WO2020119250A1 - 三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法 - Google Patents

三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法 Download PDF

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WO2020119250A1
WO2020119250A1 PCT/CN2019/112457 CN2019112457W WO2020119250A1 WO 2020119250 A1 WO2020119250 A1 WO 2020119250A1 CN 2019112457 W CN2019112457 W CN 2019112457W WO 2020119250 A1 WO2020119250 A1 WO 2020119250A1
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dimensional laser
data
point
similar material
excavation
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袁长丰
王英汀
袁子晋
于浩杰
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Qingdao University of Technology
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge

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  • the invention belongs to the technical field of space position deformation of underground engineering, and particularly relates to a surface deformation method of a three-dimensional laser scanning similar material simulation test of underground engineering.
  • the surface deformation of the existing similar materials in the simulation test of similar materials is observed by theodolite or total station. It is a single point of sequential observation. When there are many measurement points, especially when the surface of the test model collapses, falls or delaminates, it cannot be captured. Real-time information of deformation points, which leads to the fact that a lot of information cannot be obtained in actual underground projects, even if the information obtained is all isolated point information.
  • the theodolite and the total station are generally used for observation. First, arrange the deformation observation point on the surface layer, the reference point on the column or around, and a working station in front of the test rig, and the instrument is placed on the working station, and then observe the angle and distance point by point, and obtain the observation point by calculation for each observation By comparing the location information, the deformation information of the observation point is obtained.
  • the theodolite and the total station are used for observation. This observation is a single point observation, and the deformation information between the observation points is not available.
  • the layout of the monitoring base point is a transition from the outside to the inside of the site, and it is impossible for the laboratory to use this method to lay out the monitoring base point due to site restrictions and observation requirements;
  • the site is large, you need to consider the degree of coincidence when the two adjacent stations are observed, that is, the observation of this station and the previous station must consider the degree of coincidence, so as to solve the problem of cloud data registration of the two stations, and finally make the cloud data of each station spliced into Point cloud data in the same coordinate system, that is, the patent solves the registration problem of point clouds between different stations at the same time; while testing in the laboratory, the scanning range does not need to be transferred, and the same station needs to be solved Point cloud registration at different moments;
  • the patent visualization uses surfer software to generate a deformed two-dimensional curve graph. This curve graph puts the horizontal displacement and vertical displacement together, which cannot directly show the surface layer. Deformation information needs to be understood by talents who understand the on-site technology and software, but not intuitive enough.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is that when the laboratory performs similar material simulation tests to obtain surface deformation information, the theodolite and the total station are generally used for observation.
  • the present invention proposes the following solutions: 1. A five-point mark control point method for the simulation test of similar materials, which addresses the field transfer technology of the control points according to the test characteristics of the laboratory; 2. Three-dimensional laser scanning of similar materials Process of point cloud method for surface deformation of simulation test; 3. A process of point cloud deformation analysis for surface test of similar material simulation; 4. Visualization method of point cloud deformation for simulation test of similar material.
  • the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: a three-dimensional laser scanning method for surface deformation of a similar material simulation test in underground engineering, using a five-point marker control point method, these five points are used as a point cloud matching reference, after determining the scanning parameters
  • the underground engineering before and after the excavation by three-dimensional laser scanning is used to obtain the data of the surface cloud deformation of the simulation test of similar materials. After processing and modeling, the data is visualized to generate a visual cloud image.
  • the two sides of the test bench are channel steel columns
  • the five-point mark control point method is to stick two target papers on the left and right channel steel columns on both sides of the test bench as reference points, and two on the same side column
  • the target paper is 20cm away, and the target paper at the lower end is 20cm away from the test surface.
  • Each target paper on the other side is on the same horizontal plane; a target paper is affixed to the steel plate of the load-bearing platform under the test table as a reference point.
  • a total of five marks control The point serves as a point cloud matching reference; using a three-dimensional laser scanner for observation, each observation is registered through the five marker control points.
  • the point clouds observed in this experiment are not the same as the two adjacent stations under normal circumstances. That is, the observations of this station and the previous station should consider the degree of coincidence to solve the problem of cloud data registration between the two stations.
  • the problem of reference points that is, points that do not move at any time
  • Using five control points on the test stand can solve the problem of reference points. If 3 or 4 points are used, the accurate registration of the side data cannot be solved well. Therefore, 5 points are used, taking into account the left column, the right column, and the middle (middle is in the lower part).
