Classifications

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  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/117—Filters, e.g. for pre-processing or post-processing
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  • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/167—Position within a video image, e.g. region of interest [ROI]
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  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/17—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/17—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object
  • H04N19/176—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object the region being a block, e.g. a macroblock
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/189—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type used for the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/196—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type used for the adaptive coding being specially adapted for the computation of encoding parameters, e.g. by averaging previously computed encoding parameters
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
  • H04N19/463—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process by compressing encoding parameters before transmission
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
  • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/70—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals characterised by syntax aspects related to video coding, e.g. related to compression standards
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04N19/80—Details of filtering operations specially adapted for video compression, e.g. for pixel interpolation
  • H04N19/82—Details of filtering operations specially adapted for video compression, e.g. for pixel interpolation involving filtering within a prediction loop

Definitions

• image and video coding schemes usually employ prediction, including motion vector prediction, and transform to leverage spatial and temporal redundancy in the video content.
• prediction including motion vector prediction, and transform
• intra or inter prediction is used to exploit the intra or inter frame correlation, then the differences between the original image and the predicted image, often denoted as prediction errors or prediction residuals, are transformed, quantized, and entropy coded.
• the compressed data are decoded by inverse processes corresponding to the entropy coding, quantization, transform, and prediction.
• a device comprising an apparatus according to any of the decoding embodiments; and at least one of (i) an antenna configured to receive a signal, the signal including the video block, (ii) a band limiter configured to limit the received signal to a band of frequencies that includes the video block, or (iii) a display configured to display an output representative of a video block.
• a signal comprising video data generated according to any of the described encoding embodiments or variants.
• a bitstream is formatted to include data content generated according to any of the described encoding embodiments or variants.
• Figure 1 shows a standard, generic, video decoder (left) and encoder (right).
• Figure 2 shows determination of a reconstructed sample category in the case of EO mode.
• Figure 3 shows in the case of BO mode, the pixel range from 0...255 (in 8-bit) is uniformly split into 32 bands.
• Figure 4 shows picture based SAO filtering calling the“SAO filtering process” for each group of samples (left), and“SAO filtering process” (right).
• Figure 5 shows a flow chart of an encoder decision for ALF (left) and examples of ALF filter shapes (right).
• Figure 9 shows a current SAO block can inherit parameters from left or above neighbors.
• Figure 1 1 shows an example of coding sao_palette_index and new_flag.
• Figure 12 shows a current SAO block may inherit parameters from left or above neighbors outside the SAO region.
• Figure 14 shows that several post-filters can share the same region.
• Figure 15 shows a generic, standard encoding scheme.
• Figure 16 shows a generic, standard decoding scheme.
• Figure 19 shows an embodiment of another method for decoding using in-loop filtering with multiple regions.
• the general aspects described here are in the field of video compression.
• the general aspects relate to in-loop filtering such as using Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) using“advance merge” (also known as SAO palette) technique as described in the following commonly owned EP applications, the teachings of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference:
• SAO Sample Adaptive Offset
• SAO palette “advance merge”
• In-loop filters allow post-filtering the reconstructed pictures to reduce coding artifacts (see blocks 265 and 465 in a classical decoder and encoder scheme of Figure
• the Coding Tree Unit when enabled, can be coded with 3 SAO modes ( SaoTypeldx ): inactive (OFF), edge offset (EO) or band offset (BO).
• SAO modes SaoTypeldx
• OFF edge offset
• EO edge offset
• BO band offset
• EO or BO one set of parameters per channel (Y, U, V) is coded, possibly shared with neighboring CTUs (see SAO MERGE flag).
• the SAO mode is the same for Cb and Cr components.
• NC 5 categories ( sao_eo_class ), depending on the local gradients, as depicted in Figure 2.
• (NC-1 ) offset values are coded, one for each category (one category has offset equal to zero).
• Figure 3 shows an example of 4 consecutive bands. (NC-1 ) offset values are coded, one for each of the (NC-1 ) bands (the remaining bands have offset equal to zero).
• the encoder decides whether the ALF is applied and the appropriate signaling flag is included in the slice header. For chroma samples, the decision to apply the filter is done based on the picture-level rather than at the CTU-level.
