WO2020040991A1

WO2020040991A1 - Thin laminate structures with enhanced acoustic and thermat performance

Info

Publication number: WO2020040991A1
Application number: PCT/US2019/045387
Authority: WO
Inventors: Vikram Bhatia; William Keith Fisher; Ah-Young PARK; Yousef Kayed QAROUSH
Original assignee: Corning Incorporated
Priority date: 2018-08-21
Filing date: 2019-08-07
Publication date: 2020-02-27

Abstract

A glass laminate article having improved thermal and acoustic insulation characteristics is provided, as well as a vehicle having such a laminate article. The laminate includes a first substrate, which can be relatively thick, a second substrate having a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less, which is thinner than the first substrate, and an interlayer disposed between the first and second substrates. The interlayer has a thickness of about 1.2 mm or more, and the thickness of the interlayer is greater than the thickness of the second substrate. The glass laminate article may be used as a vehicle window or a barrier between a vehicle interior and a vehicle engine compartment.

Description

THIN LAMINATE STRUCTURES WITH ENHANCED ACOUSTIC AND

THERM AT, PERFORMANCE

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S.

Provisional Application Serial No. 62/720,510 filed on August 21, 2018 the content of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The disclosure relates generally to thin laminated structures having improved thermal and acoustic properties and vehicles and architectural panels that incorporate such structures.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Laminates can be used as windows and glazing in architectural and transportation applications (e.g., vehicles including automobiles and trucks, rolling stock, locomotive and airplanes). Laminates can also be used as thermal and/or acoustic barriers between environments, such as between a passenger compartment of a vehicle and an engine compartment of the vehicle. Laminates can also be used as panels in balustrades and stairs, and as decorative panels or covering for walls, columns, elevator cabs, kitchen appliances and other applications. The laminates may be transparent, semi-transparent, translucent or opaque and may comprise part of a window, panel, wall, enclosure, sign or other structure. Common types of such laminates may also be tinted or colored or include a component that is tinted or colored.

[0004] Conventional vehicle laminate constructions may consist of two plies of 2 mm soda lime glass (heat treated or annealed) with a polyvinyl butyral PVB interlayer. These laminate constructions have limited impact resistance, and usually have a poor breakage behavior and a higher probability of breakage when getting struck by impacts such as roadside stones, vandals and others.

[0005] In many transportation applications, fuel economy is a function of vehicle weight. It is desirable, therefore, to reduce the weight of laminates for such applications without compromising their strength, acoustic, and thermal properties. In view of the foregoing, thinner laminates that possess or exceed the durability, sound-damping and thermal insulation performance properties associated with thicker, heavier laminates are desirable.

SUMMARY

[0006] A first aspect of this disclosure pertains to a thin laminate exhibiting improved acoustic and/or thermal performance. In one or more embodiments, the laminate includes a first substrate, a second substrate comprising a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less, and an interlayer disposed between the first and second substrates. The interlayer comprises a thickness of about 1.2 mm or more, and the thickness of the interlayer is greater than the thickness of the second substrate. In one or more embodiments, the laminate is positioned so the first substrate faces the sound source. For example, when the laminate is assembled in an opening of a vehicle (as shown in Figure 1), the first substrate faces the exterior of the vehicle and faces the sound source from outside the vehicle, while the second substrate faces in the interior of the vehicle (away from the exterior sound). The first and second substrates include a glass-based material. In an aspect of some embodiments, a thickness of the interlayer is about 1.6 mm or more, in particular about 1.62 mm, or about 1.96 mm or more, about 2.0 mm or more, or about 2.4 mm or more. As a further aspect of some embodiments, the interlayer includes a first layer of acoustic polyvinyl butyral. The interlayer may further include a second layer of standard polyvinyl butyral. The second substrate may have a thickness of about 0.7 mm or less, or about 0.55 mm or less, and the first substrate may have a thickness of about 1.5 mm to about 3.85 mm, about 1.8 mm to about 3.0 mm, about 2.0 mm to about 3.0 mm, or about 2.1 mm. According to aspects of some embodiments, a thickness of the interlayer is greater than a thickness of the second substrate, and a ratio of the thickness of the interlayer to the thickness of the second substrate can be about 2.9 or more.

[0007] In one or more additional embodiments, the laminate further includes a layer of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) disposed between the interlayer and the second substrate. The layer of polyethylene terephthalate has a thickness of about 25 pm to about 100 pm.

[0008] In one or more further embodiments, the laminate is disposed in an opening of a vehicle and the vehicle includes a third substrate disposed in the opening, the third substrate facing and spaced from one of the first substrate and the second substrate, with a void disposed between the third substrate and the one of the first substrate and the second substrate. [0009] According to various embodiments, the laminate can be used in a vehicle as a windshield, a sidelite, a rearlite, a sunroof, or a divider between a mechanical compartment of the vehicle and an interior of the vehicle.

[0010] According to another embodiment, a vehicle is provided having a glass laminate article with improved thermal and acoustic insulation properties. The vehicle has a body having at least one opening and an interior, and the laminate is disposed in the at least one opening. The laminate includes a first substrate, a second substrate comprising a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less, and an interlayer disposed between the first and second substrates, where the second substrate is adjacent the interior of the body, and the interlayer has a thickness of about 1.2 mm or more. The thickness of the interlayer is greater than the thickness of the second substrate. According to some embodiments, the laminate is a windshield, a sidelite, a rearlite, or a sunroof of the vehicle, or is a divider between a mechanical compartment of the vehicle and the interior.

[0011] The first substrate and/or the second substrate may be strengthened or

unstrengthened, as described herein. In some embodiments, the first substrate includes a soda lime glass. In embodiments where the first and/or second substrate is strengthened, such substrates may exhibit a compressive stress in the range from about 50 MPa to about 1000 MPa, and a depth of compression from about 35 micrometers to about 200 micrometers.

[0012] The laminates described herein may be used in vehicles or architectural panels. In one or more embodiments, the laminate may be disposed in an opening of a vehicle body. Where the vehicle body is an automobile, the laminate could be used as a windshield, a side window, sunroof or rear windshield. The body of some embodiments may include railcar body, or an airplane body. In other embodiments, the laminate may be used in architectural panels, which may include a window, an interior wall panel, a modular furniture panel, a backsplash, a cabinet panel, or an appliance panel.

[0013] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.

[0014] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary, and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understanding the nature and character of the claims. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiment(s), and together with the description serve to explain principles and operation of the various embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a vehicle according to one or more embodiments;

[0016] Figure 2 is a side view of a laminate according to one or more embodiments;

[0017] Figure 3 is a side view of a laminate according to one or more embodiments;

[0018] Figure 4 is a side view of a laminate according to one or more embodiments;

[0019] Figure 5 is a side view of a laminate according to one or more embodiments;

[0020] Figures 6A and 6B are graphs comparing the difference in temperature between a vehicle engine compartment and a passenger compartment separated by laminates according to one or more embodiments;

[0021] Figure 7 is a graph comparing the difference in temperature between a vehicle engine compartment and a passenger compartment separated by laminates according to one or more embodiments;

[0022] Figure 8 is a graph comparing the transmission loss of laminates according to one or more embodiments; and

[0023] Figure 9 is a graph comparing the damping loss factor of laminates according to one or more embodiments;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiment(s), examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Aspects of this present disclosure pertain to thin laminated or laminate structures having improved acoustic and thermal insulation properties and vehicles and architectural panels that incorporate such structures. An example of a vehicle 100 that includes such a laminate structure 200 is shown in Figure 1. The vehicle includes a body 110 with at least one opening 120. The laminate 200 is disposed in the at least one opening 120. As used herein, the term“vehicle” may include automobiles (e.g., cars, vans, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, and motorcycles), rolling stock, locomotives, train cars, airplanes, marine craft, and the like. The opening 120 is a window within which a laminate is disposed to provide a transparent covering or glazing. It should be noted that the laminates described herein may be used in architectural panels such as windows, interior wall panels, modular furniture panels, backsplashes, cabinet panels, and/or appliance panels.

