WO2020076677A1 - Procédé de translation commandée de fixation d'une terminaison à un élément de traction - Google Patents

Procédé de translation commandée de fixation d'une terminaison à un élément de traction Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2020076677A1
WO2020076677A1 PCT/US2019/054949 US2019054949W WO2020076677A1 WO 2020076677 A1 WO2020076677 A1 WO 2020076677A1 US 2019054949 W US2019054949 W US 2019054949W WO 2020076677 A1 WO2020076677 A1 WO 2020076677A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
potting compound
anchor
cavity
tensile strength
strength member
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2019/054949
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Richard V. Campbell
David M. GLADWIN
Original Assignee
Campbell Richard V
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US16/154,346 external-priority patent/US10563727B2/en
Application filed by Campbell Richard V filed Critical Campbell Richard V
Publication of WO2020076677A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020076677A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21F—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
    • B21F7/00—Twisting wire; Twisting wire together
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21F—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
    • B21F15/00—Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire
    • B21F15/02—Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire wire with wire
    • B21F15/04—Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire wire with wire without additional connecting elements or material, e.g. by twisting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21F—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
    • B21F15/00—Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire
    • B21F15/02—Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire wire with wire
    • B21F15/06—Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire wire with wire with additional connecting elements or material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16G—BELTS, CABLES, OR ROPES, PREDOMINANTLY USED FOR DRIVING PURPOSES; CHAINS; FITTINGS PREDOMINANTLY USED THEREFOR
    • F16G11/00—Means for fastening cables or ropes to one another or to other objects; Caps or sleeves for fixing on cables or ropes
    • F16G11/02—Means for fastening cables or ropes to one another or to other objects; Caps or sleeves for fixing on cables or ropes with parts deformable to grip the cable or cables; Fastening means which engage a sleeve or the like fixed on the cable
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16G—BELTS, CABLES, OR ROPES, PREDOMINANTLY USED FOR DRIVING PURPOSES; CHAINS; FITTINGS PREDOMINANTLY USED THEREFOR
    • F16G11/00—Means for fastening cables or ropes to one another or to other objects; Caps or sleeves for fixing on cables or ropes
    • F16G11/04—Means for fastening cables or ropes to one another or to other objects; Caps or sleeves for fixing on cables or ropes with wedging action, e.g. friction clamps
    • F16G11/042—Means for fastening cables or ropes to one another or to other objects; Caps or sleeves for fixing on cables or ropes with wedging action, e.g. friction clamps using solidifying liquid material forming a wedge
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16G—BELTS, CABLES, OR ROPES, PREDOMINANTLY USED FOR DRIVING PURPOSES; CHAINS; FITTINGS PREDOMINANTLY USED THEREFOR
    • F16G11/00—Means for fastening cables or ropes to one another or to other objects; Caps or sleeves for fixing on cables or ropes
    • F16G11/04—Means for fastening cables or ropes to one another or to other objects; Caps or sleeves for fixing on cables or ropes with wedging action, e.g. friction clamps
    • F16G11/05—Means for fastening cables or ropes to one another or to other objects; Caps or sleeves for fixing on cables or ropes with wedging action, e.g. friction clamps by using conical plugs insertable between the strands
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B9/00—Binding or sealing ends, e.g. to prevent unravelling

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of tensile strength members. More specifically, the invention comprises a method for affixing a termination or terminations to an end of a tensile strength member such as a cable.
  • Tensile strength members must generally be connected to other components in order to be useful.
  • a flexible cable provides a good example.
  • the cable must generally include some type of end-fitting so that it can be transmit a load.
  • a cable used in a hoist generally includes a lifting hook on its free end. This lifting hook may be rigged to a load.
  • the assembly of an end-fitting and the portion of the cable to which it is attached is generally called a“termination.”
  • a tough steel lifting hook is commonly attached to a wire rope to create a termination.
  • A“spelter socket” is often used to create the termination.
  • The“spelter socket” involves an expanding cavity within the end-fitting. A length of the wire rope is slipped into this cavity and the individual wires are splayed apart. A liquid potting compound is then introduced into the expanding cavity with the wires in place. The liquid potting compound transitions to a solid over time and thereby locks the wire rope into the cavity.
  • the potting compound used in a spelter socket is traditionally molten lead and - more recently - is more likely a high-strength epoxy.
  • the term“potting compound” as used in this description means any substance which transitions from a liquid to a solid over time. Examples include molten lead, thermoplastics, and UV-cure or thermoset resins (such as two-part polyesters or epoxies). Other examples include plasters, ceramics, and cements.
  • the term“solid” is by no means limited to an ordered crystalline structure such as found in most metals. In the context of this invention, the term“solid” means a state in which the material does not flow significantly under the influence of gravity. Thus, a soft but stable wax is yet another example of such a solid.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cable 10 made from advanced high-strength synthetic filaments. Many different materials are used for these filaments.
  • DYNEEMA ultra- high-molecular-weight polyethylene
  • SPECTRA ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
  • TECHNORA aramid
  • TWARON p-phenylene terephthalamide
  • KEVLAR para-aramid synthetic fiber
  • VECTRAN a fiber spun from liquid-crystal polymer
  • PBO poly(/ phenylene-2,6-ben/.obisoxazoIe)
  • carbon fiber and glass fiber (among many others).
  • the individual filaments have a thickness that is less than that of human hair.
  • the filaments are very strong in tension, but they are not very rigid. They also tend to have low surface friction.
  • the present invention is particularly applicable to terminations made of such high-strength filaments, for reasons which will be explained in the descriptive text to follow. While the invention could in theory be applied to older cable technologies - such as wire rope - it likely would offer little advantage and the additional time and expense of implementing the invention would not be worthwhile. Thus, the invention is not really applicable to wire rope and other similar cables made of very stiff elements.
  • cables made from synthetic filaments have a wide variety of constructions.
  • the example shown in FIG. 1 has a parallel core of filaments surrounded by a jacket of braided filaments hi other cases the cable may be braided throughout.
  • the cable construction may be: (1) an entirely parallel construction enclosed in a jacket made of different material, (2) a helical“twist” construction, or (3) a more complex construction of multiple helices, multiple braids, or some combination of helices and braids.
  • the objective is to attach anchor 18 to the end of a tensile strength member in order to create a termination that can then transmit a load.
  • the particular tensile strength member is in fact a cable.
  • cables will be used as an example of a tensile strength member.
  • the term“tensile strength member” or “tensile member” encompasses cables and sub-components of cables such as strands.
  • the reader is referred to commonly-owned U.S. Patent No. 8,371,015 for more detailed descriptions regarding the application of an attachment to a sub-component of a larger cable.
  • the reader is also referred to commonly-owned U.S. Patent Nos.
  • the term“cable” is often used to refer to a flexible tensile strength member made of a helical winding of smaller components.
  • the term“rope” is often used to refer to a tensile strength member having a braided or woven construction (rather than a helical construction).
  • a common example of this inconsistency in terminology is“wire rope.” Wire rope is made of a helical winding of steel wires.
  • anchor should be viewed broadly to encompass virtually anything that can be attached to a rope or cable.
  • a single anchor may be attached to the entire cable.
  • an anchor may be attached to each strand (or other subgroup) of a cable so that a single end of a cable has multiple anchors. These multiple anchors are then typically gathered together by one or more additional components called collectors.
  • An anchor ordinarily includes some feature or features facilitating attachment - such as a hook or a threaded shaft. These features are conventional and have not been illustrated in most of the disclosed embodiments.
  • Anchor 18 is instead depicted in FIG. 1 in very simple terms as a simple cylinder with a cavity 20 passing along its central axis.
  • FIG. 2 shows a sectional view through anchor 18 with the cable in position for securing to the anchor (in this example a single anchor is attached to the entire cable).
  • a length of the cable has been passed through cavity 20.
