WO2019229542A2 - Creation of energy from the creation - Google Patents

Creation of energy from the creation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019229542A2
WO2019229542A2 PCT/IB2019/020012 IB2019020012W WO2019229542A2 WO 2019229542 A2 WO2019229542 A2 WO 2019229542A2 IB 2019020012 W IB2019020012 W IB 2019020012W WO 2019229542 A2 WO2019229542 A2 WO 2019229542A2
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pressure
energy
motion
force
mass
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PCT/IB2019/020012
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French (fr)
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Nazmul Huda
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Islam, Shah Riyar
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Publication of WO2019229542A2 publication Critical patent/WO2019229542A2/en

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
    • F03G7/10—Alleged perpetua mobilia
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21H—OBTAINING ENERGY FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES; APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; UTILISING COSMIC RADIATION
    • G21H7/00—Use of effects of cosmic radiation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process of creating energy from the creation by introducing pragmatic way(s) to obtain endless useful energy from nature, revolutionarily defying well known theories of conservation of energy and the common laws of thermodynamics.
  • Useful energy obtained from solar, wind, geothermal, river/ocean waves, water-fall etc. do not fall under the category of creation of energy since they are not endless and need replenishment
  • the word‘creation’ essentially signifies nature, the natural laws and understandably the question of the Creator thereof, on the basis of scientific reasoning and explanations.
  • the Big Bang theory tries to explain how the universe came into being, but does not say in anyway why it has occurred and the root cause of the creation.
  • the present invention relates not only to the process of creation of energy, giving details thereof and the apparatus for the same thereby, but also on the related aspects and questions of nature, natural laws and the Creator within the limitations of human perception.
  • Nuclear power programs which may offer cheaper power than coal or oil, are being delayed owing to the widespread fear of radio-active leakage, besides nuclear fuel is also exhaustible. Power from direct conversion of solar energy is not yet cost-effective for widespread usage, mainly because of its low conversion efficiency developed so far.
  • the electroweak theory was specific in predicting the properties of the messenger particles. Their charge, and masses, for example, were predicted to be
  • the force acting between quarks is called a color force and, the underlying theory, by analogy with quantum electrodynamics (QED), is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
  • QED quantum electrodynamics
  • QCD quantum chromodynamics
  • red + yellow + blue yields white, which is color-neutral; thus we can assemble three quarks to form a baryon.
  • Antired + antiyellow + antiblue is also white, so that we can assemble three antiquarks to form antibaryon.
  • red +antired, or yellow + antiyellow, or blue + antiblue also yields white.
  • the color force not only acts to bind together quarks as baryons and mesons, but it also acts between such particles, in which case it has traditionally been called the strong force. Hence, not only does the color force bind together quarks to form protons and neutrons, but it also binds together the protons and neutrons to form nuclei.
  • GUTs Grand unification theories seek to unify the electroweak force and strong force.
  • Einstein showed that the basic physical qualities of time, distance and velocity are not absolute, as previously thought, but are all relative to the motion of the observer. What, then, can we say about the hallmarks of classical physics, the laws of conservation of energy and momentum ? We shall see that in order to maintain their validity, we have to modify our understanding of mass, energy and momentum. We will discuss the relationship Einstein derived between mass and energy.
  • Maxwell electromagnetic theory
  • the light requires a time t to reach the other end of the box, where it is completely absorbed.
  • this time t given approximately by t ⁇ L/c, the box moves a distance - x as it recoils (Fig. la)(b). Because the speed of light is so great, the box moves only a tiny distance while the light travels the length of the box.
  • the system returns to rest, in agreement with coservation of momentum.
  • the Hubble parameter has the dimensions of inverse time .Its value can be learned only by experiment, we must independently deduce the distance of a galaxy from earth and its speed relative to Earth.
  • the recessional speeds can be measured in a straightforward way using the Doppler shift of the-light from the galaxy, but the distance scale is difficult to determine (in fact, Hubble’s early estimates were off by a factor of 10). More recent data that confirm Hubble’s law and give a range of values of the Hubble parameter.
  • the Hubble parameter is uncertain, with possible values in the range of 65— 80 (km/s)/Mpc,
  • H 1 is the age of the universe. ETsing the accepted value of the Hubble parameter, we would estimate the age of the universe as 14 x 10 9 y, with the range of uncertainty of H permitting values in the range of 12-15 x 10 9 y. However, the expansion of the universe has not been constant, so the true age is less than the currently deduced value of H 1 .
  • the microwave background radiation has a true thermal spectrum of the intensity of the back ground radiation at various wavelengths, and one can see how well it is fit by Planck's radiation law with a temperature of 2.725 K.
  • the data points include recent measurements made from a satellite in Earth orbit, thereby eliminating atmospheric absorption. Measurements of the intensity of the microwave back-ground radiation in various directions show that the radiation has a uniform intensity in all directions; it does not appear to come from any particular source in the sky, but instead fills the entire universe uniformly, as would be expected for radiation that likewise filled the early universe. Recent observations, however, show that there are temperature fluctuations of about 10 5 K between different regions of the sky. These results have been interpreted as evidence for the nonuniform distribution of matter in the early universe that led ultimately to the condensation of stars and galaxies.
  • the energy density of the radiation can be found from Planck's radiation law.
  • the number density of these background photons is about 400 per cm 3 , and the energy density is about 0.25 eV/cm 3 (roughly corresponding to half the rest energy of an electron per m 3 ).
  • the mean energy per photon is about 0.00063 eV, which suggests why we are not ordinarily aware of the presence of these photons
  • T (1.5 x 10 10 s 1/2 -K) / 1 1/2 seconds. (Eq 2.2.5.2.3 -1) where the temperature T is in K and the time t is in seconds.
  • the radiation in the early universe consisted of high energy photons, whose typical energy can be roughly estimated as kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature at a particular time t, determined from the equation (Eq 2.2.5.2.3 -1).
  • the dominant processes in the early universe can be represented as : photons particle + antiparticle .(2.2.5.2.3 -2a)
  • Reactions of type 2.2.5.2.3 -2a (called pair production) are possible, only if the combined energy of the photons on the left side exceeds the total rest energy 2m c 2 of the particle and antiparticle on the right side. If the temperature is high enough, then the two reactions are each possible; the rates of both reactions are then the same, and there is an equilibrium between the photons and the particles and antiparticles. As the universe expands and cools, the average energy of the photons decreases until at some point, for a specific type of particle, reactions of type 2.2.5.2.3 - 2a will no longer be possible.
  • the universe consists mostly of protons, antiprotons, neutrons, antineutrons, mesons, leptons, antileptons and photons.
  • the rates of pair production and annihilation Eqs.2.2.5.2.3 -2a and 2.2.5.2.3 -2b are roughly equal, so the number of each kind of particle is about equal to the number of its antiparticle.
  • the number of photons is about equal to the number of protons, which is in turn about equal to the number of electrons.
  • Electromagnetic interactions are represented by processes such as Eqs.2.2.5.2.3 -2a, 2.2.5.2.3 -2b and weak interactions can occur through such processes as
  • the neutrinos are cooling along with the photons, and their average energy is also roughly kT. Because the neutron-proton rest energy difference is about 1.8 MeV, the neutrinos no longer have enough energy to convert protons into neutrons ; neutrons can be converted to protons, however, such as by neutrino capture (n + v e p +e ). At-this point, the neutrinos begin to "decouple" from the matter in the universe; that is, their interaction with matter becomes much less frequent, and those few remaining interactions have little influence on the properties of the neutrinos (especially their temperature or average energy). From that point until today, the neutrinos continue to fill the universe and to continue their cooling as the universe expands.
  • the universe consists of a number N protons, 0.2N neutrons, N electrons; and as much larger number of photons and neutrinos.
  • the number of photons was about equal to the number of nucleons and antinucleons, but the present number of protons represents only the slight excess of protons over antiprotons that remained following annihilation.
  • the total time from the Big Bang to the present can be divided into four periods (1) from the Big Bang until the formation of neutral H and He atoms ( ti ); (2) the condensation of galaxies and the formation of the first-generation stars (t 2 ); (3) nucleosynthesis in stars and supernovas, leading to the present chemical elements (t 3 ); (4) formation and evolution of the solar system from the debris of earlier stars (t 4 ).
  • the time L from the big bang until neutral atoms formed is no more than 10 6 y.
  • the time t 2 for galaxies to condense from hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang is not precisely known but has been estimated to be in the range of 1-2 x l0 9 y. Since t 4 .is known to be 4.5 x 10 9 y, the time (t 3 ). associated with nucleosynthesis is left to be determined. This time must be estimated from the relative abundance of the products that remain at the end of the nucleosynthesis.
  • interval t 2 is determined from calculations using thermodynamics and gravitational theory to analyze the condensation of cold matter into hot stars.
  • the estimate for interval t 3 is based on the knowledge of r-process and s-process nucleosysthesis based on nuclear physics studies in laboratories on earth and the interval t is based on further experiments in nuclear physics and research in geochemistry.
  • possible value is 65 - 80 (km/s)/Mpc.
  • the age of the universe is estimated as 14 x l0 9 y and 12— 15 x l0 9 y.
  • Dirac interpreted the equation to mean that for every particle there exists a corresponding antiparticle, exactly matching the particle but with opposite charge.
  • Antimatter particles share the same mass as their matter counterparts, but qualities such as electric charge are opposite.
  • the positively charged positron for example, is the antiparticle to the negatively charged electron. Matter and antimatter particles are always produced as a pair and, if they come in contact, annihilate one another, leaving behind pure energy. During the first fractions of a second of the Big Bang, the hot and dense universe was buzzing with particle- antiparticle pairs popping in and out of existence. If matter and antimatter are created and destroyed together, it seems the universe should contain nothing but leftover energy.
  • Black holes are the strangest objects in the Universe.
  • a black hole does not have a surface, like a planet or star. Instead, it is a region of space where matter has collapsed in on itself. This catastrophic collapse results in a huge amount of mass being concentrated in an incredibly small area. The gravitational pull of this region is so great that nothing can escape - not even light.
  • black holes cannot be seen, we know they exist from the way they affect nearby dust, stars and galaxies. Many of them are surrounded by discs of material. As the discs swirl around them like a whirlpool, they become extremely hot and give off X-rays.
  • Black holes come in many different sizes. Many of them are only a few times more massive than the Sun. These 'stellar-mass' black holes form when a heavyweight star, about 10 times heavier than the Sun, ends its life in a supernova explosion. What is left of the star - still several solar masses - collapses into an area only a few kilometres across. Most galaxies, including the Milky Way, have supermassive black holes at their centres. These may be millions or billions of times heavier than our Sun. Supermassive black holes also power active galaxies and ancient galaxies known as quasars. Quasars may be hundreds of times brighter than even the largest ordinary galaxies.
  • WIMPs weakly interacting massive particles
  • MACHOs massive compact halo objects
  • MACHOs can include objects such as black holes, white dwarf stars, and brown dwarf stars, the latter are Jupiter- size objects that are not massive enough to become actual stars, which shine because of fusion.
  • the present invention relates not only to the process of creation of energy, giving details thereof and the apparatus for the same thereby, but also on the related aspects and questions of nature, natural laws and the Creator within the limitation of human perception.
  • This invention extends its previous ‘pressure-motion’ equivalence theory to ‘energy(kinetic)-pressure-motion’ equivalence theory and also includes some necessary ‘intangible pressure’ aspects too, in further explanation thereof.
  • ‘Pressure particles’ or the named ‘NH particles’ are stated and explained to cause all kinds of motion and activities and the theory can be utilized to tap unlimited natural energy source, as long as the universe exists in the present way, which even Einstein’s theory based nuclear reactors do not think of.
  • the prime number 19 has been uniquely and literally mentioned in the Holy Quran (74 : 30-31).
  • SI. Nos. 10, 11 and 12 are also specially noticeable, to observe the harmony of 19 especially arising out of the fact of ‘missing’ and‘twice occurrence’ of ‘Basmalah’ in the said chapters.
  • Verse 31 consists of 57 words (i.e. 19 x 3).
  • Verse 31 is the last verse in the Holy Quran, that contains 19 words or a multiple of 19.
  • Verse 31 can be divided into two segments. The first segment comprises 38 words (i.e. 19 x 2). This is the part that discusses the wisdom of specifying number 19. The second segment consists of 19 words, serving as a comment on what was mentioned in the first part.
  • the first segment comprises 38 words (i.e. 19 x 2). This is the part that discusses the wisdom of specifying number 19.
  • the second segment consists of 19 words, serving as a comment on what was mentioned in the first part.
  • the word count of the first 19 verses of Chapter 74 is 57 (i.e. 19 x 3).
  • the word count of verse 31 of Chapter 74, which is 57 equals the word count of the first 19 verses. f. Verses 1 - 30, have 95 words (i.e. 19 x 5) .
  • Verse 30 consists of 3 words,. Therefore, the number of words of verse 31 (which discusses the wisdom behind number 19) which is 57 words, equals 19 times the number of words in verse 30. h.
  • the letter count from the beginning of Chapter 74, to the end of the word (on top of it or in addition to it) of verse 30 [exactly before (Nineteen) is mentioned] is 361 letters, (i.e. 19 x 19). i.
  • the phrase (nineteen) in verse 30 consists of 7 letters. In light of the previous piece of information, it becomes clear that the middle letter of this clause is the 365 th letter from the beginning of the verse, which is the number of days of the
  • the first revelation (96: 1-5) consists of .19 words.
