WO2020119650A1 - 一种可逆水印方法 - Google Patents
一种可逆水印方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020119650A1 WO2020119650A1 PCT/CN2019/124091 CN2019124091W WO2020119650A1 WO 2020119650 A1 WO2020119650 A1 WO 2020119650A1 CN 2019124091 W CN2019124091 W CN 2019124091W WO 2020119650 A1 WO2020119650 A1 WO 2020119650A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0203—Image watermarking whereby the image with embedded watermark is reverted to the original condition before embedding, e.g. lossless, distortion-free or invertible watermarking
Definitions
- the present application belongs to the technical field of image processing, and particularly relates to a reversible watermarking method.
- Reversible watermark refers to a type of special watermark that can be completely restored by the embedded carrier after the watermark is extracted. Compared with traditional watermarks, reversible watermarks have stricter requirements for the lossless restoration of embedded carriers. They are generally used for the distortion-free protection of important images and have important application value in military images and medical images.
- the present application provides a reversible watermarking method, which includes the following steps:
- Step 1 Preprocess the image and convert the color image to grayscale image
- Step 2 Embed information into the first channel and the second channel of the color image
- Step 3 Adjust the offset of the first channel and the second channel after embedding information through the third channel.
- the step 2 includes the following steps:
- Step 201 Obtain the error correction value
- Step 202 Predict the pixel value and error of the first channel, and predict the pixel value and error of the second channel;
- Step 203 Select the location where the information is embedded and embed the information.
- the prediction method in step 202 includes gradient adjustment prediction or median edge detection.
- the position in step 203 is a position where the local variance in the grayscale image is less than the standard variance.
- step 2 embed watermark information into the red channel and embed the error correction value into the blue channel.
- the embedded watermark information is embedded into the red channel based on the raster scan order.
- auxiliary information which is embedded in the least significant bit of the blue channel, and the auxiliary information includes a judgment threshold of local variance and the length of the watermark information.
- step 3 the offset of the red channel and the blue channel after embedding information is adjusted through the green channel.
- the method further includes the following steps:
- Step 4 Extract the auxiliary information of the second channel processed in Step 3;
- Step 5 After extracting the auxiliary information of the second channel, determine the location where the first channel embeds the watermark information;
- Step 6 Extract embedded watermark information
- Step 7 Restore the third channel after extracting embedded information
- Step 8 Repeat Step 6 and Step 7 to get the embedded watermark information and carrier.
- the embedded watermark information extracted in step 6 is based on the reverse raster order and the prediction method is adjusted according to the gradient.
- the reversible watermarking method provided in this application proposes a reversible watermarking method for color images.
- the color image is converted into a grayscale image
- the information is embedded into the red and blue channels of the color image (R, G, B) ;
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of pixel value prediction based on a gradient adjustment prediction method of the present application
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the principle of the process of embedding watermark information in the reversible watermarking method of the present application
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the principle of the process of extracting watermark information in the reversible watermarking method of the present application.
- the Bayer color filter array method is used to predict the pixel values of color images.
- the proposed algorithm uses spectral spatial correlation to achieve small prediction errors in the color difference domain to embed hidden data. Since this prediction error tends to follow the Laplacian distribution with relatively small variance, the proposed algorithm achieves high embedding capacity and good location map quality.
- the present application provides a reversible watermarking method, which includes the following steps:
- Step 1 Preprocess the image and convert the color image to grayscale image
- Step 2 Embed information into the first channel and the second channel of the color image
- Step 3 Adjust the offset of the first channel and the second channel after embedding information through the third channel.
- the first channel, the second channel and the third channel in this application represent the red channel, the blue channel and the green channel, that is to say, the first channel, the second channel and the third channel are different in color.
- the first channel selects the red channel
- the second channel selects the blue channel
- the third channel selects the green channel.
- R channel the red channel
- B channel the blue channel
- G channel the green channel
- r, g, and b represent the pixel values of the R, G, and B channels, respectively.