  • cavity 20 expands as one proceeds from the portion of the anchor facing the length of cable (the “proximal” end, which is the bottom end in the orientation of the view) toward the portion of the anchor facing in the opposite direction (the“distal” end, which is the top end in the orientation of the view).
  • the expanding cavity in this example is a linear taper between two straight portions - all joined by fillets. Differing wall profiles may be used to create a wide variety of expanding cavities.
  • a portion of the cable filaments are separated to create splayed filaments 12.
  • Liquid potting compound is then introduced into cavity 20 via a wide variety of methods. These include: (1)“painting” or otherwise wetting the filaments with potting compound and then sliding the anchor into position over the painted filaments, (2) positioning the splayed filaments in the cavity and then pouring in potting compound, (3) pre-wetting the filaments in a separate mold designed to wet the filaments, and (4) injecting pressurized potting compound into the cavity.
  • the potting compound is introduced, the splayed filaments remain within cavity 20 while the potting compound hardens. Once it has hardened the result is a mechanical interlock between the filament-reinforced“plug” of solid material and the cavity. Tension applied to the cable will be transferred to the anchor via the mechanical interference.
  • the anchor applied will usually be permanent. However, it is also possible to apply a removable anchor such as a two-piece or dissolvable design that in itself forms a sort of mold. This can then be removed and another anchor device attached to the “molded” composite section of filaments and solidified potting compound. It is also possible to apply a one-piece removable anchor that is removed after the molding process by sliding it down the free end of the cable. As can be imagined by those skilled in the art, there are many ways in which this multi-step process could be devised to carry out the inventive method.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a sectional view in which anchor 18 has been sectioned to reveal potted region 14 lying within the cavity in the anchor’s interior.
  • the cavity is defined by cavity wall 22 - which is a profile revolved around central axis 24. It is not essential that the cavity be radially symmetric but most such cavities are radially symmetric.
  • Proximal end 54 is the end of the anchor where the cable emerges.
  • Distal end 56 is the opposite end.
  • the solid“plug” in potted region 14 may be conceptually divided into several regions. These are extended region 34, distal region 32, middle region 30, neck region 28, and transition region 26 (some terminations may be readily described using fewer regions and as few as only two - the distal region and the neck region). Transition region 26 represents the area where the freely-flexing filaments emerge from the potted region. Extended region 34 (which may not always be present) represents a region beyond the filaments that is 100% solidified potting compound.
  • Distal region 32 represents the region containing filaments that is closest to the distal end of the anchor.
  • the neck region contains filaments and is in the vicinity of the proximal end of the anchor. The behavior of these differing regions differs based on many factors, including: (1) the size of the cable, (2) the type of potting compound used, and (3) the temperature of the components during the transition of the potting compound to a solid.
  • FIG. 4 shows a depiction of filaments 38 as they lay locked within the solidified potting compound. This view illustrates one of the significant problems of the potting approach.
  • the filaments are roughly arrayed about the anchor’s central axis and roughly splayed into a fan. However, each individual filament tends to bend and slew in a random fashion. The random nature of this variance reduces the overall breaking strength of the termination and introduces variability in breaking strength from one termination to the next (since some will have better filament alignment than others).
  • FIG. 4 shows only a few filaments for visual clarity.
  • An actual cable may have several thousand to several million such filaments in the potted region. It is not possible to neatly arrange the filaments because there is no way to grip and hold them.
  • Another known problem is the difference in the filament-to-potting-compound ratio for different regions of the cavity.
  • the distal extreme of the cavity tends to be rich in liquid potting compound and lean on filaments (liquid-rich region 40 in the view).
  • the proximal extreme is just the opposite - packed with filaments with only a small amount of liquid compound seeping or wicking into the voids (liquid-lean region 42 in the view).
  • potting compounds are cross-linking polymers - such as epoxies. When the two constituents of such compounds are mixed an exothermic reaction is produced.
  • the cross- linking rate is highly dependent upon temperature. To some extent the ultimate strength of the cross-linked solid is dependent upon temperature as well. Some heat is desirable but too much heat tends to produce short polymer-chain length.
  • the heating rate will vary within the potted region.
  • the temperature will tend to rise more rapidly than in the liquid-lean region and the cross-linking will occur more rapidly (though the reader should note that for some potting compounds “rapid” may mean several hours up to a day or more).
  • the liquid-lean region 442 typically the neck or transition regions
  • most of the volume is consumed by the filaments themselves. Only small“slivers” of potting compound are present and the heat of reaction in these slivers is largely absorbed in heating the filaments.
  • the temperature in liquid-lean region rises slowly and the cross-linking process occurs slowly.
  • the present invention seeks to exploit these existing phenomena and in some instances - where the phenomena do not arise naturally - the present invention seeks to create them.
  • the present invention comprises a method for creating a termination by attaching some kind of fitting to the end of a tensile strength member such as a synthetic filament cable or a strand thereof.
  • the end fitting is provided with an internal cavity, which will often but not always be an expanding cavity.
  • the cavity has a proximal portion that is adjacent to the area where the tensile member exits the fitting and a distal portion on its opposite end.
  • a length of the tensile member’s filaments is placed within this expanding cavity and infused with liquid potting compound.
  • the method exploits the characteristic of a liquid potting compound as it transitions to a solid.
  • the transition of many types of potting compounds from a liquid to a solid occurs over a time period that may range from minutes to many hours.
  • the potting compound is monitored by various methods to determine when it has begun to transition from the purely liquid state.
  • Tension may also be applied to the cable as a whole, either as a substitute for applying tension to the individual strands or as a complement thereto.
  • the tension applied during the solidification process tends to align the individual filaments and produce a small linear displacement that is approximately parallel to the tensile member’s central axis.
  • the result is an improvement in filament alignment and filament-to-filament load distribution.
  • the tension has the additional benefit of balancing the load between the primary strands of the cable.
  • the appropriate condition of the potting compound for the application of tension is determined.
  • a preferable method is to determine this condition by the passage of time itself rather than monitoring any specific value such as temperature or viscosity (though the monitoring of these and other values may be employed as an additional refinement).
  • Tension and or a translated position is preferably maintained while the potting compound transitions completely to a solid.
  • a rotational motion may be imposed on the tensile member as well.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view, showing a prior art linear tensile member (a cable) and a prior art end fitting (an anchor).
  • FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view, showing a prior art anchor being installed on a cable.
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional elevation view, showing the components of FIG. 2 after they have been potted into a complete termination.
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional elevation view, showing the strand alignment in the embodiment of FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view, showing components that may be used to apply tension to the cable while the potting compound transitions from a liquid to a solid.
  • FIG. 6 is an elevation view, showing the components of FIG. 5 clamped to the cable.
  • FIG. 7 is an elevation view, showing the components of FIG. 6 applying tension to the cable.
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional elevation view, showing the filament alignment resulting from the inventive process.
  • FIG. 9 is an elevation view, showing the addition of a rotational motion during the tension applying process.
  • FIG. 10 is a sectional elevation view, showing the filament alignment resulting from the introduction of rotational motion.
  • FIG. 11 is a sectional perspective view, showing the use of a spike.
  • FIG. 12 is a sectional perspective view, showing the assembly of FIG. 11 in a completed state.
  • FIG. 13 is a sectional perspective view, showing a spike and cone embodiment in which only a small region of potting compound is used and the filaments are ultimately secured in the anchor using a mechanical interlock.
  • FIG. 14 is an elevation view, showing the addition of multiple heating units to the inventive process.
  • FIG. 15 is a sectional perspective view, showing the use of an auxiliary potted region to align the filaments within an anchor cavity.
  • FIG. 16 is a sectional perspective view, showing a completed anchor made using the technique shown in FIG. 15.
  • FIG. 17 is a perspective view, showing the use of the inventive method with a coil of cable having a single exposed end.
  • FIG. 18A is a perspective view, showing how the inventive method can be carried out using a mold to create the composite section of splayed filaments locked in potting compound.
  • FIG. 18B is a perspective view, showing the use of a mold with an open top.
