WO2020000373A1 - 一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法 - Google Patents

一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2020000373A1
WO2020000373A1 PCT/CN2018/093682 CN2018093682W WO2020000373A1 WO 2020000373 A1 WO2020000373 A1 WO 2020000373A1 CN 2018093682 W CN2018093682 W CN 2018093682W WO 2020000373 A1 WO2020000373 A1 WO 2020000373A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cadmium
sweet sorghum
soil
plant
stage
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2018/093682
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
李十中
李纪红
薛忠财
仉磊
Original Assignee
清华大学
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 清华大学 filed Critical 清华大学
Priority to PCT/CN2018/093682 priority Critical patent/WO2020000373A1/zh
Publication of WO2020000373A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020000373A1/zh

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of environmental restoration of heavy metal polluted farmland, in particular to a method for safely using cadmium-polluted farmland by using multifunctional crop sweet sorghum, and belongs to the field of environmental pollution treatment and new energy technology.
  • Soil is the material basis on which humans depend.
  • the “National Survey of Soil Pollution” (2014) published by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Land and Resources shows that China ’s soil pollution problem is very serious, with a total exceeding rate of 16.1%.
  • the problem of exceeding the standard for cadmium is the most serious. The point reached 7.0%.
  • Its main sources are: industrial "three wastes” emissions, and sewage irrigation, sludge and phosphate fertilizer application in agriculture.
  • Cadmium is easily absorbed by plants, thus entering the food chain and threatening human health. Therefore, cadmium-contaminated farmland has the characteristics of concealment, long-term and irreversibility.
  • Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench), as an important energy plant and food crop, has the characteristics of high photosynthetic efficiency, high biological yield, strong resistance to stress, wide adaptability, etc. Heavy metals have strong absorption capacity and tolerance, and can produce 5-6 tons of stalks with sugar content of 12-14% per mu. Therefore, the production of ethanol from sweet sorghum is considered to be one of the potential alternatives to petroleum. Its mature fermentation process, short production cycle, and relatively low production cost have the advantages.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a cadmium-contaminated farmland safe and economic utilization method based on multifunctional crop sweet sorghum.
  • the method includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Plant a multifunctional crop sweet sorghum on cadmium-contaminated farmland to effectively absorb heavy metal cadmium in the soil and repair the soil; the variety of sweet sorghum planted is N31F2087.
  • Step 2 Planting sweet sorghum with appropriate cultivation management measures to ensure the normal growth of sweet sorghum;
  • Step 3 Harvest the aerial parts after maturity, and use the sweet sorghum grains for food or feed;
  • Step 4 Use sweet sorghum stalks as raw materials for solid-state fermentation technology to produce ethanol, and burn the fermentation residue to recover heavy metal cadmium, thereby preventing cadmium in the soil from entering the food chain.
  • step one the energy plant sweet sorghum is planted in cadmium-contaminated farmland. Different varieties of sweet sorghum have different absorption characteristics of cadmium. Select sweet sorghum varieties with high accumulation and large biomass.
  • the sweet sorghum variety is N31F2087. From the perspective of the genetic germplasm resources of the sweet sorghum, it is concluded that the sweet sorghum of this variety has a large biomass and can absorb the heavy metal cadmium to the maximum. The lowest content. In general, the cadmium content in the stalk of N31F2087 reaches 2.60 mg / kg, while the cadmium content in the grain is less than 0.02 mg / kg, which is far lower than the detection standard for food pollutants (GB-2762-2012) 0.1 mg / kg. If the dry weight of N31F2087 is 270g / plant, the cadmium content in the stalk reaches 2.60mg / kg, and each plant can absorb 702 ⁇ g of cadmium.
  • step two appropriate cultivation management measures are adopted to ensure the normal growth of sweet sorghum.
  • the appropriate management measures for planting sweet sorghum include the following steps:
  • Deep tillage is used to create loose soil layers, improve soil fertility and heat conditions, and is beneficial to root extension and soil microbial activities; preferably, ploughing depth is 30-35cm.
  • Herbicide treatment Use as directed.
  • Sowing period precision on-demand, preferably, planting density is 0.2m ⁇ 0.5m; seeding depth is 3-4cm; 2-3 seeds per hole, 0.8-1 kg per mu.
  • Thinning seedling stage Preferably, thinning seedling is carried out in the 2-3 leaf stage; fixed seedling is carried out in the 4-5 leaf stage, leaving one plant per hole.
  • Water and fertilizer management at seedling stage In the seedling stage, timely topping water is used according to precipitation, soil moisture and plant growth.
  • 10-15 kg of ammonium sulfate is applied in combination with watering acres to increase the available cadmium content in the soil.
  • the second is the prevention and control of red spiders: 1.8% avermectin EC 15-30ml, 73% g mite special EC 15-45ml, and 30-90 kg foliar spray with water were used for seedling control and adult plant control per mu.
  • This kind of insect pest is mainly released on the back of the leaf, and the damage degree is lighter than that of corn.
  • Harvesting time Harvest in time according to the growth of sweet sorghum.