  • Chapter 96 consists of 304 Arabic letters, and 304 equals .19 x 16.
  • the present invention relates to a process of creating energy from the creation by introducing pragmatic way(s) to obtain endless useful energy from nature, revolutionarily defying well known theories of conservation of energy and the common laws of thermodynamics.
  • the words ‘from the creation’ essentially signifies nature, the natural laws and understandably the question of the Creator thereof, on the basis of scientific reasoning and explanations.
  • the present invention relates not only to the process of creation of energy giving details thereof and the apparatus for the same thereby, but also on the related aspects and questions of nature, natural laws and the Creator, within the limitation of human perception.
  • the objectives of the invention are :
  • pressure is a multi-dimensional affair, and includes intangible pressures too.
  • Pressure-motion equivalence is also extended by including conventional kinetic energy as energy(kinetic)-pressure-motion equivalence.
  • Pressure (not necessarily Force) is responsible for all kinds of motion and activities. Unless a net pressure is created, there is no motion. A net pressure is possible to be created without a net force.
  • Pressure particles (already named NH Particles), broadly classified as ‘scientifically understood’,‘scientifically not explained’ and‘Special Creator particles’, are behind all kinds of motion and activities.
  • Bodies do not attract each other as claimed by Newton, nor there exists anything like action- reaction phenomenon or a‘normal’ force suggested thereof. Bodies come closer to each other or move apart as a result of postulate 2, and other postulates, especially pressure particles (NH Particles). In cases of orbiting around or falling to a point or for any motion in any direction, pressure particles push towards that point or to that direction.
  • Pressure particles or the named‘NH particles are responsible for the attraction between oppositely charged bodies or between a charged and an uncharged body or for the repulsion between two like-polarity charged bodies too. But for a spin at the atomic or sub-atomic level, more efforts will be needed by the pressure particles, because of small‘r’ (greater curvature).
  • Ibn al-Haytham also known as Alhazen or Alhacen
  • Alhazen studied the basis of calculus, which would later lead to the engineering formulas and methods used today. He also wrote about the laws governing the movement of bodies (later known as Newton’s 3 laws of motion) and the attraction between two bodies - gravity. It was not, in fact, the apple that fell from the tree that gave the clue to Newton about gravity, but the books of Ibn al-Haytham.
  • Ibn Sina had roughly adopted the idea that an object acquires an inclination to move when it has a motive power impressed on it, believing that a moving object has force which is dissipated by external agents like air resistance.
  • Ibn Sina made a distinction between 'force 1 and 'inclination' (called “mayl"). He claimed that an object gained mayl when the object is in opposition to its natural motion. So he concluded that continuation of motion is attributed to the inclination that is transferred to the object, and that object will be in motion until the mayl is spent. He also claimed that a projectile in a vacuum would not stop unless it is acted upon. This conception of motion is consistent with Newton's first law of motion, inertia. This idea which dissented from the Aristotelian view was basically abandoned until it was described as "impetus" by John Buridan, who was influenced by Ibn Sina's Book of Healing.
  • the present invention postulates the existence of ‘pressure particles’, pressure as the driving agent for all kinds of motion and activities , introduces a process for creation of energy as well as an apparatus thereof, defying the conservation of energy axiom, and boldly denies any attraction between bodies as Newton claimed or his action-reaction phenomenon or any‘normal’ suggested thereby, in addition to giving a practical example of disproving these concepts in section 3.3.6.2 at the end of clue 05, in addition to not finding‘graviton’ particles yet.
  • a uniform circular motion of the celestial bodies with an acceleration (an inwardly directed push), which is proportional to the square of the velocity per unit‘distance’ (the more the distance, the less is the curvature, the lees is the effort needed by the pressure particles) from the centre, having flexibility in space-time (x, y, z, t), may be a beginning, in finding a concrete detailed and accurate formula, if possible.
  • ‘pressure’ being the driving agent for all kinds of motion and activities
  • ‘pressure particles’ or the named‘NH particles’ are expected to play the role of messengers as well.
  • time dilation is a manipulating proposition, such a thing cannot happen. However, even if the time dilation proposition is wrong, there may be significant changes in Dick or in any living or non-living thing traveling at a speed of 80% of the speed of light, certainly not due to slowing down of time itself.
  • Creation of the universe deeply related with the present invention, speaks of the creation that started with a ‘wish’ (2 : 117, 36:82) of the Creator by forcible Disintegration (21 : 30) just by uttering the word“be” from (singularly nothing or an unimaginably small point of ) one entity of heavens and the earth in specified spelt out and relative timings (70 : 4, 32 : 5, 22 : 47); both enlargement and restriction (42: 12) of the universe; expansion of universe in general (51 :47); creation without pillars (13:2,31 : 10, according to postulate 2, celestial bodies are subjected to circular acceleration, which does not require any pillar); inclusion of smoke, sky and space in between heaven and earth in true proportion (29:44) in the design of the creation; creation of the whole universe in six relative days ( 7:54, 10:3, 25:59;50:38, 57:4) and earth in two relative days (41 :9-12) are spelt out in the Holy Quran
  • the present invention not only rectifies the defect in the apparatus but has replaced it by a much improved one, besides going further deep into it by incorporating a few new postulates along with Einstein-Newtonian myths required for the same, in addition to further explaining and expanding the Pressure-Motion Equivalence Theory.
  • any stationary thing is imagined to be possible if the resultant pressure of the universe on the thing is zero, although a thing may be stationary relative to the earth if the resultant pressure of all other pressures on the thing is zero and the penetration or trying to penetrate the earth is ignored.
  • constant velocity under zero pressure or zero resultant pressure is not a question so easy to answer.
  • the present invention not only includes intangible pressure aspects, but also extends PME theory to Energy(kinetic)-Pressure-Motion Equivalence (EPME) theory by including conventional kinetic energy. Ordinarily, one cannot think of any kinetic energy without any mass (although postulate 2, talks about mass-less things too, though not ordinarily considered).
  • Potential energy as a result of higher altitude or energy contained in mass or fuel (or latent work or latent energy as explained later in clue 06 of section 3.3.6.2), are basically different aspects of storage energy. If there is conventional kinetic energy, there will be pressure associated with motion; if there is motion, the existence of pressure and spending energy will be there; and finally if there is pressure, there will be motion (unless there is a barrier, as already stated above) and spending of energy.
  • the present invention reveals the way energy is created by net pressure, latent work/energy concept in addition to other new concepts. Therefore, it is not merely the existence of the other two, if one exists amongst energy, motion or pressure, but also if one is created, the other two will also be created simultaneously.
  • Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. There is an attractive force between any pair of objects, whether they be the sun and the earth, the earth and a man, or a leaf and a grain of sand. In the case of spherical bodies of uniform density, the distance is measured from the centre of one sphere to the centre of the other, and is approximately applicable to planets. With his discovery of calculus, Newton proved that the mass of a symmetrical object of uniform density behaves under the law of universal gravitation exactly as if it were concentrated at the point of the object’s centre of the symmetry.
  • Postulate 9 clearly states“in cases of orbiting around or falling to a point or for any motion in any direction, pressure particles push towards that point or to that direction”. This is applicable in every arena as per postulate 2. In section 3.222 more information is available. To understand the pressure particles one needs to start from the creation of the universe. But before that physicists are expected to have an idea about the limitations of human beings. Regarding‘life’,‘death’ and‘emotions’ of living things, limitations have already been mentioned in postulate 12, in section 3.3.1 and some discussion has already been done.. The following section (3.3.4.1) explains a simple mathematical limitation 3.3.4 Human perception, knowledge and thinking is limited, especially in an unlimited and infinite sphere
  • Hubble’s Hubble’s early estimates were off by a factor of 10) law (together with his powerful telescope) and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (nothing is said about how the inventors became sure of seeing a remnant of the early universe of some 14 billion years ago, according to the scientists themselves), although gave some additional scientific thoughts to the Big Bang theory, but it still remains quite sketchy, although a few Nobel prizes have been awarded on the subject.
  • the statements like‘there is no before Big Bang’,‘there is no one side in Big Bang’ or‘space, time began from there’ are just said, without any due scientific reasoning or explanation. Internet sources speak of the space between the stars and galaxies to be largely empty.
  • the creation started with a‘wish’ (the present invention includes all intangible emotions including wishes as‘pressures’, and pressure particles causing all kinds of motion and activities, and if human beings can stretch a wish to try to break boundaries, what imaginable limits the Almighty Creator’s‘wish’ can mean, one can only wonder at, if one believes in the Creator) of the Almighty Creator by forcible disintegration just by uttering the word “be” from (singularly nothing or an unimaginably small point of ) one entity of heavens and the earth in specified spelt out and relative timings.
  • Pressure particles responsible for any motion, are broadly classified into ‘scientifically understood’, ‘scientifically not explained’ and ‘Special Creator particles’.
  • ‘Scientifically understood’ pressure particles are those which involve a pressure phenomenon that is known to the scientists, e.g. pressure known as force per unit area.
  • pressure particles e.g. pressure known as force per unit area.
  • ‘Scientifically not explained’ particles again as the name signifies, are those which involves a pressure phenomenon that is yet not known or very clear to the scientists, e.g.
  • a bird returns to its nest in the earthly‘arena’, unless it could fly upwards with a velocity greater than the escape velocity (which can be experimentally found) of the earthy arena, or a man comes back to the earth when he just jumps upwards.
  • Postulate 2 includes every particle with mass or mass-less, matter/antimatter, living or non-living things even souls, planets, stars, galaxies or the known universe. Souls of living beings are not left out while their bodies move with the earth. Likewise, the photons of light or antimatters are not left out. However whether light takes the earthly geodesic path as Einstein suggested based on Newton’s misconceived law, needs to be verified again.
  • this invention of creation of energy will talk about‘Creator’ and/or‘Creator particles’ and end up with nothing substantial as far as creation of energy is concerned, in the eyes of‘scientists’, especially in the back-drop of many already cited Quranic verses and the experience of the Head-Head dice game by CERN and Hawkings. .But this is not the case.
  • the present invention gives a solution to the almost ‘unimaginable’ creation of energy, with the already known phenomenon and laws of nature, to the scientists. One can simply say it is‘from known to an unimaginable target achieved’ .
  • enclosure’ suggests an unimaginable pressure requirement indicating essentiality of pressure for any movement
  • a body needs to be immersed in a liquid for the upward thrust, which itself signifies that the liquid does not have the property of so called ‘buoyancy’ of its own, it is the net outcome of Newton’s misconceived gravity or an inwardly directed push in an arena as per postulate 2.
  • one of the two specialties of a fluid lies in its very definition, it can flow and alter its shape to conform to the outline of its container. The other being Pascal's principle, the pressure applied at one point in an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the walls of the container naturally.
  • Newton's first law With the introduction of Newton's second law of motion, Newton's first law becomes redundant. It is clear from Newton's second law that, in the absence of net force, there cannot be any acceleration (or retardation) and zero acceleration means a constant velocity (including zero velocity) which is essentially the first law of motion as claimed by Newton..
  • Second law needs to be re-casted in the light of‘pressure and not necessarily force is the driving agent for motion’
  • reactionary force is friction .It is a non-continuous passive force and acts only when a body wants to penetrate through or pass over a surface. Therefore, a frictional force is essentially a reactionary force, it acts when a force disturbs it.
  • NASA, CERN or any other science body can try this experiment.
  • one may raise a question whenever a ball will try to move to the other, new gravitational pull will be there which has to overcome the obstruction (friction of the table, although it has already been assumed frictionless), but that is not supposed to have any effect being at right angle to the table surface (since the radius of earth is incomparably large), besides new‘normal’s will be there for the neutralization.
  • the work W done by the force is defined to be the product of the magnitude of the force, times the distance through which it acts as the object is moved. Only the component of force that is parallel to the displacement contributes to the work. From the point of view of physical science, it is essential that the force must move the object. As long as Atlas (Fig. 5) held the earth stationary or the man is holding the weight at a fixed height (Fig.4), neither of them does any work in the strict definition of work.
  • Energy is defined by saying “Energy is the ability to do work”.
  • the energy of motion is called kinetic energy, while potential energy can be thought of as stored energy and is available to be converted into work or some other form of energy.
  • the latent force is not balanced by any kind of fictitious force such as normal force or by any action-reaction phenomenon according to the third law of motion as claimed by Newton. On the contrary they are extremely useful forces in practice which we shall observe as we progress and we will gradually understand why the so called action-reaction phenomenon is perhaps one of the most costly mistakes in the history of science.
  • two equal masses (1, 2) are connected by a light string (7) passing over a pulley (6). They remain in any position, each balancing the other. As long as the masses are connected by the string, they are said to be in coupled condition.
  • the masses can be de-coupled, by simply cutting (5) the string.
  • the left (1) and right (2) masses will fall down through a distance of di (3) and d 2 (4) respectively.
  • the masses (1, 2) can be coupled again with the addition of an additional string of (di+ d 2 ) length.
  • the masses may be coupled with the old string, by lifting the masses to their previous positions.
  • the example given so far is rather a crude mechanism of coupling and de-coupling.
  • electrical, mechanical, electro-mechanical coupling and/or de-coupling mechanisms are used by considering the advantages and/or disadvantages in each individual case.
  • a U-tube (1) filled with liquid (4), is fitted with a key K (3).
  • the liquid With the key open, the liquid will maintain an equal level (2) in both legs.