  • FIG. 18C is a perspective view, showing the operation of the embodiment of FIG.
  • FIG. 18D is a perspective view, showing the operation of the embodiment of FIG.
  • FIG. 1 8E is a perspective view, showing the operation of the embodiment of FIG.
  • FIG. 18F is a perspective view, showing how heating and/or cooling elements can be used in a mold configured to carry out the inventive method.
  • FIG. 19 is a perspective view, showing an example of how the inventive method can be applied to a multi-stranded cable using multiple anchors gathered into a collector.
  • FIG. 20 is a perspective view, showing the use of a single securing device to hold multiple anchors while individual cable clamps are applied to each strand of a multi-stranded cable.
  • FIG. 21 is a perspective view, showing how multiple anchors on a multi-stranded cable can be united into a single collector.
  • FIG. 22 is a sectional elevation view of the assembly of FIG. 21 , also showing how tension can optionally be applied to the cable as a whole in carrying out the inventive process.
  • FIG. 23 is a sectional view, showing a hybrid tensile member.
  • FIG. 24 is a sectional view, showing another type of hybrid tensile member.
  • FIG. 25A is a sectional elevation view, showing a double cavity anchor whereby two individual strands can be locked into a single anchor, along with other elements suitable for carrying out the present inventive method for this type of anchor.
  • FIG. 25B is a perspective view, showing the use of a capstan to regulate tension applied to a cable.
  • FIG. 25C is a perspective view, showing a multiple cavity anchor having six cavities.
  • FIG. 25D is a sectional view, showing internal details of the anchor of FIG. 25C.
  • FIG. 25E is an elevation view, showing a device that is useful for producing relative motion between a multiple cavity anchor and a cable clamp
  • FIG. 26 is a sectional elevation view, showing still another type of anchor and other elements suitable for carrying out the present invention.
  • FIG. 27 is a plot of cable break strength versus the time at which the inventive application of tension commences.
  • FIG. 28 is a plot of displacement versus time for an embodiment of the inventive method.
  • FIG. 29 is a plot of applied tension versus time for an embodiment of the inventive method.
  • thermocouple 62 thermocouple
  • distal region 32 has a significantly higher ratio of potting compound to filaments than neck region 28. This is true because the cross sectional area of the filaments is the same for both regions, but the cross- sectional area of the expanding cavity is larger in distal region 32. Thus, in distal region 32 the gaps between the filaments are larger and these gaps tend to be filled by the liquid potting compound. If a potting compound has an exothermic cross-linking transformation (common for epoxies, polyesters, and many other compounds), then more heat will be generated in distal region 32 as compared to neck region 28.
  • the distal region has a higher concentration of liquid potting compound and a lower concentration of inert filaments tending to absorb the heat produced.
  • the result is that the temperature will rise faster in distal region 32.
  • the heating process tends to build upon itself since both the potting compound and the filaments tend to be good thermal insulators.
  • the temperature in the liquid-rich region will rise as the solidification reaction of the potting compound begins.
  • the heat cannot easily be conducted away and the rising temperature causes the solidification process to accelerate.
  • the acceleration of the reaction in turn generates still more heat.
  • the situation is analogous to a“thermal runaway.”
  • One of the reasons that slow-transforming potting compounds are often used in large terminations is to prevent the build-up of too much heat, which can actually damage the synthetic filaments.
  • the rate of cross-linking of such potting compounds is dependent upon temperature. A higher temperature produces a higher cross-linking rate and thus a higher rate of transition to the solid state. The result is that the potting compound in the distal region transitions to the solid state before the potting compound in the neck region.
  • the present invention takes advantage of this phenomenon and in some embodiments actually seeks to control and modify this phenomenon.
  • the potting compound within distal region 32 is allowed to“set” sufficiently to control the motion of the cable filaments while some amount of tension and/or translation is applied to the cable.
  • the application of the tension and/or translation tends to improve two physical characteristics of the filaments within the potted region. These are: (1) filament alignment, and (2) effective load sharing. In most cases, the second phenomenon tends to be more important. However both will commonly impact breaking efficiency and repeatability.
  • the reader will observe how the filaments 38 within the liquid potting compound are oriented. They run roughly in the same direction as the central axis of the cable. However, many filaments are not completely straight. Instead, they curve and slew laterally with respect to the central axis of the cable (Some divergence is obviously desirable for an expanding anchor cavity but a disorganized“curvy” arrangement is not desirable).
  • the inventive process improves filament alignment so that the unwanted curvature is reduced or eliminated in certain regions.
  • High-performance synthetic filaments such as used in the present invention do not stretch much before breaking.
  • the relatively short filaments carry a larger proportion of the load and the load is not shifted to other, longer filaments because the short filaments do not stretch much.
  • Some long filaments may in fact be completely unloaded.
  • the present invention is useful in improving load sharing among the filaments so that - for example - the shorter filaments do not carry more load than the longer filaments. It is beneficial in many instances to apply tension to the cable during the transition process of the potting compound in order to produce a small amount of displacement parallel to the cable’s central axis while the filaments are still able to“slip through” the potting compound to some extent.
  • the invention monitors for a defined transition in the state of the potting compound toward the solid state. This defined transition can be a sufficient hardening to actually lock the filaments in place in a particular region. However, more commonly, the defined transition will be a point in the solidification state that is more like thick syrup. In that state, the applied tension allows the filaments to be pulled through the syrupy potting compound.
  • the tension applied in the present invention will be referred to as“potting compound transition tension,” meaning a tension that is applied after the potting compound has started transitioning to a solid but before it is fully cured.
  • the process of applying such tension will be referred to as “potting compound transition tensioning.”
  • the potting compound transition tension will typically be much lower that the amount of tension the cable is designed to ultimately carry. In fact, the potting compound transition tension will often be in the range of 1/5 to 1/1,000 of the tension the cable is ultimately designed to carry.
  • the reader should also be aware that the potting compound transition tension can assume many profiles, including:
  • the time at which the potting compound transition tension is applied is often very important.
  • the passage of time in this context can be measured in various ways.
  • One good way is to measure the time interval between the time that the liquid potting compound is introduced to the cavity in the anchor and the time that the potting compound transition tension is initially applied - recognizing that the potting compound transition tension may be applied over an extended period. This particular interval shall be referred to as the“potting compound transition delay.”
  • the potting compound in the anchor cavity region reaches a thick-syrup state tension is applied to the cable and a small and controlled amount of linear motion is permitted (The cable is dragged along its central axis in a direction tending to pull the cable out of the anchor).
  • The“short filament” immediately comes under tension and its free end is dragged through the potting compound.
  • the amount of permitted translation is that amount which just begins to move the fine end of the longest filament. Once this amount of translation is reached, the cable is held in place and the solidification of the potting compound continues to completion.
  • both the“short filament” and the“long filament” have been straightened.
  • the free end of the“short filament” will be closer to transition region 26 than the free end of the“long filament” (since the free end of the short filament has been dragged along).
  • both filaments will tend to come immediately under load as soon as tension is applied to the cable.
  • the load distribution between the two filaments has been improved.
  • the term“short filament” refers to the length of that particular filament lying within the cavity of the anchor and the term “long filament” refers to the length of the other filament lying within the cavity.
  • the overall length of both filaments may be identical and the overall length of the “short filament” might even be longer than the“long filament.”
  • longitudinal slippage or some other phenomenon has produced a state where more of the “long filament” is found within the anchor cavity than the“short filament.” This is a common occurrence.
  • the result is typically not perfect.
  • the filaments will not be perfectly aligned nor perfectly organized.
  • the inventive method does produce a significant advantage over the disorganized initial state of the filaments.
  • the amount of tension applied will often be small relative to the tension the cable is designed to carry.
  • the applied tension for such a cable in the application of the inventive method would only be about 1.2 million Newtons (about 300,000 pounds) (and in many cases will be much less).