  • the target paper is a square target paper of 10 cm*10 cm.
  • the step of determining the scanning parameters is to scan twice with a three-dimensional laser before the underground engineering excavation, compare the scanning results, and determine the scanning parameters.
  • the station is set 1.5m before the model.
  • the middle error curves of the two resolutions in the ranging accuracy test are respectively fitted, and the curve starting point is extended to 1.5m; where the fitting error of the fitting curve at 4 ⁇ 1/4 resolution is 0.56mm at 1.5m, and the fitting error at 1.5m of the fitting curve at 2 ⁇ 1/2 resolution is 0.18mm .
  • the error at about 1.5m is 0.10 to 0.20mm.
  • the median error at 2 ⁇ 1/2 resolution is 0.18mm, which basically meets the calibration error range of the instrument, so 2 ⁇ 1/2 resolution is selected, and the scanning angle is set to 0° ⁇ 70°, -60° ⁇ 60 °, scan time is about 5 minutes.
  • the underground engineering before excavation using the three-dimensional laser scanning is to scan the model for the first time before excavation, obtain initial point cloud data as reference data, and then perform excavation.
  • the underground engineering after the excavation using the three-dimensional laser scanning is scanning while excavating, which is divided into four steps: the first step is to excavate the upper left steps and add initial support in time, in order to ensure that the surrounding rock is adequate Deformation of the time, let stand for 20 minutes to scan after the model is stabilized; second step, excavate down the left step and add initial support in time, stand for 20 minutes to scan after the model is stable; third step, excavate right Step up the side and add the initial support in time, and let it stand for 20 minutes to scan after the model is stabilized; the fourth time, excavate the right side downstairs and add the initial support in time, let it stand for 20 minutes to scan after the model is stable, this After the excavation of the right guide pit is completed, the tunnel has been excavated. After the settlement of the tunnel is stabilized, another scan is performed.
  • the test prototype tunnel is in the weak and broken surrounding rock zone and belongs to the V-grade surrounding rock.
  • the tunnel was designed using the cross partition wall method (CRD method) for excavation. Therefore, the test model is consistent with the test prototype and is opened by the CRD method.
  • CRD method cross partition wall method
  • Dig and divide into four steps. Scanning while excavating is to obtain the point cloud deformation information of the similar material model of each excavation step in time, which is beneficial to the subsequent calculation and analysis of the deformation information of each excavation step.
  • a small excavator is used to layer and scrape the soil layer. If there is a block, spall, or collapse phenomenon, the fallen soil body is removed and the excavation is continued. After the excavation is completed, support is added in time.
  • Noise reduction, streamlining, and format conversion of point clouds the non-experimental model data that appears during the scanning process is eliminated to achieve the purpose of noise reduction and streamlining, and the data that is reduced to noise reduction is converted into .pts format for storage; Stored data for matching use;
  • Contrast detection Select the two point cloud file cards, use the 3DReshaper comparison/detection function, select 3D detection, and determine the area objects that should be painted through different point cloud deformation data, so as to realize the contrast detection of surface deformation.
  • the detected deformed area is used as the rendering area;
  • Region rendering divide the rendering area data into hierarchies, that is, divide different rendering levels and generate renderings
  • This process can export the data of all points through the deformed data card, so that the deformed data is displayed in the form of a table, and the results of each comparison are clear at a glance.
  • the points are directly obtained Deformation information before and after the cloud, and rendering the point cloud, you can intuitively get the deformation value of different positions on the surface of similar materials, and the proportion of different deformation amounts and other information.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the scanning layout of the five-point mark control point method
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the target paper structure
  • Figure 3 is the excavation layout
  • Figure 4 is a flow chart of excavation scanning
  • Figure 5 is a flowchart of data processing and modeling
  • Figure 6 is a data card diagram
  • Figure 8 is a deformed 3D visualization cloud image
  • test bench 1 the column 2, the reference point 3, the load-bearing platform 4, and the three-dimensional laser scanner 5.