• the ALF filter parameters can be signalled in the first CTU or in the slice header. Up to 25 sets of luminance filter coefficients can be signalled. To reduce overhead bits, filter coefficients of different classifications can be merged. Also, the ALF coefficients of reference pictures are stored and allowed to be reused as ALF coefficients for a current picture (ALF temporal prediction). To support ALF temporal prediction, a candidate list of ALF filter sets is maintained. At the beginning of decoding a new sequence, the candidate list is empty. After decoding one picture, the corresponding set of filters may be added to the candidate list. The temporal prediction of ALF coefficients improves coding efficiency for inter coded frames. To improve coding efficiency when temporal prediction is not available (intra frames), a set of 16 fixed filters is also assigned to each class.
• the number of SAO candidates (nb_sao_cand) and the list of SAO parameters is encoded in the same order as the order of use.
• the list of SAO parameters candidates is re-ordered after encoding each candidate index, putting the latest used parameter on top of the list. More precisely, the list of candidates is re- ordered such that the spatially closest used candidates are ordered at first. This can be done by building a map of last-used candidates.
• the parsing stage it is checked whether the left and above SAO parameters are identical, then the above flag is not parsed (inferred to be false). In other cases, the current SAO block is marked as“active” and the SAO parameters are not inherited but encoded/decoded.
• JVET-K0324 it is reported BD-rate gains of 0.1 1 % in Al, 0.30% in RA and 0.43% in LDB with same conditions.
• the purpose of the general aspects described is: -to combine the two approaches to leverage the coding gains of both
• in-loop post filters such as SAO or ALF in EP Application No. 17305626.8, entitled“A METHOD AND A DEVICE FOR PICTURE ENCODING AND DECODING,” (see features 1 , 2, 3: signaling SAO or ALF parameters sets first, and referring to them using an index, enabling/disabling filter for current block, etc8) are extended to multiple regions individually inside the slice or picture. These features can be combined with capability to adapt the post-filter block size per slice or picture. Several different post-filters can share the same region.
• Another concept in an encoder is to compute the post-filter parameters per region.
• a current filter block belonging to one region can inherit SAO parameters from candidate SAO parameters corresponding to SAO blocks inside the same region.
• the set of ALF filter parameters can be signalled in the first filter block of the region, or in the region header (e.g. if the region is a tile as defined in HEVC) or in a slice/picture header.
• the set of ALF filter parameters remains the same for all the filter blocks in this region.
• the list of sets of filter parameters is maintained per region and the filter blocks of the current region can use filter parameters corresponding to the co- located regions in reference pictures.
• the number of SAO blocks marked as NEW in the region is coded at the beginning of the region (e.g.: with the first SAO block of the region).
• the value of sao_palette_index is coded with n1 + 1 +n2 bits, and the new_flag is the nl ⁇ bit (idx_new_bit) as shown in Figure 1 1 where n1 and n2 are either redefined parameters, or parameters varying adaptively, conditionally to the context.
• the list of SAO parameters available for merge also contains the left (or above) SAO block parameters outside the SAO region.
• the left column outside the current region and the above line of SAO blocks parameters are added to the list of current SAO region.
• the filter block size may change per region.
• the filter block size is coded for each region or it can be inferred from other coding parameters such as the quantization parameter (QP), based on pre-defined tables or derivation rules.
• QP quantization parameter
• a basic block size is defined in the SPS, PPS or slice header (e.g., 128x128), and a QP table is used indicating a scaling factor to apply to the filter block width and height.
• QP quantization parameter
• the filter block parameters can be parsed in classical raster scan order in the slice.
• the filtering stage is carried out region by region (see Figure 13 left).
• the SAO filtering stage groups the SAO candidates list, reordering the association of SAO parameters to every SAO blocks, the samples’ classification and the application of the SAO offsets to correct the reconstructed samples.
• the ALF filtering stage groups the samples’ classification and the filtering of the reconstructed samples.
• the filter block parameters can be parsed region per region (using a raster scan of filter blocks in the filter region typically) and next the filtering stage is carried on region by region (see Figure 13 right).
• k 0,..,N
• the order of parsing/classifying/filtering can be interleaved in- between filters inside one region as depicted in Figure 14.
• Other variants of different filters sharing a same classification process can be used.
• the proposed techniques allow improvement of the overall video compression process.
