into the water body and the shoreline is 95° ⁇ 175°; or, the ecological slope protection 100 is a downward-lifting slope protection , In the direction of water flow, the angle ⁇ between the direction in which the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the water body and the shoreline is 5° ⁇ 85°.
  • the angle between the ecological slope 100 and the shoreline can be within any range; in open areas or areas with rapid currents, the extension direction is designed according to the specific environment to achieve energy dissipation and wave dissipation Function.
  • the upward-hanging slope protection and the downward-hanging slope protection are arranged in sequence, and the two ecological slope protections 100 are opposite to form a convergence port.
  • the existence of the convergence port makes the water waves or currents carry suspended load such as sediment and phytoplankton, such as green algae, impact the ecological slope 100, and the sediment and phytoplankton enter through the convergence port and stay in the two ecological slope 100 enclosures. Into the area.
  • the semi-openness of the convergent port allows the continuous influx of sediment and phytoplankton, depositing or staying on the edge of the shoreline, making it difficult to leave all, reducing the shielding of phytoplankton in the external water body to the water surface, and the suspension of sediment Sedimentation and siltation are conducive to the growth of non-phytoplankton aquatic plants in the shore zone, induce and drive the recovery of non-phytoplankton aquatic plants, inhibit the growth of phytoplankton, and strengthen the purification process of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the vegetation-type shore zone.
  • an adjustment pond is built on the bank close to the ecological slope protection 100, and the adjustment pond is introduced into the basin water and treated, and the supernatant is transferred to the ecological slope protection 100.
  • the regulating tank includes a fermentation tank 210, a sedimentation tank 220, and an extraction tank 230.
  • the fermentation tank 210 introduces water in the basin, and fermentes the blue algae salvaged from the basin.
  • the fermentation liquid is used as organic fertilizer for the fertilizer maintenance of the eucalyptus on the shore;
  • a grille or a filter screen is set at the water inlet of the pool 220 to introduce water from the basin to remove floating matters, suspended matter and aquatic organisms, and transfer the supernatant after sedimentation to the upper ecological filter 120;
  • the extraction tank 230 Introduce the basin water, and put the collected eucalyptus leaves into the extraction tank 230 to prepare the eucalyptus leaf extract, and pass the obtained eucalyptus leaf extract directly into the basin water.
  • the regulating tank is a multifunctional regulating tank, and only any one of the functional units can be implemented, for example, only the sedimentation tank 220 is activated to perform the precipitation treatment of the basin water.
  • the construction of the regulating pond plays a regulatory role in the fertilization of cyanobacteria, the reprocessing of river basin water, and the release of allelochemicals, and is an effective auxiliary means for the control of cyanobacteria in the basin water.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide the above-mentioned system for controlling the growth of cyanobacteria in waters.
  • the system includes the construction of an ecological slope protection 100 at the water-land crisscross zone on the water bank of the river basin, and an adjustment pond built on the shore close to the ecological slope protection 100;
  • the slope body of the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the basin water, and its surface layer is laid with a soft row 110, and the lower part of the soft row 110 is an ecological filter 120.
  • the ecological filter 120 isolates the basin water through the pond body.
  • the ecological filter 120 is filled with a filler layer and
  • the supporting layer 125 introduces the basin water into the ecological filter 120, and the introduced basin water is treated with pollutants through the filler layer to reduce the eutrophication degree of the basin water.
  • the supporting layer 125 supports the filler layer and passes through the supporting layer. 125 Make the treated river basin water discharge the ecological slope protection 100;
  • the regulating tank introduces the basin water, and after treatment, transmits the supernatant to the ecological slope protection 100.
  • the filling layer of the ecological filter 120 is laid with four functional layers from top to bottom,
  • the first layer is a soil layer 121, which is used to support the growth of aquatic plants, perform heavy metal adsorption, organic matter degradation, and nitrogen and phosphorus removal; preferably, the thickness of the soil layer 121 is 35-50 cm;
  • the second layer is the adjustment layer 122, which is used to support the soil layer 121 and perform adsorption and fixation of heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter; preferably, the adjustment layer 122 is composed of natural zeolite, limestone and activated carbon, and the mixing ratio is 1:1:1 ,
  • the particle size of the filler is 0.2 ⁇ 2.0cm; the thickness of the adjustment layer 122 is 20 ⁇ 30cm;
  • the third layer is the biological layer 123, which is used for the adsorption and fixation of heavy metals, the degradation of organic matter, and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus; the filler is activated carbon loaded with bacteria (ie, biological activated carbon).
  • the particle size of the filler in the biological layer 123 is 0.10 to 0.80 cm, and the thickness of the biological layer 123 is 20 to 40 cm.
  • the fourth layer is the ecological layer 124, which is used to filter water, intercept the soil and avoid soil loss;
  • the filler in the ecological layer 124 is one or more of waste materials such as fine sand, gravel, steel slag, cinder, construction waste, and waste gypsum.
  • the particle size of the filler in the ecological layer 124 is 0.1-5.0 cm, and the thickness of the ecological layer 124 is 20-40 cm.
  • carbon is added to the soil layer 121, and earthworms are added to the soil layer 121, so that the soil layer 121 is converted into an earthworm bed.
  • the stocking density of earthworms is 8g-12g (earthworms)/(L filler).
  • the basin water is introduced into the ecological slope protection 100 via a water pump through a water distribution pipe 130.
  • the water distribution pipes 130 are respectively installed in the surface layer of the ecological slope protection 100 and the soil layer 121.
  • the water distribution pipes 130 are PVC pipes distributed in the pipe diameter. There are 0.1 ⁇ 0.5cm water outlet holes.
  • An aeration pipe 140 is arranged next to the water distribution pipe 130 installed in the soil layer 121, and an external fan is used for aeration.
  • the aeration pipe 140 may also be a PVC pipe, with vent holes of 0.05-0.2 cm distributed on the pipe diameter.
  • the aeration pipe 140 and the water distribution pipe 130 are respectively wrapped in bluestone-geotextile, and the outer layer of the geotextile is soil.
  • the ecological slope protection 100 adopts a modular structure, and one pond body corresponds to an ecological filter tank 120.
  • Each ecological slope protection 100 may include one or more ecological filters 120.
  • each ecological slope protection 100 is at least Includes two ecological filters 120.