[0025] In vehicle windshields and windows, glass laminates typically consist of two glass substrates separated by a polymer interlayer, typically polyvinyl butyral (PVB). PVB comes in acoustic and standard varieties, where acoustic PVB (or APVB) is specifically designed to help attenuate sound and improve acoustic performance of laminates, and may include three co-extruded layers consisting of two outer, thicker layers and a thin, soft core layer. The soft core is considered to provide acoustic damping at temperatures around 20 °C. APVB is typically used in sheets having thicknesses of 0.76 mm, 0.81 mm, or 0.84 mm.

[0026] Vehicle laminates not only provide an optically transparent barrier between the interior and exterior of a vehicle, but may also provide a thermal and acoustic barrier. This may be the case in a typical windshield or vehicle glazing where it is desirable to control the vehicle interior climate relative to the exterior climate, but it may also be true in certain vehicles where mechanical components of the vehicle generate heat and noise that can enter the vehicle interior or passenger compartment. For example, some high-performance automobiles have engine compartments located just behind the passenger compartment. Such an engine compartment can create noise and heat. Therefore, it is desirable to place a barrier between the engine compartment and the passenger compartment. Typically, such an acoustic glass partition located behind the passenger compartment may be a thick laminate having two sheets of soda lime glass with thicknesses of 3.85 mm, and separated by a layer of APVB with a thickness of 0.81 mm, for example. The total laminate thickness in this case is 8.51 mm.

[0027] With a desire to decrease weight and improve optics, newer laminates have attempted to replace one layer of soda lime glass in typical vehicle glazing with a layer of thin, chemically strengthened glass, such as Coming® Gorilla® Glass. For example, a laminate having a soda layer with thickness of 2.1 mm, an APVB layer with thickness of 0.81 mm, and thin, chemically strengthened glass layer with thickness of 0.55 mm, resulting in a total laminate thickness of 3.46 mm. However, due to the decreased thickness and decreased thermal resistance, the heat transfer for such a laminate is faster than for the laminate of the preceding paragraph. It has been found, for example, that a vehicle interior temperature can be about 5 °C higher with this thinner laminate as compared to the laminate above.

[0028] In view of the above, improved laminates are needed that satisfy thermal and acoustic requirements. [0029] According to one or more embodiments, a laminate is proposed that has one or more layers of thin, strengthened glass in combination with a thicker than normal layer of PVB. In some embodiments, the thickness of the interlayer is about twice the thickness found in standard laminates where the thickness of the interlayer is about 0.81 mm. For example, the interlayer thickness may be about 1.57 mm to about 1.62 mm. The thick layer of PVB can include APVB or a combination of APVB and SPVB. The laminates and vehicles of this disclosure result in improved thermal insulation between vehicle interiors (i.e., passenger compartments) and exteriors (or engine compartments). In addition, the laminates of one or more embodiments exhibit improved acoustic performance. These advantages are combined with offering the improved strength of the thin chemically strengthened glass layers, and reduced weight (up to 50% or more reduction in weight as compared to standard soda lima laminates).

[0030] Referring to Figure 2, the laminate 200 of one or more embodiments includes a first substrate 210, an interlayer structure 220, and a second substrate 203, where the interlayer structure 220 is disposed between the first and second substrates 210, 220.

[0031] The acoustic performance of or degree of sound attenuation by a laminate (either alone or when assembled in a vehicle or architectural panel) may be measured by transmission loss, which depends on frequency. The frequency range from about 2500 Hz to about 6000 Hz is especially important for sounds heard by the human ear. Accordingly, increasing the transmission loss and thus improving the acoustic performance with respect to a vehicle or architectural panel over this frequency range is useful.

[0032] In some embodiments, the laminate exhibits a transmission loss of greater than about 31 dB (e.g., 32 dB or greater, 35 dB or greater, 38 dB or greater, 40 dB or greater, or 42 dB or greater) over a frequency range from about 2500 Hz to about 6300 Hz. In some embodiments, the transmission loss is even greater over specific frequency ranges. For example, over the frequency range from about 2500 Hz to about 4000 Hz, the laminate exhibits a transmission loss of greater than 35 dB, or over 40 dB.

[0033] Referring to the construction of the laminate 200, the first and second substrates 210, 230 may have the same thickness or differing thicknesses. In Figure 2, the first substrate 210 is shown having a greater thickness than the second substrate 230. In some

embodiments, the thickness of the first substrate 210 may be in the range from about 0.3 mm to about 4 mm (e.g., from about 0.4 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.55 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.6 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.7 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.8 mm to about 1 mm, from about 0.9 mm to about 4 mm, from about 1 mm to about 4 mm, from about 1.2 mm to about 4 mm, from about 1.5 mm to about 4 mm, from about 1.8 mm to about 4 mm, from about 2 mm to about 4 mm, from about 2.1 mm to about 4 mm, from about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, from about from about 1 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 2.1 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 2 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1.8 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm, or from about 1.2 mm to about 1.8 mm, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween).

[0034] In one or more embodiments, the thickness of the second substrate 230 may be less than the thickness of the first substrate 210. In some embodiments, the second substrate 230 is about 1 mm or less, 0.7 mm or less, 0.5 mm or less or about 0.4 mm or less. In some embodiments, the thickness of the second substrate 230 may be in the range from about 0.3 mm to about 4 mm (e.g., from about 0.4 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.55 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.6 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.7 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.8 mm to about 1 mm, from about 0.9 mm to about 4 mm, from about 1 mm to about 4 mm, from about 1.2 mm to about 4 mm, from about 1.5 mm to about 4 mm, from about 1.8 mm to about 4 mm, from about 2 mm to about 4 mm, from about 2.1 mm to about 4 mm, from about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, from about from about 1 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 2.1 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 2 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1.8 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween). In embodiments in which the first substrate 210 has a thickness greater than the second substrate, the second substrate may have a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less, about 1 mm or less or about 0.7 mm or less.

[0035] The thickness of the first substrate 210 and the second substrate 230 may be described by a ratio. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickness of the second substrate to the thickness of the first substrate is about 0.2 or greater, about 0.33 or greater. In some cases the ratio may be about 0.35 or greater, 0.37 or greater, 0.39 or greater, 0.4 or greater, 0.42 or greater, 0.44 or greater, 0.46 or greater, 0.48 or greater, about 0.5 or greater, or about 0.55 or greater. The upper limit of the ratio of the thickness of the second substrate to the thickness of the first substrate may be about 1. In some embodiments, the first and second substrates 210, 230 may each have a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less, 1 mm or less, or even 0.7 mm or less, and still exhibit a ratio that is greater than 0.2 or greater than 0.33. In one or more embodiments, such thin laminates may still exhibit the transmission loss performance described herein at frequencies of about 2500 Hz or greater. [0036] The interlayer structure 220 disposed between the first substrate 210 and the second substrate 230 may have a thickness of 4 mm or less, about 3 mm or less, about 2 mm or less, or about 1 mm or less. In some embodiments, the thickness of the interlayer structure 220 may be about 1.6 mm or more, about 1.96 mm or more, about 2.0 mm or more, about 2.4 mm or more. In one or more particular embodiments, the thickness of the interlayer 220 is about 1.2 mm or more, or about 1.62 mm..

[0037] The thickness of the interlayer structure 220 may be described with respect to the laminate thickness, the total substrate thickness (i.e., the combined thicknesses of the first substrate 210 and the second substrate 230), or the thickness of the first substrate 210 or the second substrate 230. For example in some instances, exemplary ratios of the interlayer structure 220 thickness (in millimeters) to the second substrate thickness (in millimeters) may include 2.9/1 or more.

[0038] The interlayer structure 220 may include more than one interlayer. In the embodiment shown in Figure 3, for example, the interlayer structure includes a first interlayer 222 and a second interlayer 224. The first interlayer 222 and the second interlayer 224 may be made from the same class of materials, such as a polyvinyl butyral (PVB). In some embodiments, the specific material for the first and second interlayers 222, 224 may be different, such as an acoustic PVB for one of the first and second interlayers 222, 224 and a standard PVB for the other one of the first and second interlayers 222, 224.