• the techniques are lightweight in terms of memory access.
• the techniques improve the post-filtering process by grouping the different filtering stages region-based and making the post-filtering parallellizable. This is achieved through the improvement of in-loop filtering.
• FIGs. 15, 16 and 17 below provide some embodiments, but other embodiments are contemplated and the discussion of FIGs. 15, 16 and 17 does not limit the breadth of the implementations.
• At least one of the aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to transmitting a bitstream generated or encoded.
• These and other aspects can be implemented as a method, an apparatus, a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods described, and/or a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the methods described.
• the terms“reconstructed” and“decoded” may be used interchangeably, the terms“pixel” and“sample” may be used interchangeably, the terms “image,” “picture” and “frame” may be used interchangeably.
• the term“reconstructed” is used at the encoder side while“decoded” is used at the decoder side.
• modules for example, the intra prediction, entropy coding, and/or decoding modules (160, 360, 145, 330), of a video encoder 100 and decoder 200 as shown in FIG. 15 and FIG. 16.
• the present aspects are not limited to WC or HEVC, and can be applied, for example, to other standards and recommendations, whether pre-existing or future-developed, and extensions of any such standards and recommendations (including WC and HEVC). Unless indicated otherwise, or technically precluded, the aspects described in this document can be used individually or in combination.
• numeric values are used in the present document, for example, ⁇ 1 ,0 ⁇ , ⁇ 3,1 ⁇ , ⁇ 1 ,1 ⁇ .
• the specific values are for example purposes and the aspects described are not limited to these specific values.
• the video sequence may go through pre-encoding processing (101 ), for example, applying a color transform to the input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of the input picture components in order to get a signal distribution more resilient to compression (for instance using a histogram equalization of one of the color components).
• Metadata can be associated with the pre-processing and attached to the bitstream.
• a picture is encoded by the encoder elements as described below.
• the picture to be encoded is partitioned (102) and processed in units of, for example, CUs.
• Each unit is encoded using, for example, either an intra or inter mode.
• intra prediction 160
• inter mode motion estimation (175) and compensation (170) are performed.
• the encoder decides (105) which one of the intra mode or inter mode to use for encoding the unit, and indicates the intra/inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag.
• Prediction residuals are calculated, for example, by subtracting (1 10) the predicted block from the original image block.
• the prediction residuals are then transformed (125) and quantized (130).
• the quantized transform coefficients, as well as motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy coded (145) to output a bitstream.
• the encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the non-transformed residual signal.
• the encoder can bypass both transform and quantization, i.e., the residual is coded directly without the application of the transform or quantization processes.
• the encoder decodes an encoded block to provide a reference for further predictions.
• the quantized transform coefficients are de-quantized (140) and inverse transformed (150) to decode prediction residuals.
• In-loop filters (165) are applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking/SAO (Sample Adaptive Offset) filtering to reduce encoding artifacts.
• the filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (180).
• FIG. 16 illustrates a block diagram of a video decoder 200.
• a bitstream is decoded by the decoder elements as described below.
• Video decoder 200 generally performs a decoding pass reciprocal to the encoding pass as described in FIG. 15.
• the encoder 100 also generally performs video decoding as part of encoding video data.
• the input of the decoder includes a video bitstream, which can be generated by video encoder 100.
• the bitstream is first entropy decoded (230) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other coded information.
• the picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned.
• the decoder may therefore divide (235) the picture according to the decoded picture partitioning information.
• the transform coefficients are de-quantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residuals.
• Combining (255) the decoded prediction residuals and the predicted block an image block is reconstructed.
• the predicted block can be obtained (270) from intra prediction (260) or motion-compensated prediction (i.e. , inter prediction) (275).
• In-loop filters (265) are applied to the reconstructed image.
• the filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (280).
• the decoded picture can further go through post-decoding processing (285), for example, an inverse color transform (e.g. conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or an inverse remapping performing the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding processing (101 ).
• the post-decoding processing can use metadata derived in the pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream.
• FIG. 17 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a system in which various aspects and embodiments are implemented.
• System 1000 can be embodied as a device including the various components described below and is configured to perform one or more of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices, include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers.
• Elements of system 1000, singly or in combination can be embodied in a single integrated circuit, multiple ICs, and/or discrete components.