  • the cultivation management measures can increase the content of available cadmium in the soil by applying ammonium sulfate to the soil at the booting stage, thereby increasing the absorption of heavy metals by sweet sorghum above ground and further improving its repair efficiency. .
  • step three after the sweet sorghum is matured, the aerial parts are harvested to obtain the raw material stalks produced by the solid fermentation technology and the grains that meet the Chinese food standards.
  • the above-ground part of sweet sorghum is harvested, where the stalk can absorb the heavy metal cadmium in the soil to the maximum to restore the land, and the stalk that absorbs the heavy metal is used to produce economically valuable ethanol through solid-state fermentation technology; among which cadmium in the grain
  • the content is extremely low, which meets the food pollutant detection standard (GB-2762-2012) and is edible or forage, realizing the rational use of the produced plants.
  • step four sweet sorghum stalks are used as a solid-state fermentation technology raw material to produce ethanol, and the fermentation residue is burned to produce heat or electricity, while heavy metal cadmium is recovered.
  • the solid-state fermentation technology is ASSF continuous solid-state fermentation.
  • the ASSF continuous solid-state fermentation does not use preservatives, does not involve straw pressing, and has no waste water discharge.
  • the self-controlled continuous solid-state fermentation device is used to achieve continuous and automated solid-state fermentation processes; fermentation tanks The rotation speed and the angle of the cloth plate are adjustable, which enhances the adjustable controllability of the production.
  • the strain used in the ASSF continuous solid-state fermentation is Saccharomyces cerevisiae TSH2, and the deposit number is CGMCC 14223, and the deposit unit is the General Microbiology Center of the China Microbial Strain Collection Management Committee, and the preservation date is June 6, 2017.
  • TSH2 is a special strain that has been specially domesticated and genetically modified. It can tolerate high temperatures under solid fermentation conditions and has a high rate of absorbing fermentable sugars. As a result, the solid fermentation efficiency is significantly higher than other industrial yeasts. 24h is shortened to 20h, which is a high-yield ethanol yeast strain, which effectively solves the problems of the traditional bacteria's fermentation heat accumulation (high temperature) and poor mass transfer effect on solid fermentation.
  • the present invention has the following advantages:
  • the present invention adopts changing the agricultural planting structure and planting sweet energy sorghum resistant plants. Based on the existing technology, the most suitable sweet sorghum variety is selected and its stems are used to produce ethanol. Its grain is used for food or forage, which further improves the economic value of the produced plants.
  • the advanced solid state fermentation technology is used to treat the sweet sorghum stalks rich in heavy metals.
  • the strain used is a unique strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the fermentation time is reduced from the original 24h to 20h.
  • Planting sweet sorghum can repair cadmium-contaminated soil. Compared with traditional repair methods, it has low cost, is environmentally friendly, has no secondary pollution, does not cause damage to the soil structure, and has generated certain economic benefits. The production and repair of cadmium-contaminated farmland was truly achieved.
  • the method is simple in technology and easy to implement, and has extremely broad application prospects in the vast area of cadmium pollution.
  • Test plant Sweet sorghum variety Pi5260601SDUSA
  • Test soil take the soil of the farmland and dry it naturally, remove impurities, grind, and pass through a 6mm sieve. Configure the cadmium-contaminated soil according to the concentration of 0, 1, 10, and 30mg / kg, and add the same nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium base fertilizer.
  • the dosages are: Nitrogen fertilizer 200mg / kg, phosphate fertilizer 100mg / kg and potassium fertilizer 200mg / kg, put into a flower pot with a capacity of 7Kg, and add water for 30 days to carry out the cultivation.
  • the soil moisture content should be maintained at 70% of the field's water holding capacity (70% is for dryland plant growth). Optimum field moisture content).
  • Sweet sorghum seedlings with consistent growth were selected for transplanting. One plant was planted in each pot, and each treatment was repeated in 6 pots. During normal water and fertilizer management, the sweet sorghum aerial parts were harvested after the sweet sorghum matured.
  • Cadmium treatment / mg ⁇ kg -1 Root weight (g) Stem weight (g) Leaf weight (g) Kernel weight (g) 0 11.89 ⁇ 4.98 34.55 ⁇ 3.54 20.98 ⁇ 3.08 2.83 ⁇ 0.36 1 13.75 ⁇ 3.46 32.80 ⁇ 3.96 22.37 ⁇ 3.92 2.76 ⁇ 0.27 10 9.86 ⁇ 3.35 27.16 ⁇ 2.77 18.49 ⁇ 2.04 2.46 ⁇ 0.52 30 7.27 ⁇ 2.28 23.43 ⁇ 2.56 14.77 ⁇ 6.40 2.73 ⁇ 0.23
  • the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be changed, the content of available cadmium in the soil can be increased, and the amount of heavy metals absorbed by sweet sorghum above ground can be increased, thereby Further improve its repair efficiency.
  • the chemical added is ammonium sulfate.