- the step 2 includes the following steps:
- Step 201 Obtain the error correction value
- Step 202 Predict the pixel value and error of the first channel, and predict the pixel value and error of the second channel;
- Step 203 Select the location where the information is embedded and embed the information.
- the prediction method in step 202 includes gradient adjustment prediction or median edge detection.
- the position in step 203 is a position where the local variance in the grayscale image is less than the standard variance.
- step 2 embed watermark information into the red channel and embed the error correction value into the blue channel.
- the embedded watermark information is embedded into the red channel based on the raster scan order.
- This application is to embed information into the R and B channels, and then adjust the offset through the G channel to keep the gray value of the entire image unchanged.
- the error is generally 1 or 0.
- the correction error In order to ensure that the process of embedding and extracting watermark information is reversible, define the correction error for
- the position with small error has little distortion after embedding information.
- the position with small error generally has small local variance.
- a position with a small local variance in the image is selected based on the grayscale image.
- the calculation method of local variance ⁇ i,j is as follows:
- this position can be used to embed pixels.
- Embed watermark information and error correction value Embed watermark information and error correction value
- This application is to ensure that the gray value of the image obtained after the image embedding information remains unchanged, so this application embeds the watermark information in the R channel based on the raster (order) scanning order, embeds the error correction value information in the B channel, and adjusts the adjustment using the G channel.
- the offset of the image is to ensure that the gray value of the image obtained after the image embedding information remains unchanged, so this application embeds the watermark information in the R channel based on the raster (order) scanning order, embeds the error correction value information in the B channel, and adjusts the adjustment using the G channel. The offset of the image.
- i is the watermark information. To correct the error.
- the pixel values obtained after embedding the information are:
- Is the predicted pixel value at the i, j position in the R channel Is the prediction error after R channel embedding information
- r′ i, j is the pixel value after R channel embedding information
- b′ i,j are the predicted value of the B channel i,j position, the prediction error after embedding the information, and the pixel value after embedding the information.
- v i, j is the gray value of the gray image corresponding to the color image at the position i, j.
- g′ i,j is the pixel value of the G channel at the position i,j.
- auxiliary information which is embedded in the least significant bit of the blue channel, and the auxiliary information includes a judgment threshold of local variance and the length of the watermark information.
- the auxiliary information occupies 7 bits, and ⁇ T occupies 2 bits for storage. Occupies 1bit storage, L occupies 4bit storage. This part of information is stored in the least significant bits (LSB) of the B channel, that is, the LSB of the B channel is replaced with auxiliary information.
- LSB least significant bits
- the gray value of the image will not change before and after the image value is embedded.
- step 3 the offset of the red channel and the blue channel after embedding information is adjusted through the green channel.
- the method further includes the following steps:
- Step 4 Extract the auxiliary information of the second channel processed in Step 3;
- Step 5 After extracting the auxiliary information of the second channel, determine the location where the first channel embeds the watermark information;
- Step 6 Extract embedded watermark information
- Step 7 Restore the third channel after extracting embedded information
- Step 8 Repeat Step 6 and Step 7 to get the embedded watermark information and carrier.
- the embedded watermark information extracted in step 6 is based on the reverse raster order and the prediction method is adjusted according to the gradient.
- step (3) and step (4) to get the embedded watermark information and carrier.
- the reversible watermarking method in this application includes two major parts.
- the first part is to embed watermark information, and the second part is to extract watermark information.
- the adjacent pixels are used to predict the current pixel x, so as to obtain a predicted value
- the prediction error P is:
- the embedded information i is extracted as:
- GAP is a simple adaptive prediction method, which has higher prediction accuracy than the classic median-edge detector (MED). Get the predicted value for the pixel value v i,j at ⁇ i,j ⁇
- MED median-edge detector
- the reversible watermarking technology based on prediction error expansion is a commonly used method in the reversible watermarking method, and there are already existing mature codes to achieve these functions. Therefore, this application mainly needs to determine the embeddable position based on the above method, embed the watermark information and realize the reversible extraction of the watermark information.
- the gray version of color images is widely used, such as black and white printing (book readers based on electronic ink), making reading materials for color-blind people, and so on. For these applications, it is very meaningful to keep the gray value of the color image unchanged.