  • the tensile force required to carry out the present invention is modest in comparison to the break strength of the cable.
  • polymer cross-linking is not a single transformation like would be the case with many metals. Rather, the polymer tends to smoothly transition from one state to another. At a first time it may be a low-viscosity liquid that smoothly flows under the influence of gravity. At a second later time it may transition to a syrup-like consistency. At a still later time it may be a spongy solid. At a still later time it may ultimately transition to a hard solid (though never with a crystalline structure).
  • cross-linking polymers go through a“B stage” transition explained previously. They start with one viscosity at ambient temperature when the two constituents are mixed. Heat produced by the exothermic reaction causes the viscosity to drop (in some instances substantially). Later, as the cross-linking progresses the viscosity climbs again and ultimately the cross-linking produces a solid.
  • the present invention does not need to wait for the potting compound in the distal region to transition to a hard solid. Even a“syrupy” consistency is enough to allow a small amount of tension and resulting translation to be applied to the cable. The process will vary depending upon many factors such as:
  • the initial conditions things such as the anchor temperature, the potting compound temperature, ambient temperature, etc.).
  • FIG. 5 shows one exemplary apparatus configured to carry out the present invention.
  • a length of filaments from cable 10 is placed in a cavity within anchor 18 as explained previously.
  • the assembly of cable and anchor in this example has been inverted, so that the distal end of the anchor faces downward.
  • Seal plate 64 is placed over the distal end to prevent the liquid potting compound running out the bottom of the assembly.
  • the inversion of the assembly has advantages in many instances but the invention can be carried out in other orientations so the orientation shown in the view is not limiting.
  • a pair of anchor clamps 46 is provided. These include engaging surfaces configured to bear against and hold the anchor in place. In addition, they include retaining plate 52 positioned to slide over the top of the anchor (in the orientation of the view). A cable receiver 48 is provided in each retaining plate 52 so that the cable itself is free to slide with respect to the anchor clamps.
  • a pair of cable clamps 44 is provided. Each of these includes a cable receiver 50 that is sized to fit around the cable.
  • the cable clamps are configured to frictionally engage and hold the cable so that they may apply tension to the cable.
  • Exemplary engaging features include rubber inserts, ribs, knobs, and knurls.
  • Other ways to apply tension to the cable include applying a temporary anchor to the free end and wrapping a length of the cable around a moveable or driven capstan.
  • Both the anchor clamps 46 and cable clamps 44 should be viewed as largely conceptual depictions. The actual form of these devices will vary widely.
  • a cable clamp is anything that is capable of engaging a cable or strand and applying tension to it (When applied to a single strand in this disclosure the clamp will be referred to as a“strand clamp”).
  • an anchor clamp is anything that is able to secure the anchor so that the anchor can be held in position or moved as desired.
  • Friction-based clamps such as shown are limited in how much they can pull. Many cables have an extruded jacket. At some point the friction-based clamps will just start pulling the jacket along the cable. Even without a jacket, friction-based clamps may cause the outer filaments to slip relative to the inner filaments. Neither result is desirable.
  • one type of“cable clamp” that can be used in the present invention is a length of multi-stranded cable that already has a termination affixed to one end (a“secondary cable”).
  • This secondary cable can be spliced to the cable presently being terminated - either at the end of the cable presently being terminated or at some intermediate point. Tension can then be applied to the cable presently being terminated via the secondary cable and the splice.
  • Another type of“cable clamp” could simply be wrapping the non-terminated end of a cable around a capstan and using the capstan to apply tension.
  • a“Kellems Grip” This known device slips an attachment feature connected to a woven mesh over the exterior of a cable. Tension is applied to the attachment feature and the woven mesh contracts and grips the cable over an extended length. Tension may thereby be applied to the cable. Many other devices can be provided to apply tension to the cable. All of these devices can be consider a“cable clamp.”
  • thermocouples are installed to monitor the temperature of anchor 18 at various points. These thermocouples are connected to monitoring circuitry which converts their output to a temperature parameter. A single thermocouple will often be sufficient - particularly when the anchor is made of a thermally-conductive metal.
  • FIG. 6 is an elevation view of the assembly of FIG. 5 after the anchor clamps and cable clamps have been clamped inward as indicated by the arrows. In this configuration the anchor is held securely by the two anchor clamps 46 while the cable is held securely by the two cable clamps 44.
  • This“defined transition” is the point at which the potting compound in a certain region is at the desired point in its transition toward being a solid such that tension and/or translation may be applied to the cable in order to produce the necessary straightening and improved load distribution results.
  • FIG. 7 shows the step of applying tension.
  • Tension may be applied by (1) fixing the anchor position and pulling the cable clamps 44 upward, (2) fixing the cable clamps and pulling the anchor downward, or (3) a combination of the two.
  • tension in the cable will typically spike and then slack off as the filaments begin to pull through the potting compound.
  • further translation of the cable is stopped at this point.
  • Some tension may or may not be continued after translation has stopped.
  • One of the simplest ways to monitor for the defined transition in the potting compound is to monitor the temperature of the anchor using one or more thermocouples. If the same initial conditions are used (same potting compound at the same initial temperature in the same anchor/cable assembly at the same relative positions), then one may experiment to determine what measured anchor temperature corresponds to the achievement of the defined transition in the potting compound in a desired region such as the distal region.
  • One measured temperature (or range thereof) will produce the best result.
  • This measured temperature corresponds to the defined transition in the desired region of the cavity and it should be used as the trigger point for applying tension to the cable. Once this measure temperature is found, it will remain the same (or very nearly so) for the same combination of all the factors (potting compound, filaments, anchor type, etc.). However, as one would expect, a new experiment will be needed for each different combination. This not only includes the determining the defined transition point, but also the translation process parameters.
  • some or all of the filaments will be pulled completely free of the distal region so that the free ends of these filaments lie closer to the proximal end of the anchor. In other instances, some or all of the filament ends will remain fixed in the distal region and movement is limited to the region of filaments at the proximal end. Depending on the relative lengths of the filaments with the anchor cavity, in some instances some filaments may not be moved at all.
  • the operator preferably understands the relationship between the force applied to the cable, the reactive tension with the cable, and the resulting translation. These may be monitored and automated using a computer system to apply the loads, control velocity, measure the reaction forces, and measure the translation distance. Many different approaches to tension and translation are of course possible, including:
  • the temperature of a specific region within the anchor may be desirable to monitor the temperature of a specific region within the anchor more precisely in order to determine the defined transition.
  • Multiple temperature sensors may be used at different points of the anchor - as actually shown in FIG. 6.
  • One may also use a bore-hole through the side of the anchor so that a temperature sensor can be placed directly adjacent to the curing potting compound.
  • the temperature rise is fairly gradual and the anchor material is thermally conductive (such as aluminum).
  • a single temperature for the anchor as a whole will work and the location of the temperature sensor is not overly critical.
  • the measurement of temperature within the distal region is only exemplary. In some embodiments it may be more important to measure the temperature in the middle region, the neck region, or the transition region. Temperature is really just a proxy for the defined transition (the achievement of a desired potting compound characteristic in a defined region of the anchor), so some experimentation may be needed to determine the best location for the temperature measurement.
  • FIG. 8 shows the result of applying the inventive process.
  • the filaments have been pulled some distance through the potting compound while it was solidifying.
  • the filaments are better aligned and they have been given better load distribution. This improvement in load distribution and filament orientation produces the improved termination performance.
  • the anchor in FIG. 8 is in an upright position with its distal portion facing upward.
  • the entire potting process may be carried out in this orientation and in fact this gives good access to the distal region.
  • heat lamps or UV lamps may be used in conjunction with hardness or other measurement tools, which may be easily applied to the exposed portion of extended region 34.