  • the method of the present invention is used for trial planting in heavy metal-contaminated farmland in Shaoguan City, Guangdong province (see Table 3 for the basic physical and chemical properties of the soil). As can be seen from Table 3, the content of cadmium in the soil exceeds the national level III soil standard (1 mg / kg) by 7.93 times. Five different sweet sorghum varieties (lines) were selected as materials in the experiment, mainly including: N31F2087, 407A ⁇ Nanpi late maturity, N32F2026, 823 and N31K2168.
  • the dry matter mass of N31F2087 is 272.88g / plant, and each plant can absorb cadmium 709.4 ⁇ g. Based on 7000 plants per acre, the sweet sorghum stalk can Absorbs 4966mg / mu of cadmium.
  • the plant height of sweet sorghum can reach 2.8-3.7m, and the cadmium content in the grains has reached the detection standard for food pollutants (GB-2762-2012) 0.1mg / kg, which is the distribution of cadmium in the grains.
  • sweet sorghum grains can be used as food for food or for feed, yielding 150-250kg of sweet sorghum grains per mu.
  • N31F2087 is the most suitable planting variety, with the highest cadmium content in the stem, and the lowest cadmium content in the grain, which is the safest.
  • the method of the present invention is used for trial planting in heavy metal-contaminated farmland (see Table 5 for basic physical and chemical properties of soil) in Xiangtan City, Hunan province. It can be seen from Table 5 that the content of cadmium in the soil exceeds the national standard value of secondary soil (0.3 mg / kg) by 1.83 times.
  • Five different sweet sorghum varieties (lines) were selected as materials in the experiment, mainly including: N31F2087, 407A ⁇ Nanpi late maturity, N32F2026, 823 and N31K2168.
  • the growth status of different varieties at the same location is significantly different. Based on 7000 plants per acre, the sweet sorghum stalk can produce 5.1-6.0t per mu, and the average yield can reach 5.5t per mu. The average sugar content is 10.45%, and 580kg of sugar can be produced per acre.
  • sweet sorghum When sweet sorghum is planted on cadmium-contaminated farmland, sweet sorghum above ground will absorb a part of cadmium. Different sweet sorghum varieties have different cadmium absorption.
  • the cadmium content in the stalk of N31F2087 is 1.92 mg / kg.
  • the concentration of cadmium in the sweet sorghum stalk is low, but its biomass is high.
  • the dry matter mass of N31F2087 is 230.88 g / plant, so each plant can absorb 443.28 ⁇ g of cadmium.
  • the sweet sorghum stem According to 7000 plants per acre, the sweet sorghum stem is The stalk can absorb 3103mg / mu.
  • the height of sweet sorghum planted in cadmium-contaminated farmland in Xiangtan, Hunan can reach 2.8-3.3m, and the cadmium content in the grains has reached the food pollutant detection standard (GB-2762-2012) 0.1mg / kg, which is in line with that of Shaoguan, Guangdong.
  • the test results are consistent, so the grains can be used as food or for feed, and the yield of sweet sorghum grains per mu is 150-250kg.
  • the fermentation object is: sweet sorghum stalk of variety N31F2087
  • Fermentation strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen
  • the fresh sweet sorghum stalks rich in cadmium rich in N31F2087 were peeled and pulverized and mixed uniformly (diameter 1-5mm, length less than 50mm). Weigh 10kg of crushed material and insert it according to 10% of the inoculation amount. Seed liquid (saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen TSH2), initial fermentation temperature 25-35 °C, put into a drum fermentation tank with a capacity of 50L for fermentation, after 20h fermentation, the stirring speed is controlled at 0.08rpm . Ethanol was obtained after distillation, and the yield of ethanol reached more than 90%.
  • the strains used in this embodiment are obtained after screening, domestication and genetic modification, and can tolerate the characteristics of high temperature and low mass transfer rate under solid fermentation, thereby improving fermentation efficiency and ethanol yield, based on the original technology Improvement, the fermentation time was reduced from the original 24h to 20h.
  • the strain is Saccharomyces cerevisiae TSH2, and the deposit number is CGMCC 14223, and the deposit unit is: General Microbial Center of China Microbial Strain Collection Management Committee, and the deposit date is June 6, 2017.
  • the invention By cultivating different varieties of sweet sorghum on cadmium-contaminated farmland, the invention selects the most suitable sweet sorghum varieties for planting, realizes the safe use of cadmium-contaminated farmland, and simultaneously generates certain economic benefits, and solves the problem of economic benefits in the treatment of polluted land. And it can also effectively expand the planting area of energy plants, repair cadmium in the soil, and truly achieve the purpose of production while repairing.