- the gray value of the image after embedding the watermark in this application is the same as the gray value of the image before embedding the watermark.
- the reversible watermarking method provided in this application proposes a reversible watermarking method for color images.
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Abstract
针对嵌入水印后掩体失真,以及对原始图像进行灰度转换后得到图像可能会被认为是噪声图像而不能使用的问题,提供了一种可逆水印方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:步骤1:对图像进行预处理,将彩色图像转换为灰度图像;步骤2:嵌入信息至彩色图像的第一通道和第二通道中;步骤3:通过第三通道调整嵌入信息后的第一通道和第二通道的偏移量。可以实现嵌入信息后图像失真度降低,并且图像的灰度值不变,用于后续彩色图像的处理,如为色盲人士制作阅读材料。
Description
本申请属于图像处理技术领域,特别是涉及一种可逆水印方法。
近年来,随着互联网技术的快速发展,手机,电脑等数字设备的普及,数字多媒体包括图像、文本、视频、音频等作为信息的载体逐渐被大众认知和接受。但与此同时,这些多媒体信息却很容易被非法者恶意篡改、复制和传播,严重损害产权所有者的利益,此外版权保护和信息安全也越来越被重视。传统的加密技术是在发送方传输数据的过程中保护内容,但数据被接收、解密之后,数据非常有可能被非法复制与纂改。针对传统密码学的版权保护和信息安全中存在的不足,信息隐藏技术应运而生。可逆水印是信息隐藏的一个重要方法。可逆水印是指水印被提取后,嵌入载体可以完整恢复的一类特殊水印。相对于传统水印,可逆水印对嵌入载体的无损恢复有着更为严格的要求,一般用于重要图像的无失真保护,在军事图像、医学图像上有着重要的应用价值。
目前可逆水印的方法大多是基于灰度图像实现的。而目前彩色图像已经成为主流,基于灰度图像的可逆水印已经无法满足人们需求。现有的彩色图像嵌入是通过建立尖锐的预测误差直方图来增加嵌入容量,降低总的失真度。但是这些方法还是会使嵌入水印后的掩体失真。对原始图像进行灰度转换后得到图像可能会被认为是噪声图像,而不能使用。
发明内容
1.要解决的技术问题
基于目前可逆水印的方法大多是基于灰度图像实现的。而目前彩色图像已经成为主流,基于灰度图像的可逆水印已经无法满足人们需求。现有的彩色图像嵌入是通过建立尖锐的预测误差直方图来增加嵌入容量,降低总的失真度。但是这些方法还是会使嵌入水印后的掩体失真。对原始图像进行灰度转换后得到图像可能会被认为是噪声图像,而不能使用的问题,本申请提供了一种可逆水印方法。
2.技术方案
为了达到上述的目的,本申请提供了一种可逆水印方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:
步骤1:对图像进行预处理,将彩色图像转换为灰度图像;
步骤2:嵌入信息至彩色图像的第一通道和第二通道中;
步骤3:通过第三通道调整嵌入信息后的第一通道和第二通道的偏移量。
可选地,所述步骤2包括如下步骤:
步骤201:获取误差修正值;
步骤202:预测第一通道像素值和误差,预测第二通道像素值和误差;
步骤203:选择嵌入信息的位置并嵌入信息。
可选地,所述步骤202中预测方法包括梯度调节预测或者中值边缘检测。