  • the fact that a portion of the extended region 34 is exposed allows for other opportunities as well, including the following:
  • UV light can be applied to the exposed portion of the extended region to hasten the transition of that exposed portion to a solid. This solidified region will then tend to hold the ends of the filaments in place so that tension can be applied. This applied tension can then be used to improve the alignment of the filaments further down into the strand cavity;
  • thermoset potting compound If a thermoset potting compound is used then radiant heat can be applied to the exposed portion of the extended region in order to hasten the transition to a solid in that region;
  • the experimental methods described for the embodiments that correlate a measured temperature with the best termination performance may be applied to other measured values as well.
  • time itself may be correlated to the termination performance. If one carefully controls the conditions (temperature, potting compound mixture ratio etc.) so that they are repeated precisely each time, then the defined transition can occur at the same time in each instance. One may experiment by applying the tension force at various times and correlating the termination performance against the time at which tension was applied. This method can be applied across a broad range of cure times. As an example, the defined transition may occur in as little as 5 minutes or as long as 24 hours. As long as the process is repeatable and demonstrates the desired performance, the length of time involved is not particularly important.
  • The“desired performance” may not necessarily be the maximum possible breaking strength for the termination.
  • a few years ago the breaking strength of a termination for a synthetic or hybrid cable was considerably less than the breaking strength of the cable itself. In fact, a termination breaking strength approaching 90% of the breaking strength of the cable was considered quite good.
  • the breaking strength of the termination it is possible for the breaking strength of the termination to substantially exceed the breaking strength of the cable. It is possible to achieve a termination breaking strength that is 150% of the breaking strength of the cable. However, there may be no point in producing such a result.
  • the desired performance may be a termination breaking strength that is 110% of the breaking strength of the cable. In that case, it is not necessary to fully optimize the termination.
  • the potting compound formulation (including the mix ratio for 2-part compounds);
  • a preferred approach is simply to store all the components (cable, anchor, potting compound) in a controlled environment for a length of time so that they all reach the same temperature.
  • the inventive process is then carried out in that same controlled environment so that the initial ambient temperature is maintained as a constant ambient temperature throughout (though the temperature of the potting compound, anchor, etc. may increase due to an exothermic reaction).
  • An experimental ultimate strength curve is preferably created for each new configuration of anchor/cable/potting compound. Such a curve would plot the time from the introduction of the potting compound until the application of the tension specified in the inventive method against the ultimate break strength of the cable and termination after the potting compound is fully cured. This creates an optimum solution for each configuration. Common sense can be applied to minimize the experimental activity. As an example, if an optimum time is known for a particular anchor and a modification is made to that anchor (such as the addition of a revised loading flange) then a small range of time variation around the previously known optimum time can be used to establish a new optimum time value (as opposed to running a full experiment using a broad time range).
  • time in determining when the defined transition in the potting compound has occurred involves some initial experimentation. However, once the optimum value for time is established, it becomes very easy to run the process with simple monitoring (since only a timing device is needed). The reader may also wish to know that for some configurations time is really the only practical way to determine the occurrence of the defined transition. While many potting compounds involve exothermic reactions, the reaction rate may be so slow that a temperature change is difficult to measure. It is likewise often impractical to measure viscosity without significantly disturbing the potting compound during the cure cycle (and thereby compromising its performance). Thus, in many applications, time will be the best value to measure.
  • the optimization can be done on the basis of measured reaction forces during the application of tension during the transition of the potting compound.
  • the optimization can also be done on the basis of measured displacement during the application of tension.
  • One may also measure a combination of reaction forces and displacement.
  • a controlled tension can be applied and a measuring fixture used to determine the amount of translation resulting from the controlled tension.
  • Increasing viscosity or cure state in a defined region of the cavity can be detected by the reduction in the amount of translation resulting from the application of tension over a limited time. This conclusion would then fix the defined transition.
  • determining the defined initial transition one may use applied mechanical or electromagnetic waves to the termination assembly and measure the response. This response will change once the potting compound begins its transition to a solid state.
  • a simple hardness test may be applied to an accessible region of the potting compound.
  • the distal portion of the cavity is often accessible and a force versus penetration probe or other even simpler means may be used to determine hardness.
  • This type of test may be especially useful in configurations such as an open socket (as shown in FIG. 8) where the distal region is exposed.
  • a viscosity test may be applied to an accessible region of the potting compound.
  • a viscosity measuring device (such as a rotating paddle) can be introduced into the potting compound and used to determine when a desired viscosity has been reached.
  • micro-translations could be applied at staged intervals. For instance, a 0.5 mm translation could be applied once every 10 minutes. A process controller can be used to apply these and also measure reaction forces. These micro translations“educate” the process controller as to the present state of cure.
  • variable tension needed to achieve a desired translation velocity This application would then cease after a desired translation had been achieved.
  • FIGs. 9 and 10 show a variation configured for use on a cable having a helical winding.
  • a cable having a helical winding.
  • Such a cable has a central axis, but the helically wound filaments are at no point parallel to that axis. They are instead offset by a distance and a helix angle.
  • Such cables are often potted with the filaments lying in an orientation within the anchor cavity that is generally parallel to the cable axis. This fact introduces a bend as the filaments exit the anchor and a resulting stress riser at the point of the bend.
  • the cable may be rotated during the potting process. Preferably this rotation is applied in combination with the application of tension.
  • FIG. 9 shows the same configuration as FIG. 7.
  • cable clamps 44 are rotated about the cable’s central axis while tension is applied.
  • the rotation preferably does not commence until after the defined transition of the potting compound within the defined region has commenced.
  • the rotation could be added before or after the defined transition. Whenever it is applied, the rotation introduces a twist in the filaments within the anchor cavity.
  • FIG. 10 shows one possible result.
  • the portion of the filaments lying within distal region 32 and extended region 34 have a lesser degree of twist since - in this example - the potting compound was more viscous in these regions when the twist was applied.
  • the portion of the filaments lying in the balance of the cavity has been twisted more significantly.
  • the amount of rotation is set so that the twist at the transition region 26 approximately matches the helix angle of the filaments in the cable itself. Also important is the fact that the load sharing between the filaments has been more equalized (as explained previously).
  • FIGs. 1 1 and 12 show one example.
  • spike 68 is configured to thread into cavity 20 within anchor 18.
  • Male thread 70 on plug 69 is sized to thread into female thread 66 on the upper portion of the anchor. The plug is used to tighten the spike so that the filaments within the cavity are mechanically held.
  • FIG. 12 shows the result once spike 68 is in place. The same process has been applied. A defined transition was detected and tension/translation was then applied to the cable to align the filaments in the regions while they were still able to move within the potting compound.
  • the cavity defined by the inward-facing anchor wall and the outward-facing wall of the spike has been filled with potting compound.
  • potting compound will not be used and the filaments will instead be held in place by the mechanical interlock of the spike-and-cone itself.
  • FIG. 13 shows one example of how the present invention can be applied to a spike- and-cone termination that relies primarily on a mechanical interlock to secure the filaments.
  • a small amount of liquid potting compound is provided to form distal region 32. Once the potting compound in this region has undergone the defined transition, tension is applied to cable 10 in order to straighten and align the filaments.
  • spike 68 at this point is not Mly threaded into anchor 18.
  • the application of tension to the cable is able to straighten the filaments because they have not yet been fully mechanically clamped in place.
  • tension/translation is maintained on the cable while spike 68 is tightened into its final position.
  • the filaments are held in the desired orientation while they are mechanically clamped in place by the cone.
  • the potting compound and inventive method could be carried out in the neck, middle, distal regions, and in some cases the entire cavity. The ideal placement of potting compound will vary by anchor or termination design - which could take on any shape or form.
  • FIG. 14 shows still another embodiment in which external heating is applied to the anchor during the curing process.
  • One or more heaters 72, 74, and 76 may be placed in any suitable location relative to anchor 18. These apply heat to the anchor in order to raise the temperature of the potting compound in certain regions and thereby control or modify the setting process. As can be imagined, these heating devices can be applied to any desired portion and could even be included in the anchor hardware itself.