  • the method is simple in technology and easy to implement, and has extremely broad application prospects in the vast cadmium-contaminated area.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供了一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法，通过在镉污染农田上种植不同品种的甜高粱，对比分析其吸收的镉分布情况选出最适宜种植的甜高粱品种，实现了对镉污染农田安全利用，同时产生一定的经济效益，解决了重金属污染土地治理的经济效益问题，并且还可以有效扩大多功能作物的种植面积，对土壤中的镉进行有效地提取分离，真正实现边生产变修复的目的。本方法技术简便、方法易行，在广大的镉污染地区具有极其广阔的应用前景。

Description

一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法 技术领域
本发明涉及重金属污染农田的环境修复领域，具体涉及利用多功能作物甜高粱实现对镉污染农田的安全利用方法，属于环境污染治理和新能源技术领域。
背景技术
土壤是人类赖以生存的物质基础。然而，环境保护部和国土资源部公布的《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》(2014年)显示：我国土壤污染问题十分严重，总的超标率为16.1％，其中，镉的超标问题最为严重，超标点位达到7.0％，其主要来源是：工业“三废”的排放，以及农业上污水灌溉、污泥和磷肥的施用等。镉很容易被植物吸收，从而进入食物链，威胁人类健康，因此镉污染的农田具有隐蔽性、长期性和不可逆性等特点，然而，结合我国人多地少的国情，使我们不能简单的采取弃耕修复等手段，所以如何利用或修复镉污染农田，实现对污染土地的可持续利用是我们急需要解决的问题。
虽然重金属污染土壤的修复方法有很多种，包括物理法、化学法、生物法和多种技术联合法等，但是由于物理法和化学法往往具有修复成本较高、对土壤植被破坏性较大、二次污染严重等特点，主要适用于小面积污染土壤的修复，制约了其在大面积重金属污染农田修复中的应用。与物理法和化学法相比，虽然植物修复具有成本低、环境友好、无二次污染、对土壤结构不产生破坏等优点，但是植物修复周期较长、修复效率低、经济效益低等缺点，严重制约了其推广和应用。
因此针对镉污染农田，需要同时兼顾粮食安全和经济效益两个方面，避免产出的含重金属污染物农产品进入食物链，保证农田的经济产出。
甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor(Linn.)Moench)作为重要的能源植物和粮 食作物，具有光合效率高、生物产量高、抗逆性强、适应性广等特点，并对锌、砷、铜、镉等重金属具有很强的吸收能力和耐性，可亩产含糖12-14％的茎秆5-6吨。因此甜高粱生产乙醇被认为是极有潜力的替代石油途径之一，其发酵工艺成熟、生产周期短、生产成本相对低廉的优势。
因此，需要一种能对镉污染农田进行修复，实现有效的镉回收，并能带来一定的经济效益的基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全和经济利用方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
步骤一：在镉污染农田上种植多功能作物甜高粱，有效吸收土壤中的重金属镉，修复土壤；所述种植甜高粱的品种为N31F2087。
步骤二：采用适当的栽培管理措施种植甜高粱，保证甜高粱的正常生长；
步骤三：成熟后收获地上部，将甜高粱籽粒用于食用或饲用；
步骤四：将甜高粱茎秆用于作为固态发酵技术的原料生产乙醇，并且燃烧发酵渣回收重金属镉，从而避免土壤中的镉进入食物链。
在步骤一中，在镉污染农田中种植能源植物甜高粱。甜高粱不同品种对于镉的吸收特征并不相同，选择积累量高、生物量大的甜高粱品种。
优选地，所述甜高粱的品种选用N31F2087，从甜高粱自身的遗传种质资源角度分析得出：该品种的甜高粱生物量大，能最大限度的吸收重金属镉，同时籽粒中的重金属镉的含量最低。一般情况下，N31F2087茎秆中镉含量达2.60mg/kg，而籽粒中的镉含量少于0.02mg/kg，其含量远低于粮食污染物检出标准(GB-2762-2012)0.1mg/kg。若N31F2087干物重量为270g/株，茎秆中镉含量达2.60mg/kg，每株可吸收镉702μg。
在步骤二中，采用适当的栽培管理措施，保证甜高粱的正常生长。
优选地，种植甜高粱采用适当的管理措施包括以下步骤：
种植前期：1、深耕细作：深耕用于创造疏松的土层，改善土壤肥气热状况，有利于根系的伸展和土壤微生物的活动；优选地，耕翻深度 30-35cm。
2、除草剂处理：按照说明使用。
3、施用底肥：尿素20-25公斤，磷酸二铵20-25公斤。
播种期：精量点播，优选地，种植密度为0.2m×0.5m；播种深度为3-4cm；每穴2-3粒，亩播量0.8-1公斤。
间苗定苗期：优选地，在2-3叶时期进行间苗；在4-5叶期进行定苗，每穴留一株。
苗期的水肥管理：在苗期，根据降水情况和土壤墒情及植株长势适时浇头水。
优选地，在孕穗期，结合浇水亩追施硫酸铵10-15公斤，用于提高土壤中的有效态镉含量。