[0039] As used herein,“acoustic PVB” or“APVB” refers to commercially available acoustic PVB that is designed for better acoustic performance, as would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein,“standard PVB” or“SPVB” refers to commercially available standard PVB that is not specifically designed for better acoustic performance, as would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

[0040] In one or more embodiments, the substrate facing the source of sound is thicker (or has a larger thickness) than the opposing substrate. For example, in one or more

embodiments, the first substrate 210 may be thicker than the second substrate 230. In one or more embodiments, the laminate may be positioned in a vehicle opening such that the first substrate 210 faces the exterior of the vehicle and thus the source of sound and may be thinner than the second substrate 230. In some embodiments, the laminate 200 is used to separate a portion of the vehicle that generates noise and/or heat from a passenger compartment of the vehicle interior. For example, the laminate 200 may separate an engine compartment of a vehicle from the vehicle interior passenger compartment. Such engine compartments are sometimes placed behind the passenger compartment and so it is useful to have an optically clear laminate separating the engine compartment from the passenger compartment so that the engine compartment can be seen by the driver and/or passenger, and so that the driver’s view in the rear- view mirror of the vehicle is unobstructed.

[0041] In one or more embodiments, as shown in Figure 4, the laminate 200 further includes an additional layer 228 disposed between the interlayer structure 220 and one of the first and second substrates 210 or 230. The additional layer 228 can be an infrared layer that reflects infrared radiation and prevents it from passing through the laminate 200. In some embodiments, the additional layer 228 can include polyethylene terephthalate or other suitable material.

[0042] In a further embodiment, as shown in Figure 5, a third substrate 240 is used in conjunction with the laminate 200. The third substrate 240 is disposed to have one of its major surfaces facing an outward-facing surface of the first substrate 210. In some embodiments, the third substrate 240 may alternatively be disposed such that it faces the outward-facing surface of the second substrate 230. The third substrate 240 is spaced apart from the first substrate 210 such that there is an air-gap therebetween. In embodiments where the laminate is part of a vehicle, the third substrate 240 can be disposed on the exterior side of the laminate 200, such that the third substrate 240 faces an exterior of the vehicle. In some embodiments, the third substrate 240 faces a mechanical compartment of the vehicle that is a source of noise and/or heat, such as an engine compartment.

[0043] The interlayer structure 220, the individual layers and/or the sub-layers of the interlayer structure 220 may be formed from a variety of materials. In one or more embodiments, the interlayer structure 220, the individual layers and/or the sub-layers of the interlayer structure 220 may be formed from polymers such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyester (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and the like. The interlayer structure 220, the individual layers and/or the sub-layers of the interlayer structure 220 may include any one or more of pigments, UV absorbers, infrared absorbers, adhesion control salts, and other stabilizers.

[0044] The laminate 200 thickness may be about 7 mm or less, 6 mm or less, or 5 mm or less. In some embodiments, the laminate 200 thickness may be in the range from about 2 mm to about 7 mm, from about 2 mm to about 6.5 mm, from about 2 mm to about 6 mm, from about 2 mm to about 5.5 mm, from about 2 mm to about 5 mm, from about 2 mm to about 4.5 mm, from about 2 mm to about 4 mm, from about 2.2 mm to about 7 mm, from about 2.5 mm to about 7 mm, from about 2.7 mm to about 7 mm, from about 3 mm to about 7, from about 3.2 mm to about 7, from about 3.4 mm to about 7, from about 3.6 mm to about 7, from about 3.8 mm to about 7, from about 3 mm to about 6, from about 3 mm to about 5, from 2 mm to about to about 3.8 mm, from about 2 mm to about 3.6 mm, from about 2 mm to about 3.4 mm, from about 2 mm to about 3.2 mm, from about 2 mm to about 3 mm and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0045] In one or more embodiments, the laminate may be characterized in terms of optical properties. In one or more embodiments, the laminate may be transparent and exhibit an average transmittance in the range from about 50% to about 90%, over a wavelength range from about 380 nm to about 780 nm. As used herein, the term“transmittance” is defined as the percentage of incident optical power within a given wavelength range transmitted through a material (e.g., the article, the substrate or the optical film or portions thereof). The term “reflectance” is similarly defined as the percentage of incident optical power within a given wavelength range that is reflected from a material (e.g., the article, the substrate, or the optical film or portions thereof). Transmittance and reflectance are measured using a specific linewidth. In one or more embodiments, the spectral resolution of the characterization of the transmittance and reflectance is less than 5 nm or 0.02 eV.

[0046] Optionally, the laminate may be characterized as translucent or opaque ln one or more embodiments, the laminate may exhibit an average transmittance in the range from about 0% to about 40%, over about over a wavelength range from about 380 nm to about 780 nm.

[0047] The color exhibited by the laminate in reflection or transmittance may also be tuned to the application. In one or more embodiments, the potential colors may include grey, bronze, pink, blue, green and the like. The color may be imparted by the substrates 210, 230 or by the interlayer structure 220. Such colors do not impact the acoustic performance of the laminate and vice versa.

[0048] In one or more embodiments, the acoustic performance of the laminates described herein is achievable while also exhibiting low or no optical distortion. In other words, the laminates provided herein simultaneously exhibit the improved acoustic performance and exhibit low or no optical distortion that can arise during manufacture.

[0049] The materials used in the laminate may vary according to application or use. In one or more embodiments, the substrate 210, 230 may be characterized as having a greater modulus than the interlayers. In some embodiments, the first and second substrates 210, 230 may be described as inorganic and may include an amorphous substrate, a crystalline substrate or a combination thereof. Either one or both the first and second substrates 210,

230 may be formed from man-made materials and/or naturally occurring materials. In some specific embodiments, the substrate 210,230 may specifically exclude plastic and/or metal substrates.

[0050] In one or more embodiments, either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may be amorphous and may include glass, which may be strengthened or non- strengthened. Examples of suitable glass include soda lime glass, alkali aluminosilicate glass, alkali containing borosilicate glass and alkali aluminoborosilicate glass. In some variants, the glass may be free of lithia. In one or more alternative embodiments, either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may include crystalline substrates such as glass ceramic substrates (which may be strengthened or non-strengthened) or may include a single crystal structure, such as sapphire. In one or more specific embodiments, the substrate 110 includes an amorphous base (e.g., glass) and a crystalline cladding (e.g., sapphire layer, a poly crystalline alumina layer and/or or a spinel (MgAhOr) layer).

[0051] Either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may be substantially planar or sheet-like, although embodiments may utilize a curved or otherwise shaped or sculpted substrate. Either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may be substantially optically clear, transparent and free from light scattering. In such embodiments, either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may exhibit an average transmittance over the wavelength range from about 420 nm to about 700 nm of about 85% or greater, about 86% or greater, about 87% or greater, about 88% or greater, about 89% or greater, about 90% or greater, about 91% or greater or about 92% or greater. In one or more alternative embodiments, either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may be opaque or exhibit an average transmittance over the wavelength range from about 420 nm to about 700 nm of less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, or less than about 0%. Either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may optionally exhibit a color or tint, such as white, black, red, blue, green, yellow, orange etc.

[0052] The substrate 210, 230 may be provided using a variety of different processes. For instance, where the substrate includes an amorphous substrate such as glass, various forming methods can include float glass processes and down-draw processes such as fusion draw and slot draw.

[0053] Once formed, either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may be strengthened to form a strengthened substrate. As used herein, the term "strengthened substrate" may refer to a substrate that has been chemically strengthened, for example through ion-exchange of larger ions for smaller ions in the surface of the substrate. However, other strengthening methods known in the art, such as thermal strengthening (i.e., by a rapid quench after heating), or mechanical strengthening (i.e., utilizing a mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion between portions of the substrate to create compressive stress and central tension regions), may be utilized to form strengthened substrates. In some embodiments, either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may be strengthened using a combination of methods including any two or more of chemical strengthening, thermally strengthening and mechanical strengthening methods. For example, either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may be thermally strengthened followed by chemically strengthened to form a thermally and chemically strengthened substrate.