  • the cross-sectional area on both sides of the key is equal. If the liquid pressure on both sides is also equal with the same liquid height, the net force (N) acting normally on the sliding key K, used for opening the cross-section becomes zero.
  • the key could be a sliding key or simply a non-return valve. In the latter case, the key does not allow the liquid to back flow.
  • the key K evidently does the job of coupling or de-coupling of the liquid pressure of two sides of the tube.
  • the net force acting normally on the sliding key is not negligible, e.g. in case of different liquid levels with key in closed position, proper combination of materials are needed to be chosen for low coefficient of friction, in order to minimize the energy required for the operation of the key.
  • a little bit of opening of the key makes the pressure on both sides equal quickly, and therefore opening of the rest part of the key can be done in net negligible pressure condition.
  • the container (3) is there to collect the waste from a generator (6), run by the fall of liquid from height 'h'.
  • an amount of 'mgf (roughly) energy will at least be required to pull the container above the liquid level of the reservoir.
  • a hole is made at the bottom of the container, after it gets filled with the waste, then practically no energy will be required to pull the container filled with the liquid, with a hole at the bottom.
  • to place the empty container (hole repaired) down to a depth 'h' again, to collect the next installment of the waste from the generator will involve at least an amount of 'mgh' energy, again frustrating the cause.
  • the above mentioned trick of virtual transfer may be applied again in transferring the waste liquid in the container and thereafter creating an empty space at a depth h (2) in the reservoir (1).
  • a little push through a distance 't‘ (4) [h»t] may be thought of being applied on the liquid in the container (3), instead of the whole altitude 'h' so that an equivalent amount reaches the liquid level of the reservoir.
  • the liquid in the container would travel through a distance 't' only.
  • Solid masses require artificial means like pulley with strings to transmit the pull in other directions. But, through liquids, pressure can be transmitted in all directions, naturally. Besides, the waste from the generator is also a liquid. Therefore, liquid medium may be tried at first, to examine the workability of virtual transfer of mass upwards. Understandably, heavy, non- compressible, non-viscous, ordinary temperature conditioned liquid is preferable.
  • Friction is considered to be a force, acting always opposite to the motion. Static frictional force automatically adjusts itself, both in magnitude and direction, to cancel, exactly whatever force is applied for the motion, up to a certain limit. Once that limit is crossed, the body starts moving and experiences kinetic friction.
  • Frictional force is due to the bonding of the molecules between the surfaces in very close contact, and is proportional to the microscopic area of contact. When the motion starts, the molecular bonds are continuously made and broken and small pieces of surfaces are broken off. Experimentally it is found that kinetic friction is less than static friction.
  • friction is a non-continuous, passive, reactionary and retarding force, since it acts only to retard when a body moves or wants to move as a result of the applied force.
  • Pressure (and not necessarily force) is the driving agent for any kind of tangible mechanical motion, if pressure can be given a meaningful generalized definition other than force per unit area.
  • An equal arm balance (Fig. 2), balances two equal conventional weights.
  • the torque which is responsible for rotational motion can be viewed as a mechanical ‘rotational pressure’.
  • pressure is equal to F/A
  • F t. r Fir
  • F t is the tangential component of F to r
  • r is the distance from the axis of rotation.
  • pressure particles or named‘NH particles’ cause all kinds of motion and activities, therefore produce the torques too.
  • postulate 2 includes every particle, mass or mass-less, matter-antimatter, even souls etc.
  • additional postulate(s) are needed which together with postulate 2, may cover both tangible and intangible pressures.
  • Postulate 5 a broad postulate, concerns all kinds of motion and activities, thus serves this purpose.
  • mechanical pressure can be given a meaningful definition to cater both to linear and rotational movements, it may be quite likely found that mechanical pressure (not necessarily force) is the driving agent for any kind of mechanical movement, the exercise of which is not an essential subject matter of this invention. As far as this invention is concerned, we are satisfied with linear motion only.
  • a refrigerator having a c.p. 6, working in a room temperature of 30°C can obtain as low as (-)l3°C.
  • the purpose of the refrigerator is served with least possible work as a result of higher c.p., it is of no use for the purposes of obtaining free energy..
  • a universally usable over-unity c.p. is required to build an apparatus for obtaining free energy.
  • volume of liquid descent in tubes is equal to the volume of rise of liquid in all other tubes.
  • the cross-sectional areas of tubes (l),(2) and (3) are proportional to 1 : 1 :2 . 4 units of liquid placed in tube 1, over equilibrium level, will be distributed in all the tubes, in the proportion of the cross-sectional areas, but because of double cross-sectional area in tube 3, there will be equal rise of liquid in all the tubes.
  • a hydraulic press Fig.
  • the process of this invention works by net pressure, and as such it is a rather slow and a time consuming one. Therefore, a number of pockets are used instead of a single-pocket, in such a sequence that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste that comes from the generator. However, the system can be made faster, by putting some additional masses on the platform, which in turn reduces the c.p.
  • Sequential work is essentially a piecemeal work concept, basically different from power, but by delivering continuous output with multi-pocket arrangement in a sequence, it becomes effectively analogous to power.
  • the process relates to continuously converting ‘an inwardly directed push in an arena’ (conventionally and through a misconception known as Newton’s ‘gravitational’ potential energy) of a liquid mass (preferably, a high density, non-compressible, non-viscous, ordinary temperature conditioned), falling from a height‘h’ of a reservoir (preferably, high and large) containing the liquid, fed to a generator, converts into electricity, while the waste of the generator is recycled by utilizing a small fraction of the generated electricity through virtual and sequential transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force) and application of new concepts in science.
  • a liquid mass preferably, a high density, non-compressible, non-viscous, ordinary temperature conditioned
  • a reservoir preferably, high and large
  • liquid in the pocket may be used as medium to give the push.
  • the first stroke is then additionally burdened with another load, in addition to sending the liquid in the pocket virtually to the top of the reservoir.
  • the solution lies by making both the inner and outer pocket conveniently of the same cross-sectional area, while the pistons of two sides (limbs, fig. 18) each having the cross-sectional area must be equal to the sum of the inner and outer pockets’ cross-sectional area of the pockets, but one of these two side pistons must be fitted with a valve opening outward only (Fig. 18), so that while giving the first push, additional load is not there with the valve open.
  • the‘pocket mechanism’ consists of an inside pocket, around which there is an outside pocket, both having the same cross-sectional area (fig. 18), fitted with liquid-tight lid-pistons, associated with a U-tube like structure (with the pocket) having two limbs.
  • the liquid tight lid- pistons of the inner and outer pockets are joined together to form the left piston in the left limb, while the right piston in the right limb is of the same cross-sectional area as the left piston, but fitted with a valve opening outward only. Both the left and right pistons are connected through rods running though the outer pocket, hence the left and the right pistons move simultaneously.
  • the inside space of the outer pocket(s) are made less spacious, so that residue liquid that remains in between the pistons of the two sides is minimized when the pistons reach the dead end after the first push (and then the valve is closed).
  • The‘pocket mechanism’ is placed just below the reservoir, while the two limbs run at two sides of the reservoir higher than the liquid level of the reservoir (Fig. 18).
  • the waste from the generator (after extracting its potential energy in the form of electricity) is entered in the inside pocket, piecemeal.
  • a number of pockets are used in sequence, such that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste that comes from the generator, and continuous flow is maintained thereby.
  • a push is given to the left piston (Fig. 18) in the left limb, which pushes the waste out of the inside pocket through an outlet fitted with the inside pocket through a one-way valve opening outwards only to the reservoir.
  • the same push by the same (combined) piston pushes the liquid around the inside pocket through the valve (opening outward only) of another piston playing in the right limb.
  • the push In every stroke, the push must be of enough strength to overcome the back pressure of the liquid (in addition to catering for obstruction or friction).
  • Another push is given to place the piston back to its previous position by the right piston (this time valve remains closed).
  • Both the‘pushes’ as mentioned above, one to push out the liquid in the inside pocket out, and another to place the pistons back to their previous positions, are given by much reduced net pressure (apparently force), once by placing additional loads (or by adding liquid from the reservoir top) by placing effective weights on the descending (light) piston (existing load in the form of existing liquid column is utilized as Latent Force) on the descending column of liquid which causes higher pressure in the descending column of liquid.
  • Latent Force existing load in the form of existing liquid column is utilized as Latent Force
  • the same net pressure and/or pressure-motion equivalence theory is utilized in case of reverse action, i.e. the other push to place the pistons back to their previous position, wherein the additional loads are simply withdrawn from the descending piston and placed on the previous ascending piston. A little higher additional load may be required depending on the practical situation.
  • Left and right liquid-tight pistons in the left and right limbs respectively play (simultaneously in the specified direction, since both are connected through rods) in a tube, which along with the left and right limbs form a U-tube-like structure, required in order to facilitate addition of additional pressure just to get the higher pressure required (higher than pressure in the reservoir.).
  • the U-tube structure is not needed.
  • the basic‘pocket mechanism’ consisting of the inner and outer pockets together with left and right side pistons in a tube of just sufficient length for the maximum required play of the two pistons, may be placed vertically inside the reservoir. In that case, the left piston will go up and the right piston down.
  • both the upper and lower pistons will be exposed to continuous pressure at that depths of the reservoir, which may require higher maintenance of the apparatus inside the liquid reservoir. More over, the residue liquid that remains in between two pistons, upper and lower, after reaching the lowest stop, will cause more weight burden than in the horizontal case, since moving a mass horizontally requires much less energy than moving it vertically upwards.
  • the system can be made to work (with adjustable connecting rod between the upper and lower piston) just by enforcement of the upper piston and withdrawal of that enforcement and ease of putting multiple‘basic pocket mechanism’ in the reservoir.
  • material combination used in the pistons and the cylinders are chosen for least coefficient of friction, while the keys are operated during zero or most minimum net pressure ( apparently force) applied on them, as far as possible.
  • Fig. 1 is an illustration of a hypothetical combination of an ordinary engine and a reversible engine (run backward as a refrigerator)
  • Fig. 2 illustrates that an equal-arm balance is in balance when the forces (weights) on the arms are equal, irrespective of different heights of masses.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates that liquid maintains the same height, irrespective of different weights of liquid in different legs at any base level.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the conventional belief that no work is done by the man holding a weight at a fixed height with the idea that the same task could be accomplished by tying the rope to a fixed point.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates the concept of ‘Latent Work’. Conventionally, no work is done by Atlas in holding the earth stationary. The earth falls down if Atlas leaves it, which signifies that Atlas does some latent work.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates the concept of ‘Latent Force.
  • a box of books on a table moves only if the applied force is greater than the force of friction between the books and the table. Till that limit, all the applied forces are latent forces.
  • Fig. 7 is an illustrative view of a hydraulic press. A lady lifts two cars weighing 3 l60Kg with a load of 50Kg.
  • Fig. 8 is an illustrative view of a painter remaining wholly inside a platform and lifting herself up by pulling the rope.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates that cross-sectional areas of pistons as effective cross-sectional areas in case of hydraulic lifts.
  • Fig. 10 illustrates a crude mechanism of coupling and de-coupling of forces.
  • Fig. 11 illustrates a simple mechanism of coupling and de-coupling of liquid pressure.
  • Fig. 12 illustrates that every time a mass is needed to be placed at a height to lift an identical mass to that height.
  • Fig. 13 illustrates an idea of collecting waste liquid (from a generator) inside the reservoir in a container, in an effort of recycling the liquid.
  • Fig. 14 illustrates virtual transfer of a ball through a distance of 9d, although the ball actually moves through a distance of d .
  • Fig. 15 illustrates virtual transfer of mass‘m’ at a depth of‘h’, over that height by a net energy of mgt (h > t ), where t is the equivalent height of that mass.
  • Fig. 16 illustrates that the volume of liquid descent in tube(s) is equal to the volume of liquid rise in tube(s) from an equilibrium level.
  • Fig. 17 illustrates an analogous electrical pressure figure of Fig. 16.
  • Fig.18 illustrates the apparatus for carrying out the invention with horizontal ’pocket mechanism’.
  • Fig.19 illustrates the apparatus for carrying out the invention with vertical‘pocket mechanism’.
  • FIG. 18 In describing the apparatus for carrying out the invention with horizontal’pocket mechanism’, Fig 18 is referred to.
  • the apparatus consists of an inner pocket (5) and an outer pocket (4, 6), both (5) and (4 and 6 together) having the same cross-sectional area‘a’ (suggesting a cross- sectional area of‘4’ and‘6’ individually to a/2) and a clear capacity-length‘t’.
  • Pocket top lids of (5) and (4, 6) are essentially liquid-tight lid pistons over tubes (8) and (7, 9) respectively.
  • the tubes (8) and (7, 9) are fixed, while the lids over them are moveable.
  • the lids’ tops of pocket (5) and pocket(s) (4, 6) are connected together to form the left side liquid-tight piston (1) that plays in the tube (21), and also in the left limb (26), connected with‘pocket mechanism’ (left side) and runs vertically upwards, higher than the liquid level in the reservoir (high and large), surrounded by left (26) and right limb (27, similar limb as 26) and the‘pocket mechanism’ (placed just below the reservoir).
  • Another piston (2) similar to (1), but fitted with a valve (3) opening outward only, plays in the right limb in the same tube (21).
  • Pistons (1) and (2) are connected through rods (10) and (11) through tubes (7) and (9) respectively, which make the pistons (1) and (2) move simultaneously.
  • the left and right limbs together with the‘pocket mechanism’ forms a U-tube like structure.