苗期至成株期的病虫害防治：一是蚜虫的防治：在苗期至成株期，每亩分别用10％吡虫啉可湿性粉剂30-90g。3％阿维高氯乳油20-60ml，40％毒死稗乳油10-30ml，根据植株大小任选一种药剂兑水30-90公斤进行叶面喷雾。甜高粱含糖量高，易受蚜虫危害，7月中下旬是防治蚜虫的关键时期，此时如遇高温干旱，降水偏少天气，极易造成蚜虫偏重发生，应及早防治。二是红蜘蛛的防治：苗期、成株期每亩分别用1.8％阿维菌素乳油15-30ml，73％克螨特乳油15-45ml，兑水30-90公斤叶面喷雾防治。该类虫害主要放生在叶片背面，发生危害程度较玉米轻。
收获时期：根据甜高粱生长情况适时收获。
在所述步骤二中，所述栽培管理措施通过在孕穗期向土壤中施加硫酸铵，可以提高土壤中的有效态镉含量，从而提高甜高粱地上部对重金属的吸收量，进一步提高其修复效率。
在步骤三中，甜高粱成熟后，收获地上部以获得固体发酵技术生产的原料茎秆和符合我国粮食标准的籽粒。
收获甜高粱的地上部分，其中茎秆能够最大限度的吸收土壤中的重金属镉，达到修复土地的作用，吸收重金属的茎秆再用于通过固态发酵技术生产具有经济价值的乙醇；其中籽粒中镉含量极低，符合粮食污染物检出标准(GB-2762-2012)可食用或饲用，实现对产出植物的合理利用。
在步骤四中，将甜高粱茎秆用于作为固态发酵技术原料生产乙醇， 并且燃烧发酵渣生产热或电，同时回收重金属镉。其中固态发酵技术为ASSF连续固态发酵，所述ASSF连续固态发酵不使用防腐剂，不涉及秸秆压榨，无废水排放，采用自控连续固态发酵装置，实现固态发酵工艺的连续化、自动化；发酵罐体回转速度、布料板角度可调，加强了生产的可调可控性。
所述ASSF连续固态发酵中使用的菌种为酿酒酵母TSH2，保藏编号：CGMCC 14223，保藏单位为中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心，保藏日期为2017年06月06日；所述酿酒酵母TSH2为经过特殊驯化、遗传改造的特有菌种，在固体发酵条件下可耐受高温，且吸收可发酵糖速率高效，从而固体发酵效率明显高于其它工业酵母，将发酵时间由现有技术的24h缩短为20h，为高产乙醇酵母菌种，有效解决了以往的菌种针对固体发酵的发酵热累积(高温)、传质效果差的问题。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下优点：
1、针对存在镉污染的农田，本发明采用改变农业种植结构，种植抗性能源植物甜高粱，在现有技术的基础上筛选出最适宜的甜高粱品种，将其茎秆用于生产乙醇，其籽粒用于食用或饲用，进一步提高了产出植物的经济价值。
2、采用先进的固态发酵技术处理富含重金属的甜高粱茎秆，其中所采用的菌种为特有酿酒酵母菌种，发酵时间由原来24h减少到20h。
3、种植甜高粱可以对镉污染土壤起到修复作用，与传统的修复方法相比，具有成本低、环境友好、无二次污染、对土壤结构不产生破坏，同时产生了一定的经济效益，真正做到了对于镉污染农田的边生产边修复。
4、方法技术简便、方法易行，在广大的镉污染地区具有极其广阔的应用前景。
应当理解，前述大体的描述和后续详尽的描述均为示例性说明和解释，并不应当用作对本发明所要求保护内容的限制。
具体实施方式
通过参考示范性实施例，本发明的目的和功能以及用于实现这些目 的和功能的方法将得以阐明。然而，本发明并不受限于以下所公开的示范性实施例；可以通过不同形式来对其加以实现。说明书的实质仅仅是帮助相关领域技术人员综合理解本发明的具体细节。
在下文中，将参考附图描述本发明的实施例。在附图中，相同的附图标记代表相同或类似的部件，或者相同或类似的步骤。
实施例1盆栽试验
供试植物：甜高粱品种Pi5260601SDUSA
供试土壤：取农田土壤经自然风干、去杂质、磨碎、过6mm筛，按照0、1、10、30mg/kg的浓度配置镉污染土壤，加入相同的氮磷钾底肥，用量分别为：氮肥200mg/kg、磷肥100mg/kg和钾肥200mg/kg，装入容量为7Kg的花盆中，加水平衡30天后进行栽培土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的70％(70％是旱地植物生长的最适田间含水量)。选择生长一致甜高粱幼苗进行移栽，每盆种植1株，每个处理重复6盆，期间正常水肥管理，待甜高粱成熟后，收获甜高粱地上部。
对甜高粱不同部位进行镉含量测定。在甜高粱收获后，用20mM乙二胺四乙酸二钠浸泡3h以除去表面粘附的离子，分别将根、茎、叶、种子分离，用去离子水冲洗3—4次，样品在105℃杀青30min，然后在80℃烘干至恒重，分别称重，结果见表1，随后将样品粉碎后，分别用浓硝酸消解，用ICP-MS(Agilent 7700X,Agilent Technologies,USA)测定样品中的镉含量，结果如表2所示。
表1不同镉处理条件下，甜高粱的根、茎、叶和籽粒的干重
镉处理/mg·kg -1 根重(g) 茎重(g) 叶重(g) 籽粒重(g)
0 11.89±4.98 34.55±3.54 20.98±3.08 2.83±0.36
1 13.75±3.46 32.80±3.96 22.37±3.92 2.76±0.27
10 9.86±3.35 27.16±2.77 18.49±2.04 2.46±0.52
30 7.27±2.28 23.43±2.56 14.77±6.40 2.73±0.23
由表1可知，低浓度的镉处理(10mg/kg)对于甜高粱的生长并没有影响，在高浓度的镉处理(30mg/kg)的条件下，甜高粱的生长受到了明 显抑制，根、茎、叶的重量分别比对照下降了38.86％、32.19％、29.60％，而对于籽粒的产量并没有影响。
表2不同镉处理条件下甜高粱各部分中的镉含量
Figure PCTCN2018093682-appb-000001