[0054] Where a substrate is chemically strengthened by an ion exchange process, the ions in the surface layer of the substrate are replaced by - or exchanged with - larger ions having the same valence or oxidation state. Ion exchange processes are typically carried out by immersing a substrate in a molten salt bath containing the larger ions to be exchanged with the smaller ions in the substrate. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that parameters for the ion exchange process, including, but not limited to, bath composition and temperature, immersion time, the number of immersions of the substrate in a salt bath (or baths), use of multiple salt baths, additional steps such as annealing, washing, and the like, are generally determined by the composition of the substrate and the desired compressive stress (CS), and depth of compressive stress layer (DOC) of the substrate that result from the strengthening operation. By way of example, ion exchange of alkali metal-containing glass substrates may be achieved by immersion in at least one molten bath containing a salt such as, but not limited to, nitrates, sulfates, and chlorides of the larger alkali metal ion. The temperature of the molten salt bath typically is in a range from about 380°C up to about 450°C, while immersion times range from about 15 minutes up to about 40 hours. However, temperatures and immersion times different from those described above may also be used.

[0055] In addition, non-limiting examples of ion exchange processes in which glass substrates are immersed in multiple ion exchange baths, with washing and/or annealing steps between immersions, are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 12/500,650, filed July 10, 2009, by Douglas C. Allan et al, entitled“Glass with Compressive Surface for Consumer Applications” and claiming priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.

61/079,995, filed July 11, 2008, in which glass substrates are strengthened by immersion in multiple, successive, ion exchange treatments in salt baths of different concentrations; and U.S. Patent 8,312,739, by Christopher M. Lee et al, issued on November 20, 2012, and entitled“Dual Stage Ion Exchange for Chemical Strengthening of Glass,” and claiming priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/084,398, filed July 29, 2008, in which glass substrates are strengthened by ion exchange in a first bath is diluted with an effluent ion, followed by immersion in a second bath having a smaller concentration of the effluent ion than the first bath. The contents of U.S. Patent Application No. 12/500,650 and U.S. Patent No. 8,312,739 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0056] In one or more embodiments, either one or both the first and second substrates 210, 230 may be thermally strengthening using conventional thermally strengthening processes that include heating the substrate in a radiant energy furnace or a convection furnace (or a “combined mode” furnace using both techniques) to a predetermined temperature, then gas cooling (“quenching”), typically via convection by blowing large amounts of ambient air against or along the glass surface. This gas cooling process is predominantly convective, whereby the heat transfer is by mass motion (collective movement) of the fluid, via diffusion and advection, as the gas carries heat away from the hot glass substrate.

[0057] In one or more embodiments, either one or both of the first and second substrates 210, 230 may be thermally strengthened using very high heat transfer rates. In particular embodiments, after heating the substrate as to a predetermined temperature, the thermal strengthening process may utilize a small-gap, gas bearing in the cooling/quenching section that allows processing thin glass substrates at higher relative temperatures at the start of cooling, resulting in higher thermal strengthening levels. This small-gap, gas bearing cooling/quenching section achieves very high heat transfer rates via conductive heat transfer to heat sink(s) across the gap, rather than using high air flow based convective cooling. This high rate conductive heat transfer is achieved while not contacting the glass with liquid or solid material, by supporting the glass on gas bearings within the gap.

[0058] The degree of strengthening achieved may be quantified based on the parameters of central tension (CT), surface CS, and either one or both of depth of compression (DOC) and depth of layer (DOE). It should be noted that DOL and DOC, as defined herein, are not always equal, especially where compressive stress extends to deeper depths of a substrate.

As used herein, the terms“depth of compression” and“DOC” refer to the depth at which the stress within the glass-based article changes compressive to tensile stress. At the DOC, the stress crosses from a positive (compressive) stress to a negative (tensile) stress and thus exhibits a stress value of zero. DOL is distinguished from DOC by measurement technique in that DOL is determined by surface stress meter using commercially available instruments such as the FSM-6000, manufactured by Luceo Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) (“FSM”), or the like, and known techniques using the same (often referred to as FSM techniques). In some embodiments, DOL indicates the depth of the compressive stress layer achieved by chemical strengthening, whereas DOC indicates the depth of the compressive stress layer achieved by thermal strengthening and/or mechanical strengthening.

[0059] Surface CS may be measured near the surface or within the strengthened glass at various depths. A maximum CS value may include the measured CS at the surface (CS_s) of the strengthened substrate. The CT, which is computed for the inner region adjacent the compressive stress layer within a glass substrate, can be calculated from the CS, the physical thickness t, and the DOL. CS may be measured using those means known in the art such as by the measurement of surface stress using an FSM or the like. Methods of measuring CS and DOL are described in ASTM 1422C-99, entitled“Standard Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat Glass,” and ASTM 1279.19779“Standard Test Method for Non- Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat- Strengthened, and Fully-Tempered Flat Glass,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Surface stress measurements rely upon the accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC), which is related to the birefringence of the glass substrate. SOC in turn is measured by those methods that are known in the art, such as fiber and four point bend methods, both of which are described in ASTM standard C770- 98 (2008), entitled“Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress-Optical

Coefficient,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and a bulk cylinder method. The relationship between CS and CT is given by the expression (1):

CT = (CS · DOL)/(t - 2 DOL) (1), wherein t is the physical thickness (pm) of the glass article. In various sections of the disclosure, CT and CS are expressed herein in megaPascals (MPa), physical thickness t is expressed in either micrometers (pm) or millimeters (mm) and DOL is expressed in micrometers (pm).

[0060] In one embodiment, a strengthened substrate can have a surface CS in the range from about 50 MPa to about 800 MPa (e.g., about 100 MPa or greater, about 150 MPa or greater, about 200 MPa or greater, of 250 MPa or greater, 300 MPa or greater, e.g., 400 MPa or greater, 450 MPa or greater, 500 MPa or greater, 550 MPa or greater, 600 MPa or greater,

650 MPa or greater, 700 MPa or greater, or 750 MPa or greater). [0061] The strengthened substrate may have a DOL in the range from about 35mih to about 200 mih (e.g., 45 mih, 60 mih, 75 mih, 100 mih, 125 mih, 150 mm or greater). In one or more specific embodiments, the strengthened substrate has one or more of the following: a surface CS of about 50 MPa to about 200 MPa, and a DOL in the range from about 100 mih to about 200 mih; a surface CS of about 600 MPa to about 800 MPa and a DOL in the range from about 35 mih to about 70 mih.

[0062] For strengthened glass-based articles in which the compressive stress layers extend to deeper depths within the glass-based article, the FSM technique may suffer from contrast issues which affect the observed DOL value. At deeper DOL values, there may be inadequate contrast between the TE and TM spectra, thus making the calculation of the difference between TE and TM spectra - and determining the DOL - more difficult.

Moreover, the FSM technique is incapable of determining the compressive stress profile (i.e., the variation of compressive stress as a function of depth within the glass-based article). In addition, the FSM technique is incapable of determining the DOL resulting from the ion exchange of certain elements such as, for example, lithium.

[0063] The techniques described below have been developed to yield more accurately determine the depth of compression (DOC) and compressive stress profiles for strengthened glass-based articles.

[0064] In U.S. Patent Application No. 13/463,322, entitled“Systems And Methods for Measuring the Stress Profile of Ion-Exchanged Glass(hereinafter referred to as“Roussev I”),” filed by Rostislav V. Roussev et al. on May 3, 2012, and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/489,800, having the same title and filed on May 25, 2011, two methods for extracting detailed and precise stress profiles (stress as a function of depth) of tempered or chemically strengthened glass are disclosed. The spectra of bound optical modes for TM and TE polarization are collected via prism coupling techniques, and used in their entirety to obtain detailed and precise TM and TE refractive index profiles HTM(Z) and HTE(Z). The contents of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0065] In one embodiment, the detailed index profiles are obtained from the mode spectra by using the inverse Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (IWKB) method.

[0066] In another embodiment, the detailed index profiles are obtained by fitting the measured mode spectra to numerically calculated spectra of pre-defmed functional forms that describe the shapes of the index profiles and obtaining the parameters of the functional forms from the best fit. The detailed stress profile S(z) is calculated from the difference of the recovered TM and TE index profiles by using a known value of the stress-optic coefficient (SOC):

S(z) = [n_TM(z) - n n (z) |/SOC (2).