• the processing and encoder/decoder elements of system 1000 are distributed across multiple ICs and/or discrete components.
• system 1000 is communicatively coupled to other similar systems, or to other electronic devices, via, for example, a communications bus or through dedicated input and/or output ports.
• system 1000 is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described in this document.
• the system 1000 includes at least one processor 1010 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, the various aspects described in this document.
• Processor 1010 can include embedded memory, input output interface, and various other circuitries as known in the art.
• the system 1000 includes at least one memory 1020 (e.g., a volatile memory device, and/or a non-volatile memory device).
• System 1000 includes a storage device 1040, which can include non-volatile memory and/or volatile memory, including, but not limited to, EEPROM, ROM, PROM, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, flash, magnetic disk drive, and/or optical disk drive.
• the storage device 1040 can include an internal storage device, an attached storage device, and/or a network accessible storage device, as non-limiting examples.
• memory inside of the processor 1010 and/or the encoder/decoder module 1030 is used to store instructions and to provide working memory for processing that is needed during encoding or decoding.
• a memory external to the processing device (for example, the processing device can be either the processor 1010 or the encoder/decoder module 1030) is used for one or more of these functions.
• the external memory can be the memory 1020 and/or the storage device 1040, for example, a dynamic volatile memory and/or a non-volatile flash memory.
• an external non-volatile flash memory is used to store the operating system of a television.
• a fast external dynamic volatile memory such as a RAM is used as working memory for video coding and decoding operations, such as for MPEG-2, HEVC, orWC (Versatile Video Coding).
• the input to the elements of system 1000 can be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 1 130.
• Such input devices include, but are not limited to, (i) an RF portion that receives an RF signal transmitted, for example, over the air by a broadcaster, (ii) a Composite input terminal, (iii) a USB input terminal, and/or (iv) an HDMI input terminal.
• the input devices of block 1 130 have associated respective input processing elements as known in the art.
• the RF portion can be associated with elements necessary for (i) selecting a desired frequency (also referred to as selecting a signal, or band-limiting a signal to a band of frequencies), (ii) downconverting the selected signal, (iii) band-limiting again to a narrower band of frequencies to select (for example) a signal frequency band which can be referred to as a channel in certain embodiments, (iv) demodulating the downconverted and band- limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and (vi) demultiplexing to select the desired stream of data packets.
• the RF portion of various embodiments includes one or more elements to perform these functions, for example, frequency selectors, signal selectors, band-limiters, channel selectors, filters, downconverters, demodulators, error correctors, and demultiplexers.
• the RF portion can include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, downconverting the received signal to a lower frequency (for example, an intermediate frequency or a near-baseband frequency) or to baseband.
• the RF portion and its associated input processing element receives an RF signal transmitted over a wired (for example, cable) medium, and performs frequency selection by filtering, downconverting, and filtering again to a desired frequency band.
• Adding elements can include inserting elements in between existing elements, for example, inserting amplifiers and an analog-to-digital converter.
• the RF portion includes an antenna.
• USB and/or HDMI terminals can include respective interface processors for connecting system 1000 to other electronic devices across USB and/or HDMI connections.
• various aspects of input processing for example, Reed-Solomon error correction
• aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing can be implemented within separate interface ICs or within processor 1010 as necessary.
• the demodulated, error corrected, and demultiplexed stream is provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processor 1010, and encoder/decoder 1030 operating in combination with the memory and storage elements to process the datastream as necessary for presentation on an output device.
• connection arrangement 1 140 for example, an internal bus as known in the art, including the I2C bus, wiring, and printed circuit boards.
• Data is streamed to the system 1000, in various embodiments, using a wireless network, such as IEEE 802.1 1 .
• the wireless signal of these embodiments is received over the communications channel 1060 and the communications interface 1050 which are adapted for Wi-Fi communications, for example.
• the communications channel 1060 of these embodiments is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to outside networks including the Internet for allowing streaming applications and other over-the-top communications.
• Other embodiments provide streamed data to the system 1000 using a set-top box that delivers the data over the HDMI connection of the input block 1 130.
• Still other embodiments provide streamed data to the system 1000 using the RF connection of the input block 1 130.