由表2可知：随着处理浓度的增加，根、茎、叶中的镉含量也逐渐增加，并且在甜高粱体内呈根>茎>叶>籽粒的分布特征。在镉浓度为30mg/kg的处理条件下，甜高粱地上部茎、叶、籽粒的积累量分别为184.40μg/株、65.53μg/株、0.72μg/株。虽然在高浓度的镉处理条件下(30mg/kg)，甜高粱的生长受到了一定的抑制，但是其可以完成正常的生育期，并具有一定的产量。
进一步地，在土壤总镉含量一定的条件下，通过向土壤中添加施加化学药品，可改变土壤理化性质，提高土壤中的有效态镉含量，进而提高甜高粱地上部对重金属的吸收量，从而进一步提高其修复效率。其中添加的所述化学药品为硫酸铵，通过在孕穗期向土壤中施加硫酸铵，既为甜高粱提供了营养，促进植物生长，又可以提高土壤中镉的生物有效性，有利于甜高粱对镉的吸收。土壤中的重金属元素主要存在水溶态、交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态以及残渣态等五种形式，各种形态重金属的化学活性和生理毒性并不相同，影响重金属有效性的主要因素包括土壤pH值、有机质含量、腐殖酸组成等多个因素，随着土壤中总镉含量的增加，有效态镉含量也显著增加。
实施例2田间种植试验—广东韶关
本发明方法在广东省韶关市重金属污染农田(土壤基本理化性质见表3)进行试种，由表3可知，土壤中镉含量超过国家三级土壤标准值(1mg/kg)7.93倍。试验选择5个不同的甜高粱品种(系)为材料，主要包括：N31F2087，407A×南皮晚熟，N32F2026，823和N31K2168。
甜高粱成熟后，测量株高，去除叶片，将茎和种子分别收获，并称量茎秆鲜重，样品在105℃杀青30min，然后在80℃烘干至恒重，称量干重，计算茎秆含水量，随后将烘干后的茎秆和籽粒用不锈钢粉碎机磨碎后，分别用浓硝酸消解，用ICP-MS(Agilent 7700X,Agilent Technologies,USA)测定样品中的镉含量，结果如表4所示。
表3试验地土壤基本理化性质
pH 有机质/g·kg -1 速效氮/mg·kg -1 速效磷/mg·kg -1 速效钾/mg·kg -1 镉含量/mg·kg -1
5.97 42.25 267.65 20.59 100.5 7.93
表4生长于广东省韶关市镉污染农田的不同品种(系)甜高粱生长情况及茎秆和籽粒中的镉含量
Figure PCTCN2018093682-appb-000002
由表4可知，不同品种在同一地点的生长状况有明显的差异，按照每亩种植7000株计算，可亩产甜高粱茎秆5.1-5.8t，平均可达亩产5.5t，茎秆中的平均含糖量为10.03％，每亩可产糖550kg。在镉污染的农田种植甜高粱，甜高粱地上部会吸收一部分镉，不同甜高粱品种对于镉的吸收量是不同的，其中N31F2087茎秆中的镉含量为2.60mg/kg，与超累积植物相比，甜高粱茎秆中的镉浓度较低，但是其生物量较高，N31F2087干物质量为272.88g/株，每株可吸收镉709.4μg，按照每亩7000株计算，每亩甜高粱茎秆可吸收镉4966mg/亩。
通过田间试验的结果可知，甜高粱株高可达到2.8-3.7m，籽粒中的镉含量均达到粮食污染物检出标准(GB-2762-2012)0.1mg/kg，即镉在籽粒中的分布最低，甜高粱籽粒可作为粮食食用或者饲用，每亩产出甜高粱籽粒150-250kg。其中N31F2087为最适宜的种植品种，其茎秆镉含量最高，而籽粒镉含量最低，最安全。
实施例3田间种植试验—湖南湘潭
本发明方法在湖南省湘潭市重金属污染农田(土壤基本理化性质见 表5)进行试种，由表5可知，土壤中镉含量超过国家二级土壤标准值(0.3mg/kg)1.83倍。试验选择5个不同的甜高粱品种(系)为材料，主要包括：N31F2087，407A×南皮晚熟，N32F2026，823和N31K2168。
甜高粱成熟后，测量株高，去除叶片，将茎和种子分别收获，并称量茎秆鲜重，样品在105℃杀青30min，然后在80℃烘干至恒重，称量干重，计算茎秆含水量，随后将烘干后的茎秆和籽粒用不锈钢粉碎机磨碎后，分别用浓硝酸消解，用ICP-MS(Agilent 7700X,Agilent Technologies,USA)测定样品中的镉含量，结果如表6所示。
表5试验地土壤基本理化性质
pH 有机质/g·kg -1 速效氮/mg·kg -1 速效磷/mg·kg -1 速效钾/mg·kg -1 镉含量/mg·kg -1
4.67 32 91 3.48 55 0.55
表6生长于湖南省湘潭市镉污染农田的不同品种(系)甜高粱的生长情况及茎秆和籽粒中的镉含量
Figure PCTCN2018093682-appb-000003
由表6可知，不同品种在同一地点的生长状况有明显的差异，按照每亩种植7000株计算，可亩产甜高粱茎秆5.1-6.0t，平均可达亩产5.5t，茎秆中的平均含糖量为10.45％，每亩可产糖580kg。
在镉污染的农田种植甜高粱，甜高粱地上部会吸收一部分镉，不同甜高粱品种对于镉的吸收量是不同的，N31F2087茎秆中的镉含量为1.92mg/kg，与超累积植物相比，甜高粱茎秆中的镉浓度较低，但是其生物量较高，N31F2087干物质量为230.88g/株，因此每株可吸收镉443.28μg/株，按照每亩7000株计算，每亩甜高粱茎秆可以吸收3103mg/亩。
在湖南湘潭镉污染农田种植的甜高粱株高可达到2.8-3.3m，并且籽粒中的镉含量均达到粮食污染物检出标准(GB-2762-2012)0.1mg/kg，这与广东韶关的试验结果一致，因此籽粒可以作为粮食食用或者饲用，每亩产出甜高粱籽粒150-250kg。
实施例4采用固态发酵技术进行发酵