  • the ecological filters 120 are layered and stacked in rows, and the ecological filters 120 on each column are aligned, and set pores remain between adjacent ecological filters 120 on each layer.
  • the water outlet pipe in the ecological filter tank 120 of the upper layer is connected with the water distribution pipe 130 of the ecological filter tank 120 in the lower layer, and the basin water after the treatment of the upper layer is passed into In the soil layer 121; the aeration pipe 140 in the ecological filter 120 of the upper layer is connected with the aeration pipe 140 of the ecological filter 120 of the lower layer, so that the gas passes through the ecological filter 120 of the upper layer and then enters the ecological filter of the next layer.
  • the filter 120 is in the soil layer 121; preferably, the aperture of the aeration tube 140 located in the ecological filter 120 of the next layer is larger than the aperture of the aeration tube 140 in the ecological filter 120 of the upper layer, which facilitates gas transmission.
  • a wire cage is sheathed on the periphery of the tank body of each ecological filter tank 120.
  • the height of the ecological slope protection 100 is gradually reduced from the shore to the water body. In this way, it is convenient for the water from the center of the basin and the shore water to be input into the ecological filter 120 of different heights for processing.
  • the upward-hanging slope protection and the downward-hanging slope protection are arranged in sequence, and the two ecological slope protections 100 are opposite to form a convergence port.
  • the regulating tank includes a fermentation tank 210, a sedimentation tank 220, and an extraction tank 230.
  • the fermentation tank 210 is introduced into the basin water, and the cyanobacteria salvaged from the basin are fermented, and the fermentation broth is used as organic fertilizer.
  • Fertilizer maintenance of eucalyptus trees on the shore a grid or filter is installed at the inlet of the sedimentation tank 220 to introduce water from the basin to remove floating matters, suspended matter and aquatic organisms, and transfer the supernatant after sedimentation to the upper ecology
  • the extraction tank 230 introduces the basin water, and the collected eucalyptus leaves are put into the extraction tank 230 to prepare the eucalyptus leaf extract, and the obtained eucalyptus leaf extract is directly passed into the basin water.
  • the river flow is 3000m 3 /d, and the hydraulic load is 0.5m 3 /(m 2 ⁇ d).
  • a total of 10 new ecological slope protections need to be altered on both sides of the river, and each new ecological slope protection treats 6m 3 of river basin water every day.
  • eucalyptus belts were planted on both sides of the river.
  • each new ecological slope protection 100 consists of two first-level ecological filters (the uppermost ecological filter), two second-level ecological filters (middle-level ecological filters), and one third-level ecological filter.
  • Bottom-level ecological filter arranged in two columns and three rows, among which the first-level ecological filter is irregularly stepped, the floor size is 2m*1.5m, the total height is 1.5m, the step height is 1m, and the step depth is 0.75m.
  • the outer shell of the grade/tertiary ecological filter is a 2m*1.5m*1.5m uncovered container.
  • the river bank water flows through the first row of ecological filters, and the river center water flows through the second row of ecological filters.
  • the ecological filter 120 is installed on-site with glass fiber reinforced plastic with better sealing performance, water-proof and water-proof.
  • a metal wire cage is sheathed around the body of each ecological filter.
  • the intermittent water intake method is used for 6 hours of water intake every day.
  • two drainage pipes converge into a large outlet pipe and then drain back into the river.
  • Corresponding aeration pipes are arranged beside the water distribution pipes.
  • the surface layer of the ecological slope protection 100 is laid with a non-woven spliced soft row 110, the diameter of the soft row is 0.05-1cm, and the ecological filter is below the soft row.
  • Each ecological filter contains an earthworm bed with a thickness of 35 ⁇ 45cm, a 20 ⁇ 30cm adjustment layer 122 (composed of natural zeolite, limestone and activated carbon, the mixing ratio is 1:1:1, the particle size is 0.2 ⁇ 2.0cm), 20 -40cm biological layer 123 (biological activated carbon loaded with nitrous bacteria, nitrate bacteria and phosphorus-accumulating bacteria, particle size 0.10 ⁇ 0.80cm), 20-40cm ecological layer 124 (fine sand, gravel, cinder, particle size is 0.1 ⁇ 5.0cm), and a supporting layer 125 (with a particle size of 5.0 ⁇ 10.0cm) composed of pebbles of 10 ⁇ 15cm. Taihu red earthworms are placed in the earthworm bed, the earthworm density is 10g (earthworm)/(
  • a drainage pipe 150 is arranged at the bottom of each filter tank, and the drainage pipe 150 is seamlessly connected with the water distribution pipe 130.
  • An aeration pipe 130 is arranged next to the water distribution pipe 130, which can fully supplement the oxygen required for the decomposition of organic matter during the process of water drop in the watershed.
  • the water distribution pipes 130 are installed in the surface layer of the ecological slope protection 100 and the soil layer 121 respectively.
  • the water distribution pipes 130 are PVC pipes, with 0.1-0.5cm water outlet holes distributed on the pipe diameter, and bluestones are wrapped with geotextiles to allow water infiltration and irrigation. 100 new ecological slope protection.
  • the regulating tank includes a fermentation tank 210, a sedimentation tank 220, and an extraction tank 230.
  • the fermentation tank 210 introduces water in the basin, and fermentes the blue algae salvaged from the basin.
  • the fermentation liquid is used as organic fertilizer for the fertilizer maintenance of the eucalyptus on the shore;
  • a grille or a filter screen is set at the water inlet of the pool 220 to introduce water from the basin to remove floating matters, suspended matter and aquatic organisms, and transfer the supernatant after sedimentation to the upper ecological filter 120;
  • the extraction tank 230 Introduce the basin water, and put the collected eucalyptus leaves into the extraction tank 230 to prepare the eucalyptus leaf extract, and pass the obtained eucalyptus leaf extract directly into the basin water.
  • Eucalyptus extract preparation 1) Cut the eucalyptus leaves into small pieces; 2) Dry the eucalyptus leaves in an oven at 40°C to a constant weight; 3) Crush the dried eucalyptus leaves with a pulverizer until the powder diameter is less than 200 mesh; 4 ) Put the powder into water at a ratio of 1g/40mL for extraction; 4) Ultrasound every 24 hours for 30 minutes for a total of 7 days; 5) Filter with gauze to obtain the eucalyptus leaf extract.