• the system 1000 can provide an output signal to various output devices, including a display 1 100, speakers 1 1 10, and other peripheral devices 1 120.
• the other peripheral devices 1 120 include, in various examples of embodiments, one or more of a stand-alone DVR, a disk player, a stereo system, a lighting system, and other devices that provide a function based on the output of the system 1000.
• control signals are communicated between the system 1000 and the display 1 100, speakers 1 1 10, or other peripheral devices 1 120 using signaling such as AV.Link, CEC, or other communications protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention.
• the output devices can be communicatively coupled to system 1000 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 1070, 1080, and 1090.
• the output devices can be connected to system 1000 using the communications channel 1060 via the communications interface 1050.
• the display 1 100 and speakers 1 1 10 can be integrated in a single unit with the other components of system 1000 in an electronic device, for example, a television.
• the display interface 1070 includes a display driver, for example, a timing controller (T Con) chip.
• the display 1 100 and speaker 1 1 10 can alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components, for example, if the RF portion of input 1 130 is part of a separate set-top box.
• the output signal can be provided via dedicated output connections, including, for example, HDMI ports, USB ports, or COMP outputs.
• the embodiments can be carried out by computer software implemented by the processor 1010 or by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, the embodiments can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits.
• the memory 1020 can be of any type appropriate to the technical environment and can be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology, such as optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory, as non-limiting examples.
• the processor 1010 can be of any type appropriate to the technical environment, and can encompass one or more of microprocessors, general purpose computers, special purpose computers, and processors based on a multi-core architecture, as non-limiting examples.
• Decoding can encompass all or part of the processes performed, for example, on a received encoded sequence in order to produce a final output suitable for display.
• processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by a decoder, for example, entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transformation, and differential decoding.
• processes also, or alternatively, include processes performed by a decoder of various implementations described in this application, for example, extracting an index of weights to be used for the various intra prediction reference arrays.
• “decoding” refers only to entropy decoding
• “decoding” refers only to differential decoding
• “decoding” refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding.
• Various implementations involve encoding.
• “encoding” as used in this application can encompass all or part of the processes performed, for example, on an input video sequence in order to produce an encoded bitstream.
• such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by an encoder, for example, partitioning, differential encoding, transformation, quantization, and entropy encoding.
• such processes also, or alternatively, include processes performed by an encoder of various implementations described in this application, for example, weighting of intra prediction reference arrays.
• “encoding” refers only to entropy encoding
• “encoding” refers only to differential encoding
• “encoding” refers to a combination of differential encoding and entropy encoding.
• syntax elements as used herein are descriptive terms. As such, they do not preclude the use of other syntax element names.
• Various embodiments refer to rate distortion calculation or rate distortion optimization.
• the rate distortion optimization is usually formulated as minimizing a rate distortion function, which is a weighted sum of the rate and of the distortion.
• the approaches may be based on an extensive testing of all encoding options, including all considered modes or coding parameters values, with a complete evaluation of their coding cost and related distortion of the reconstructed signal after coding and decoding.
• Faster approaches may also be used, to save encoding complexity, in particular with computation of an approximated distortion based on the prediction or the prediction residual signal, not the reconstructed one.
• the implementations and aspects described herein can be implemented in, for example, a method or a process, an apparatus, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of implementation (for example, discussed only as a method), the implementation of features discussed can also be implemented in other forms (for example, an apparatus or program).
• An apparatus can be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware.
• the methods can be implemented in, for example, , a processor, which refers to processing devices in general, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. Processors also include communication devices, such as, for example, computers, cell phones, portable/personal digital assistants ("PDAs”), and other devices that facilitate communication of information between end-users.
• PDAs portable/personal digital assistants
• references to“one embodiment” or“an embodiment” or“one implementation” or “an implementation”, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment.
• the appearances of the phrase“in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” or “in one implementation” or “in an implementation”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout this document are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
• Determining the information can include one or more of, for example, estimating the information, calculating the information, predicting the information, or retrieving the information from memory.
• Accessing the information can include one or more of, for example, receiving the information, retrieving the information (for example, from memory), storing the information, moving the information, copying the information, calculating the information, determining the information, predicting the information, or estimating the information.
• Receiving is, as with “accessing”, intended to be a broad term.