  • a three-dimensional laser scanning method for surface deformation of a similar material simulation test in underground engineering The five-point mark control point method is used. These five points are used as a point cloud matching reference. After determining the scanning parameters, the three-dimensional laser scanning is used to scan the underground project before and after excavation, and the similarity is obtained. Data of surface point cloud deformation in material simulation test. After processing and modeling, the data is visualized to generate a visual cloud image. Specific steps are as follows:
  • the station Before the excavation of the underground project, use three-dimensional laser scanning twice, compare the scanning results, and determine the scanning parameters. Specifically, the station is set 1.5m before the model. In order to determine the ranging error and select the best scanning resolution, the middle error curves of the two resolutions in the ranging accuracy test are respectively fitted, and the curve starting point is extended to 1.5m; where the fitting error of the fitting curve at 4 ⁇ 1/4 resolution is 0.56mm at 1.5m, and the fitting error at 1.5m of the fitting curve at 2 ⁇ 1/2 resolution is 0.18mm . According to the error propagation rule, the error at about 1.5m is 0.10 to 0.20mm.
  • the median error at 2 ⁇ 1/2 resolution is 0.18mm, which basically meets the calibration error range of the instrument, so 2 ⁇ 1/2 resolution is selected, and the scanning angle is set to 0° ⁇ 70°, -60° ⁇ 60 °, scan time is about 5 minutes.
  • the underground engineering before excavation using three-dimensional laser scanning is the first scan of the model before excavation, acquiring initial point cloud data as reference data, and then excavating. Scanning while excavation is divided into four steps: the first step is to excavate the upper left step and add initial support in time, in order to ensure that the surrounding rock has sufficient time to deform, let it scan for 20 minutes after the model is stable; In the second step, excavate the lower step on the left side and add the initial support in time, and wait for 20 minutes to scan after the model is stabilized.
  • the third step excavate the upper step on the right side and add the initial support in time, let it stand for 20 minutes for the model Scan after stabilization; the fourth time, excavate down the right side of the step and add initial support in time, let stand for 20 minutes to scan after the model is stabilized, then the tunnel has been excavated after the right guide pit is completed, wait for the tunnel Scan again after the settlement is stable.
  • a small excavator is used to scrape the soil in layers during the excavation process. If there is a block, spalling or collapse phenomenon, the fallen soil body is removed and the excavation is continued. After the excavation is completed, support is added in time.
  • Noise reduction, streamlining and format conversion of point cloud remove the non-experimental model data that appears during the scanning process to achieve the purpose of noise reduction and streamlining, and convert the data with reduced noise reduction into .pts format for storage; after storage Data for matching use;
  • 3Entity modeling In order to reduce the error caused by the gap between the two-phase point cloud data, the fixed reference point cloud is processed by unit connection grid, and then the entity model is established, and the surface layer information is compared and detected; further narrowing Test error, improve test accuracy;
  • 1Contrast detection select the two point cloud file cards, use the 3DReshaper comparison/detection function, select 3D detection, and determine the area objects that should be painted through different point cloud deformation data, so as to realize the comparison detection of surface layer deformation.
  • the deformed area is used as the rendering area;
  • 2Regional rendering divide the rendering area data into different levels, that is, divide different rendering levels and generate renderings
  • This process can export the data of all points through the deformed data card, so that the deformed data is displayed in the form of a table, and the results of each comparison are clear at a glance.
  • the points are directly obtained Deformation information before and after the cloud, and rendering the point cloud, you can intuitively get the deformation value of different positions on the surface of similar materials, and the proportion of different deformation amounts and other information.