  • Eucalyptus extract's anti-algae ability test add 100mL BG-11 medium and 1mL logarithmic growth phase cyanobacteria to a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask, and add 0.4mL, 25g to the cyanobacteria after two days of acclimatization in the new culture solution To make the concentration of the extract in the algae solution reach 100mg (dry weight of leaves)/(L), determine the density of cyanobacteria and the inhibition rate of cyanobacteria on days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the experiment. The results are shown in Figure 5. Shown.
  • the eucalyptus leaf extract has a strong inhibitory effect on cyanobacteria, and the inhibition rate is related to the dosage of the eucalyptus leaf extract.
  • the dosage is 100mg/L, and the algae inhibition rate can reach 40% on the 5th day of the experiment.
  • the dosage is 200mg/L, and when the experiment reaches the 4th day, the algae inhibition rate can reach over 95%.
  • Eucalyptus saplings (Guangyu No. 29) were purchased from Guangxi province, and the saplings were about 30 cm long. Prepare two identical experimental devices containing 4L of BG11 culture medium and add cyanobacteria, cyanobacteria and eucalyptus respectively. From the beginning of the experiment, the density of cyanobacteria, soluble organic phosphorus SPR (ultraviolet spectrophotometry), and nitrate nitrogen NO 3 - N (ultraviolet spectrophotometry) were monitored for 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days of culture. The experimental results are shown in Figure 7.
  • eucalyptus seedlings can secrete allelochemicals that inhibit the growth of cyanobacteria and can quickly absorb nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in water.
  • the density of cyanobacteria in the cyanobacteria + eucalyptus seedling samples decreased rapidly until it was below the detection limit.
  • eucalyptus seedlings can secrete allelochemicals that inhibit the growth of cyanobacteria during the growth process, leading to a large number of cyanobacteria death.
  • the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the cyanobacteria+eucalyptus seedling sample water showed a downward trend with the progress of the experiment. A total of 1.26mg phosphorus and 12.24mg nitrogen were reduced within 12 days. It shows that the eucalyptus also inhales nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the body for growth and purifies the water.

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Abstract

一种控制水域蓝藻生长的方法，其通过在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处构筑生态护坡（100），并在流域水中和/或流域水沿岸上种植桉树，构建了以微生物、植物、动物、填料等为主要元素的生态型水域水处理系统。

Description

一种利用桉树控制水域蓝藻生长的方法 技术领域
本发明涉及地表自然的生态恢复和防护领域，尤其涉及用于控制水域蓝藻生长的方法。
背景技术
由富营养化导致的藻类暴发，尤其是蓝藻暴发，已成为一个世界性的问题。蓝藻暴发不仅使水产养殖业蒙受经济损失，同时还导致系统失衡，破坏水域生态景观，危害人体健康。因此，寻求相关的解决方案一直都是科学前沿问题。
我们经过研究发现，蓝藻爆发是湖泊对过度营养盐的自我维护应急反应，蓝藻爆发时，营养盐被吸附在蓝藻体内。但爆发期过去后，衰亡蓝藻体内的营养盐又重新回到湖里。因此在控制蓝藻暴发的问题上，仅仅只是抑制杀灭蓝藻，往往总是治标不治本，加快湖泊营养盐的生物地球化学循环才是长治久安的正确选择。