  • the reservoir is filled with liquid to a height‘h’ [ h »t].
  • the left and right limbs are also filled with liquid to the height‘h’.
  • Two other light pistons (28) and (29) are placed on the liquid level in the left and right limbs , on which weights (31) and (30) are placed (or withdrawn from) respectively by strings.
  • Air outlets which run over the liquid level are connected below the spaces between the tubes through the fixed structure, (12) for the space between tubes (7) and the tube of the‘pocket mechanism’ (21), (13) for the space between tubes (7) and (8), (14) for the space between tubes (8) and (9) and (15) for the space between tubes (9) and (21).
  • Another air outlet (16) with a key, which also runs over the liquid level is fitted below the inner pocket through the fixed structure.
  • Key (17) of the outlet (20), below the pocket (5) remains open at the time of pushing the liquid out of the inner pocket (5) to the reservoir through the outlet (20) and the key is closed when the lid over tube (5) is pushed to the left for creating an empty space.
  • Outlets (22) and (23) at the liquid levels are for the left and right limbs respectively.
  • Liquid is fed through the siphon tube (25) from the liquid height‘h’ to the generator (24), placed at the ground level..
  • the waste of the generator is fed to the empty inner pocket (5) through the line 19, also fitted with key (18), which is kept closed at the time of pushing the liquid out of the pocket to the reservoir.
  • Tubes (7) and (9) are made less spacious inside by making their inner diameter less, just enough to play the rods (10) and (11) respectively without friction and also to push the liquid in the pockets (4) and (6) respectively out through tubes (7) and (9) respectively and valve (3) is open, while keeping outer diameters unchanged, which will minimize the residue liquid remains between pistons (1) and (2), when the piston (2) reaches the stop (33) and the valve (3) is then closed.
  • a number of pockets are used in a sequence so that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste liquid coming from the generator.
  • Pistons (1) and (2) connected together and moving rightwards ultimately reaches the stops (33) after traveling through a distance‘t’, the liquid in the inner pocket (5) goes wholly to the reservoir, the liquid in the outer pocket(s) (4, 6) are pushed out through the open valve (3) to the reservoir, the piston (29) in the right limb rises to the liquid level and the piston (28) comes down, both by a height ‘t’.
  • Fig. 19 is referred to.
  • the apparatus is basically the same as described in Fig.18, the basic‘Pocket Mechanism’ having the enclosing tube (21) just of enough length allowing maximum play of the pistons (1) and (2) within the tube (21), is placed vertically at a clear depth‘h’ inside the reservoir (34), but without the left or right limbs, thus both the pistons are directly exposed to the respective liquid pressure at the respective depths.
  • Piston (1) comprising of pocket top lids of pockets (5) and (4, 6), serving as inner (5) and outer (4, 6) pockets respectively.
  • Pocket top lids of pockets (5) and (4, 6) are essentially liquid-tight pistons over tubes (8) and (7, 9) respectively.
  • the tubes (8) and (7, 9) are fixed, while the lids over them are moveable.
  • Pistons (1) and (2) are connected through rods (10) and (11), and through tubes (7) and (9) respectively, which make the pistons (1) and (2) move simultaneously.
  • the reservoir (34) is filled with liquid to a height‘h’ [ h »t].
  • Air outlets which run over the liquid level are connected below the spaces between the tubes through the fixed structure, (12) for the space between tubes (7) and the tube of the‘pocket mechanism’ (21), (13) for the space between tubes (7) and (8), (14) for the space between tubes (8) and (9), and (15) for the space between tubes (9) and (21).
  • Another air outlet (18) with a key, which also runs over the liquid level is fitted below the inner pocket through the fixed structure.
  • Key (17) of the inlet line (19) for the generator waste and Key (18) are closed at the time of pushing the liquid out of the pocket (5) to the reservoir through an outlet (20) at the bottom of the inner pocket (5) fitted with a key (16) which is opened at the time of pushing the liquid out of the pocket (5) to the reservoir.
  • Liquid is fed through the siphon tube (25) from the liquid height‘h’ of the reservoir to the generator (24), placed at the inner pocket level in the ground.
  • the waste of the generator is fed to the empty inner pocket (5) through the line 19, fitted with a key (17), which is kept open at the time of letting the waste in, when the key (16) is kept closed and the key (18) open.
  • (32) and (33) are the stops for the top piston (1) and down piston (2) respectively.
  • the piston (1) is connected with a platform (35) to facilitate placing mass on it over the reservoir liquid level through a vertical rod (36) of just enough height for playing the platform with or without the mass over the reservoir liquid level, the rod runs through guides (37), thus essentially forming the extended portion of piston (1).
  • Mass (38) may be placed on or lifted from the platform (35) with a string (39) .
  • Tubes (7) and (9) are made less spacious inside by making their inner diameter less, just enough to play the rods (10) and (11) respectively without friction and also to push the liquid in the pocket (4) and (6) respectively out through tubes (7) and (9) respectively and with valve (3) open, while keeping outer diameters unchanged, which will minimize the residue liquid remains between pistons (1) and (2), when the piston (2) reaches the stop (33) and the valve (3) is then closed.
  • a number of pockets are used in a sequence so that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste liquid coming from the generator.
  • the sequence is started from the position when the top piston (1) reaches to the stop(s) (32), when the inner pocket (5) is empty.
  • the key (17) and air outlet key (18) are opened, key (16) remains closed, the waste from the generator (24) enters the inner pocket (5) through (19) and fills it with liquid.
  • the piston (2) is up by a height‘f from the stops (33).
  • Key (16) is opened, air outlet (18) and key (17) are closed.
  • the depth difference between top of piston (1) and the bottom of piston (2) is‘d’, which is slightly greater than‘2f .
  • Mass‘M’ (38) is now placed on the platform (35), which along with liquid depth over top piston (1), creates enough pressure to push the pistons (1) and (2), connected together, to the stops (33) i.e. through a distance‘f .
  • the top piston (1) starts coming down with the mass on the platform.
  • the liquid from the inner pocket (5) is pushed out through line (20) with the key (16) open, to the reservoir, and from the outer pockets (4, 6) through the valve (3) also to the reservoir. Pistons (1) and (2), connected together, eventually reaches at the stops (33).
  • Fig. 18 is referred to.
  • the discussion is started from the position when the left piston (1) reaches the stop(s) (32), when the inner pocket (5) is empty.
  • the piston (29) is down by a height‘t’ from the liquid level in the reservoir with masses (30), while the piston (28) remains just above the reservoir liquid level.
  • the task involves to overcome obstruction (friction) of all the pistons (28), (1), lid pistons of pockets (4), (5) and (6), (2) and (29), pushing liquid in inner pocket (5) having length‘t’ and cross-section‘a’, out of the pocket against pressure‘hpi
  • the left limb starts coming down, the liquid height in the left limb will start decreasing, while the liquid in the right limb will start rising.
  • Masses‘Mr’ (30) is now placed on the piston (29), which along with liquid column in the right limb (27) must create enough pressure to push the pistons (2) and (1), connected together, to the stop (32) i.e. through a distance‘t’.
  • the task involves to overcome obstruction (friction) of all the pistons (29), (2), lid pistons (4), (5) and (6), (1) and (28), pushing the lid-pistons of inner (5) and also of the outer pockets (4, 6), connected together to form one piston (1), having the cross sectional area‘2a’ against the pressure of (h - t)gpu q , at that stage But as the piston (29) starts descending with the mass‘Mr’ (30), liquid height in the right limb (27) starts decreasing, while the liquid height in the left limb (26) starts rising. At the extreme position, liquid height in the right limb (27) becomes equal to‘(h - t)’, while liquid height in the left limb (26) becomes equal to‘h’.
  • force from the right on the piston (2) is‘Mr’g + (h - t)2agpu q
  • the force from the left side on the piston (1) is‘h 2agpu q ‘.giving net force of ‘(M r - 2atpii q) )g’, and a net pressure‘(M r - 2atpu q )g /2a’, requiring‘M r ’ to be at least equal to‘2atpu q ’.
  • the task involves to overcome obstruction (friction) of all the pistons (1), lid pistons of pockets (4), (5) and (6), and (2), pushing liquid in inner pocket (5) having height‘t’ and cross-section‘a’, out of the pocket against pressure‘hpi iq g’, and also pushing liquid in outer pockets (4, 6) having height‘t’ and combined cross-sectional area‘a’, out of the pocket against the pressure‘(h - t)pii q g’, at that stage and also the constant pressure on account of‘d’..
  • the forces acting on the piston (1) will be‘M’g +‘(h - t)2apii q g’ from the top and‘2a(h - t + d) pii q g’ from the bottom, which gives a net force‘(M- 2adpii q) )g’, and a net pressure‘(Mi - 2adpu q )g /2a’ thus requiring ‘M’ to be at least equal to‘2adpu q ’.
  • the task involves to overcome obstruction (friction) of all the pistons (2), lid pistons of pockets (4), (5) and (6), and (1), pushing the lid-pistons of inner (5) and also of the outer pockets (4, 6), connected together to form one piston (1), having the cross sectional area‘2a’ by a net constant upward force of 2adgpu q , and net constant upward pressure of dgpu q.
  • obstruction (friction) a passive force
  • net force or net pressure since it acts when anything moves or tries to move (discarding Newton’s incorrect action-reaction phenomenon).
  • five pistons (1), (2), lid pistons of pockets 5 and (4, 6) movements will practically cause the same obstruction (friction) and using very slippery liquid, obstruction (friction) force is possible to be limited to 10% of net force.
  • energy requirement will be l.l(tg)2a(2.
  • Valve (3) will open or close with the placing or lifting of the mass, because of the pressure difference will be created at that stage, other keys are operated at minimum net pressure condition as far as possible, and thus 02% is accounted for the operation of the valve and the keys, besides 01% is accounted for the multi-pocket arrangement for the continuous flow from the reservoir to the generator, 0.5% for holding and releasing the mass(es). Therefore the overall energy requirement of l.

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Description

CREATION OF ENERGY FROM THE CREATION
1. TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a process of creating energy from the creation by introducing pragmatic way(s) to obtain endless useful energy from nature, revolutionarily defying well known theories of conservation of energy and the common laws of thermodynamics. Useful energy obtained from solar, wind, geothermal, river/ocean waves, water-fall etc. do not fall under the category of creation of energy since they are not endless and need replenishment The word‘creation’ essentially signifies nature, the natural laws and understandably the question of the Creator thereof, on the basis of scientific reasoning and explanations. The Big Bang theory tries to explain how the universe came into being, but does not say in anyway why it has occurred and the root cause of the creation. Great Albert Einstein till his last days tried to unify the basic forces of nature as other scientists also did and are still trying, obviously to find further insights into energy and the laws of nature with a view to utilizing the knowledge for mankind, especially in respect of energy. The present invention relates not only to the process of creation of energy, giving details thereof and the apparatus for the same thereby, but also on the related aspects and questions of nature, natural laws and the Creator within the limitations of human perception.
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
2.1 Necessity, utility and industrial applicability
Human civilization depends on energy. But, till this invention, no form of energy has come to us free of charge, nor all sources of energy are eco-friendly. Most of the energy upon which we presently depend is exhaustible. This means that, there is only limited supply and the amount available for the future is reduced every time some of this is used. Fuel like coal, natural gas and oil fall into this category. In contrast, wind power, water-fall power and solar energy are classed as renewable because they are replenished each day by the earth's natural processes. The world's main source of energy, oil, is not only an exhaustible one, but also quite unfriendly to the environment, let alone its very low conversion efficiency into electricity. Nuclear power programs, which may offer cheaper power than coal or oil, are being delayed owing to the widespread fear of radio-active leakage, besides nuclear fuel is also exhaustible. Power from direct conversion of solar energy is not yet cost-effective for widespread usage, mainly because of its low conversion efficiency developed so far.
In the present age of energy crisis, emphasis is being given for improving fuel efficiency, minimization of waste, searching for efficient, renewable and environment-friendly energy sources. The inner nature of energy is studied in the science of physics, while chemistry reveals the way in which energy is released when different substances react with each other. The world of energy has many different aspects and finding out about them is a fascinating journey of discovery which is of vital importance to us all.
Energy can be converted from one form to another. Electricity is the most wanted, convenient and widely used form of energy in our day-to-day life. Till this invention, the idea of obtaining any form of free energy, was rather a fiction, attempted by inventors unversed in physical laws. Through hundreds of years, no less attempts have been made by people versed with the knowledge of prevalent physical laws. Today, the idea of free energy is much more than a mere scientific curiosity - it can solve the present energy crisis. Unlimited free-energy in a pollution- free environment is a revolution in itself, for better living in a prosperous and healthier world. An apparatus producing free energy (electricity) which is practically fuel-less, cost-free and pollution-free will make it possible to have independent generators in households and industries, doing away with transmission lines and substations. Remote places can also have their self power sources. However, for use in air-transport, light energy storage tanks will have to be carried, filled by this unlimited energy source.
2.2 Related prior Art : Quest for creation of energy
Whether under the title of free energy or perpetual motion, free electricity, Stephen Patric’s motion-less generator (US 6362718), permanent magnet motor, Johnson’s Magnetic Propulsion (US 5402021), Scientist Huda’s Pressure-motion equivalence theory and mass transfer (WIPO 2004/019476) or any other title, all are aimed in getting unlimited free energy without any need for replenishment, as is in the case of renewable energy. But so far all endeavors have failed to see this ultimate success. Everyone thought his idea would work, even one Japanese patent applicant in WIPO mentioned that he was the lone person in this planet to know that trick.