[0067] Due to the small value of the SOC, the birefringence htM(z) - nn (z) at any depth z is a small fraction (typically on the order of 1%) of either of the indices htM(z) and htE(z). Obtaining stress profiles that are not significantly distorted due to noise in the measured mode spectra requires determination of the mode effective indices with precision on the order of 0.00001 RIU. The methods disclosed in Roussev I further include techniques applied to the raw data to ensure such high precision for the measured mode indices, despite noise and/or poor contrast in the collected TE and TM mode spectra or images of the mode spectra. Such techniques include noise-averaging, filtering, and curve fitting to find the positions of the extremes corresponding to the modes with sub-pixel resolution.

[0068] Similarly, U.S. Patent Application No. 14/033,954, entitled“Systems and Methods for Measuring Birefringence in Glass and Glass-Ceramics (hereinafter“Roussev II”),” filed by Rostislav V. Roussev et al. on September 23, 2013, and claiming priority to U.S.

Provisional Application Serial No. 61/706,891, having the same title and filed on September 28, 2012, discloses apparatus and methods for optically measuring birefringence on the surface of glass and glass ceramics, including opaque glass and glass ceramics. Unlike Roussev I, in which discrete spectra of modes are identified, the methods disclosed in Roussev II rely on careful analysis of the angular intensity distribution for TM and TE light reflected by a prism-sample interface in a prism-coupling configuration of measurements.

The contents of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0069] Hence, correct distribution of the reflected optical intensity vs. angle is much more important than in traditional prism-coupling stress-measurements, where only the locations of the discrete modes are sought. To this end, the methods disclosed in Roussev 1 and Roussev II comprise techniques for normalizing the intensity spectra, including normalizing to a reference image or signal, correction for nonlinearity of the detector, averaging multiple images to reduce image noise and speckle, and application of digital filtering to further smoothen the intensity angular spectra. In addition, one method includes formation of a contrast signal, which is additionally normalized to correct for fundamental differences in shape between TM and TE signals. The aforementioned method relies on achieving two signals that are nearly identical and determining their mutual displacement with sub-pixel resolution by comparing portions of the signals containing the steepest regions. The birefringence is proportional to the mutual displacement, with a coefficient determined by the apparatus design, including prism geometry and index, focal length of the lens, and pixel spacing on the sensor. The stress is determined by multiplying the measured birefringence by a known stress-optic coefficient.

[0070] In another disclosed method, derivatives of the TM and TE signals are determined after application of some combination of the aforementioned signal conditioning techniques. The locations of the maximum derivatives of the TM and TE signals are obtained with sub pixel resolution, and the birefringence is proportional to the spacing of the above two maxima, with a coefficient determined as before by the apparatus parameters.

[0071] Associated with the requirement for correct intensity extraction, the apparatus comprises several enhancements, such as using a light-scattering surface (static diffuser) in close proximity to or on the prism entrance surface to improve the angular uniformity of illumination, a moving diffuser for speckle reduction when the light source is coherent or partially coherent, and light-absorbing coatings on portions of the input and output facets of the prism and on the side facets of the prism, to reduce parasitic background which tends to distort the intensity signal. In addition, the apparatus may include an infrared light source to enable measurement of opaque materials.

[0072] Furthermore, Roussev II discloses a range of wavelengths and attenuation coefficients of the studied sample, where measurements are enabled by the described methods and apparatus enhancements. The range is defined by <¾l < 250ps_d, where as is the optical attenuation coefficient at measurement wavelength l, and o_s is the expected value of the stress to be measured with typically required precision for practical applications. This wide range allows measurements of practical importance to be obtained at wavelengths where the large optical attenuation renders previously existing measurement methods inapplicable. For example, Roussev II discloses successful measurements of stress-induced birefringence of opaque white glass-ceramic at a wavelength of 1550 nm, where the attenuation is greater than about 30 dB/mm.

[0073] While it is noted above that there are some issues with the FSM technique at deeper DOL values, FSM is still a beneficial conventional technique which may utilized with the understanding that an error range of up to +/-20% is possible at deeper DOF values. The terms“depth of layer” and“DOF” as used herein refer to DOF values computed using the FSM technique, whereas the terms“depth of compression” and“DOC” refer to depths of the compressive layer determined by the methods described in Roussev I & II. DOC and CT may also be measured using a scatered light polariscope (SCALP), using techniques known in the art.

[0074] The strengthened substrate may have a DOC in the range from about 35pm to about 200 pm (e.g., 45 pm, 60 pm, 75 pm, 100 pm, 125 pm, 150 pm or greater). In one or more specific embodiments, the strengthened substrate has one or more of the following: a surface CS of about 50 MPa to about 200 MPa, and a DOC in the range from about 100 pm to about 200 pm; a surface CS of about 600 MPa to about 800 MPa and a DOC in the range from about 35 pm to about 70 pm.

[0075] Example glasses that may be used in the substrate may include alkali aluminosilicate glass compositions or alkali aluminoborosilicate glass compositions, though other glass compositions are contemplated. Such glass compositions are capable of being chemically strengthened by an ion exchange process. One example glass composition comprises S1O2, B2O3 and Na20, where (S1O2 + B2O3) > 66 mol. %, and Na20 > 9 mol. %. In an

embodiment, the glass composition includes at least 6 wt.% aluminum oxide. In a further embodiment, the substrate includes a glass composition with one or more alkaline earth oxides, such that a content of alkaline earth oxides is at least 5 wt.%. Suitable glass compositions, in some embodiments, further comprise at least one of K2O, MgO, and CaO.

In a particular embodiment, the glass compositions used in the substrate can comprise 61-75 mol.% Si02; 7-15 mol.% AI2O3; 0-12 mol.% B2O3; 9-21 mol.% Na₂0; 0-4 mol.% K2O; 0-7 mol.% MgO; and 0-3 mol.% CaO.

[0076] A further example glass composition suitable for the substrate comprises: 60-70 mol.% S1O2; 6-14 mol.% AI2O3; 0-15 mol.% B2O3; 0-15 mol.% L12O; 0-20 mol.% Na₂0; 0- 10 mol.% K2O; 0-8 mol.% MgO; 0-10 mol.% CaO; 0-5 mol.% Zr0₂; 0-1 mol.% Sn0₂; 0-1 mol.% Ce02; less than 50 ppm AS2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb203; where 12 mol.% < (L12O + Na20 + K2O) < 20 mol.% and 0 mol.% < (MgO + CaO) < 10 mol.%.

[0077] A still further example glass composition suitable for the substrate comprises: 63.5- 66.5 mol.% S1O2; 8-12 mol.% AI2O3; 0-3 mol.% B2O3; 0-5 mol.% L12O; 8-18 mol.% Na₂0; 0-5 mol.% K2O; 1-7 mol.% MgO; 0-2.5 mol.% CaO; 0-3 mol.% Zr0₂; 0.05-0.25 mol.% Sn02; 0.05-0.5 mol.% Ce02; less than 50 ppm AS2O3; and less than 50 ppm Sb203; where 14 mol.% < (L12O + Na20 + K2O) < 18 mol.% and 2 mol.% < (MgO + CaO) < 7 mol.%.

[0078] In a particular embodiment, an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition suitable for the substrate comprises alumina, at least one alkali metal and, in some embodiments, greater than 50 mol.% S1O2, in other embodiments at least 58 mol.% S1O2, and in still other embodiments at least 60 mol.% S1O2, wherein the ratio

AI₂O₃ + B₂O₃

> 1

modifiers

where in the ratio the components are expressed in mol.% and the modifiers are alkali metal oxides. This glass composition, in particular embodiments, comprises: 58-72 mol.% SiCh; 9- 17 mol.% AI2O3; 2-12 mol.% B2O3 ; 8-16 mol.% Na20; and 0-4 mol.% K2O, wherein the ratio

[0079] In still another embodiment, the substrate may include an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition comprising: 64-68 mol.% S1O2; 12-16 mol.% Na20; 8-12 mol.% AI2O3; 0-3 mol.% B2O3; 2-5 mol.% K2O; 4-6 mol.% MgO; and 0-5 mol.% CaO, wherein: 66 mol.% < S1O2 + B2O3 + CaO < 69 mol.%; Na₂0 + K2O + B2O3 + MgO + CaO + SrO > 10 mol.%; 5 mol.% < MgO + CaO + SrO < 8 mol.%; (Na20 + B2O3) - AI2O3 < 2 mol.%; 2 mol.% < Na20 - AI2O3 < 6 mol.%; and 4 mol.% < (Na20 + K2O) - AI2O3 < 10 mol.%.