传统的应急除藻技术大体可分为物理技术、化学技术和生物技术三类，其中较常用的包括投加化学除藻剂、超声、絮凝、打捞等。这些方法不仅存在成本高、操作难度系数大、产生二次污染等一系列问题，而且只能暂时的扼制蓝藻爆发，不能从根本上解决水体富营养化问题。所以，寻求生态友好、成本低廉、抽薪止沸的蓝藻水华控制方法仍然是水环境保护研究中亟待解决的关键问题。
发明内容
为了克服上述缺陷，本发明人进行了锐意研究，提供了一种控制水域蓝藻生长的方法，其通过在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处构筑新型生态护坡，并在流域水中和/或流域水沿岸上种植桉树，构建了以微生物、植物、动物、填料等为主要元素的生态型水域水处理系统，有效实现了流域水的高效脱氮除磷，控制了蓝藻蔓延，改善了水环境质量，从而完成本发明。
本发明的目的在于提供以下技术方案：
(1)一种控制水域蓝藻生长的方法，该方法包括：在流域水中和/或流域水沿岸上种植树木；
优选所述树木为桉树，通过其根系吸收或固定去除污染物，并抑制蓝藻生长。
在一种优选的实施方式中，所述方法还包括收集桉树叶，将桉树叶或桉树叶浸提液投入流域水中；其中，桉树叶浸提液为经过水浸提后的产物。
在一种优选的实施方式中，所述方法还包括在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处构筑生态护坡 100，生态护坡100的坡体伸入流域水中，其表层铺设软体排110，软体排110下部为生态滤池120，生态滤池120通过密封的池体隔绝流域水，生态滤池120中填装有填料层和承托层125，将流域水引入生态滤池120中，通过填料层对引入的流域水进行污染物处理，降低流域水富营养化程度，通过承托层125支撑填料层，经承托层125使处理后的流域水排出生态护坡100。
根据本发明提供的一种利用桉树控制水域蓝藻生长的方法，具有以下有益效果：
(1)本发明中生态护坡表层覆盖由多层复合材料组成的软体排，内部为生物滤池，通过不同粒径的填料级配而成，构建了以微生物、植物、动物、填料等为主要元素的生态型水处理系统；
(2)本发明根据蚯蚓具有吞食有机物、提高土壤通气透水性能、以及蚯蚓与微生物的协同作用等生态学功能而设计的一种污水生态处理系统，针对面源污染展现有良好的处理效果；
(3)本发明中生态护坡可以在原有护坡的基础上进行改造，大大减少了土地资源的占用；
(4)本发明生态护坡是模块化、规模化、系列化的装置体系，易于工业化生产，建设成本和运行成本低，易于维护；且便于针对流域中心及岸边水质的差异，通过不同的取水点，经过不同层数生态滤池进行分别处理，使污水综合达到高出水水质的标准；
(5)本发明中曝气管的设置，有效解决了生态护坡下流域水的充氧问题，有利于流域水中需氧生物的存活、有机污染物的去除和脱氮除磷；
(6)本发明中特定选择桉树为流域水中和/或流域水沿岸上的绿化树种，其不仅能通过根系作用净化水质，而且生长过程中产生的化感物质可有效抑制藻类的生长，不产生二次污染；
(7)本发明中调节池的建造，对蓝藻肥料化、流域水再处理、以及化感物质释放起到调控作用，为流域水蓝藻控制的有效的辅助手段。
附图说明
图1示出本发明一种实施方式中生态护坡剖面结构示意图；
图2示出本发明一种实施方式中流域水-生态护坡-桉树排布示意图；
图3示出本发明一种实施方式中模块型生态滤池结构示意图；
图4示出本发明一种实施方式中模块化生态护坡结构示意图；
图5示出实验例1中投加浸提液，使藻溶液中浸提液的浓度达100mg(树叶干重)/(L藻溶液)时蓝藻密度和蓝藻抑制率结果图；
图6示出实验例1中投加浸提液，使藻溶液中浸提液的浓度达200mg(树叶干重)/(L藻溶液)时蓝藻密度和蓝藻抑制率结果图；
图7示出实验例2中蓝藻和桉树苗共培养时蓝藻密度、可溶性有机磷SPR、硝酸盐氮NO 3 -N变化结果示意图。
附图标号说明：
100-生态护坡；
110-软体排；
120-生态滤池；
121-土壤层；
122-调节层；
123-生物层；
124-生态层；
125-承托层；
130-布水管；
140-曝气管；
150-排水管；
210-发酵池；
220-沉淀池；
230-提取池。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施方式对本发明进行详细说明，本发明的特点和优点将随着这些说明而变得更为清楚、明确。
在这里专用的词“示例性”意为“用作例子、实施例或说明性”。这里作为“示例性”所说明的任何实施例不必解释为优于或好于其它实施例。尽管在附图中示出了实施例的各种方面，但是除非特别指出，不必按比例绘制附图。
如图1和图2所示，本发明的目的是提供一种控制水域蓝藻生长的方法，该方法包括：
在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处构筑生态护坡100，生态护坡100的坡体伸入流域水中，其表层铺设软体排110，软体排110下部为生态滤池120，生态滤池120通过密封的池体隔绝流域水，生态滤池120中填装有填料层和承托层125，将流域水引入生态滤池120中，通过填料层对引入的流域水进行污染物处理，降低流域水富营养化程度，通过承托层125支撑填料层，并经承托层125使处理后的流域水排出生态护坡100；
在流域水中和/或流域水沿岸上种植树木，通过根系吸收或固定去除污染物，并抑制蓝藻生长。
本发明经过研究发现，植物控藻是一种生态安全性好、有良好的应用前景的方法。植物个体大，生活期长，氮、磷等营养盐在植物体内储存比藻类更加稳定。流域水中植物的数量和种类 越多，自净能力越强。然而，在我国水体富营养化极其严重的流域水中，除藻类外已经几乎没有其他植物生存。因而，有必要通过人为的手段实施重建。
在本发明一种优选的实施方式中，在流域水中和/或流域水沿岸上种植树木，优选该树木为桉树。
虽然其他水生植物和树种同样具有脱氮除磷的效果，然而，经过大量实验研究，本发明人发现桉树为优选树种，其具有以下特点：
(i)桉树生长过程中会产生具有排他性的次级代谢物质，即化感物质，其化感物质种类丰富(从桉树体内分离得到的水溶性化感物质如阿魏酸、香豆酸、咖啡酸、巨桉酚、没食子酸、季豆酸、绿原酸等酚酸类化合物，挥发性化感物质如蒎烯、均烯、非兰烯和桉树脑等)，多种化感物质协同作用，抑藻专一性好，相较于大麦秸秆、狐尾草、苦草等存在化感物质的植物效果强，可有效抑制藻类的生长，且不产生二次污染；
(ii)桉树生长速度快，对营养盐(氮磷)的需求量远大于一般的植物，从根本上加快流域水营养盐的生物地球化学循环，控制了蓝藻暴发条件；
(iii)桉树长势快，生命周期在树木中相对较短，有利于将营养盐移出水体，木质好，常被用于造纸，社会需求量大，整体经济效益高。
综合上述三个特点，将桉树种在存在水华暴发的富营养化水体岸边上或者水体中，在水体中时保证一部分在水面以上(能接触到空气)，一部分在水面以下。