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Abstract

一种三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，采用五点标志控制点法，这五个点作为点云匹配基准，确定扫描参数后利用三维激光扫描开挖前后的地下工程，得到相似材料模拟试验表层点云变形的数据，该数据经处理、建模后，进行可视化处理，生成可视化云图。解决了实验室进行相似材料模拟试验获取表层变形信息采用经纬仪和全站仪时存在的问题，利用三维激光扫描技术，通过形成数据卡片和可视化处理，得到了更加直观、精度更高的试验结果。

Description

三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法 技术领域
本发明属于地下工程空间位置变形技术领域，尤其涉及一种三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法。
背景技术
现有的地下工程相似材料模拟试验表面变形采用经纬仪或者全站仪进行观测，是单点依次观测，当测点较多时，特别是当试验模型表面发生坍塌、冒落或离层时，无法捕捉变形点实时信息，这就导致了实际地下工程中很多信息无法获取，即使得到的信息也都是孤立点信息。
故而为了准确实时获取地下工程在实施过程中的不同空间位置变形信息，就需要根据现场实际情况，在试验室进行相似材料物理模拟试验，在试验过程中通过相关仪器观测，获得模型表面变形信息，借以反映模型所代表的实际原型的变形信息。
目前，在试验室进行相似材料模拟试验获取表层变形信息时，一般采用经纬仪和全站仪进行观测。首先在面层布设变形观测点，在立柱或者周围布设基准点，在试验台前面布设一个工作站点，仪器架在工作站点，然后进行逐点观测角度和距离，通过计算得到观测点每次观测时的位置信息，通过比较，获得观测点的变形信息。在试验室进行相似材料模拟试验获取表层变形信息时，采用经纬仪和全站仪进行观测，这种观测是单点观测，观测点之间变形信息是没有的，一般认为相邻点之间的变形是线性的，实际上是非线性的；其次，当观测点数量较多时，由于观测是逐点观测，不能够捕捉到微小信息变化；再次，由于经纬仪和全站仪仪器精度受限，满足不了试验模型的精度要求，使得在试验室进行近距离观测的观测误差，经常出现不能满足试验要求的现象。
目前，三维激光扫描技术在现场应用正在逐渐展开。专利“CN201610621282-一种用于快速监测高面板堆石坝挤压边墙变形的方法”，是三维激光扫描技术在现场应用的案例，是现场原型观测，不适合试验室观测使用。即存在以下问题：(1)监测基点的布设是从场地外向场地内进行过渡，而试验室由于场地限制和观测要求，不可能采用这种方法布设监测基点；(2)由于在工程现场观测时，场地大，需要考虑相邻两站观测时的重合度，即本站观测和上一站观测要考虑重合度，这样才能解决两站点云数据配准问题，才能使各站点云数据最终拼接成同一个坐标系下的点云数据，即该专利解决的是不同站点之间同一时刻点云的配准问题；而在试验室进行试验，扫描范围不需要进行站点转移，需要解决的是同一站点在不同时刻的点云配准问题；(3)该专利可视化采用的是surfer软件生成变形二维曲线图，这种曲线图把水平位移和垂直位移放在一起，不能直观的表现出面层的变形信息，需要懂得现场技术和软 件的人才能够看懂，不够直观。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是试验室进行相似材料模拟试验获取表层变形信息时，一般采用经纬仪和全站仪进行观测，存在以下问题：(1)观测是单点观测，观测点之间信息是没有的，认为相邻点之间的变形是线性的；(2)当观测点数量较多时，费时费力，需要人不断调整仪器，不能够捕捉到短时出现的微小信息变化；(3)受经纬仪和全站仪仪器限制以及人为观测带来的误差，观测误差经常出现不能满足试验要求的现象。
为解决上述问题，本发明提出以下几点方案：一、一种相似材料模拟试验五点标志控制点法，针对试验室试验特点，解决了控制点场外转移技术；二、三维激光扫描相似材料模拟试验表层变形点云方法流程；三、一种相似材料模拟试验表层点云变形分析的流程；四、相似材料模拟试验点云变形可视化的方法。
为达到上述目的，本发明通过以下技术方案实现：一种三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，采用五点标志控制点法，这五个点作为点云匹配基准，确定扫描参数后利用三维激光扫描开挖前后的地下工程，得到相似材料模拟试验表层点云变形的数据，该数据经处理、建模后，进行可视化处理，生成可视化云图。
进一步的，试验台两侧是槽钢立柱，所述五点标志控制点法为在试验台两侧的左右槽钢的立柱上各贴两个靶纸作为基准点，同侧立柱上的两个靶纸距离20cm，下端的靶纸距离试验台面20cm，各自与另一侧对应的靶纸位于同一水平面上；在试验台下面的承重台钢板上贴一个靶纸作为基准点，共五个标志控制点作为点云匹配基准；利用三维激光扫描仪观测，每次观测都通过该五个标志控制点进行配准。