[0080] In an alternative embodiment, the substrate may comprise an alkali aluminosilicate glass composition comprising: 2 mol% or more of AI2O3 and/or Zr02, or 4 mol% or more of AI2O3 and/or ZrCh.

[0081] Where a substrate 210, 230 includes a crystalline substrate, the substrate may include a single crystal, which may include AI2O3. Such single crystal substrates are referred to as sapphire. Other suitable materials for a crystalline substrate include poly crystalline alumina layer and/or spinel (MgAbOr).

[0082] Optionally, the crystalline substrate 210, 230 may include a glass ceramic substrate, which may be strengthened or non-strengthened. Examples of suitable glass ceramics may include Li20-Al203-Si02 system (i.e. LAS-System) glass ceramics, Mg0-Ah0₃-Si02 system (i.e. MAS-System) glass ceramics, and/or glass ceramics that include a predominant crystal phase including b-quartz solid solution, b-spodumene ss, cordierite, and lithium disilicate. The glass ceramic substrates may be strengthened using the chemical strengthening processes disclosed herein. In one or more embodiments, MAS-System glass ceramic substrates may be strengthened in L12SO4 molten salt, whereby an exchange of 2Li⁺ for Mg²⁺ can occur.

[0083] In one or more embodiments, the first substrate is unstrengthened, while the second substrate is strengthened. In some embodiments, the first substrate may include a soda lime glass. Optionally, the first substrate may include a soda lime glass that is strengthened. In another embodiment, the first substrate may include an alkali aluminosilicate glass that is strengthened.

[0084] The laminates described herein may include one or more films, coatings or surface treatments to provide added functionality. Examples of such films and/or coatings include anti-reflective coatings, UV absorbing coatings, IR reflecting coatings, anti-glare surface treatments, and the like.

[0085] The laminates described herein may be formed using known techniques in the art including hot bending (i.e., forming the substrates separately or together in a furnace or heated environment), cold forming (i.e., shaping at room temperature) and the like.

[0086] The laminate may be disposed in an opening of a vehicle or within an architectural panel by adhesives and other means to secure the laminate thereto.

[0087] In one or more embodiments, the laminate structures discussed herein include various materials having different thermal conductivity. Table 1 is provided for reference to show the thermal conductivities of certain materials for certain contemplated thicknesses, according to some embodiments.

Table 1. Faminate material properties.

Examples

[0088] Various embodiments will be further clarified by the following examples.

[0089] Figures 6A through 9 show the performance of laminates according to some embodiments as compared with conventional laminates. In Figure 6A, for example, a laminate according to some embodiments is compared to two other laminates in terms of the temperature on the cabin side of the laminate versus the temperature on the engine side of the laminate. The laminate of this disclosure (blue line) has 2.1 mm soda lime glass, 1.62 mm APVB, and 0.55 mm Coming® Gorilla® Glass, whereas the“SFG stack” laminate (black line) has 3.85 mm soda lime glass, 0.81 mm APVB, and 3.85 mm soda lime glass, and the thinner PVB laminate (red line) has 2.1 mm soda lime glass, 0.81 mm APVB, and 0.55 Coming® Gorilla® Glass. The SLG stack laminate has the lowest cabin-side temperature, and the laminate using 0.81 mm APVB interlayer has the highest. However, the laminate according to this disclosure (with an APVB interlayer of 1.62 mm) comes close to the thermal performance of the SLG stack. In Figure 6B, the thick and thin APVB laminates using thin strengthened glass are compared to a baseline derived from the SLG stack. As shown, the temperature difference between the SLG stack and the thick APVB laminate of this disclosure ranges between 1 and 2 degrees C, while the thin APVB laminate using thin strengthened glass has a much higher temperature differential.

[0090] Figure 7 compares several laminates according to embodiments of this disclosure, where the thickness of the APVB layer is adjusted to illustrate the thermal impact based on interlayer thickness. As shown, thermal insulation improves as the thickness of the interlayer increases, and even matches and exceeds the thermal performance of the SLG stack for interlayer thicknesses of 2.0 mm and 2.4 mm.

[0091] In Figure 8, the sound transmission loss (STL) at 70 °C is shown as a function of frequency. Specifically, a laminate according to this disclosure (having a 2.1 mm-thick soda lime glass layer, a 0.55 mm-thick Coming® Gorilla® glass layer, and an interlayer having a 0.81 mm-thick APVB sub-layer and 0.76 mm-thick SPVB sub-layer) was shown to have higher STL, particular in higher frequencies from at least about 1000 Hz to 10000 Hz. Between about 2000 to 6300 Hz, the laminate of this disclosure shows significantly higher STL values. The PVB properties were measured at 20 °C then adjusted to properties at 70 °C using time-temperature superposition with measured shift factors (WLF equation). STL is a measure of the effectiveness of a panel as a barrier to sound transmission. Higher STL corresponds to a better acoustic barrier. Therefore, to minimize transmission of unwanted noise into a vehicle cabin, it is desirable to maximize glazing panel STL. Increasing STL between 1000 Hz and 6300 Hz is especially beneficial as this is the frequency range over which human hearing is most sensitive and most important for speech recognition.

Increasing STL in this frequency range will result in less noise transmitted through glazing panels thereby improving speech recognition.

[0092] In Figure 9, the effects of interlayer thickness on the laminate damping loss factor (DLF) are shown. Sound damping of the soft PVB core of APVB decreases at 70 °C relative to 20 °C. 20 °C is the temperature where the core is designed to have maximum sound damping property. At 70 °C sound damping of the SPVB layer increases relative to 20 °C thus partially off-setting the decrease in damping of the soft core of APVB. The same laminate construction was used as in Figure 8. Again, the laminate of this disclosure showed a higher DLF for all frequencies.

[0093] According to an aspect (1) of the present disclosure, a laminate is provided. The laminate comprises: a first substrate; a second substrate comprising a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less; and an interlayer disposed between the first and second substrates, wherein the interlayer comprises a thickness of about 1.2 mm or more, and wherein the thickness of the interlayer is greater than the thickness of the second substrate.

[0094] According to an aspect (2) of the present disclosure, the laminate of aspect (1) is provided, wherein the first substrate comprises a glass-based material, and the second substrate comprises a glass-based material.

[0095] According to an aspect (3) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects ( l)-(2) is provided, wherein the interlayer comprises a thickness of about 1.6 mm or more, about 1.96 mm or more, about 2.0 mm or more, about 2.4 mm or more, about 1.62 mm, or about 0.81 mm.

[0096] According to an aspect (4) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(3) is provided, wherein the interlayer comprises a first layer comprising acoustic polyvinyl butyral.

[0097] According to an aspect (5) of the present disclosure, the laminate of aspect (4) is provided, wherein the first layer comprises a thickness of about 0.8 mm or more, or about 0.81 mm.

[0098] According to an aspect (6) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (4)-(5) is provided, wherein the interlayer further comprises a second layer comprising standard polyvinyl butyral.

[0099] According to an aspect (7) of the present disclosure, the laminate of aspect (6) is provided, wherein the second layer comprises a thickness of about 0.3 mm or more, about 0.38 mm or more, about 0.7 mm or more, or about 0.76 mm or more.

[00100] According to an aspect (8) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(7) is provided, wherein the second substrate comprises a thickness of about 0.7 mm or less.

[00101] According to an aspect (9) of the present disclosure, the laminate of aspect (8) is provided, wherein the second substrate comprises a thickness of about 0.55 mm or less.