在一种优选的实施方式中，收集桉树叶，将桉树叶或桉树叶浸提液投入流域水中。其中，桉树叶浸提液为经过水浸提后的产物，浸提方式包括超声浸提、发酵浸提。
在本发明中，对桉树的品种不做限定，如可以为巨桉、刚果12号桉、巨尾桉等品种。
在本发明中，多座生态护坡100在流域水沿岸排布，形成相隔设定间距的多座生态护坡群。生态护坡100表层铺设的软体排110通过多层高分子聚合物纤维织成，所述软体排110具有较大的稳定孔径，优选为0.05～1cm，更优选为0.1～0.5cm。该孔径能够截留水中的泥沙，并使之在纤维间的空隙连接成块，从而提供植物扎根的有利条件，所种植物不仅起到景观美化的作用，也为鱼虾和软体生物创造了适宜的生长环境，形成植物-动物-微生物互为食物链的生物圈，重建了原生态，保证了生物多样性。所述植物为水生植物，包括但不限于苦草、虉草、紫花苜蓿、黑麦草、鸭茅、香根草等。
进一步地，本发明中软体排110可以利用已有的多层高分子聚合物纤维织成的无纺布、土工布、生态袋等中的一种或几种组成，相较传统硬质护坡，大大节省了石料等资源的消耗。
如图1所示，在本发明中，所述生态滤池120的填料层由上至下铺设有四个功能层，
第一层为土壤层121，用于支撑水生植物的生长，进行重金属吸附、有机物的降解以及氮磷去除；
第二层为调节层122，用于支撑土壤层121，并进行重金属、氮磷和有机物的吸附固定；
第三层为生物层123，用于重金属吸附固定、有机物的降解以及氮磷去除。
第四层为生态层124，用于过滤水体，拦截土壤，避免土壤流失，堵塞出水管路。
在本发明中，第一层铺设土壤层121，土壤层121的厚度为35-50cm，便于水生植物的扎根生长。
在一种优选的实施方式中，土壤层121中添加有碳素，向土壤层121中投放蚯蚓，使土壤层121转化为蚯蚓床。蚯蚓的投放密度为8g～12g(蚯蚓)/(L填料)。其中，碳素包括但不限于木屑、菌糠、秸秆、稻草等。
在一种优选的实施方式中，蚯蚓选自太湖红蚯蚓或威廉环毛蚓，该改良过的新型蚯蚓品种具有显著的耐淹性，且更耐脏。
本发明中蚯蚓的引入、土壤中微生物以及生物层123中微生物的引入，便于该生态滤池120充分利用蚯蚓与微生物的协同作用，以及蚯蚓的增加通气透水、吞食有机物等功能，能够更好更有效地进行污水处理。蚯蚓不仅能在生态滤池120内降解有机物，还可通过其砂囊研磨与肠道的生物化学作用，以及与微生物的协同作用，促进C、N、P的转化与矿化，但其主要功能为在土壤活动层内的机械疏松、消解，对滤床起到物理清扫额作用，防止土壤板结、堵塞。蚯蚓在滤池内的活动还能有效提高微生物数量及微生物活性，促进有机物质的厌氧分解转化。
在本发明中，第二层铺设调节层122，调节层122由天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭组成，混合比例为1:1:1；调节层122的厚度为20～30cm。
天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭均具有较多的孔隙结构及相应的吸附能力，尤其是活性炭吸附能力极强；而天然沸石的分子结构框架使其在矿石材料中对重金属、氨氮和有机物的吸附能力有更大的优势；石灰石对水体的酸碱性起到有效的调节作用，利于上层植物生长以及第三层生物层123中微生物的活性。天然沸石增加，活性炭和石灰石量相应减小，对污染物的吸附能力降低；活性炭量增加，天然沸石和石灰石量相应减小，虽然提高了吸附能力，但对土壤层121的支撑能力以及水体酸碱度调节能力下降；石灰石量增加，天然沸石和活性炭量相应减小，提高了水体酸碱度调节能力，但吸附能力下降。
调节层122中天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭的粒径为0.2～2.0cm。生态滤池120是物理、化学、生物三种协同作用有效降低或去除渗滤液中的污染物的措施，适度的溶氧量利于物理、化学、生物反应的进行。调节层122中填料粒径选择考虑到气体流通和污染物吸附的协调，在此范围内，不会由于填料堆积过密导致气体流通差，同时具有较好的吸附能力。
在本发明中，第三层铺设生物层123，填料为负载有细菌的活性炭，即生物活性炭。生物层123的厚度为20-40cm。
上述负载的细菌包括硝化细菌(亚硝酸细菌和硝酸细菌)和聚磷菌，其可以通过载体结合法 (如陈朝晖,张涵等.生物炭及其固定化微生物对垃圾堆肥的除臭增效作用(英文)[J].科学技术与工程,2013,13(32):9592-9597+9618.记载方法)固定在生物炭上，通过生物炭吸附和微生物代谢联用提高氮磷去除效率。
聚磷菌在需氧条件下，能够合成聚磷酸盐蓄积在细菌细胞内，在厌氧条件下释放出磷，其好氧聚磷量大于厌氧释磷量，故通过聚磷菌的加入可有效控制渗滤液中磷含量。硝化细菌能够将氨氮氧化成亚硝酸根和硝酸根形式，反硝化细菌则能够利用有机物和硝酸盐进行反硝化脱氮，两者结合实现氮的去除。
生物活性炭的粒径为0.10～0.80cm，该粒径有利于实现有氧环境和缺氧环境的共存，利于微生物的功能的实现。
在本发明中，第四层铺设生态层124，生态层124中填料为细砂、碎石、钢渣、煤渣、建筑废料、废弃石膏等废弃材料中的一种或多种。生态层124的厚度为20-40cm；填料的粒径为0.1～5.0cm。
将上述在生活中闲置且难以处理的废弃材料用于生态建设中，提高了材料的利用价值，且降低了生态护坡100的建设成本。当生态层124中填料包含细砂、碎石、煤渣、建筑废料、废弃石膏等具有吸附性能的物质时，生态层124除具备过滤功能外，还具有对重金属和有机物吸附的功能。
在本发明中，填料层下铺设有承托层125，用于支撑其上层的填料，填料为鹅卵石，鹅卵石的粒径为5.0～10.0cm。承托层125的厚度为10～15cm。
鹅卵石为风化岩石，其具有孔洞结构和吸附污染物的性能，因而能够实施重金属和有机物的吸附固定；同时其较高的粒径便于经过上述四层填料处理后的水体由生态护坡100底部的排水管150排出。
如图3和图4所示，在本发明中，流域水通过水泵经布水管130引入生态护坡100中，该布水管130分别安装在生态护坡100的表层(该表层表示土壤层121外部)和土壤层121中，布水管130为PVC管，管径上分布有0.1～0.5cm的出水孔，使水渗灌进入新型生态护坡100。布水管130外围用土工布包裹有青石子，土工布外层是土壤，该土工布过滤-青石子支撑的设置，避免了湿润的土壤堵塞出水孔的可能。
在一种优选的实施方式中，安装在土壤层121中的布水管130旁布置有曝气管140，其外接风机进行曝气。布水管130旁设有曝气管140，曝气管140有效解决了生态护坡100下流域水的充氧问题，利于植物-蚯蚓-需氧微生物的生存和流域水中有机污染物质(主要为BOD)的去除、含氮物质的硝化、以及含磷物质的脱磷。
进一步地，曝气管140和布水管130均分别包裹在青石子-土工布中。
曝气管140也可以为PVC管，管径上分布0.05～0.2cm的出气孔。