可选地,所述步骤203中的位置为灰度图像中局部方差小于标准方差的位置。
可选地,所述步骤2中嵌入水印信息至红色通道,嵌入误差修正值至蓝色通道。
可选地,所述嵌入水印信息基于光栅扫描顺序嵌入至红色通道。
可选地,还包括嵌入辅助信息,所述辅助信息嵌入到蓝色通道的最低有效位,所述辅助信息包括局部方差的判断阈值和水印信息的长度。
可选地,所述步骤3通过绿色通道调整嵌入信息后的红色通道和蓝色通道的偏移量。
可选地,所述方法还包括如下步骤:
步骤4:提取经步骤3处理的第二通道的辅助信息;
步骤5:提取第二通道的辅助信息后确定第一通道嵌入水印信息的位置;
步骤6:提取嵌入水印信息;
步骤7:提取嵌入信息后恢复第三通道;
步骤8:重复步骤6和步骤7得到嵌入的水印信息和载体。
可选地,所述步骤6中提取嵌入水印信息基于逆光栅顺序并根据梯度调节预测方法。
3.有益效果
与现有技术相比,本申请提供的一种可逆水印方法的有益效果在于:
本申请提供的可逆水印方法针对彩色图像,提出了一种可逆水印方法,首先将彩色图像转换为灰度图像;其次,嵌入信息到彩色图像(R、G、B)的红色和蓝色通道中;最后,通过绿色通道调整嵌入信息后的红、蓝两个通道的偏移量,这样就可以实现嵌入信息后图像失真度降低,并且图像的灰度值不变,用于后续彩色图像的处理,如为色盲人士制作阅读材料。
图1是本申请的基于梯度调节预测方法预测像素值示意图;
图2是本申请的可逆水印方法中嵌入水印信息过程原理示意图;
图3是本申请的可逆水印方法中提取水印信息过程原理示意图。
在下文中,将参考附图对本申请的具体实施例进行详细地描述,依照这些详细的描述,所属领域技术人员能够清楚地理解本申请,并能够实施本申请。在不违背本申请原理的情况下,各个不同的实施例中的特征可以进行组合以获得新的实施方式,或者替代某些实施例中的某些特征,获得其它优选的实施方式。
利用拜耳色彩滤波阵列方法实现彩色图像像素值的预测,所提出的算法利用谱空间相关性来实现色差域中的小预测误差以嵌入隐藏数据。由于这种预测误差倾向于遵循方差相对较小的拉普拉斯分布,因此所提出的算法实现了高嵌入容量和良好的定位图质量。
参见图1~3,本申请提供一种可逆水印方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:
步骤1:对图像进行预处理,将彩色图像转换为灰度图像;
步骤2:嵌入信息至彩色图像的第一通道和第二通道中;
步骤3:通过第三通道调整嵌入信息后的第一通道和第二通道的偏移量。
本申请中的第一通道、第二通道和第三通道,表示红色通道、蓝色通道和绿色通道,也就是说第一通道、第二通道和第三通道在颜色上是有所区别的。本申请中第一通道选择了红色通道,第二通道选择了蓝色通道,第三通道选择了绿色通道,当然,其他的组合也是可行的,只是本申请的选择方式结果更好。本申请中红色通道简称为R通道,蓝色通道简称为B通道,绿色通道简称为G通道。
灰度转换
读取原始图像I={r,g,b},针对原始图像进行灰度转换,将其转变为灰度图v=f
v(r,g,b),这里采用经典的灰度图转换算法:
其中,r,g,b分别表示R,G,B通道的像素值。
可选地,所述步骤2包括如下步骤:
步骤201:获取误差修正值;
步骤202:预测第一通道像素值和误差,预测第二通道像素值和误差;
步骤203:选择嵌入信息的位置并嵌入信息。
可选地,所述步骤202中预测方法包括梯度调节预测或者中值边缘检测。
可选地,所述步骤203中的位置为灰度图像中局部方差小于标准方差的位置。
可选地,所述步骤2中嵌入水印信息至红色通道,嵌入误差修正值至蓝色通道。
可选地,所述嵌入水印信息基于光栅扫描顺序嵌入至红色通道。
获取误差修正值
本申请是嵌入信息到R、B通道,然后通过G通道调整偏移量,保持整幅图像灰度值不变。
基于GAP方法预测R、B通道