[00102] According to an aspect (10) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects ( l)-(9) is provided, wherein the first substrate comprises a thickness of about 1.5 mm to about 3.85 mm, about 1.8 mm to about 3.0 mm, about 2.0 mm to about 3.0 mm, or about 2.1 mm. [00103] According to an aspect (11) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (1)-(10) is provided, wherein the laminate comprises a total thickness of about 3.0 mm or more, or about 3.0 mm to about 4.0 mm, or about 3.0 mm to about 3.5 mm, or about 3.46 mm.

[00104] According to an aspect (12) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(l 1) is provided, wherein the first substrate is unstrengthened.

[00105] According to an aspect (13) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(l 1) is provided, wherein the first substrate is strengthened.

[00106] According to an aspect (14) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(l3) is provided, wherein the first substrate comprises soda lime glass.

[00107] According to an aspect (15) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(l4) is provided, wherein the second substrate is strengthened.

[00108] According to an aspect (16) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(l5) is provided, wherein the second substrate comprises alkali aluminosilicate or alkali aluminoborosilicate glass.

[00109] According to an aspect (17) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(l6) is provided, wherein either one or both the first substrate and the second substrate are strengthened.

[00110] According to an aspect (18) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(l7) is provided, wherein the second substrate has athermal conductivity of about 1.0 to about 1.4 W/mK, or about 1.2 to about 1.3 W/mK, or about 1.207 W/mK.

[00111] According to an aspect (19) of the present disclosure, the laminate of aspect (18) is provided, wherein the second substrate comprises a thickness of about 0.81 mm.

[00112] According to an aspect (20) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (15)-(19) is provided, wherein the second substrate exhibits a compressive stress in the range from about 50 MPa to about 1000 MPa and a depth of compression in the range from about 35 micrometers to about 200 micrometers.

[00113] According to an aspect (21) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(20) is provided, wherein the laminate exhibits a transmission loss of greater than about 31 dB over a frequency range from about 2500 Hz to about 6300 Hz.

[00114] According to an aspect (22) of the present disclosure, the laminate of aspect (21) is provided, wherein the laminate exhibits a transmission loss of about 35 dB or more over a frequency range from about 2500 Hz to about 4000 Hz. [00115] According to an aspect (23) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(22) is provided, wherein a thickness of the interlayer is greater than a thickness of the second substrate.

[00116] According to an aspect (24) of the present disclosure, the laminate of aspect (23) is provided, wherein a ratio of the thickness of the interlayer to the thickness of the second substrate is about 2.9 or more.

[00117] According to an aspect (25) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects ( l)-(24) is provided, wherein a ratio of a thickness of the first substrate to a thickness of the second substrate is about 2.0 or more.

[00118] According to an aspect (26) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(25) is provided, the laminate further comprising a layer of polyethylene terephthalate disposed between the interlayer and the second substrate.

[00119] According to an aspect (27) of the present disclosure, the laminate of aspect (26) is provided, wherein the layer of polyethylene terephthalate has a thickness of about 25 pm to about 100 pm.

[00120] According to an aspect (28) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (26)-(27) is provided, wherein the layer of polyethylene terephthalate comprises a thermal conductivity of about 0.2 W/mK.

[00121] According to an aspect (29) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(28) is provided, the laminate further comprising a third substrate disposed in the opening, wherein the third substrate faces and is spaced from one of the first substrate and the second substrate, with a void disposed between the third substrate and the one of the first substrate and the second substrate.

[00122] According to an aspect (30) of the present disclosure, the laminate of aspect (29) is provided, wherein the void is an air-gap.

[00123] According to an aspect (31) of the present disclosure, the laminate of any of aspects (l)-(30) is provided, wherein the laminate is disposed in a vehicle and comprises a windshield, a sidelite, a rearlite, a sunroof, or a divider between a mechanical compartment of the vehicle and an interior of the vehicle.

[00124] According to an aspect (32) of the present disclosure, the laminate of aspect (31) is provided, wherein the mechanical compartment is an engine compartment of the vehicle.

[00125] According to an aspect (33) of the present disclosure, a vehicle is provided. The vehicle comprises: a body having at least one opening and an interior; a laminate disposed in the at least one opening, the laminate comprising a first substrate, a second substrate comprising a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less, and an interlayer disposed between the first and second substrates, wherein the second substrate is adjacent the interior of the body, wherein the interlayer comprises a thickness of about 1.2 mm or more, and wherein the thickness of the interlayer is greater than the thickness of the second substrate.

[00126] According to an aspect (34) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of aspect (33) is provided, wherein the first substrate comprises a glass-based material, and the second substrate comprises a glass-based material.

[00127] According to an aspect (35) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(34) is provided, wherein the interlayer comprises a thickness of about 0.8 mm or more, about 1.0 mm or more, about 1.2 mm or more, about 1.6 mm or more, about 1.96 mm or more, about 2.0 mm or more, about 2.4 mm or more, about 1.62 mm, or about 0.81 mm.

[00128] According to an aspect (36) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(35) is provided, wherein the interlayer comprises a first layer comprising acoustic polyvinyl butyral.

[00129] According to an aspect (37) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of aspect (36) is provided, wherein the first layer comprises a thickness of about 0.8 mm or more, or about 0.81 mm.

[00130] According to an aspect (38) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (36)-(37) is provided, wherein the interlayer further comprises a second layer comprising standard polyvinyl butyral.

[00131] According to an aspect (39) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of aspect (38) is provided, wherein the second layer comprises a thickness of about 0.3 mm or more, about 0.38 mm or more, about 0.7 mm or more, or about 0.76 mm or more.

[00132] According to an aspect (40) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(39) is provided, wherein the second substrate comprises a thickness of about 0.7 mm or less.

[00133] According to an aspect (41) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of aspect (40) is provided, wherein the second substrate comprises a thickness of about 0.55 mm or less.

[00134] According to an aspect (42) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(4l) is provided, wherein the first substrate comprises a thickness of about 1.5 mm to about 3.85 mm, about 1.8 mm to about 3.0 mm, about 2.0 mm to about 3.0 mm, or about 2.1 mm.

[00135] According to an aspect (43) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(42) is provided, wherein the laminate comprises a total thickness of about 3.0 mm or more, or about 3.0 mm to about 4.0 mm, or about 3.0 mm to about 3.5 mm, or about 3.46 mm.

[00136] According to an aspect (44) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(43) is provided, wherein the first substrate is unstrengthened.

[00137] According to an aspect (45) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(43) is provided, wherein the first substrate is strengthened.

[00138] According to an aspect (46) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(45) is provided, wherein the first substrate comprises soda lime glass.

[00139] According to an aspect (47) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(46) is provided, wherein the second substrate is strengthened.

[00140] According to an aspect (48) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(47) is provided, wherein the second substrate comprises alkali aluminosilicate or alkali aluminoborosilicate glass.

[00141] According to an aspect (49) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(48) is provided, wherein either one or both the first substrate and the second substrate are strengthened.

[00142] According to an aspect (50) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(49) is provided, wherein the second substrate has a thermal conductivity of about 1.0 to about 1.4 W/mK, or about 1.2 to about 1.3 W/mK, or about 1.207 W/mK.

[00143] According to an aspect (51) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of aspect (50) is provided, wherein the second substrate comprises a thickness of about 0.81 mm.

[00144] According to an aspect (52) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (47)-(51) is provided, wherein the second substrate exhibits a compressive stress in the range from about 50 MPa to about 1000 MPa and a depth of compression in the range from about 35 micrometers to about 200 micrometers.

[00145] According to an aspect (53) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(52) is provided, wherein the laminate exhibits a transmission loss of greater than about 31 dB over a frequency range from about 2500 Hz to about 6300 Hz.

[00146] According to an aspect (54) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of aspect (53) is provided, wherein the laminate exhibits a transmission loss of about 35 dB or more over a frequency range from about 2500 Hz to about 4000 Hz.

[00147] According to an aspect (55) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(54) is provided, wherein a thickness of the interlayer is greater than a thickness of the second substrate. [00148] According to an aspect (56) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of aspect (55) is provided, wherein a ratio of the thickness of the interlayer to the thickness of the second substrate is about 2.9 or more.

[00149] According to an aspect (57) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(56) is provided, wherein a ratio of a thickness of the first substrate to a thickness of the second substrate is about 2.0 or more.