在本发明中，采用密封性能好、不漏水、不渗水的板材(即防水板材)以隔离生态护坡100和外部流域水。
如图4所示，在本发明一种优选的实施方式中，生态护坡100采用模块化结构，即将防水板材制成生态滤池120的池体，这样可以在水处理现场组装、安放池体，按顺序投加填料，一个池体对应形成一个生态滤池120。每处生态护坡100可以包括一个或多个生态滤池120，优选每处生态护坡100至少包括两个生态滤池120。
由于在有些水体其下部流速高于上部流速，且下部泥沙量多质粗，若生态滤池120紧密堆积构筑生态护坡100，则可能产生下部水体流速严重受抑的情况，影响生态护坡100两侧水流交换，增加生态护坡100受到的冲击强度。因而，多个生态滤池120分层、分列堆积，每列上生态滤池120对齐，每层上相邻的生态滤池120之间留存设定孔隙，如5～10cm。
在一种优选的实施方式中，为了便于软体排110的铺设和固定，最上层生态滤池120设计为阶梯状，这样可以在阶梯部位出放置重物对软体排110进行施压固定。
在一种优选的实施方式中，在相同列的生态滤池120中，上一层生态滤池120中的出水管与下一层生态滤池120的布水管130连接，将经上一层处理后的流域水通入土壤层121中；上一层生态滤池120中的曝气管140与下一层生态滤池120的曝气管140连接，使气体经上一层生态滤池120后通入下一层生态滤池120土壤层121中；优选地，位于下一层生态滤池120中的曝气管140的孔径大于上一层生态滤池120中曝气管140的孔径，利于气体传输。
本发明中，新型生态护坡100采用模块化结构，生态滤池120底端的排水管150可与上一层生态滤池(120)的布水管130实行拼接，实现多级单元串联，所有部件如生物态滤池池体、布水管130、曝气管140，排水管150等都可预制，再在现场拼接组装，埋入坡下，安装简捷，极大的提高了施工速度，实现了流域水处理设施设备化，有利于工业化生产也便于后续的维修和填料更换。
在一种优选的实施方式中，在每个生态滤池120的池体外围套有金属丝笼，增加对生态滤池120的施力点，通过对金属丝笼施力，对生态滤池120进行更换等操作。
在一种优选的实施方式中，由于流域中心的水质一般优于岸边，岸边的水将通过相较流域中心水更多层的生态滤池120进行处理，如岸边的水通过三层生态滤池120进行处理，而河道中心的水通过二层生态滤池120进行处理。
为此，生态护坡100由岸边至水体的方向上，生态护坡100高度逐渐降低，这样，来自流域中心的水和岸边水可以分别输入不同高度的生态滤池120中，进行处理。
针对流域中心及岸边水质的差异，通过不同的取水点，经过不同层数生态滤池120的分别处理，使流域水综合达到高出水水质的标准。
在经过一段时间的水处理后，对生态滤池120进行性能修复。修复方法包括：取出生态护坡100中最上层生态滤池120，以下一层即第二层的生态滤池120提升至最上层生态滤池120位置，将 重新装料后的新的生态滤池120填补到原第二层生态滤池120的位置。二层以下的生态滤池120由于处理的水质相较上层较好，可在经过更长时间的水处理后，直接更换为新的生态滤池120。
在一种优选的实施方式中，生态护坡100为正挑式护坡，生态护坡100延伸入水体的方向近似垂直于岸边线，即与岸边线夹角α为85°≤α≤95°；或者，生态护坡100为上挑式护坡，在水流方向上，生态护坡100延伸入水体的方向与岸边线夹角α为95°＜α＜175°；或者，生态护坡100为下挑式护坡，在水流方向上，生态护坡100延伸入水体的方向与岸边线夹角α为5°＜α＜85°。在湖泊或者水流较缓的流域，生态护坡100与岸边线夹角可以在任意范围内；在开放式是流域或者水流较急的地段，根据特定环境进行延伸方向设计，以达到消能消浪的功能。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在湖泊或者水流较缓的流域，上挑式护坡和下挑式护坡依次排布，两生态护坡100相对处形成汇聚口。汇聚口的存在，使得水浪或水流携带泥沙等悬移质和浮游植物如绿藻等生物体冲击生态护坡100时，泥沙和浮游植物等通过汇聚口进入并停留在两生态护坡100围成的区域中。汇聚口的半开放性使得泥沙和浮游植物等不断涌入，沉积或停留在岸边线边沿，难以全部离开，降低了外部水体中浮游植物对水面的遮蔽，同时泥沙等悬移质的沉积和淤积有利于非浮游水生植物在岸边带的生长，诱导和带动非浮游水生植物恢复，抑制浮游植物生长，强化植被型岸边带的脱氮除磷等净化过程。
在本发明一种优选的实施方式中，在与生态护坡100相近处的岸边建造调节池，该调节池引入流域水经处理后，传输上清液至生态护坡100。
该调节池包括发酵池210、沉淀池220和提取池230，发酵池210引入流域水，并将打捞自流域中的蓝藻进行发酵处理，发酵液作为有机肥用于岸边桉树的肥料养护；沉淀池220进水口处设置格栅或滤网，引入除去漂浮物、悬浮物和水生物的流域水，将经沉淀泥沙后的上清液传输至各上层生态滤池120中；提取池230中引入流域水，并将收集的桉树叶投入提取池230中制备桉树叶浸提液，并将得到的桉树叶浸提液直接通入流域水中。
由上述可知，调节池为多功能调节池，可以仅实施其中任意一个功能单元，如仅启动沉淀池220进行流域水的沉淀处理。
在本发明中调节池建造，对蓝藻肥料化、流域水再处理、以及化感物质释放起到调控作用，为流域水蓝藻控制的有效的辅助手段。
本发明的另一目的在于提供上述控制水域蓝藻生长的系统，该系统包括在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处构筑生态护坡100，以及与生态护坡100相近处的岸边建造的调节池；
生态护坡100的坡体伸入流域水中，其表层铺设软体排110，软体排110下部为生态滤池120，生态滤池120通过池体隔绝流域水，生态滤池120中填装有填料层和承托层125，将流域水引入生态滤池120中，通过填料层对引入的流域水进行污染物处理，降低流域水富营养化程度，通过承 托层125支撑填料层，并经承托层125使处理后的流域水排出生态护坡100；
该调节池引入流域水，经处理后，传输上清液至生态护坡100。
在一种优选的实施方式中，所述生态滤池120的填料层由上至下铺设有四个功能层，
第一层为土壤层121，用于支撑水生植物的生长，进行重金属吸附、有机物的降解以及氮磷去除；优选地，土壤层121的厚度为35-50cm；
第二层为调节层122，用于支撑土壤层121，并进行重金属、氮磷和有机物的吸附固定；优选地，调节层122由天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭组成，混合比例为1:1:1，填料的粒径为0.2～2.0cm；调节层122的厚度为20～30cm；
第三层为生物层123，用于重金属吸附固定、有机物的降解以及氮磷去除；填料为负载有细菌的活性炭(即生物活性炭)。生物层123中填料的粒径为0.10～0.80cm，生物层123的厚度为20～40cm。