  • the defined transition could still be determined by monitoring for temperature in this embodiment. On the other hand, experimentation could be performed to fix the defined transition as a function of the heat applied. In that case, temperature monitoring might not be necessary and one could simply fix the defined initial transition on the basis of the heat applied.
  • a needle can be placed within a portion of the cavity and used to inject additional catalyst into a two-part epoxy so that the viscosity in that region would rise more rapidly.
  • the invention capitalizes on the fact that the potting compound in the cavity tends to transition to a solid more quickly in the distal region than in the neck region.
  • the appropriate difference in cure rate will occur naturally and the proper application of the invention depends mostly on determining when the defined transition in the defined region occurs.
  • a heating jacket could be placed around the distal region of the anchor itself while a cooling jacking is placed around the neck region. Passages for a circulating heating or cooling liquid could also be provided in the anchor itself. It is also possible to provide a potting compound with different mix ratios so that one portion cures faster than the other even under identical conditions.
  • the distal potted region that is used to secure the filaments so that tension can be applied may be located outside of the anchor.
  • the inventive process can be carried out solely as a means for improving fiber alignment, and the potting compound may not actually be the load-transfer device itself.
  • FIGs. 15 and 16 illustrate this concept.
  • FIG. 15 is a section view showing the use of auxiliary anchor 78.
  • the filaments are passed through cavity 20 in anchor 18 and potted into auxiliary cavity 84 in auxiliary anchor 78 to form auxiliary potted region 80.
  • the potting compound within auxiliary potted region 80 is allowed to harden sufficiently to hold the filaments in place.
  • Tension is then applied to cable 10 as shown - while anchor 18 is held in the desired relationship.
  • the filaments within cavity 20 are thereby straightened and aligned.
  • Liquid potting compound within cavity 20 (which has been introduced at any suitable time) is allowed to transition to the solid state, preferably while tension is maintained on the cable.
  • auxiliary anchor may be optionally removed by severing the exposed filaments. The result is shown in FIG. 16. Of course if the ends of the filaments have been pulled completely through this region then fiber severing will not be necessary. Auxiliary anchor may at this point be discarded and the completed termination on the cable put to use. Those skilled in the art would realize the auxiliary anchor or cavity method could be carried out in many possible geometries and configurations, and benefit almost any form of synthetic multi- filament termination method.
  • the potting compound within the auxiliary anchor might be a wax or some other meltable or soluble material.
  • the potting compound in the cavity of the anchor itself might be a two-part epoxy.
  • the wax in the auxiliary anchor portion could be removed by melting.
  • the distal end of the anchor might then be subjected to a secondary operation such as grinding to produce a smooth surface finish.
  • the wax may alternately be cooled during the process to create the necessary hardness for translation, where the potting compound in the anchor cavity is used to permanently lock the tensioned strands in the cured state.
  • any potting compound could undergo heating or cooling to achieve the desired cure state or viscosity for the inventive method.
  • thermoplastic potting compound having a relatively low melting temperature could be injected into an anchor cavity under pressure.
  • the time for such a thermoplastic compound to transition from a liquid to a solid is short - often less than one minute.
  • inventive method could still be applied. Experimentation in this scenario might indicate that the optimum time to apply tension to the cable is only 15 seconds after the thermoplastic is injected. This would be much sooner than for a cross-linking potting compound, but the steps followed are the same.
  • thermoset potting compound could also benefit from the application of the inventive methods.
  • the temperature applied to promote hardening in that case could be part of the controlling facts used to determine when the defined transition has taken place (and thereby determine the proper time for applying tension).
  • a UV- cured potting compound could be employed hi that scenario the application of the UV light source could start a defined time cycle that would then dictate the application of tension.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates how the inventive method will be used in many instances.
  • Cable 10 is long. In order to make it convenient for handling the cable is formed into coil 86 and secured with binders 88. A free end of the cable is left out of the coil and it is this free end that will be the subject of the inventive process.
  • Anchor 18 is affixed to the end of the cable using potting compound in this example.
  • Anchor clamps 46 secure the anchor in position.
  • Cable clamps 44 clamp around a portion of the cable between anchor 18 and coil 86.
  • the inventive translation process is then applied, either by holding the anchor steady and moving the cable, holding the cable steady and moving the anchor, or some combination of the two.
  • the opposite end of the cable can be prepared for the addition of its own anchor.
  • the anchor shown in FIG. 17 can then be wrapped up into a new coil, leaving a free portion of cable on the opposite end, with that free portion being the next site for the operation of the inventive process.
  • FIG. 18A depicts an alternate embodiment of the inventive process.
  • the anchor itself included a cavity (generally an expanding cavity) and the splayed filaments were at some point placed in this cavity along with the potting compound in a liquid state.
  • the liquid potting compound was then allowed to transition to a solid, with the inventive process being applied during the solidification. Once the inventive process was completed, the filaments remained locked within the anchor.
  • the inventive translation process is carried out in a specialized mold. Then, once the potting compound has sufficiently cured, the mold is removed and the composite (molded)“plug” of filaments and solidified potting compound is transferred to a separate anchor. This process will now be described in more detail.
  • FIG. 18A shows splayed filaments 12 exposed at the end of a cable.
  • the particular cable shown includes an encasing jacket 98. It is preferable to side anchor 18 a short length down the cable. A length of the jacket is then removed to expose splayed filaments 12.
  • Two mold halves 90 are configured to clamp around splayed filaments 12. It is preferable to coat the mold cavities with mold release prior to performing the molding portion of the operation. Once the mold release has been applied, the two mold halves are clamped tightly around the
  • the mold cavity may include a pliable sealing collar or gasket near its lower exit (“lower” being understood in the context of the orientation shown in the view).
  • Liquid potting compound is pumped through a feed line 96 in each mold and injected onto the mold cavity via one or more injection sprues 94.
  • the liquid potting compound is pumped through a feed line 96 in each mold and injected onto the mold cavity via one or more injection sprues 94.
  • Vent 91 is preferably provided to allow air within the mold cavity to escape as the liquid potting compound fills the mold cavity. Readers wishing to know more about the different ways that liquid potting compound can be injected into a mold cavity are referred to my own U.S. Patent Nos.
  • the two mold halves are opened.
  • a solid composite of splayed filaments 12 and solidified potting compound will then be revealed.
  • the assembly of the cable and anchor 18 is then removed from the mold.
  • Anchor 18 is then moved along the cable and over the composite including splayed filaments 12. It is preferable for the shape of cavity 20 in anchor 18 to closely resemble the shape of the mold cavity. While in most cases a closely-
  • 1010 matched cavity shape is preferred, in other cases it is preferable to create a slight variation between the shape of the molded composite of potting compound/fibers and the cavity within the anchor. As an example, it can be desirable to make the throat region of the cavity in the anchor somewhat oversized to minimize compressive stresses in this area when the cable is placed under tension. 1015 The reader should note that it is not necessary to slip the anchor down the cable prior to starting the molding process. The anchor may be slipped over the cable from the opposite end of the cable if that is desired. In still other cases the anchor itself may include multiple cavities or multiple pieces that interlock to create a complete assembly.
  • the mold shape shown in FIG. 18A will be impractical in many instances because it is difficult to close the mold halves together without pinching some of the splayed filaments between the mating faces of the mold halves. In addition, it is difficult to uniformly splay the
  • FIG. 18B depicts an embodiment in which the two mold halves 90 have been modified to include open top 93 (an enlarged passage leading from outside the mold and into mold cavity 92).
  • Cable 10 is then pulled downward - as indicated by the arrow - in order to pull
  • FIG. 18D shows the assembly after the cable has been translated downward. The reader will observe how splayed filaments 12 are accessible through open top 93. This allows access to physically manipulate the filaments in order to provide a suitable and uniform splaying.
  • FIG. 18D shows a sealing cap 95 in place over the open mold top. This is clamped in
  • Vent 91 vents air from the mold cavity as the mold cavity fills with liquid potting compound. While the process is depicted with the open top of the mold facing upward, once the covering is in place the process can be carried out in any desired orientation.