[00150] According to an aspect (58) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(57) is provided, the laminate further comprising a layer of polyethylene terephthalate disposed between the interlayer and the second substrate.

[00151] According to an aspect (59) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of aspect (58) is provided, wherein the layer of polyethylene terephthalate has a thickness of about 25 pm to about 100 pm.

[00152] According to an aspect (60) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (58)-(59) is provided, wherein the layer of polyethylene terephthalate comprises a thermal conductivity of about 0.2 W/mK.

[00153] According to an aspect (61) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(60) is provided, the vehicle further comprising a third substrate disposed in the opening, wherein the third substrate faces and is spaced from one of the first substrate and the second substrate, with a void disposed between the third substrate and the one of the first substrate and the second substrate.

[00154] According to an aspect (62) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of aspect (61) is provided, wherein the void is an air-gap.

[00155] According to an aspect (63) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any of aspects (33)-(62) is provided, wherein the laminate is a windshield, a sidelite, a rearlite, a sunroof, or a divider between a mechanical compartment of the vehicle and the interior.

[00156] According to an aspect (64) of the present disclosure, the vehicle of any aspect (63) is provided, wherein the mechanical compartment is an engine compartment of the vehicle.

[00157] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A laminate comprising:

a first substrate;

a second substrate comprising a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less; and

an interlayer disposed between the first and second substrates,

wherein the interlayer comprises a thickness of about 1.2 mm or more, and wherein the thickness of the interlayer is greater than the thickness of the second substrate.

2. The laminate of 1, wherein the first substrate comprises a glass-based material, and the second substrate comprises a glass-based material.

3. The laminate of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the interlayer comprises a thickness of about 1.6 mm or more, about 1.96 mm or more, about 2.0 mm or more, about 2.4 mm or more, about 1.62 mm, or about 0.81 mm.

4. The laminate of claim 1 or claim 3, wherein the interlayer comprises a first layer comprising acoustic polyvinyl butyral.

5. The laminate of claim 4, wherein the first layer comprises a thickness of about 0.8 mm or more, or about 0.81 mm.

6. The laminate of any one of claims 1 - 5, wherein the second substrate comprises a thickness of about 0.7 mm or less.

7. The laminate of claim 6, wherein the second substrate comprises a thickness of about 0.55 mm or less.

8. The laminate of any one of claims 1 - 7, wherein the first substrate comprises a thickness of about 1.5 mm to about 3.85 mm, about 1.8 mm to about 3.0 mm, about 2.0 mm to about 3.0 mm, or about 2.1 mm.

9. The laminate of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the laminate comprises a total thickness of about 3.0 mm or more, or about 3.0 mm to about 4.0 mm, or about 3.0 mm to about 3.5 mm, or about 3.46 mm.

10. The laminate of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the first substrate is unstrengthened.

11. The laminate of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the first substrate comprises soda lime glass.

12. The laminate of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the second substrate comprises alkali aluminosilicate or alkali aluminoborosilicate glass.

13. The laminate of any one of claims 1-12, wherein either one or both the first substrate and the second substrate are strengthened.

14. The laminate of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the second substrate has a thermal conductivity of about 1.0 to about 1.4 W/mK, or about 1.2 to about 1.3 W/mK, or about 1.207 W/mK.

15. The laminate of any one of claims 11-14, wherein the second substrate exhibits a compressive stress in the range from about 50 MPa to about 1000 MPa and a depth of compression in the range from about 35 micrometers to about 200 micrometers.

16. The laminate of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the laminate exhibits a transmission loss of greater than about 31 dB over a frequency range from about 2500 Hz to about 6300 Hz.

17. The laminate of any one of claims 1-17, wherein a thickness of the interlayer is greater than a thickness of the second substrate.

18. The laminate of claim 17, wherein a ratio of the thickness of the interlayer to the thickness of the second substrate is about 2.9 or more.

19. The laminate of any one of claims 1-18, the laminate further comprising a layer of polyethylene terephthalate disposed between the interlayer and the second substrate.

20. The laminate of claim 19, wherein the layer of polyethylene terephthalate has a thickness of about 25 pm to about 100 pm.

21. The laminate of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the layer of polyethylene terephthalate comprises a thermal conductivity of about 0.2 W/mK.

22. The laminate of any one of claims 1-21, the lamiante further comprising a third substrate disposed in the opening, wherein the third substrate faces and is spaced from one of the first substrate and the second substrate, with a void disposed between the third substrate and the one of the first substrate and the second substrate.

23. The laminate of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the laminate is disposed in a vehicle and comprises a windshield, a sidelite, a rearlite, a sunroof, or a divider between a mechanical compartment of the vehicle and an interior of the vehicle.

24. A vehicle comprising:

a body having at least one opening and an interior;

a laminate disposed in the at least one opening, the laminate comprising a first substrate, a second substrate comprising a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less, and an interlayer disposed between the first and second substrates,

wherein the second substrate is adjacent the interior of the body,

25. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein the first substrate comprises a glass-based material, and the second substrate comprises a glass-based material.

26. The vehicle of claim 24 or claim 25 wherein the interlayer comprises a thickness of about 0.8 mm or more, about 1.0 mm or more, about 1.2 mm or more, about 1.6 mm or more, about 1.96 mm or more, about 2.0 mm or more, about 2.4 mm or more, about 1.62 mm, or about 0.81 mm.

27 The vehicle of any one of claims 24-26, wherein the interlayer comprises a first layer comprising acoustic polyvinyl butyral.

28. The vehicle of claim 27, wherein the first layer comprises a thickness of about 0.8 mm or more, or about 0.81 mm.

29. The vehicle of any one of claims 24 - 28, wherein the second substrate comprises a thickness of about 0.7 mm or less.

30. The vehicle of claim 29, wherein the second substrate comprises a thickness of about 0.55 mm or less.

31. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-30, wherein the first substrate comprises a thickness of about 1.5 mm to about 3.85 mm, about 1.8 mm to about 3.0 mm, about 2.0 mm to about 3.0 mm, or about 2.1 mm.

32. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-31, wherein the laminate comprises a total thickness of about 3.0 mm or more, or about 3.0 mm to about 4.0 mm, or about 3.0 mm to about 3.5 mm, or about 3.46 mm.

33. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-32, wherein the first substrate is unstrengthened.

34. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-33, wherein the first substrate comprises soda lime glass.

35. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-34, wherein the second substrate comprises alkali aluminosilicate or alkali aluminoborosilicate glass.

36. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-35, wherein either one or both the first substrate and the second substrate are strengthened.

37. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-36, wherein the second substrate has a thermal conductivity of about 1.0 to about 1.4 W/mK, or about 1.2 to about 1.3 W/mK, or about 1.207 W/mK.

38. The vehicle of any one of claims 35-37, wherein the second substrate exhibits a compressive stress in the range from about 50 MPa to about 1000 MPa and a depth of compression in the range from about 35 micrometers to about 200 micrometers.

39. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-38, wherein the laminate exhibits a transmission loss of greater than about 31 dB over a frequency range from about 2500 Hz to about 6300 Hz.

40. The vehicle of claim 24-39, wherein a thickness of the interlayer is greater than a thickness of the second substrate.

41. The vehicle of claim 40, wherein a ratio of the thickness of the interlayer to the thickness of the second substrate is about 2.9 or more.

42. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-41, the laminate further comprising a layer of polyethylene terephthalate disposed between the interlayer and the second substrate.

43. The vehicle of claim 42, wherein the layer of polyethylene terephthalate has a thickness of about 25 pm to about 100 pm.

44. The vehicle of claim 42 or claim 43, wherein the layer of polyethylene terephthalate comprises a thermal conductivity of about 0.2 W/mK.

45. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-44, the vehicle further comprising a third substrate disposed in the opening, wherein the third substrate faces and is spaced from one of the first substrate and the second substrate, with a void disposed between the third substrate and the one of the first substrate and the second substrate.

46. The vehicle of any one of claims 24-45, wherein the laminate is a windshield, a sidelite, a rearlite, a sunroof, or a divider between a mechanical compartment of the vehicle and the interior.