本试验观测的点云没有并不是像一般情况下的相邻两站观测时的重合度，即本站观测和上一站观测要考虑重合度，来解决两站点云数据配准问题，如何使得在同一站点不同时刻点云数据进行对比，必须要解决基准点(即任何时刻都不动的点)的问题，采用五个控制点在试验架台布设，可以很好地解决基准点问题。如果采用3点或者4点，不能很好地解决侧面数据的准确配准，因此，采用5点，考虑到了左侧立柱、右侧立柱和中间(中间在下部)。
在实际工程中，需要观测的场地较大，不能够一站都测完，需要在较远的稳定的地方布设基准点，然后通过基准点一站一站的导测到工程现场，所以需要解决控制点场外转移。本次试验在实验室内，场地小，需要解决这种传统的从稳定场地转移到工程中的问题。因此，本试验提出了5点控制法，解决了控制点场外转移技术。
进一步的，所述靶纸为10cm*10cm的方形靶纸。
进一步的，所述确定扫描参数步骤为在地下工程开挖前，利用三维激光扫描两次，对比 扫描结果，确定扫描参数。具体为在距离模型前1.5m处设站，为了确定测距误差并选择最佳扫描分辨率，分别拟合测距精度试验中两种分辨率的中误差曲线，并将曲线起点延伸拟合至1.5m处；其中4×1/4分辨率下的拟合曲线在1.5m处的中误差为0.56mm，2×1/2分辨率下的拟合曲线在1.5m处的中误差为0.18mm。按照误差的传播规律，约在1.5m处的误差为0.10～0.20mm。经对比分析，2×1/2分辨率下的中误差为0.18mm基本符合仪器标定误差范围，故选用2×1/2分辨率，扫描角度设置为0°～70°，-60°～60°，扫描时间约5分钟一次。
进一步的，所述利用三维激光扫描开挖前的地下工程为开挖前对模型进行第一次扫描，获取初始点云数据作为基准数据，然后进行开挖。
进一步的，所述利用三维激光扫描开挖后的地下工程为边开挖边扫描，分为四步：第一步，开挖左侧上台阶并及时添加初期支护，为了保证围岩有充分的时间变形，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描；第二步，开挖左侧下台阶并及时添加初期支护，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描；第三步，开挖右侧上台阶并及时添加初期支护，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描；第四次，开挖右侧下台阶并及时添加初期支护，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描，此时右导坑开挖完成后隧道已经开挖完毕，待隧道沉降稳定后再进行一次扫描。
试验原型隧道处于软弱破碎围岩地带，属于Ⅴ级围岩，当时的隧道设计采用的交叉中隔墙法(CRD法)进行开挖，故本试验模型与试验原型保持一致，采用CRD法进行开挖并分为四步。边开挖边扫描是为了及时获取每一开挖步的相似材料模型点云变形信息，有利于后续计算分析每一开挖步的变形信息。
进一步的，开挖过程中使用小型挖土器将土体分层刮去，若出现掉块、剥落或者坍塌现象，将掉落的土体清除再继续开挖，开挖完成后及时添加支护。
进一步的，本发明所有观测的点云数据是在同一站点下进行观测的，只是观测的时间不同，随着地下工程施工进度的不同，模型表层变形也不同，因此，如何解决站点相同，但是观测时间不同带来的表层变形后的配准是本专利需要考虑的配准问题。所述数据处理、建模流程为：
(1)点云的降噪、精简、格式转换：对于扫描过程中出现的非试验模型数据进行剔除，达到降噪精简数据的目的，并把精简降噪好的数据转变为.pts格式存储；存储后的数据以备匹配使用；
(2)坐标系匹配：利用五点标志控制点，通过3DReshaper中RPS配准功能，将不同期点云分别和工程开挖前的基准点云配准至同一坐标系；即将同一站点在不同时刻的点云进行配准；
(3)实体建模：为了减小两期点云数据间由于空隙而导致的误差，将固定参考的点云进 行单元连接格网处理，然后建立实体模型，并进行面层信息的对比检测；进一步缩小试验误差，提高试验精度；
(4)生成点云变形数据卡片，并存储卡片数据。可以通过卡片数据进行不同时刻扫描得到的点云信息对比。
进一步的，所述可视化处理流程为：
(1)对比检测：选中这两期点云文件卡片，利用3DReshaper对比/检测功能，选择3D检测，通过不同点云变形数据确定应该涂色的区域对象，从而实现面层变形的对比检测，对比检测后的变形区域作为渲染区域；
(2)区域渲染：对渲染区域数据进行等级划分，即划分不同渲染等级，生成渲染图；
(3)把渲染图利用3DReshaper软件，生成变形3D可视化云图。
该流程通过变形数据卡片可以把所有点的数据导出来，让变形数据以表格的形式表现出来，相互对比结果一目了然，同时，通过对不同时间点云的配准/对比/检测后，直接获得点云前后变形信息，并对点云进行渲染，可以直观得到相似材料表层不同位置变形值，以及不同变形量的占比等信息。