Inventors never stopped dreaming of obtaining free energy (electricity), although, in the eyes of prevalent scientific physical laws, it is not rational thinking. However, apart from occasional media gimmicks, nothing concrete is known or has been published yet, nor has anybody come up with a scientifically and/or practically workable idea, although many patents have been granted since the seventeenth century. Even in recent years and in the most developed countries, this has been so. A brief account of many granted patents and patent applications (18 Nos. CN, 32 Nos. US, 8 Nos.WIPO, 7 Nos JP, 2 Nos. GR, 1 Nos. FR) along with the possible fields and also the scientific reasons for not achieving success have already been given in WIPO patent application (WIPO 2004/019476). Since then, there has not been any dearth of patent applications. Dozens of applications in both national and international patent offices were submitted, but without any real success. This has been so much so that, some patent offices have taken initiatives to stop giving patents on perpetual motion. At this stage, it is worthwhile to note that the fate and thereafter of Scientist Huda’s Pressure-motion equivalence theory and mass transfer (WIPO 2004/019476) as well as the short comings in the invention (detected by the inventor himself afterwards) has been stated in section 3.2.4.3.3. Apart from the efforts in trying to overcome the defects thereof and in finding a new way for the purpose, unprecedented severe pain of neuropathy for quite a few years arising out of high diabetes newly developed in him immediately after that invention, and an infection which alarmingly led to affect his brain which caused him to suffer for more than a year just before this present invention, delayed the process of completing this invention.
2.2.1 The basic forces and messenger particles
The Electromagnetic Force
At the atomic level, we say that two electrons exert electromagnetic forces on each other according to Coulomb's law. At a deeper level, this interaction is described by a highly successful theory called quantum electro-dynamic (QED). From this point of view we say that each electron senses the presence of the other by exchanging photons with it. We cannot detect these photons because they are emitted by one electron and absorbed by the other a very short time later. Because of their transitory existence, we call them Virtual photons. Because of their role in communicating between the two interacting charges, we some-times call these photons messenger particles.
If a stationary electron emits a photon and remains itself unchanged, energy is not conserved. The principle of conservation of energy is saved, however, by the uncertainty principle, written in the form DE. Dΐ ~ h. We interpret this relation to mean that one can "over-draw" an amount of energy DE, violating conservation of energy, provided we "return" it within an interval Dΐ given by h / Dΐ. The virtual photons do just that. Let us consider a pair of interacting electrons. When, an electron A emits a virtual photon, the overdraw in energy is quickly set right when that electron receives a virtual photon from electron B, and the violation of the principle of conservation of energy for the electron pair is hidden by the inherent uncertainty.
The Weak Force
A theory of the weak force, which acts on all particles, was developed by analogy with the theory of the_electromagnetic force. The messenger particles that transmit the weak force between particles, however, are not (mass-less) photons but massive particles, identified by the symbol W and Z The theory was so successful that it revealed the electromagnetic force and the weak force as being different aspects of a single electroweak force. This accomplishment is a logical extension of the work of Maxwell, who revealed the electric and magnetic forces as being different aspects of a single electromagnetic force.
The electroweak theory was specific in predicting the properties of the messenger particles. Their charge, and masses, for example, were predicted to be
PARTICLE CHARGE MASS
W ± e 80.6 GeV/c2
Z 0 91.2 GeV/c2
Recalling that the proton mass is only 0.938 GeV/c2; these are massive particles ! Nobel physics prize for 1979 was awarded to Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam for their development of the electroweak theory.
The theory was confirmed in 1983 by Carlo-Rubbia and his group at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). Both messenger particles were observed, their masses agreeing with the predicted values. The Nobel physics prize for 1984 went to Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for this brilliant experimental work.
Some notion of the complexity of particle physics in this day and age can be found by looking at an earlier Nobel prize particle physics experiment— the discovery of the neutron. This vitally important discovery was a "table-top" experiment, employing particles emitted by naturally occurring radioactive materials as projectiles; it was reported in 1932 under the title "Possible Existence of a Neutron," the single author being James Chadwick.
The discovery of the W and Z messenger particles in 1983, by contrast, was carried out at a large particle accelerator, about 7 km in circumference and operating in the range of several hundred billion electron-volts. The principal particle detector alone weighed 2000 tons. The experiment employed more than 130 physicists from 12 institutions in 8 countries, along with a large support staff.
The Strong Force
A theory of the strong force— that is, the force that acts between quarks to bind hadrons together — has also been developed. The messenger particles in this case are called glucons and, like the photon, they are predicted to be mass-less. The theory assumes that each "flavor" of quark comes in three varieties that, for convenience, have been labeled red, yellow, and blue. Thus there are three up quarks, one of each color, and so on. The antiquarks also come in three colors, which, we call antired, antiyellow, and, antiblue. One must, not think that quarks are actually colored, like tiny jelly beans. The names .are labels of convenience but (for once) they do have a certain formal justification, as one shall see.. The force acting between quarks is called a color force and, the underlying theory, by analogy with quantum electrodynamics (QED), is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD). An important prediction of the theory is that quarks can be assembled only in combinations, that are color-neutral.
There are two ways to bring about color neutrality. In the theory of actual colors, red:+ yellow + blue yields white, which is color-neutral; thus we can assemble three quarks to form a baryon. Antired + antiyellow + antiblue is also white, so that we can assemble three antiquarks to form antibaryon. Finally, red +antired, or yellow + antiyellow, or blue + antiblue also yields white. Thus we can assemble a quark-antiquark combination to form a meson, The color-neutral rule does not permit any other combination of quarks and none are observed.
The color force not only acts to bind together quarks as baryons and mesons, but it also acts between such particles, in which case it has traditionally been called the strong force. Hence, not only does the color force bind together quarks to form protons and neutrons, but it also binds together the protons and neutrons to form nuclei.
Table 1 The quest for the superforce - A progress report
Date Researcher Achievement
1687 Newton Showed that the same laws apply to astronomical bodies and to objects on earth. Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics.
1820 Oersted Showed, by brilliant experiments, that the then separate sciences, of electricity l830s Faraday and magnetism are intimately linked.
1873 Maxwell United the sciences of electricity, magnetism, and optics into the single
subject of electromagnetism.
1979 Glashaw, Received the Nobel prize for showing that the weak force and the
Sal am, electromagnetic force could be viewed as different aspects of a single
Weinberg electroweak force. This combination of forces reduced the number of
fundamental forces from four to three.
1984 Rubbia Received the Nobel prize for verifying experimentally the predictions of the van der theory of the. electroweak force
Meer
Work in progress
Grand unification theories (GUTs), seek to unify the electroweak force and strong force.
Supersymmetry theories : seek to unify all forces, including the gravitational force, within a single framework.
Superstring theories : interpret pontlike particles, such as electrons, as being unimaginably tiny, closed loops. Strangely, extra dimensions beyond the familiar four dimensions of spacetime appear to be required.
Einstein's Dream
The attempt to unify the fundamental forces of nature— which occupied Einstein's attention for much of his laterjife— is very much a current problem. Table 1, summarizes the current status. We have seen that the weak forcejias been successfully combined with electromagnetism so that they may be jointly viewed as aspects of a single electroweak force. Theories that attempt to add the strong force to this combination— called grand Unification theories (GUTs)— are being pursued actively. Theories that seek to complete the job by adding gravity— sometimes called theories of everything (TOE)— are at an encouraging but speculative stage at this time.
2.2.2 Bending more towards Particle Physics After Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron in 1932, it seemed that the phycicists had found all the subnuclear partticles needed as the elementary building blocks for atms. In appropriate combinations, the proton , neutron and the electron could be used to build up every known element, from hydrogen to the most complex atom. Atoms, in turn, made up molecules, and molecules made up ordinary matter. Such a scheme accounted nicely for the masses and sizes of atoms and, in conjunctin with quantum mechanics, explained their chemical properties. Thus the proton, neutron, and electron, along with the photon were called elementary, or fundamental, particles.
Soon, however, this seemingly simple and satisfactory picture was complicated by new discoveries . Shortly after the period when Schrodinger was developing his wave formulation of quantum mechanics, other people dicovered several new elementary particles. Since then, literally hundreds of these seemingly elementary particles have been discovered. Attempts to understand the role played by these new partcles continues to to be one of the most exeiting and dynamic areas of modem physics.
Contemporary physics continues to place great importance on coservation laws, and progress in understanding fundamental particles has frequently come by identifying conserved quantities and trying to explain their origins.
2.2.3 Einstein’s mass-energy relation
Einstein showed that the basic physical qualities of time, distance and velocity are not absolute, as previously thought, but are all relative to the motion of the observer. What, then, can we say about the hallmarks of classical physics, the laws of conservation of energy and momentum ? We shall see that in order to maintain their validity, we have to modify our understanding of mass, energy and momentum. We will discuss the relationship Einstein derived between mass and energy.
One result of Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory is the prediction that when light strikes an object, it exerts a pressure. The presence of this pressure implies that light waves carry momentum. Moreover, the theory requires that this momentum be proportional to the energy carried by the light wave. Experiments support the theory, having verified this effect in several ways. The result is that a wave carrying an amount of energy E has a momentum given by p = E/c, where c is the speed of light. We shall use this result and the principle of conservation of momentum to derive a relation between mass and energy.
Let us consider a thought experiment due to Eistein. Let us imagine a closed box of length L and mass M. The box is initially at rest with respect to us, but is suspended so that it is completely free to move without friction. Now let us suppose that at some instant of time, a bank of flashbulbs at one end of the box emits a flash of light (Fig. la)(a). Since the light carries momentum, the box must recoil with an equal but opposite momentum, of magnitude p box = Me = p light = E/c (Eq. 2.2.3.1), where v is the recoil velocity of the box and E is the energy carried by the flash of light.
The light requires a time t to reach the other end of the box, where it is completely absorbed. During this time t , given approximately by t ~ L/c, the box moves a distance - x as it recoils (Fig. la)(b). Because the speed of light is so great, the box moves only a tiny distance while the light travels the length of the box. When the light is absorbed at the other end of the box, the system returns to rest, in agreement with coservation of momentum.
Since no outside forces act on the box, its center of mass must not move during this event, even though the position of the box obviously changes. The only way this can happen is for a shift of mass to occur within the box as it moves, maintaining the position of the center of mass. Consequently, there must be an equivalent mass m associated with the light, of such magnitude that while the box of mass M moves a distance -x, its movement about the center of mass is compensated by the light moving a distence L: mL =Mx (Eq. 2.23.2).
Since we know the momentum of the box, and thus its velocity , we can use this information along with the time of flight of the light to evaluate the distance x that the box moves by multiplying the speed of the box by the elapsed time. Equation (2.2.3.1) can be solved for the speed v to give v = E/Mc .
The elapsed time t is the time it takes for the light to travel the distance L. Thus we have x = vt = (E/Mc)(L/c) Using this value for x in Eq. (2.2.3.2) and solving for the energy E , we get E = me2
This result is Eistein’s famous mass-energy relation. For the example at hand, it says that when radiation is emitted by one end of the box, the box loses an amount of mass given by E/c2 Similarly, when the light is absorbed at the other end, the box must gain an amount of mass given by E/c2
The significance of the mass-energy relation lies in its generalization of the law of coservation of energy to include mass. It tells us that any change in the energy of an object necessarily involves a change in the object’s mass. Conversely, a change in an object’s mass is accompanied by the absorption or emission of energy. The most dramatic example of energy released by a change in an object’s mass is the release of energy in nuclear reactions, especially in fission and fussion.
2.2.4 CERN’s endeavour to find God Particle
On 4 July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s (European Organization for Nuclear Research) Large Hadron Collider announced they had each observed a new particle in the mass region around 126 GeV. This particle is consistent with the Higgs boson predicted by the Standard Model. The Higgs boson, as proposed within the Standard Model, is the simplest manifestation of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism. Other types of Higgs bosons are predicted by other theories that go beyond the Standard Model.
On 8 October 2013 the Nobel prize in physics was awarded jointly to Franqois Englert and Peter Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider."
2.2.5 The creation of the Universe
2.2.5.1 The Big Bang
The Big Bang theory, first advanced by Belgian physicist Georges Lemaftre, is held by those who study these matters. One must not imagine that the Big Bang was like the explosion of some gigantic firecracker and that, in principle at least, one could have stood to one side and watched. There was no "one side" because the Big Bang represents the beginning of space time itself. From the point of view of our present universe, there is no position in space to which one can point and say. "The Big Bang happened there,." It happened everywhere.