发酵对象为：品种为N31F2087的甜高粱茎秆
采用发酵菌种为：特有酿酒酵母TSH2(Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen)
将品种为N31F2087的富含重金属镉的新鲜甜高粱茎秆剥叶后粉碎混合均匀(直径1-5mm，长度小于50mm)，称取10kg的粉碎料，按照10％的接种量接入已培养好的种子液(菌种为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen)TSH2)，初始发酵温度25-35℃，放入容量为50L的转鼓式发酵罐中进行发酵，发酵20h后，搅拌转速控制在0.08rpm。蒸馏后得到乙醇，乙醇收率达到90％以上。
本实施例中采用的菌种是经过筛选、驯化及遗传改造后得到，可耐受固体发酵下高温、传质速率低的特点，从而提高发酵效率和乙醇产率，在原有技术的基础上进行改进，发酵时间由原来24h减少到20h。所述菌种为酿酒酵母TSH2，保藏编号为CGMCC 14223，保藏单位为：中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心，保藏日期为2017年06月06日。
本发明通过在镉污染农田上种植不同品种的甜高粱，选出最适宜种植的甜高粱品种，实现了对镉污染农田安全利用，同时产生一定的经济效益，解决污染土地治理的经济效益问题，并且还可以有效扩大能源植物的种植面积，对土壤中的镉进行修复，真正实现边生产变修复的目的。本方法技术简便、方法易行，在广大的镉污染地区具有极其广阔的应用前景。
结合这里披露的本发明的说明和实践，本发明的其他实施例对于本领域技术人员都是易于想到和理解的。说明和实施例仅被认为是示例性的，本发明的真正范围和主旨均由权利要求所限定。

Claims (5)

  1. 一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
    步骤一：在镉污染农田上种植多功能作物甜高粱，所述种植的甜高粱的品种为N31F2087；
    步骤二：采用适当的栽培管理措施种植甜高粱，保证甜高粱的正常生长；
    步骤三：成熟后收获地上部，将甜高粱籽粒用于食用或饲用；
    步骤四：将甜高粱茎秆作为原料采用固态发酵技术生产乙醇，并且燃烧发酵渣生产热用于乙醇生产及发电或供热，同时回收重金属镉，从而避免从土壤中吸收的镉进入食物链。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的镉污染农田安全利用方法，其中步骤二中所述栽培管理措施包括以下步骤：
    种植前期：深耕细作，耕翻深度30-35cm；
    施用底肥：尿素20-25公斤，磷酸二铵20-25公斤；
    播种期：精量点播，种植密度为0.2m×0.5m；播种深度为3-4cm；每穴2-3粒，亩播量0.8-1公斤；
    间苗定苗期：在2-3叶时期进行间苗；在4-5叶期进行定苗，每穴留一株；
    在苗期，根据降水情况和土壤墒情及植株长势适时浇头水；
    在孕穗期，结合浇水亩追施硫酸铵10-15公斤，用于提高土壤中的有效态镉含量；
    苗期至成株期的病虫害防治：蚜虫的防治：在苗期至成株期，每亩分别用10％吡虫啉可湿性粉剂30-90g，3％阿维高氯乳油20-60ml，40％毒死稗乳油10-30ml，根据植株大小任选一种药剂兑水30-90公斤进行叶面喷雾；红蜘蛛的防治：苗期、成株期每亩分别用1.8％阿维菌素乳油15-30ml，73％克螨特乳油15-45ml，兑水30-90公斤叶面喷雾防治。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的镉污染农田安全利用方法，其中步骤三中所述籽粒用于食用或饲用。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的镉污染农田安全利用方法，其中步骤四中所述固态发酵技术为ASSF连续固态发酵。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的镉污染农田安全利用方法，其中步骤四中所述ASSF连续固态发酵所使用的菌种为酿酒酵母TSH2，其保藏编号为CGMCC 14223，保藏单位为中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心，保藏日期为2017年06月06日。
PCT/CN2018/093682 2018-06-29 2018-06-29 一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法 WO2020000373A1 (zh)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CN2018/093682 WO2020000373A1 (zh) 2018-06-29 2018-06-29 一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CN2018/093682 WO2020000373A1 (zh) 2018-06-29 2018-06-29 一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2020000373A1 true WO2020000373A1 (zh) 2020-01-02

Family

ID=68985537