本发明的有益效果在于：
(1)利用三维激光扫描技术是扫描的面层数据，不是单个点的信息，解决了相邻点信息黑箱问题；
(2)由于直接扫描面层数据，可以迅速捕捉到瞬时微小信息变化，更能准确分析出表层变形规律；
(3)由于激光扫描精度高，同时只需开始时人为进行扫描范围和相关参数设定，然后由机器自动观测，人为干预少，使得误差水平降低，保证了观测精度；
(4)解决了三维扫描同一站点在不同时刻的点云配准问题；
(5)利用可视化的方法使得试验结果的表现更加直观、一目了然。
附图说明
图1是五点标志控制点法扫描布局示意图；
图2是靶纸的结构示意图；
图3是开挖布局图；
图4是开挖扫描流程图；
图5是数据处理、建模流程图；
图6是数据卡片图；
图7是可视化处理流程图；
图8是变形3D可视化云图；
图中，试验台1、立柱2、基准点3、承重台4、三维激光扫描仪5。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明的实施例，对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1：
一种三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，采用五点标志控制点法，这五个点作为点云匹配基准，确定扫描参数后利用三维激光扫描开挖前后的地下工程，得到相似材料模拟试验表层点云变形的数据，该数据经处理、建模后，进行可视化处理，生成可视化云图。具体步骤如下：
(1)准备如图2所示的10cm*10cm的方形靶纸；如图1所示，试验台两侧是槽钢立柱，所述五点标志控制点法为在试验台1两侧的左右槽钢的立柱2上各贴两个靶纸作为基准点3，同侧立柱上的两个靶纸距离20cm，下端的靶纸距离试验台面20cm，各自与另一侧对应的靶纸位于同一水平面上；在试验台下面的承重台4钢板上贴一个靶纸作为基准点，共五个标志控制点作为点云匹配基准；利用三维激光扫描仪5观测，每次观测都通过该五个标志控制点进行配准。
(2)在地下工程开挖前，利用三维激光扫描两次，对比扫描结果，确定扫描参数。具体为在距离模型前1.5m处设站，为了确定测距误差并选择最佳扫描分辨率，分别拟合测距精度试验中两种分辨率的中误差曲线，并将曲线起点延伸拟合至1.5m处；其中4×1/4分辨率下的拟合曲线在1.5m处的中误差为0.56mm，2×1/2分辨率下的拟合曲线在1.5m处的中误差为0.18mm。按照误差的传播规律，约在1.5m处的误差为0.10～0.20mm。经对比分析，2×1/2分辨率下的中误差为0.18mm基本符合仪器标定误差范围，故选用2×1/2分辨率，扫描角度设置为0°～70°，-60°～60°，扫描时间约5分钟一次。
(3)如图3和图4所示，所述利用三维激光扫描开挖前的地下工程为开挖前对模型进行第一次扫描，获取初始点云数据作为基准数据，然后进行开挖。边开挖边扫描，分为四步：第一步，开挖左侧上台阶并及时添加初期支护，为了保证围岩有充分的时间变形，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描；第二步，开挖左侧下台阶并及时添加初期支护，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描；第三步，开挖右侧上台阶并及时添加初期支护，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描；第四次，开挖右侧下台阶并及时添加初期支护，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进 行扫描，此时右导坑开挖完成后隧道已经开挖完毕，待隧道沉降稳定后再进行一次扫描。
其中，开挖过程中使用小型挖土器将土体分层刮去，若出现掉块、剥落或者坍塌现象，将掉落的土体清除再继续开挖，开挖完成后及时添加支护。
(4)如图5所示，对数据进行处理、建模：
①点云的降噪、精简、格式转换：对于扫描过程中出现的非试验模型数据进行剔除，达到降噪精简数据的目的，并把精简降噪好的数据转变为.pts格式存储；存储后的数据以备匹配使用；
②坐标系匹配：利用五点标志控制点，通过3DReshaper中RPS配准功能，将不同期点云分别和工程开挖前的基准点云配准至同一坐标系；即将同一站点在不同时刻的点云进行配准；
③实体建模：为了减小两期点云数据间由于空隙而导致的误差，将固定参考的点云进行单元连接格网处理，然后建立实体模型，并进行面层信息的对比检测；进一步缩小试验误差，提高试验精度；
④生成点云变形数据卡片，并存储卡片数据。可以通过卡片数据进行不同时刻扫描得到的点云信息对比，见图6。
(5)如图7所示，进行可视化处理：
①对比检测：选中这两期点云文件卡片，利用3DReshaper对比/检测功能，选择3D检测，通过不同点云变形数据确定应该涂色的区域对象，从而实现面层变形的对比检测，对比检测后的变形区域作为渲染区域；