• Receiving the information can include one or more of, for example, accessing the information, or retrieving the information (for example, from memory).
• “receiving” is typically involved, in one way or another, during operations such as, for example, storing the information, processing the information, transmitting the information, moving the information, copying the information, erasing the information, calculating the information, determining the information, predicting the information, or estimating the information.
• any of the following 7”,“and/or”, and“at least one of”, for example, in the cases of“A/B”,“A and/or B” and“at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B).
• such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C).
• This may be extended, as is clear to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items as are listed.
• the word“signal” refers to, among other things, indicating something to a corresponding decoder.
• the encoder signals a particular one of a plurality of weights to be used for intra prediction reference arrays.
• the same parameter is used at both the encoder side and the decoder side.
• an encoder can transmit (explicit signaling) a particular parameter to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same particular parameter.
• signaling can be used without transmitting (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select the particular parameter.
• signaling can be accomplished in a variety of ways. For example, one or more syntax elements, flags, and so forth are used to signal information to a corresponding decoder in various embodiments. While the preceding relates to the verb form of the word“signal”, the word“signal” can also be used herein as a noun.
• implementations can produce a variety of signals formatted to carry information that can be, for example, stored or transmitted.
• the information can include, for example, instructions for performing a method, or data produced by one of the described implementations.
• a signal can be formatted to carry the bitstream of a described embodiment.
• Such a signal can be formatted, for example, as an electromagnetic wave (for example, using a radio frequency portion of spectrum) or as a baseband signal.
• the formatting can include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier with the encoded data stream.
• the information that the signal carries can be, for example, analog or digital information.
• the signal can be transmitted over a variety of different wired or wireless links, as is known.
• a TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device that performs in-loop filtering according to any of the embodiments described.
• a TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device that performs in-loop filtering according to any of the embodiments described, and that displays (e.g. using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) a resulting image.
• a TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device that tunes (e.g. using a tuner) a channel to receive a signal including an encoded image, and performs in-loop filtering according to any of the embodiments described.
• a TV, set-top box, cell phone, tablet, or other electronic device that receives (e.g. using an antenna) a signal over the air that includes an encoded image, and performs in-loop filtering according to any of the embodiments described.
• FIG. 18 One embodiment of a method 1800 for encoding a block of video data using the general aspects described here is shown in Figure 18.
• the method commences at Start block 1801 and control proceeds to function block 1810 for determining regions of a picture in which to use common sets of filter parameters for filtering at least one reconstructed block of a picture. Control then proceeds from block 1810 to block 1920 for obtaining a plurality of sets of filter parameters. Control proceeds from block 1820 to block 1830 for filtering a region of the picture comprising the at least one reconstructed block with a common set of filter parameters for blocks within the region. Control then proceeds from block 1830 to block 1840 for encoding information in a bitstream comprising syntax indicative of a set of filter parameters used for filtering the region, and an encoded version of the region.
• FIG. 19 One embodiment of a method 1900 for decoding a block of video data using the general aspects described here is shown in Figure 19.
• the method commences at Start block 1901 and control proceeds to function block 1910 for decoding syntax from a bitstream indicative of a plurality of sets of filter parameters used for filtering regions of a picture. Control then proceeds from block 1910 to block 1920 for determining regions of the picture from the bitstream using common sets of filter parameters for filtering at least one reconstructed block of the picture. Control proceeds from block 1920 to block 1930 for filtering the at least one reconstructed block with the set of filter parameters associated with the region comprising the at least one reconstructed block. Control then proceeds from block 1930 to block 1940 for decoding the filtered reconstructed block of the picture.
• Figure 20 shows one embodiment of an apparatus 2000 for encoding or decoding a block of video data.
• the apparatus comprises Processor 2010 and can be interconnected to a memory 2020 through at least one port. Both Processor 2010 and memory 2020 can also have one or more additional interconnections to external connections.
• Processor 2010 is configured to either encode or decode video data by forming a plurality of reference arrays from reconstructed samples of a block of video data, predicting a target pixel of the block of video data respectively by applying a set of weights, chosen from a plurality of sets of weights, to one or more of the plurality of reference arrays, computing a final prediction for the target pixel of the block of video as a function of predictions respectively from one or more of the reference arrays and, either encoding or decoding the block of video using the final prediction.

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