Moreover, there was no“before the Big Bang," because time began with the creation of that event. In this context, the word "before" loses its meaning. One can, however, conjecture about what went on during succeeding intervals of time after the Big Bang. t ~ 10 43 s. This is the earliest time at which scientists can say anything meaningful about the development of the universe. It is at this moment that the concepts of space and time come to have their present meanings and the laws of physics as we know them become applicable. At this instant, the entire universe is much smaller than a proton, say, in the tip of one’s nose, and its temperature is ~ 1032 K. t ~ 10 34 s .By this moment the universe has undergone a tremendously rapid inflation, increasing its size by a factor of about 10 30. It has become a hot soup of quarks and leptons, at a temperature of ~ 10 27 K. t ~ 10 4 s. Quarks can now combine to form protons and neutrons and their antiparticles. The universe has now cooled to such an extent by continued (but much slower) expansion that photons lack the energy needed to break up these new particles. Particles of matter and antimatter collide and annihilate each other. There is a- slight excess of matter, which, failing to find annihilation partners, survives to form the world of matter that we know today. t ~ 1 min. The universe has now cooled enough so that protons and neutrons, in colliding, can stick together to form the nuclei of the low-mass elements 2H, 3He, 4He, and 7Li. The predicted relative abundances of these nuclides are just what we observe in the universe today. There is plenty of radiation present, but light cannot travel far before it interacts with a nucleus. The universe is opaque to its own radiation. t ~ 300,000y. The temperature has now fallen to ~ 10 4 K, and electrons can stick to bare nuclei when they collide, forming atoms. Because light does not interact appreciably with (uncharged) particles such as. neutral atoms, the light is now free to travel great distances. This radiation forms the cosmic background radiation. Atoms of hydrogen and helium, under the influence of gravity, begin to clump up, starting the formation of galaxies and stars.
Early measurements suggested that the cosmic background radiation is uniform in all directions, implying that all matter in the universe 300,000 y after the Big Bang was uniformly distributed. This finding was most puzzling because matter in the present universe is not uniformly distributed, but instead is collected in galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and superclusters; of galactic clusters. There are also vast voids in which there is relatively little matter, and there are regions so crowded with matter that they are called walls. If the Big Bang theory of the beginning of the universe is even approximately correct, the seeds for this nonuniform distribution of matter must have been in place before the universe was 300,000 y old and now should show up as a nonuniform distribution of the microwave background radiation.
In 1992, measurements made by NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite revealed that the background radiation is, in fact, not perfectly uniform. The image made from those measurements shows the universe when it was only 300,000 y old, showing large-scale collecting of matter had already begun; thus the Big Bang theory is, in principle, on the right track.
2.2.5.2 The Big Bang Cosmology
Since the beginning of recorded history, human beings have speculated about the origin and future of the universe, a branch of science now called cosmology. Until the 20th century, these speculations were made mostly by philosophers and theologians, because there was no experimental evidence of any sort that would form the basis of any scientific theory. In that century, two major experimental discoveries have pointed the way to a coherent theory that is now accepted by nearly all physicists. 2.2.5.2.1 The Expansion of the Universe
The first of the two great discoveries was made by astronomer Edwin Hubble in the l970s. Hubble was studying the wispy objects known previously as nebulae. By eventually resolving individual stars, in the nebulae, Hubble was able to show that they are galaxies just like our Milky way, composed of hundreds of billions of stars. More startling, Hubble deduced that the galaxies are moving away from one another and from us, and that the greater their distance from us, the greater is their recessional speed. That is, if‘d’ is the distance of the galaxy from Earth (or from any other point of reference in the universe) and V is the speed with which the galaxy appears to be moving away from us, Hubble's law gives v = Hd, where H is a proportionality constant known as the Hubble parameter.
The Hubble parameter has the dimensions of inverse time .Its value can be learned only by experiment, we must independently deduce the distance of a galaxy from earth and its speed relative to Earth. The recessional speeds can be measured in a straightforward way using the Doppler shift of the-light from the galaxy, but the distance scale is difficult to determine (in fact, Hubble’s early estimates were off by a factor of 10). More recent data that confirm Hubble’s law and give a range of values of the Hubble parameter. The best set of current data gives a value of Hubble parameter of H = 72 ( km/s) / Mpc, where the Mpc (megaparsec) is a commonly used unit of distance on the cosmic scale : 1 Mpc= 106 pc = 3.26 xlO6 light-years = 3.084 x 1019 km.
Because of uncertainties in the estimates of the cosmic scale of distance, the Hubble parameter is uncertain, with possible values in the range of 65— 80 (km/s)/Mpc,
If the universe has been expanding forever at the same rate, then H 1 is the age of the universe. ETsing the accepted value of the Hubble parameter, we would estimate the age of the universe as 14 x 109 y, with the range of uncertainty of H permitting values in the range of 12-15 x 109 y. However, the expansion of the universe has not been constant, so the true age is less than the currently deduced value of H 1.
2.2.5.2.2 The Cosmic Microwave Back ground Radiation
Although there were other explanations of the expansion of the universe, the one that gained favor was based on the assumption that, if the galaxies are. presently rushing apart, they must have been closer together in the distant past. If we run the cosmic clock back far enough, we find that in its early state the universe consisted of unimaginably high densities of matter and radiation. As the universe expanded, both the matter and the radiation cooled; one can think of the wavelengths of the radiant photons being stretched in the expansion. The radiation filled the entire universe in its compact state, and it continues to fill the entire universe in the expansion. We should still find that radiation present today, cooled to the extent that its most intense component is in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is known as the ‘cosmic microwave background radiation’.
This radiation was discovered in 1965 by Amo Penzias and Robert Wilson of the Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, who were testing a microwave antenna used for satellite communications. No matter where they pointed their antenna, they found the same annoying back-ground“hiss”. Eventually they realized that they were indeed seeing a remnant of the early universe, and they were awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in physics for their discovery.
The microwave background radiation has a true thermal spectrum of the intensity of the back ground radiation at various wavelengths, and one can see how well it is fit by Planck's radiation law with a temperature of 2.725 K. The data points include recent measurements made from a satellite in Earth orbit, thereby eliminating atmospheric absorption. Measurements of the intensity of the microwave back-ground radiation in various directions show that the radiation has a uniform intensity in all directions; it does not appear to come from any particular source in the sky, but instead fills the entire universe uniformly, as would be expected for radiation that likewise filled the early universe. Recent observations, however, show that there are temperature fluctuations of about 10 5 K between different regions of the sky. These results have been interpreted as evidence for the nonuniform distribution of matter in the early universe that led ultimately to the condensation of stars and galaxies.
The energy density of the radiation can be found from Planck's radiation law. The number density of these background photons is about 400 per cm3, and the energy density is about 0.25 eV/cm3 (roughly corresponding to half the rest energy of an electron per m3). The mean energy per photon is about 0.00063 eV, which suggests why we are not ordinarily aware of the presence of these photons
2.2.5.2.3 Creation of the universe on the basis of cosmological theory
The cosmological theory that is in best agreement with these two experimental findings (the Hubble law and the back-ground radiation) is the big-bang cosmology. According to this theory, the universe began some 10-15 billion years ago in a state of extreme density and temperature. There were no galaxies or even clumped matter as we now know it; the "stuff’ of the universe at early times was a great variety of particles and antiparticles, plus radiation. The density of radiation and matter is related to the temperature of the universe. As the universe expands, it cools (just as any expanding thermodynamic system cools). If we make some reasonable assumptions about the expansion rate, we can find a relationship between the temperature and the time after the formation of the universe:
T = (1.5 x 1010 s1/2 -K) / 11/2 seconds. (Eq 2.2.5.2.3 -1) where the temperature T is in K and the time t is in seconds.
The radiation in the early universe consisted of high energy photons, whose typical energy can be roughly estimated as kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature at a particular time t, determined from the equation (Eq 2.2.5.2.3 -1). The dominant processes in the early universe can be represented as : photons particle + antiparticle .(2.2.5.2.3 -2a)
particle + antiparticle photons (2.2.5.2.3 -2b)
Reactions of type 2.2.5.2.3 -2a (called pair production) are possible, only if the combined energy of the photons on the left side exceeds the total rest energy 2m c2 of the particle and antiparticle on the right side. If the temperature is high enough, then the two reactions are each possible; the rates of both reactions are then the same, and there is an equilibrium between the photons and the particles and antiparticles. As the universe expands and cools, the average energy of the photons decreases until at some point, for a specific type of particle, reactions of type 2.2.5.2.3 - 2a will no longer be possible. At this point no new particles and antiparticles of this type are being produced, and the equilibrium is upset because reactions of type 2.2.5.2.3 -2b (called annihilation) can still proceed. As the particles and antiparticles annihilate one another, their numbers decrease.
Let us, consider a specific example in the case of protons. We can represent the reactions as g + g p + p and p + p g + g The rest energy, of the proton is 938 MeV. For the first reaction to occur, the energy on the left side, 2Eg, must be at least as large as 2Mpc2. If we represent the average photon energy at temperature T as kT, then the corresponding temperature is
T = (Mpc2) / k = (938 MeV) / (8.62 x l0 5eV / K) = 1.1 x 10 13 K
When the temperature of the universe drops below this value, the reaction g + g p +Ji will become increasingly less probable, while p Ejj g + g will continue to occur. According to Eq 2.2.5.2.3 -1, this temperature is reached at a time of t = [(1.5 x 1010 s1/2-K) / T]2 = [(1.5 x 1010 s1/2-K) / (1.1 x 10 13K)]2 = 2 x 10 6 s
That is, at times earlier than about 2 ps, the universe was hot enough to produce proton- antiproton pairs, but at later times only proton-antiproton annihilation occurs.
At very early times, with correspondingly higher temperatures, the radiation may have been hot enough to produce quark-anti quark pairs. If so, at those early times the universe consisted primarily of leptons (and antileptons), quarks (and antiquarks), and photons. The quarks may have come together to form mesons or baryons, but the radiation was sufficiently energetic to dissociate those particles as soon as they formed. Since we do not yet know the details of the interactions between free quarks (or even whether free quarks are allowed to exist), we cannot learn very much about the characteristics of the universe at that time. Instead, we begin the story at a later time, when the universe has cooled sufficiently to allow the quarks and antiquarks to form mesons and baryons. t = 10 6 s (T = 1.5 x 1013 K or kT = 1300 MeV).
At this time, the universe consists mostly of protons, antiprotons, neutrons, antineutrons, mesons, leptons, antileptons and photons. The rates of pair production and annihilation Eqs.2.2.5.2.3 -2a and 2.2.5.2.3 -2b are roughly equal, so the number of each kind of particle is about equal to the number of its antiparticle. The number of photons is about equal to the number of protons, which is in turn about equal to the number of electrons.
Because the quarks and antiquarks have formed mesons and baryons, most of the influence of the strong interaction has disappeared by this time. The electromagnetic and weak interactions continue to play an important role. Electromagnetic interactions are represented by processes such as Eqs.2.2.5.2.3 -2a, 2.2.5.2.3 -2b and weak interactions can occur through such processes as
Figure imgf000011_0001
and similar processes, in which neutrinos are being created and destroyed at the same rate. As long as the leptons have enough energy, the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, which maintains the balance between the number of charged leptons (e + and e ) and neutrinos. Since these reactions convert neutrons to protons and protons to neutrons with equal ease, the very early universe contained roughly equal numbers of protons and neutrons. t = 10 2 s (T = 1.5 x l0u K or kT = 13 MeV). Now pair production of nucleons (protons and neutrons) no longer occurs. Nucleon - antinucleon annihilation continue to occur, because of a slight excess of matter over antimatter, all of the antinucleons disappear, leaving only the small excess of nucleons. Th. photons are still hot enough to produce electron-positron pairs. At this point the universe consists of protons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, neutrinos, antineutrinos, and photons. The number of protons is roughly equal to the number of neutrons t = ls (T = 1.5 x 1010 K or kT = 1.3 MeV).
As the universe expands, the neutrinos are cooling along with the photons, and their average energy is also roughly kT. Because the neutron-proton rest energy difference is about 1.8 MeV, the neutrinos no longer have enough energy to convert protons into neutrons ; neutrons can be converted to protons, however, such as by neutrino capture (n + ve p +e ). At-this point, the neutrinos begin to "decouple" from the matter in the universe; that is, their interaction with matter becomes much less frequent, and those few remaining interactions have little influence on the properties of the neutrinos (especially their temperature or average energy). From that point until today, the neutrinos continue to fill the universe and to continue their cooling as the universe expands. Today their average energy is very small, about 0.0005 eV, and their density is about 400 per cm3: As a result of neutrino decoupling the balance between the number of neutrons and protons is upset, and by t ~ 1 s the nucleons consist of about 73% protons and 27% neutrons. t= 6 s (T = 6 x 109 K or kT = 0.5 MeV).
Now the photons have too little energy to produce even electron-positron pairs; electron- positron annihilation has removed all of the positrons and nearly all of the electrons. This further upsets the ability of the transformation between protons and neutrons to go in both directions; as a result, the relative number of protons continues to increase, and by this time we have about 83%, protons and 17% neutrons.
At this time the universe consists of a number N protons, 0.2N neutrons, N electrons; and as much larger number of photons and neutrinos. At earlier times the number of photons was about equal to the number of nucleons and antinucleons, but the present number of protons represents only the slight excess of protons over antiprotons that remained following annihilation. We can deduce the ratio of photons to nucleons, because, it determines the relative amounts of certain light elements such as deuterium ( 2H ) that are formed in the early universe. This number turns out to he about 109. That is, for every 1000,000,001 protons and 1,000,000,000 antiprotons in the early universe, following annihilation there is just one proton and no antiprotons left.
As far as we know, the present universe contains no stars or galaxies made of antimatter. Our universe is entirely made up of the small excess of matter that remained after annihilation. Where did the slight excess of matter over antimatter originate? Evidence for this asymmetry between matter and antimatter is seen in the difference in the decay properties of the neutral K meson K° and its antiparticle K0 . The interaction that causes this asymmetry is not yet well understood, but its effect on the distribution of particles and antiparticles may have established the slight excess of matter during an early era in the evolution of the universe when quarks and leptons were dominant. So far the K° is the only system that shows this effect, although it is thought that the neutral B meson B° and its antiparticle B° may show a similar effect. A new acceleration and detection facility is currently under construction at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center to test this prediction. This is another example of the way that results from particle physics have a great impact on the developments in cosmology. This description of the evolution of the universe, has taken us from the formation of the universe at the Big Bang, through hot and. turbulent eras dominated by nuclear reactions, to a time of a few seconds when the composition became identical with the particles that now make up our universe.