基于GAP预测R通道中位于{ij}位置的像素值r
i,j:
其中,Δ
V=|r
i,j+1-r
i+1,j+1|+|r
i+1,j-1-r
i+2j-1|+|r
i+1,j-r
i+2,j|,
Δ
H=|r
i,j+1-r
i,j+2|+|r
i+1,j-1-r
i+1,j|+|r
i+1,j-r
i+1,j+1|
Δ=Δ
V-Δ
H
选择位置嵌入信息
一般误差小的位置,嵌入信息后失真度小。而误差小的位置,一般它的局部方差小。为 了能够很好的选择出彩色图像的局部方差小的位置,基于灰度图像选择图像中具有较小局部方差的位置。局部方差ρ
i,j的计算方法如下所示:
当ρ
i,j<ρ
T时,则该位置可用于嵌入像素。
根据以往经验,设定ρ
T=2。
嵌入水印信息和误差修正值
本申请是保证图像嵌入信息后得到的图像灰度值保持不变,因此本申请基于光栅(raster order)扫描顺序在R通道嵌入水印信息,在B通道嵌入误差修正值信息,采用G通道调整整幅图像产生的偏移量。
则在{i,j}位置,嵌入信息后得到的像素值分别为:
是R通道中位于i,j位置的预测像素值,
是R通道嵌入信息后的预测误差,r′
i,j是R通道嵌入信息后的像素值.同理,
b′
i,j分别是B通道i,j位置的预测值、嵌入信息后的预测误差、嵌入信息后的像素值。v
i,j是彩色图像对应的灰度图在位置i,j处的灰度值。g′
i,j是G通道的位于i,j位置的像素值。
可选地,还包括嵌入辅助信息,所述辅助信息嵌入到蓝色通道的最低有效位,所述辅助信息包括局部方差的判断阈值和水印信息的长度。
嵌入辅助信息
为了保证水印信息可以完全可逆提取,需要再嵌入辅助信息。这个辅助信息是ρ
T,最后一个误差修正值
和水印信息的长度L。因此,嵌入信息的总长度为N,N=L+7。其中辅助信息占用7bit,分别为ρ
T占用2bit存储,最后一个误差修正值
占用1bit存储,L占4bit存储。这部分信息采用B通道的最低有效位(least significant bits,LSB)存储,即将B通道的 LSB替换为辅助信息。为了保证嵌入信息前后,图像的灰度值不变,在B通道中选择3个灰度值不可变位置,保证
这样就可以保证图像值嵌入前后,图像的灰度值不变。
通过以上步骤,输入图像I={r,g,b}嵌入水印信息后,变为图像I′={r′,b′,g},并且整个图像的灰度值不变。
可选地,所述步骤3通过绿色通道调整嵌入信息后的红色通道和蓝色通道的偏移量。
可选地,所述方法还包括如下步骤:
步骤4:提取经步骤3处理的第二通道的辅助信息;
步骤5:提取第二通道的辅助信息后确定第一通道嵌入水印信息的位置;
步骤6:提取嵌入水印信息;
步骤7:提取嵌入信息后恢复第三通道;
步骤8:重复步骤6和步骤7得到嵌入的水印信息和载体。
可选地,所述步骤6中提取嵌入水印信息基于逆光栅顺序并根据梯度调节预测方法。
提取水印信息
(1)提取辅助信息
(2)确定嵌入水印信息的位置
将彩色图像转换为灰色图像。基于光栅顺序并根据公式(4)计算灰度图像中的局部方差ρ,并选择L个位置ρ<ρ
T。这L个位置表示为{I′
1,I′
2,…,I′
L}。
(3)提取嵌入水印信息
其中i是嵌入的水印信息。
同理可得
(4)恢复G通道
重复步骤(3)和步骤(4)得到嵌入的水印信息和载体。
本申请中可逆水印方法包括两大部分,第一部分是嵌入水印信息,第二部分是提取水印信息。
基于预测误差扩展的可逆水印方法
对预测误差扩展嵌入1位数据i,i=0或1,嵌入方式为:
p′=2p+i (1)
则嵌入后的像素值为:
提取嵌入信息i为:
恢复原始的预测误差和像素值:
x=x′-p-i
这样就可以实现数据的嵌入和提取。
梯度调节预测(Gradient-adjusted Prediction,GAP)
其中,Δ
V=|v