②区域渲染：对渲染区域数据进行等级划分，即划分不同渲染等级，生成渲染图；
③把渲染图利用3DReshaper软件，生成变形3D可视化云图，见图8。
该流程通过变形数据卡片可以把所有点的数据导出来，让变形数据以表格的形式表现出来，相互对比结果一目了然，同时，通过对不同时间点云的配准/对比/检测后，直接获得点云前后变形信息，并对点云进行渲染，可以直观得到相似材料表层不同位置变形值，以及不同变形量的占比等信息。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，其特征在于：采用五点标志控制点法，这五个点作为点云匹配基准，确定扫描参数后利用三维激光扫描开挖前后的地下工程，得到相似材料模拟试验表层点云变形的数据，该数据经处理、建模后，进行可视化处理，生成可视化云图。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，其特征在于：所述五点标志控制点法为在试验台两侧的左右的立柱上各贴两个靶纸作为基准点；在试验台下面的承重台钢板上贴一个靶纸作为基准点，共五个标志控制点作为点云匹配基准；每次观测都通过该五个标志控制点进行配准。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，其特征在于：所述靶纸为10cm*10cm的方形靶纸。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，其特征在于：所述确定扫描参数步骤为在地下工程开挖前，利用三维激光扫描两次，对比扫描结果，确定扫描参数。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，其特征在于：所述利用三维激光扫描开挖前的地下工程为开挖前对模型进行第一次扫描，获取初始点云数据作为基准数据，然后进行开挖。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，其特征在于：所述利用三维激光扫描开挖后的地下工程为边开挖边扫描，分为四步：第一步，开挖左侧上台阶并及时添加初期支护，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描；第二步，开挖左侧下台阶并及时添加初期支护，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描；第三步，开挖右侧上台阶并及时添加初期支护，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描；第四次，开挖右侧下台阶并及时添加初期支护，静置20分钟待模型稳定后进行扫描，此时右导坑开挖完成后隧道已经开挖完毕，待隧道沉降稳定后再进行一次扫描。
  7. 如权利要求6所述的三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，其特征在于：开挖过程中使用小型挖土器将土体分层刮去，若出现掉块、剥落或者坍塌现象，将掉落的土体清除再继续开挖，开挖完成后及时添加支护。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，其特征在于：所述数据处理、建模流程为：
    (1)点云的降噪、精简、格式转换：对于扫描过程中出现的非试验模型数据进行 剔除，达到降噪精简数据的目的，并把精简降噪好的数据转变为.pts格式存储；
    (2)坐标系匹配：利用五点标志控制点，通过3DReshaper中RPS配准功能，将不同期点云分别和工程开挖前的基准点云配准至同一坐标系；
    (3)实体建模：为了减小两期点云数据间由于空隙而导致的误差，将固定参考的点云进行单元连接格网处理，然后建立实体模型，并进行面层信息的对比检测；
    (4)生成点云变形数据卡片，并存储卡片数据。
  9. 如权利要求1所述的三维激光扫描地下工程相似材料模拟试验表层变形方法，其特征在于：所述可视化处理流程为：
    (1)对比检测：选中这两期点云文件卡片，利用3DReshaper对比/检测功能，选择3D检测，通过不同点云变形数据确定应该涂色的区域对象，从而实现面层变形的对比检测，对比检测后的变形区域作为渲染区域；
    (2)区域渲染：对渲染区域数据进行等级划分，即划分不同渲染等级，生成渲染图；
    (3)把渲染图利用3DReshaper软件，生成变形3D可视化云图。
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CN117576342A (zh) * 2023-11-14 2024-02-20 中铁大桥局集团有限公司 一种基于三维激光扫描的钢结构损伤检测方法

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