2.2.6 Age of the Universe
2.2.6.1 Radioactive Dating
Let us have an initial radionuclide I that decays to a final product F with a known half-life ti/2 . At a particular time t=0, we start with No initial nuclei and none of the final product nuclei. At a later time t, we find Niof the original nuclei remain, while NF (= N0 - Ni ) of the product nuclei have appeared. The initial nuclei decay according to Ni = N0 e .( l = disintegration constant ) => t= (1/ l) ln (No /Ni) => t = ( 11/2 / ln2) ln(l+ NF /Ni). That is a measurement of the present ratio of product and original nuclei can determine the age of the sample. This calculation has been based on the assumption that none of the product nuclei were present at t=0. This assumption may not always be valid, but there are techniques for radioactive dating that can correct for the presence of these original product nuclei.
By examining the relative amounts of parent and daughter isotopes in certain radioactive decay processes having half-lives in the range of 108— l09y ( e.g. 238U -> 206Pb, 87Rb -> 87 Sr, 40K -> 40 Ar ), it has been determined that the age of the oldest rocks on earth is about 4.5 x 109 y. An identical value is obtained for meteorites and for rocks from the moon.
Scientists believe that the universe must be much older than the above mentioned value, since the solar system formed out of elements that were created in the interiors of the stars or in supernovas. The total time from the Big Bang to the present can be divided into four periods (1) from the Big Bang until the formation of neutral H and He atoms ( ti ); (2) the condensation of galaxies and the formation of the first-generation stars (t2); (3) nucleosynthesis in stars and supernovas, leading to the present chemical elements (t3); (4) formation and evolution of the solar system from the debris of earlier stars (t4).
From the discussion of Big Bang cosmology, the time L from the big bang until neutral atoms formed is no more than 106 y. The time t2 for galaxies to condense from hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang is not precisely known but has been estimated to be in the range of 1-2 x l09 y. Since t4.is known to be 4.5 x 109 y, the time (t3). associated with nucleosynthesis is left to be determined. This time must be estimated from the relative abundance of the products that remain at the end of the nucleosynthesis. Evidence from the relative abundance of uranium suggests that t3 is in the range of 4 -9 x 109 y ; the analysis of the abundances of other r-process nuclei gives similar but slightly larger values. The best estimates for t3 is about 8 x l09 y with a range of 4 -12 x 109 y. Combining these results the age of the universe is estimated as :t = + t2+ t3 + t4. = 106 y + 1-2 x 109 y + 8 x 109 y + 4.5 x 109 y = 14 x 109 y. Taking range of values into account, we obtain t = 10 -18 c 109 y.
To determine ti the knowledge of particle physics, electromagnetism, thermal physics, and atomic and nuclear physics to trace their formation of matter as is known has been used. The interval t2 is determined from calculations using thermodynamics and gravitational theory to analyze the condensation of cold matter into hot stars. The estimate for interval t3 is based on the knowledge of r-process and s-process nucleosysthesis based on nuclear physics studies in laboratories on earth and the interval t is based on further experiments in nuclear physics and research in geochemistry.
2.2.6.2 Cosmological Determination of the Age Assuming that the universe has been expanding at the same rate since its formation, then the separation‘d’ between typical galaxies should be related to the age of the universe roughly according to d =vt, where v is the speed (assumed constant) of separation. However, according to Hubble, the galaxies are moving away from one another and from us, and that the greater their distance from us, the greater is their recessional speed. That is, if‘d’ is the distance of the galaxy from Earth (or from any other point of reference in the universe), and v is the speed with which the galaxy appears to be moving away from us, Hubble’s law gives v=Hd, where H is a proportionality constant known as the Hubble parameter. The best set of current data gives a value of the Hubble parameter of H = 72 (km/s)/Mpc [ 1 Mpc (megaparsec) = 3.26 x 106 light years = 3. 084 x l019-Km]. However, taking into account uncertainties in Hubble parameter, possible value is 65 - 80 (km/s)/Mpc. Correspondingly, the age of the universe is estimated as 14 x l09y and 12— 15 x l09y.
Scientists believe that the assumption of constant separation of speed is almost certainly incorrect. The mutual gravitational attraction of the galaxies has been slowing their separation since the Big Bang, so that at earlier times the speed of separation may have been greater than it is at present. If the“constant speed” model were valid, the age of the universe would be t= H If the speed has been decreasing since the Big Bang, the deduced age depends on the rate of deceleration. Two indirect methods to determine the deceleration : (1) to measure the red shifts and thereby deduce the speed of the most distant (and therefore the oldest ) objects that can be observed with telescopes, or (2) deceleration can be calculated based on the gravitational effects of the total amount of matter in the universe.
Somewhat surprisingly, recent measurements of the red shifts of the most distant galaxies suggest that the expansion is accelerating rather than decelerating. That is, the expansion rate in the era of these ancient galaxies was slower than one would expect based on extrapolating the current expansion rate. This effect, which has as yet no convincing explanation, has been accounted for through the presence throughout the universe of a“dark energy” that drives the acceleration. Measurements suggest that the observable matter is not even sufficient to explain the gravitational attraction within galaxies or cluster of galaxies. Astrophysicists have postulated the existence of“dark matter” and its form (anything from known or exotic types of elementary particles to burnt-out stars) are uncertain, but it may account for as much as 90% of the mass of the universe.
2.2.7Antimatter
In 1928, British physicist Paul Dirac wrote down an equation that combined quantum theory and special relativity to describe the behaviour of an electron moving at a relativistic speed. The equation - which won Dirac the Nobel prize in 1933 - posed a problem: just as the equation X2=4 can have two possible solutions (x=2 or x=-2), so Dirac's equation could have two solutions, one for an electron with positive energy, and one for an electron with negative energy. But classical physics (and common sense) dictated that the energy of a particle must always be a positive number.
Dirac interpreted the equation to mean that for every particle there exists a corresponding antiparticle, exactly matching the particle but with opposite charge. For the electron there should be an "antielectron", for example, identical in every way but with a positive electric charge. The insight opened the possibility of entire galaxies and universes made of antimatter.
But when matter and antimatter come into contact, they annihilate - disappearing in a flash of energy. The Big Bang should have created equal amounts of matter and antimatter. So the question is, why is there far more matter than antimatter in the universe. 2.2.8 CERN : The matter-antimatter asymmetry problem
The Big Bang should have created equal amounts of matter and antimatter in the early universe. But today, everything we see is made almost entirely of matter. Comparatively, there is not much antimatter to be found. One of the greatest challenges in physics is to figure out what happened to the antimatter, or why we see an asymmetry between matter and antimatter.
Antimatter particles share the same mass as their matter counterparts, but qualities such as electric charge are opposite. The positively charged positron, for example, is the antiparticle to the negatively charged electron. Matter and antimatter particles are always produced as a pair and, if they come in contact, annihilate one another, leaving behind pure energy. During the first fractions of a second of the Big Bang, the hot and dense universe was buzzing with particle- antiparticle pairs popping in and out of existence. If matter and antimatter are created and destroyed together, it seems the universe should contain nothing but leftover energy.
Nevertheless, a tiny portion of matter - about one particle per billion - managed to survive. This is what we see today. In the past few decades, particle-physics experiments have shown that the laws of nature do not apply equally to matter and antimatter. Physicists are keen to discover the reasons why. Researchers have observed spontaneous transformations between particles and their antiparticles, occurring millions of times per second before they decay. Some unknown entity intervening in this process in the early universe could have caused these "oscillating" particles to decay as matter more often than they decayed as antimatter.
Let us consider a coin spinning on a table. It can land on its head or its tail, but it cannot be defined as "heads" or "tails" until it stops spinning and falls to one side. A coin has a 50-50 chance of landing on its head or its tail, so if enough coins are spun in exactly the same way, half should land on heads and the other half on tails. In the same way, half of the oscillating particles in the early universe should have decayed as matter and the other half as antimatter.
However, if a special kind of marble rolled across a table of spinning coins and caused every coin it hit to land on its head, it would disrupt the whole system. There would be more heads than tails. In the same way, some unknown mechanism could have interfered with the oscillating particles to cause a slight majority of them to decay as matter. Physicists may find hints as to what this process might be by studying the subtle differences in the behaviour of matter and antimatter particles created in high-energy proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Studying this imbalance could help scientists paint a clearer picture of why our universe is matter-filled.
2.2.9 Black-boles
Black holes are the strangest objects in the Universe. A black hole does not have a surface, like a planet or star. Instead, it is a region of space where matter has collapsed in on itself. This catastrophic collapse results in a huge amount of mass being concentrated in an incredibly small area. The gravitational pull of this region is so great that nothing can escape - not even light.
Although black holes cannot be seen, we know they exist from the way they affect nearby dust, stars and galaxies. Many of them are surrounded by discs of material. As the discs swirl around them like a whirlpool, they become extremely hot and give off X-rays.
Black holes come in many different sizes. Many of them are only a few times more massive than the Sun. These 'stellar-mass' black holes form when a heavyweight star, about 10 times heavier than the Sun, ends its life in a supernova explosion. What is left of the star - still several solar masses - collapses into an area only a few kilometres across. Most galaxies, including the Milky Way, have supermassive black holes at their centres. These may be millions or billions of times heavier than our Sun. Supermassive black holes also power active galaxies and ancient galaxies known as quasars. Quasars may be hundreds of times brighter than even the largest ordinary galaxies.
Objects that fall into black holes are literally stretched to breaking point. An astronaut who ventured too close and was sucked into a black hole would be pulled apart by the overpowering gravity.
2.2.10 Dark Matter
At the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, Vera Rubin and her co-worker Kent Ford measured the rotational rates of a number of distant galaxies. They did so by measuring the Doppler shifts of bright clusters of stars located within each galaxy at various distances from the galactic center. Their results were surprising : the orbital speed, of stars at the outer visible edge of the galaxy is about the same as that of stars close to the Galactic center.
As the solid curve suggests, that is not what we would expect to find if all the mass of the galaxy were represented by visible light. Nor is the pattern found by Rubin and Ford what we find in the solar system. For example, the orbital speed of Pluto (the planet most distant from the Sun) is only about, one tenth that of Mercury (the planet closest to the Sun).
The only explanation for the findings of Rubin and Ford that is consistent with Newtonian mechanics is that a typical galaxy contains much more matter than what we can actually see. In fact, the visible portion of a galaxy represents only about 5 to 10% of the total mass of the galaxy. In addition to these studies of galactic rotation, many other observations lead to the conclusion that the universe abounds in matter that we cannot see.
Dark matter candidates fall into two classes, whimsically called WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) and MACHOs (massive compact halo objects). If neutrinos have mass, they are possible WIMP candidates. MACHOs can include objects such as black holes, white dwarf stars, and brown dwarf stars, the latter are Jupiter- size objects that are not massive enough to become actual stars, which shine because of fusion.
As of 1996, there is convincing evidence that MACHOs do indeed exist in our own galaxy. Let us assume that an (invisible) MACHO in our galaxy passes, by chance, in front of a star in a nearby galaxy. Einstein, in his general theory of relativity, predicted that light rays passing near any massive object will be deflected by the mass of that object. Thus, if star, MACHO, and Earth are aligned, the MACHO will act as a gravitational lens focusing the light rays from the star that pass near it and causing the image of the star to brighten while the MACHO is eclipsing it.
Enough such events have been observed to convince astronomers that MACHOs can account for a substantial fraction (some say 50%) of the dark matter in our own galaxy. Observations are ongoing.
2.2.11 Dark energy
Dark energy makes up approximately 68% of the universe and appears to be associated with the vacuum in space. It is distributed evenly throughout the universe, not only in space but also in time - in other words, its effect is not diluted as the universe expands. The even distribution means that dark energy does not have any local gravitational effects, but rather a global effect on the universe as a whole. This leads to a repulsive force, which tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe. The rate of expansion and its acceleration can be measured by observations based on the Hubble law. These measurements, together with other scientific data, have confirmed the existence of dark energy and provide an estimate of just how much of this mysterious substance exists. Scientists believe that the universe is roughly 4% baryonic matter, 25% dark matter, and the rest dark energy.
2,2. universe
On- the bright side, however, it is scientists, who discovered all these facts. Although our position in the "uni-verse may be insignificant", the laws of physics that we have discovered (uncovered) seem to hold throughout the universe and— as far as we know— for all past and future time. At least, there is no evidence that other laws hold in other parts of the universe. Thus until someone complains, we are entitled to stamp the laws of physics‘Discovered on Earth’. There remains much more to be discovered, and so let us close this text by quoting these forward-looking words: The universe is full of magical things, patiently waiting for our wits to grow sharper.