  • FIG. 18F shows another embodiment of the mold depicted in FIG. 18E.
  • each heat transfer passage includes an inlet 146 and an outlet 148.
  • a heat transfer fluid can be pumped through these passages to regulate the temperature of the mold as desired, hi addition, the temperature in different portions of the mold can be regulated independently. As an example, the temperature near the throat of the mold cavity could be maintained at a higher temperature than the rest of the
  • the 1065 invention applies equally to terminations including multiple anchors attached to the ends of multiple strands.
  • the invention offers benefits at the fiber level, the strand level, and the cable level.
  • the invention can - in the right circumstances - eliminate the need for length and load balancing hardware.
  • FIG. 19 shows an application of the invention to a cable with a multi-stranded
  • the cable 10 in FIG. 19 comprises three separate strands that are twisted or braided into a particular configuration. Most real-world cables would include 8 or more strands. A 3-stranded cable is shown for visual simplicity. The ends of the strands are separated from each other in order to provide room to attach an anchor 18 as shown. It is preferable in this scenario to monitor for a defined transition in each
  • Anchor clamps 46 are clamped onto each anchor.
  • Strand clamps 128 are clamped around each individual strand 100.
  • the strand clamps associated with the particular strand in that particular anchor are moved to create the desired translation as the potting compound transitions to a solidified state (In all cases the reader should understand that the invention is carried out via relative
  • FIG. 20 shows a variation of the assembly shown in FIG. 19.
  • a single anchor plate 102 is used to secure the three anchors 18. Any suitable anchor holding fixture can be substituted for anchor plate 102.
  • three radial slots 104 are provided so that the user can admit the cable laterally into the anchor plate while the anchors
  • the anchor 1090 rest on top of the anchor plate. While not required, it is preferable to make the anchor positions similar to the positions they will occupy in use. As stated previously, the invention can be carried out in any desired orientation and it is common to use an orientation that is inverted with respect to the one shown in FIG. 20.
  • a pair of strand clamps 128 is affixed to each cable strand as shown.
  • the anchors and strands When using the approach of applying tension to the cable as a whole, it is generally preferable for the anchors and strands to have a geometric relationship (during the application of the tension) that is similar to the geometric relationship that will exist when the cable is put
  • a complete cure time for a typical anchor may be 12 hours. It is advantageous to provide a
  • FIG. 27 depicts this phenomenon.
  • the Y- axis shows the ultimate break strength of a single strand and its attached anchor once all the potting compound is fully cured.
  • the X-Axis shows the time between the commencement of the process with the infusion of the liquid potting compound and the time that tension is
  • the inventive method is preferably applied between points B and C.
  • the inventive method is preferably applied between points B and C.
  • FIG. 21 shows one exemplary assembly.
  • each anchor 18 rests in a pocket 106 and the strand coming out the bottom of each anchor rests in a slot 108.
  • Countless other configurations exist for uniting multiple anchors into a unified collector, and the invention is by no means limited to any particular
  • Alignment fixture 1 14 is provided to guide the strands from the freely flexing portion of cable 10 into collector 1 10.
  • FIG. 22 provides a sectional view through the assembly of FIG. 21 .
  • Alignment fixture 1 14 is preferably attached to collector 1 10, such as by bolting the two components together.
  • Central cavity 1 16 provides an inward facing surface that guides the path of each strand. The reader will observe how anchor 18 sitting in pocket 106 is configured to transmit tensile loads from the cable to collector 110.
  • FIG. 22 illustrates another way to apply the present inventive method: Potting compound transition tension can be applied during the cure of the potting compound
  • a device such as cable clamps 44 may be used to apply the potting compound transition tension to the cable as a whole or to the individual cable strands.
  • the inventive method produces improvement in: (1) fiber alignment within each cavity in each anchor; (2) fiber-to-fiber load equalization within each cavity in each anchor; and (3) strand-to-strand load equalization in the cable as a whole.
  • Cable clamp 44 can be applied in this scenario to provide tension to the cable as a
  • the anchor cavities can be provided with a more gently sloping profile so that a wider range of translations can be accommodated (from anchor to anchor) without significantly affecting the break strength of the potted termination in any particular anchor. 1 175 Where a single cable of 50 mm in diameter may achieve the desired properties with a translation of only 10 mm (in a direction parallel to the cable’s central axis), this will not likely be a sufficient translation for a cable made of 12 strands and having 12 separate anchors. In the latter case a translation of 20 to 40 mm may be needed.
  • the translation may take place as one continuous motion or it may take place in many
  • the potting compound transition tension For example, if one anchor is curing at a faster rate and translation occurs too late in the cycle, the performance of that particular anchor will be reduced. Sophisticated methods of applying the tension are needed in some embodiments, such as long and slow translation, staged translation, stepped translation, or pulsed translation.
  • a well-balanced cable can be produced without resulting to length adjustment devices on each anchor-to-collector interface (such as a threaded shaft, adjusting shims, etc.).
  • the elimination of these length adjustment devices saves cost and reduces complexity.
  • the inventive method allows the use of multiple-cavity anchors as opposed to multiple anchors that have to be joined together using a
  • FIGs. 25A-25E illustrate the application of the inventive method to multiple-cavity anchors.
  • FIG. 25A shows a very simple version of a single anchor containing multiple potted terminations. In this simple depiction the cable has only two strands. However, in an actual case, the cable would likely have 4, 8, 12, or more strands. In larger cables such as used for
  • this may include over 20 strands. These strands will tend to diverge from the arrangement (“lay”) within the cable itself as they approach and enter the multi-cavity anchor. This divergence is a practical consideration to allow sufficient room for the formation of the potted regions (the strands lying immediately adjacent to each other with very little intervening space in the lay within the cable itself).
  • a separate“nose piece” (a)
  • strand guiding and protecting component is often added to surround and protect the length of strands where they diverge to enter the multi-cavity anchor.
  • This separate nose piece is not shown in FIG. 25A, but it would ordinarily be attached to the multi-cavity anchor.
  • a representative nose piece is shown as alignment fixture 114 in FIG. 22 of this disclosure.
  • Another exemplary nose piece is illustrated as element 64 in FIG. 1 of commonly-owned
  • Multiple cavity anchor 126 includes first cavity 130 and second cavity 132.
  • central axes 134, 136 of these two cavities are inclined to accommodate a smooth transition to the helical twist of the two strands 100 in the cable itself. Angular offsets such as these may be included depending on the lay of the cable. In other embodiments the cavities will be aligned with the central axis of the cable. Anchor clamp 46 holds the anchor in place.
  • One approach is to provide a strand clamp 128 for each individual strand. In this instance the two strands might undergo the application of tension and resulting translation at different times.
  • Another approach is to provide a single cable clamp 44 that applies tension/translation to multiple strands at the same time.
  • the application of the inventive process allows strand-to-strand length adjustment without having to adjust the location of each cavity in the multiple cavity anchor.
  • FIG. 25B Yet another approach is shown in FIG. 25B.
  • cable 10 is passed around capstan 150 (at a sufficient distance from double cavity anchor 126 to provide a straight portion leading to the double
  • FIG. 25C shows a multiple cavity anchor 126 configured for use with a cable having
  • the anchor shown has six separate strand cavities 130, 132, 133, 135, 137, and 139. Each strand of the cable shown is connected to the anchor using potting compound in the relevant strand cavity.
  • a single load transferring element 1 12 (in this case an eye) is used to connect the multiple cavity anchor to an external component.
  • the anchor could be connected to an external clevis using a transverse pin.
  • FIG. 25C contains a section view“callout” referencing FIG. 25D.
  • FIG. 25D provides a sectional elevation view through the exemplary multiple cavity anchor of FIG. 25C. The section passes through first cavity 130 and fourth cavity 135. Each cavity contains a potted region 14 that locks a particular strand 100 in place.