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CN2018/093682 WO2020000373A1 (zh) 2018-06-29 2018-06-29 一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2020000373A1 (zh)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112404124A (zh) * 2020-10-29 2021-02-26 桂林理工大学 一种利用伴矿景天和百香果套种修复和利用中轻度镉污染农田土壤的方法

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103495600A (zh) * 2013-09-30 2014-01-08 桂林理工大学 一种修复酸性重金属污染土壤的方法
CN104324933A (zh) * 2014-11-04 2015-02-04 清华大学 一种重金属污染土壤的综合修复方法及应用
WO2016113727A2 (en) * 2016-06-13 2016-07-21 Basf Se Use of a superabsorbent polymer for improving plant health by changing the gene expression in a plant
CN107836303A (zh) * 2017-07-13 2018-03-27 清华大学 一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103495600A (zh) * 2013-09-30 2014-01-08 桂林理工大学 一种修复酸性重金属污染土壤的方法
CN104324933A (zh) * 2014-11-04 2015-02-04 清华大学 一种重金属污染土壤的综合修复方法及应用
WO2016113727A2 (en) * 2016-06-13 2016-07-21 Basf Se Use of a superabsorbent polymer for improving plant health by changing the gene expression in a plant
CN107836303A (zh) * 2017-07-13 2018-03-27 清华大学 一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112404124A (zh) * 2020-10-29 2021-02-26 桂林理工大学 一种利用伴矿景天和百香果套种修复和利用中轻度镉污染农田土壤的方法

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN107836303B (zh) 一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法
CN101803494A (zh) 一种三七连作地土壤的处理方法
CN108114977A (zh) 一种利用超富集植物与能源植物轮作种植快速修复镉污染耕地的方法
CN103518781B (zh) 一种核心生防菌素及含该核心生防菌素的有机肥
CN105290103A (zh) 利用耐镉真菌棘孢曲霉促进高羊茅修复镉污染土壤的方法
CN110026419A (zh) 一种镉铅中度污染农田土壤强化提取修复的方法
CN102699015A (zh) 利用扫帚菜修复镉铅铜复合污染土壤的方法
CN107396798A (zh) 一种柑橘的种植方法
CN105532227A (zh) 一种甜高粱修复Cd、Pb、Cr复合污染土壤的田间种植方法
CN110052485A (zh) 一种利用油菜-东南景天间套作强化提取修复镉中轻度污染农田的方法
CN110627582A (zh) 一种固体炭基肥和液体药肥一体制剂的制备方法
CN103609310B (zh) 一种轮作方法以及一种烤烟种植方法
CN107774705A (zh) 一种削减农田土壤镉污染的作物修复方法
CN109804886B (zh) 一种孔雀草-玉米间作修复镉污染土壤的方法
WO2020000373A1 (zh) 一种基于多功能作物甜高粱的镉污染农田安全利用方法
CN107686405A (zh) 一种防治油菜根肿病液肥
CN107173022A (zh) 一种降低稻田油菜菌核病发病率的栽培方法
CN111014279A (zh) 一种利用玉米秸秆协同伴矿景天间作能源植物修复铅镉复合污染土壤的方法
CN106069425A (zh) 一种水稻的种植方法
CN104756839B (zh) 以番茄秸秆为原料的番茄育苗基质及其制备方法
CN104798574A (zh) 一种半夏的种植方法
CN102500614A (zh) 一种修复镉污染土壤的方法
CN110218122A (zh) 一种果树专用生态有机肥及其制备方法
CN110129060A (zh) 一种有效降低白菜中重金属含量的炭基复合钝化剂及其制备和施用方法
CN104982135A (zh) 一种樱桃施肥方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 18923775

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 18923775

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1