第四层为生态层124，用于过滤水体，拦截土壤，避免土壤流失；生态层124中填料为细砂、碎石、钢渣、煤渣、建筑废料、废弃石膏等废弃材料中的一种或多种。生态层124中填料的粒径为0.1～5.0cm，生态层124的厚度为20-40cm。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，土壤层121中添加有碳素，向土壤层121中投放蚯蚓，使土壤层121转化为蚯蚓床。蚯蚓的投放密度为8g～12g(蚯蚓)/(L填料)。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，流域水通过水泵经布水管130引入生态护坡100中，该布水管130分别安装在生态护坡100表层和土壤层121中，布水管130为PVC管，管径上分布有0.1～0.5cm的出水孔。
安装在土壤层121中的布水管130旁布置有曝气管140，外接风机进行曝气。曝气管140也可以为PVC管，管径上分布0.05～0.2cm的出气孔。
曝气管140和布水管130均分别包裹在青石子-土工布中，土工布外层是土壤。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，生态护坡100采用模块化结构，一个池体对应形成一个生态滤池120，每处生态护坡100可以包括一个或多个生态滤池120，优选每处生态护坡100至少包括两个生态滤池120。在包括多个生态滤池120时，生态滤池120分层、分列堆积，每列上生态滤池120对齐，每层上的相邻的生态滤池120之间留存设定孔隙。
优选地，在相同列的生态滤池120中，上一层生态滤池120中的出水管与下一层生态滤池120的布水管130连接，将经上一层处理后的流域水通入土壤层121中；上一层生态滤池120中的曝气管140与下一层生态滤池120的曝气管140连接，使气体经上一层生态滤池120后通入下一层生态滤池120土壤层121中；优选地，位于下一层生态滤池120中的曝气管140的孔径大于上一层生态滤池120中曝气管140的孔径，利于气体传输。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在每个生态滤池120的池体外围套有金属丝笼。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，生态护坡100由岸边至水体的方向上，高度逐渐降低，这样，便于来自流域中心的水和岸边水分别输入不同高度的生态滤池120中，进行处理。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在湖泊或者水流较缓的流域，上挑式护坡和下挑式护坡依次排布，两生态护坡100相对处形成汇聚口。
在一种优选的实施方式中，该调节池包括发酵池210、沉淀池220和提取池230，发酵池210引入流域水，并将打捞自流域中的蓝藻进行发酵处理，发酵液作为有机肥用于岸边桉树的肥料养护；沉淀池220进水口处设置格栅或滤网，引入除去漂浮物、悬浮物和水生物的流域水，将经沉淀泥沙后的上清液传输至各上层生态滤池120中；提取池230中引入流域水，并将收集的桉树叶投入提取池230中制备桉树叶浸提液，并将得到的桉树叶浸提液直接通入流域水中。
实施例
河流流量为3000m 3/d，水力负荷0.5m 3/(m 2·d)。如图1和图2所示，沿河两岸需交替共改造10处新型生态护坡，每天每处新型生态护坡处理6m 3的流域水。同时，在沿河两岸种植桉树带。
如图4所示，每处新型生态护坡100由两个一级生态滤池(最上层的生态滤池)，两个二级生态滤池(中间层生态滤池)，一个三级生态滤池(底层生态滤池)组成，以两列三行排布，其中一级生态滤池为不规则阶梯形，底板尺寸2m*1.5m，总高1.5m，阶梯高度1m，阶梯深度0.75m，二级/三级生态滤池外壳为2m*1.5m*1.5m的无盖容器。河道岸边水流经第一列生态滤池，河道中心水流经第二列生态滤池。生态滤池120采用密封性能更佳、不漏水、不渗水的玻璃钢现场安装而成。每个生态滤池的池体外围套有金属丝笼。
采用间歇式进水的方式每天进水6h，每个生态滤池的底部有一排水管150，搭配有同管径的布水管130。在整个生态护坡的最底端，由两根排水管汇聚为大的出水管再回排入河流。布水管旁布置有相应的曝气管。
生态护坡100表层铺设无纺布拼接的软体排110，软体排孔径为0.05～1cm，软体排下方为生态滤池。每个生态滤池含有由厚度为35～45cm的蚯蚓床，20～30cm调节层122(天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭组成，混合比例为1:1:1，粒径为0.2～2.0cm)，20-40cm生物层123(负载有亚硝酸细菌、硝酸细菌和聚磷菌的生物活性炭，粒径为0.10～0.80cm)、20-40cm的生态层124(细砂、碎石、煤渣，粒径为0.1～5.0cm)、以及10～15cm的卵石组成的承托层125(粒径为5.0～10.0cm)。蚯蚓床中投放太湖红蚯蚓，蚯蚓密度为10g(蚯蚓)/(L填料)，蚯蚓床是蚯蚓活动区域。
每个滤池的底部布有排水管150，排水管150与布水管130无缝对接。布水管130边布置有曝气管130，在流域水滴落的过程中，可以充分地补充有机质分解时所需的氧分。布水管130分别安装在生态护坡100表层和土壤层121中，布水管130为PVC管，管径上分布有0.1～0.5cm的出水孔，外围用土工布包裹有青石子，使水渗灌进入新型生态护坡100。
在与生态护坡100相近处的岸边建造调节池。该调节池包括发酵池210、沉淀池220和提取池230，发酵池210引入流域水，并将打捞自流域中的蓝藻进行发酵处理，发酵液作为有机肥用于岸边桉树的肥料养护；沉淀池220进水口处设置格栅或滤网，引入除去漂浮物、悬浮物和水生物的流域水，将经沉淀泥沙后的上清液传输至各上层生态滤池120中；提取池230中引入流域水，并将收集的桉树叶投入提取池230中制备桉树叶浸提液，并将得到的桉树叶浸提液直接通入流域水中。
在生态护坡建成运行9个月后(调节池仅启用其中的沉淀池)，于冬季(翌年3月)对生态护坡附近的过流水体进行多次检测，结果显示，10个生态护坡对过流水中主要污染物的平均去除率为：悬浮颗粒物70％，化学需氧量65％，五日生化需氧量59％，总磷65.7％，氨氮69.1％，亚硝酸 盐氮52.2％；溶解氧增加25％。
实验例
实验例1
桉树浸提液制备：1)将桉树叶剪成小片段；2)40℃烘箱内烘干桉树叶至衡重；3)将烘干后的桉树叶用粉碎机粉碎，至粉末直径小于200目；4)将粉末按1g/40mL的比例放入水中浸提；4)每隔24h超声30min，共浸提7天；5)用纱布过滤得到桉树叶浸提液。