i,j+1-v
i+1,j+1|+|v
i+1,j-1-v
i+2j-1|+|v
i+1,j-v
i+2,j|,
Δ
H=|v
i,j+1-v
i,j+2|+|v
i+1,j-1-v
i+1,j|+|v
i+1,j-v
i+1,j+1|
Δ=Δ
V-Δ
H
在本申请使用的GAP预测方法,基于预测误差扩展的可逆水印技术是可逆水印方法中常用的方法,并且目前已经有现有的成熟代码实现这些功能。因此,本申请主要在基于上述方法,判断可嵌入位置,嵌入水印信息并实现水印信息的可逆提取即可。
灰色版本的彩色图像被广泛使用,如黑白打印(基于电子墨水的书籍阅读器),为色盲人员制作阅读材料等等。对于这些应用,保持彩色图像的灰度值不变是非常有意义的。而本申请嵌入水印后图像的灰度值和嵌入水印前图像的灰度值相同。
本申请提供的可逆水印方法针对彩色图像,提出了一种可逆水印方法。首先将彩色图像转换为灰度图像;其次,嵌入信息到彩色图像(R、G、B)的红色和蓝色通道中;最后,通过绿色通道调整嵌入信息后的红、蓝两个通道的偏移量,这样就可以实现嵌入信息后图像失真度降低,保证图像的灰度值不变,用于后续彩色图像的处理,如为色盲人士制作阅读材料。
尽管在上文中参考特定的实施例对本申请进行了描述,但是所属领域技术人员应当理解,在本申请公开的原理和范围内,可以针对本申请公开的配置和细节做出许多修改。本申请的保护范围由所附的权利要求来确定,并且权利要求意在涵盖权利要求中技术特征的等同物文字意义或范围所包含的全部修改。
Claims (10)
- 一种可逆水印方法,其特征在于:所述方法包括如下步骤:步骤1:对图像进行预处理,将彩色图像转换为灰度图像;步骤2:嵌入信息至彩色图像的第一通道和第二通道中;步骤3:通过第三通道调整嵌入信息后的第一通道和第二通道的偏移量。
- 如权利要求1所述的可逆水印方法,其特征在于:所述步骤2包括如下步骤:步骤201:获取误差修正值;步骤202:预测第一通道像素值和误差,预测第二通道像素值和误差;步骤203:选择嵌入信息的位置并嵌入信息。
- 如权利要求2所述的可逆水印方法,其特征在于:所述步骤202中预测方法包括梯度调节预测或者中值边缘检测。
- 如权利要求2所述的可逆水印方法,其特征在于:所述步骤203中的位置为灰度图像中局部方差小于标准方差的位置。
- 如权利要求4所述的可逆水印方法,其特征在于:所述步骤2中嵌入水印信息至红色通道,嵌入误差修正值至蓝色通道。
- 如权利要求5所述的可逆水印方法,其特征在于:所述嵌入水印信息基于光栅扫描顺序嵌入至红色通道。
- 如权利要求5所述的可逆水印方法,其特征在于:还包括嵌入辅助信息,所述辅助信息嵌入到蓝色通道的最低有效位,所述辅助信息包括局部方差的判断阈值和水印信息的长度。
- 如权利要求1所述的可逆水印方法,其特征在于:所述步骤3通过绿色通道调整嵌入信息后的红色通道和蓝色通道的偏移量。
- 如权利要求1所述的可逆水印方法,其特征在于:所述方法还包括如下步骤:步骤4:提取经步骤3处理的第二通道的辅助信息;步骤5:提取第二通道的辅助信息后确定第一通道嵌入水印信息的位置;步骤6:提取嵌入水印信息;步骤7:提取嵌入信息后恢复第三通道;步骤8:重复步骤6和步骤7得到嵌入的水印信息和载体。
- 如权利要求9所述的可逆水印方法,其特征在于:所述步骤6中提取嵌入水印信息基于逆光栅顺序并根据梯度调节预测方法。
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| CN101916427A (zh) * | 2010-08-10 | 2010-12-15 | 浙江大学 | 一种基于空间域的图像水印添加方法 |
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