  • the inventive method of applying potting compound transition tension can be applied
  • FIG. 25E illustrates an exemplary fixture that can be used with the multiple cavity anchor of FIGs. 25C and 25D.
  • Anchor plate 102 engages and secures multiple cavity anchor 126. A passage through the middle of the anchor plate allows the strands 100 to pass through.
  • Clamp plate 154 is separated from anchor plate 102.
  • the clamp plate also contains a
  • Cable clamp 44 is clamped on the cable as a whole.
  • the cable clamp is attached to clamp plate 154.
  • Actuators 156 are connected between anchor plate 102 and clamp plate 154. The actuators are used to urge the two plates apart - thereby placing tension on the cable and applying the present inventive method. The use of actuators allows fine control of the tension applied via variations in the force applied.
  • actuators are hydraulic cylinders
  • variations in the hydraulic feed pressure can be used to vary the force applied.
  • Displacement is also easy to measure since there are many existing devices that can be used to measure things like rod extension in a hydraulic cylinder (though the measurement of displacement is obviously not limited to hydraulic cylinders). Many different devices and techniques could be used to apply a
  • FIG. 26 illustrates how the inventive process can be applied to still another type of anchor.
  • Anchor 18 includes passage 138 and cavity 20. This type of anchor is configured to have cable 10 pass through passage 138, around an external component such as bar 140, and then to cavity 20. Potted region 14 is created to lock the free end of the cable into the anchor. 1270 Anchor clamp 46 holds the anchor in position. Cable clamp 44 then applies suitable tension to the cable when the defined transition begins within the potting compound (during the solidification process).
  • inventive method can apply to cables having metallic filaments as well.
  • inventive method can also apply to cables having a hybrid construction, meaning cables comprising both synthetic filaments and metallic filaments (though metallic filaments are more often referred to as strands or wires).
  • FIGs. 23 and 24 provide examples of hybrid tensile members in which include both
  • FIG. 1280 synthetic and metallic components. Both these figures depict a cross section of a cable.
  • FIG. 1280 synthetic and metallic components. Both these figures depict a cross section of a cable.
  • FIG. 23 shows a first exemplary construction in which synthetic core 120 is surrounded by six bundles of wire strands 122 to create hybrid tensile member 118.
  • each hybrid strand 150 includes a synthetic core 120 surrounded by wire strands 122.
  • the wire strands may carry a portion of the tensile load.
  • the wire strands will be present just to provide additional toughness for the assembly as a whole (particular with respect to bending or cutting forces).
  • the inventive method still provides advantages for these hybrid constructions. This is true where the synthetic elements of a hybrid cable carry a minority of the overall load.
  • FIG. 28 shows a plot of displacement versus time. “Displacement” refers to the linear displacement of a cable or strand in a direction that is approximately parallel to the cable’s central axis. The solid line represents one profile and the dashed line represents a second, alternative profile.
  • a closed-loop control system applies the potting compound transition tension and measures the resulting displacement.
  • the tension is varied in order to produce the displacement curve shown.
  • displacement can be controlled to produce a desired reaction force.
  • Suitable maxima can be defined for any measured value. As an example, one of the
  • measurements used in a closed loop control system can be the measurement of the translation of the cable (tensile strength member) relative to the anchor.
  • a defined maximum translation can be established. Then, if that defined maximum translation is reached, the applied potting compound transition tension is reduced to the point where all further translation stops.
  • the ideal goal is not really a pull applied to the centerline of the cable as a whole, but 1305 rather a pull that is applied to the centerline of each individual anchor cavity.
  • a pull on the centerline of the cable as a whole will often be close enough to the centerline of each individual anchor cavity to produce beneficial and satisfactory results.
  • FIG. 29 shows a plot of applied potting compound transition tension versus time.
  • the solid line shows one application scheme and the dashed line shows a second, alternative 1310 application scheme.
  • the tension can also be regulated by a closed-loop control system monitoring reaction forces, hi many cases it is desirable to use both displacement and tension in regulating the control system.
  • the control system can apply a pulse of tension and measure the resulting displacement. If a high initial displacement rate occurs the control system can reduce the applied tension in response.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de formation d'une terminaison par fixation d'un certain type de raccord à l'extrémité d'un élément de traction tel qu'un câble. Le raccord d'extrémité est pourvu d'une ou de plusieurs cavités internes. Chaque cavité a une partie proximale qui est adjacente à la zone où l'élément de traction sort du raccord et une partie distale à son extrémité opposée. Une longueur des filaments de l'élément de traction est placée à l'intérieur de cette cavité d'expansion, et imprégnée d'un composé d'enrobage liquide. Le procédé exploite la caractéristique d'un composé d'enrobage liquide tandis qu'il effectue une transition vers un solide. Une fois que le composé d'enrobage dans au moins une partie de la cavité a effectué une transition suffisante pour maintenir les filaments au niveau souhaité, une tension est exercée sur l'élément de traction et un petit déplacement linéaire peut être exercé sur l'élément de traction. Ce déplacement linéaire tend à tirer les filaments se trouvant dans le composé d'enrobage dans un meilleur alignement et à améliorer la répartition de la charge. L'invention peut être appliquée à des raccords simples ayant de multiples cavités et à de multiples raccords ayant seulement une cavité par raccord.
PCT/US2019/054949 2018-10-08 2019-10-07 Procédé de translation commandée de fixation d'une terminaison à un élément de traction WO2020076677A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US16/154,346 US10563727B2 (en) 2017-12-12 2018-10-08 Controlled translation method of affixing a termination to a tensile member
US16/154,346 2018-10-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2020076677A1 true WO2020076677A1 (fr) 2020-04-16

Family

ID=70164671

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2019/054949 WO2020076677A1 (fr) 2018-10-08 2019-10-07 Procédé de translation commandée de fixation d'une terminaison à un élément de traction

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2020076677A1 (fr)

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3660887A (en) * 1969-06-20 1972-05-09 Nupla Corp Method for connecting attachments to fiber glass rods
US20030010966A1 (en) * 2001-07-16 2003-01-16 Sjostedt Robbie J. Composite tensioning members and method for manufacturing same
US20060096089A1 (en) * 2004-09-02 2006-05-11 Campbell Richard V Method for standardizing hardware for synthetic cables

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3660887A (en) * 1969-06-20 1972-05-09 Nupla Corp Method for connecting attachments to fiber glass rods
US20030010966A1 (en) * 2001-07-16 2003-01-16 Sjostedt Robbie J. Composite tensioning members and method for manufacturing same
US20060096089A1 (en) * 2004-09-02 2006-05-11 Campbell Richard V Method for standardizing hardware for synthetic cables

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP3253990B1 (fr) Procédé de translation commandée de fixation d'une terminaison à un élément de traction
US20210033170A1 (en) Inverted Injection Method of Affixing a Termination to a Tensile Member
US10434724B2 (en) Controlled translation method of affixing a termination to a tensile member
US10591022B2 (en) Controlled translation method of affixing a termination to a multi-stranded tensile member
US10563727B2 (en) Controlled translation method of affixing a termination to a tensile member
US20140137388A1 (en) Method of Terminating a Stranded Synthetic Filament Cable
US10710143B2 (en) Controlled translation method of affixing a termination to a multi-stranded tensile member
EP3863836B1 (fr) Procédé de translation commandée de la fixation d'une terminaison à un élément de traction multibrins
DK2398644T3 (en) INSTALLATION BY SHARP INFUSION
WO2020076677A1 (fr) Procédé de translation commandée de fixation d'une terminaison à un élément de traction
JP5862109B2 (ja) 天然繊維強化樹脂ストランドの製造方法及び製造装置
US11378159B2 (en) Wicking termination system
US20200331104A1 (en) Method of Terminating a Stranded Synthetic Filament Cable
CN110735845A (zh) 起重机、受拉构件及其制造方法和制备装置

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 19872200

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 19872200

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1