桉树浸提液抑藻能力测试：在250mL锥形瓶中加入100mL BG-11培养基和1mL对数生长期的蓝藻，使蓝藻在新培养液中适应两天后，向其投加0.4mL、25g的浸提液，使藻溶液中的浸提液浓度达100mg(树叶干重)/(L)，测定实验第1、2、3、4以及5天蓝藻密度和蓝藻抑制率，结果如图5所示。向其投加0.8mL、25g/L的浸提液，使藻溶液中的浸提液浓度达200mg(树叶干重)/(L)，测定实验第1、2、3、4以及5天蓝藻密度和蓝藻抑制率，结果如图6所示。
通过图5和图6可知，桉树叶浸提液对蓝藻有很强的抑制效果，且抑制率与桉树叶浸提液投加量有关。投加量为100mg/L，实验第5天抑藻率可达40％。投加量为200mg/L，当实验进行到第4天时，抑藻率可达95％以上。
实验例2
桉树苗(广桉29号)购自广西省，树苗长约30cm。准备两个同样的含4L BG11培养液的实验装置，分别加入蓝藻、蓝藻和桉树。从实验开始起，分别监测培养1、3、6、9以及12天的蓝藻密度、可溶性有机磷SPR(紫外分光光度法)、硝酸盐氮NO 3 -N(紫外分光光度法)。实验结果如图7所示。
通过图7可知，桉树苗生长的过程中可分泌抑制蓝藻生长的化感物质，且能快速吸收水体中的氮、磷等营养盐。从第三天开始，蓝藻+桉树苗样品中的蓝藻密度快速降低，直至低于检测限。说明桉树苗生长过程中可分泌出抑制蓝藻生长的化感物质，导致蓝藻大量死亡。蓝藻+桉树苗样品水体中的氮磷浓度随实验的推移呈下降趋势，12天内共减少1.26mg磷和12.24mg氮。说明桉树同时将氮、磷等营养盐吸入体内以供生长，并净化了水体。
以上结合具体实施方式和/或范例性实例以及附图对本发明进行了详细说明，不过这些说明并不能理解为对本发明的限制。本领域技术人员理解，在不偏离本发明精神和范围的情况下，可以对本发明技术方案及其实施方式进行多种等价替换、修饰或改进，这些均落入本发明的范围内。本发明的保护范围以所附权利要求为准。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种控制水域蓝藻生长的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括：在流域水中和/或流域水沿岸上种植树木。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述树木为桉树，优选通过其根系吸收或固定去除污染物，并抑制蓝藻生长。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括收集桉树叶，将桉树叶或桉树叶浸提液投入流域水中；其中，桉树叶浸提液为经过水浸提后的产物。
  4. 根据权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括：在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处构筑生态护坡(100)，生态护坡(100)的坡体伸入流域水中，其表层铺设软体排(110)，软体排(110)下部为生态滤池(120)，生态滤池(120)通过密封的池体隔绝流域水，生态滤池(120)中填装有填料层和承托层(125)，将流域水引入生态滤池(120)中，优选通过填料层对引入的流域水进行污染物处理，降低流域水富营养化程度，通过承托层(125)支撑填料层，并经承托层(125)使处理后的流域水排出生态护坡(100)。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述生态滤池(120)的填料层由上至下铺设有四层，
    第一层为土壤层(121)，用于支撑水生植物的生长，进行重金属吸附、有机物的降解以及氮磷去除；
    第二层为调节层(122)，用于支撑土壤层(121)，并进行重金属、氮磷和有机物的吸附固定；调节层(122)由天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭组成；
    第三层为生物层(123)，用于重金属吸附固定、有机物的降解以及氮磷去除；优选生物层的填料为负载有细菌的活性炭；
    第四层为生态层(124)，用于过滤水体，拦截土壤；生态层(124)的填料为细砂、碎石、钢渣、煤渣、建筑废料、废弃石膏等废弃材料中的一种或多种。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，土壤层(121)中投放有蚯蚓，蚯蚓的投放密度为8g～12g(蚯蚓)/(L填料)。
  7. 根据权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征在于，流域水通过水泵经布水管(130)引入生态护坡(100)中，该布水管(130)分别安装在生态护坡(100)表层和土壤 层(121)中，布水管(130)为PVC管，管径上分布有0.1～0.5cm的出水孔，使水渗灌进入新型生态护坡(100)；
    优选地，安装在土壤层(121)中的布水管(130)旁布置有曝气管(140)，其外接风机进行曝气；其中，曝气管(140)为PVC管，管径上分布0.05～0.2cm的出气孔；
    更优选地，曝气管(140)和布水管(130)外围分别用土工布包裹有青石子。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，生态护坡(100)采用模块化结构，将防水板材制成生态滤池(120)的池体，进而可以在水处理现场组装、安放池体，按顺序投加填料，一个池体对应形成一个生态滤池(120)；
    每处生态护坡(100)可以包括一个或多个生态滤池(120)，优选每处生态护坡(100)至少包括两个生态滤池(120)；更优选多个生态滤池(120)分层、分列堆积，每列上生态滤池(120)对齐，每层上相邻的生态滤池(120)之间留存设定孔隙。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，在相同列的生态滤池(120)中，上一层生态滤池(120)中的出水管与下一层生态滤池(120)的布水管(130)连接，将经上一层生态滤池(120)处理后的流域水通入土壤层(121)中；
    上一层生态滤池(120)中的曝气管(140)与下一层生态滤池(120)的曝气管(140)连接，使气体经上一层生态滤池(120)后通入下一层生态滤池(120)的土壤层(121)中；
    优选地，位于下一层生态滤池(120)中的曝气管(140)的孔径大于上一层生态滤池(120)中曝气管(140)的孔径。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，在每个生态滤池(120)的池体外围套有金属丝笼；
    岸边的水将通过相较流域中心水更多层的生态滤池(120)进行处理。
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