2.2.13 Holy Quran and Prime Number 19
As also stated in section 1, the present invention relates not only to the process of creation of energy, giving details thereof and the apparatus for the same thereby, but also on the related aspects and questions of nature, natural laws and the Creator within the limitation of human perception. This invention extends its previous ‘pressure-motion’ equivalence theory to ‘energy(kinetic)-pressure-motion’ equivalence theory and also includes some necessary ‘intangible pressure’ aspects too, in further explanation thereof.‘Pressure particles’ or the named ‘NH particles’ are stated and explained to cause all kinds of motion and activities and the theory can be utilized to tap unlimited natural energy source, as long as the universe exists in the present way, which even Einstein’s theory based nuclear reactors do not think of. The uniqueness of the Holy Quran and also a few of the many available scientific indications (in the middle of section 3.2.3.1 in connection with discussing Einsteinian Myths, especially time dilation,‘a powerful tool for subtle manipulation’) including the very question of the existence of the Almighty Creator (sections 3.3.5.1 and 3.3.5.2 and other places where reference in the form‘chapter : verse’ along with what the verse(s) mainly talks about, in the Holy Quran are given) have been incorporated. Actually, the Holy Quran, structured on the prime number 19, a Holy Book of its size, is a mine of scientific indications and knowledge. One should however also research other religious books, even the books of great preachers and philosophers, to find more of such things. All religious books, serving the cause of mankind, with the expectation of being universal and eternal, are expected to give eternal information in advance, which human beings are effortlessly trying to find. .
The prime number 19, has been uniquely and literally mentioned in the Holy Quran (74 : 30-31). The conspicuous absence of‘Basmalah’ in chapter 9 and its occurrence twice in chapter 27, to keep harmony of 19 in tact, is specially noticeable (SI. No. 9). Besides, SI. Nos. 10, 11 and 12 are also specially noticeable, to observe the harmony of 19 especially arising out of the fact of ‘missing’ and‘twice occurrence’ of ‘Basmalah’ in the said chapters. Besides, although not mentioned in this section, the use of‘koeme lut’ in 12 places of the Holy Quran, but the use of a different phrase‘ikhoanu lut’ in (18 : l3) instead, to mean the same thing, which kept the harmony of 19, is also specially noticeable. A similar occurrence took place with a little different spelling of‘bachhtatan’ in (2: 247) and (7 : 69), which kept the harmony of 19. The followings are few samples of many, that the scholars have found out on the‘ 19’ :
In Chapter 74 where number 19 has been literally and uniquely mentioned
a. The verses of Chapter 74, are very short, except for one verse that is notably long which is verse 31, which delineates the wisdom of choosing the number 19. Verse 31 consists of 57 words (i.e. 19 x 3). b. Verse 31 is the last verse in the Holy Quran, that contains 19 words or a multiple of 19. c. Verse 31 can be divided into two segments. The first segment comprises 38 words (i.e. 19 x 2). This is the part that discusses the wisdom of specifying number 19. The second segment consists of 19 words, serving as a comment on what was mentioned in the first part. d. In Verse 31, There is a message regarding‘forces of the Creator’ consisting of 19 letters e. The word count of the first 19 verses of Chapter 74, is 57 (i.e. 19 x 3). Thus, the word count of verse 31 of Chapter 74, which is 57 equals the word count of the first 19 verses. f. Verses 1 - 30, have 95 words (i.e. 19 x 5) . g. Verse 30 consists of 3 words,. Therefore, the number of words of verse 31 (which discusses the wisdom behind number 19) which is 57 words, equals 19 times the number of words in verse 30. h. The letter count from the beginning of Chapter 74, to the end of the word (on top of it or in addition to it) of verse 30 [exactly before (Nineteen) is mentioned] is 361 letters, (i.e. 19 x 19). i. The phrase (nineteen) in verse 30 consists of 7 letters. In light of the previous piece of information, it becomes clear that the middle letter of this clause is the 365th letter from the beginning of the verse, which is the number of days of the year.
19 in the rest of the Holy Quran
Number Nineteen (19) plays an important role in the structure of the Holy Quran. The numerical value of the Arabic word‘Wahid’ which means "One" is 19. Thus, number 19 represents the Oneness’ of the Creator, which is a very important doctrine in Islam. It can also be shown mathematically: 19 => 1+ 9 => 10 => 1+ 0 = 1
1. (Isim) is repeated 19 times in the Holy Quran
2. (Allah) is repeated 2698 ( = 19 x 142) times in the Quran.
3. . (Rahman) is repeated 57 ( = 19 x 3) times in the Holy Quran.
4. (Rahim) is repeated 114 ( = 19 x 6) times in the Holy Quran
5. . There are H4 ( = 19 x 6) of names of (Allah)
6. The first verse (1 : 1), known as "Basmalah," consists of 19 letters.
7. .The Holy Quran consists of 114 Chapters, which is . 19 x 6.
8. The total number of verses in the Quran is 6346, or ....19 x 334. [6234 numbered verses &
112 un-numbered verses (Basmalahs) 6234+112 = 6346] It is to be noted that 6+3+4+6 =... 19 .
9. The Basmalah occurs 114 times, despite its conspicuous absence from Chapter 9 (it occurs twice in Chapter 27) and 114 = 19x6.
10. From the missing Basmalah of Chapter 9 to the extra Basmalah of Chapter 27, there are precisely 19 Chapters. 11. It follows that the total of the Chapter numbers from 9 to 27 (9+10+11+12+...+26+27) is
342, or .19 \ 18.
12. This total (342) also equals the number of words between the two Basmalahs of Chapter 27, and 342 =19 x 18.
13. The first revelation (96: 1-5) consists of .19 words.
14. This l9-worded first revelation consists of 76 letters .19 x 4.
15. Chapter 96, first in the chronological sequence, consists of . 19 verses.
16. This first chronological Chapter is placed atop the last . 19 Chapters.
17. Chapter 96 consists of 304 Arabic letters, and 304 equals .19 x 16.
18. The last revelation (Chapter 110) consists of . 19 words.
19. The first verse of the last revelation (110: 1) consists of . 19 letters.
20. 14 different Arabic letters, form 14 different sets of "Quranic Initials" (such as A.L.M. of
2: 1), and prefix 29 Chapters. These numbers add up to 14+14+29 51 .19 x 3.
21. The total of the 29 Chapters’ numbers where the Quranic Initials occur is 2+3+7+... +50+68
= 822, and 822+14 (14 sets of initials) equals 836, or . 19 x 44.
22. Between the first initialed (Chapter 2) and the last initialed (Chapter 68), there are 38 un initialed Chapters 19x 2.
23. Between the first and last initialed Chapter, there are ....19 sets of alternating "initialed" and "un-initialed" Chapters..
24. The Holy Quran mentions 30 different numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, 20,
30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 99, 100, 200, 300, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 50,000, & 100,000. The sum of these numbers is 162146, which_equals 19x8534.
25. The summation of the numeric value of letters of the first verse (1 : 1), known as "Basmalah," is 786. If the value of the summation of the repeated letters (406) is deducted, the reminder (380) = 19 x 20.
3. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a process of creating energy from the creation by introducing pragmatic way(s) to obtain endless useful energy from nature, revolutionarily defying well known theories of conservation of energy and the common laws of thermodynamics. The words ‘from the creation’ essentially signifies nature, the natural laws and understandably the question of the Creator thereof, on the basis of scientific reasoning and explanations. The present invention relates not only to the process of creation of energy giving details thereof and the apparatus for the same thereby, but also on the related aspects and questions of nature, natural laws and the Creator, within the limitation of human perception. Understandably, for such a revolutionary invention one is required to go further deep not only into the creation of energy and into root of basic forces in nature, but also to find the limitations and flaws of the existing scientific laws and theories, however well-established and renowned those be, in addition to introducing new scientific concepts.
3.1 Objects of the invention
The objectives of the invention are :
(i) To find out a process for obtaining free electricity, preferably pollution-free, with a view to opening the gate for almost free but fuel-less, environment-friendly and endless (as long as the universe lasts in the present way) energy source from nature for mankind.
(ii) To go further deep not only into the creation of energy and the root of basic forces in nature, but also to find the limitations and flaws of the existing scientific laws and theories, however well-established and renowned those be, in addition to introducing new scientific concepts.
(iii) To convert the prevalent scientific thoughts of impossibilities regarding obtaining free energy into probabilities by introducing new concepts thereby.
(iv) To reexamine the laws of motion, work and energy, force and pressure. (iv) To extend its previous‘pressure-motion’ equivalence theory to‘energy(kinetic)-pressure- motion’ equivalence theory and also to include some necessary ‘intangible pressure’ aspects, in further explanation thereof.
(v) To reintroduce and explain‘Pressure particles’ or the named‘NH particles’ as the driving agent for all kinds of motion and activities.
(vi) To reintroduce and utilize the virtual and sequential transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force) concept in a new and different context
(vii) To try to find the scientific explanation on the existence of the Almighty Creator from the laws of nature and the indications of the natural laws and the creation of the universe, and also from the understanding of limitations of human perception and capability on the question of creation of energy..
(viii) To introduce independent energy sources in households, industries and also for remote places, minimizing the need of transmission lines and substations, facilitated through fuel-free and pollution-free energy.
(ix) To introduce a workable apparatus for carrying out the process.
3.2 Contemporary Physics Books are outdated and insufficient : Need to be freed from Einstein-Newtonian Myths, Irresponsible strong scientific quarters and Biased science history writers and scientific feats recognizers
3.2.1 Proposed Postulates
At the very outset, along with scientist Huda’s pressure-motion equivalence theory (WTPO Publication No. WTPO 2004/019476), a few postulates are stated below before touching and explaining the above mentioned subject, as also the need to bring these postulates at the very beginning, although the need will become clearer with the progress of the subsequent discussions :
1. All pressures (apparently forces) in nature act simultaneously.
2. In every arena, every particle with mass or mass-less, matter/antimatter, living or non-living things even souls, planets, stars, galaxies or universe, all that is known is subjected to a uniform circular motion with an acceleration (an inwardly directed push), which is proportional to the square of the velocity (constant in magnitude) per unit‘distance’ from the centre. The‘distance’ is a function in space-time (x, y, z, t).
3. In Pressure-motion equivalence theory, pressure is a multi-dimensional affair, and includes intangible pressures too. Pressure-motion equivalence is also extended by including conventional kinetic energy as energy(kinetic)-pressure-motion equivalence.
4. Pressure (not necessarily Force) is responsible for all kinds of motion and activities. Unless a net pressure is created, there is no motion. A net pressure is possible to be created without a net force.
5. Pressure particles (already named NH Particles), broadly classified as ‘scientifically understood’,‘scientifically not explained’ and‘Special Creator particles’, are behind all kinds of motion and activities.
6. Pressure creates energy. Therefore, as per postulate 3, pressure creates motion and energy, motion creates pressure and energy, energy creates pressure and motion.
7. (Enormous) Pressure input as mentioned in postulate 2, does away with conservation of energy which is unfortunately almost a universally accepted axiom. This practically inexhaustible pressure (or energy or motion) input may be tapped and utilized for useful purposes.
8. Scientific theories and laws may overlap and may also become redundant.
9. Bodies do not attract each other as claimed by Newton, nor there exists anything like action- reaction phenomenon or a‘normal’ force suggested thereof. Bodies come closer to each other or move apart as a result of postulate 2, and other postulates, especially pressure particles (NH Particles). In cases of orbiting around or falling to a point or for any motion in any direction, pressure particles push towards that point or to that direction.
10. Black-holes and radiation from black-holes, mathematically derived from the universal law of gravitation, by Lap lace (1749-1827) and later by Schwarzchild (radius 2GM/c2) and Hawkings are therefore not scientifically explained, as per postulate 9. A massive body (as also the disintegration of the same, or reducing it by creating annihilation situation), however is possible to be created on the basis of postulates, especially pressure particles, mentioned above.
11. Einstein’s concept of‘curvature’ in space-time is meaningless without the concept of‘arena’, as mentioned in postulate 2. In an infinite‘arena’, there will be practically no‘curvature’. Besides, as also explained below, both Einstein’s theories of relativity (Special and General) are based on manipulation of‘time dilation’.
12. Human perceptions especially with regard to 0, oc, life, death, destiny, time-less domain etc. are limited. The concept of ‘infinitely infinite’ and beyond are further beyond human imagination. The matter-antimatter asymmetry is the result of the enormous temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the of the ultra thin‘crust’ within which the universe we think existed before the Big Bang, also tore apart along with the interior.
13. Pressure particles or the named‘NH particles are responsible for the attraction between oppositely charged bodies or between a charged and an uncharged body or for the repulsion between two like-polarity charged bodies too. But for a spin at the atomic or sub-atomic level, more efforts will be needed by the pressure particles, because of small‘r’ (greater curvature).
3.2.2 Newtonian Myths
It is said that Newton discovered gravity originating from trying to find the reason of the apple falling from a tree. It is also reported that he is one of the discoverers of calculus as also the introducer of three laws of motion. But despite biased science history writers and scientific feat recognizers and Crusades, Mongolian invasion and end of the House of Wisdom and the burning of its huge library and also a struggle for dominance within Islam, as a result of which the period of rich Arabic scholarship (750 A.D. to 1300 A.D.) declined and much of the valuable documentaions were lost, looted and stolen, whatever information is still found in the internet, speak contrary to claims of Newton and therefore justifiably demand to be properly evaluated to find the truth, for the proper advancement of science for humanity.
3.2.2.1 Contrary information as found in the internet which needs to be evaluated
Ibn al-Haytham (also known as Alhazen or Alhacen) had a great influence on Isaac Newton, who was aware of Ibn al-Haytham’ s works. Alhazen studied the basis of calculus, which would later lead to the engineering formulas and methods used today. He also wrote about the laws governing the movement of bodies (later known as Newton’s 3 laws of motion) and the attraction between two bodies - gravity. It was not, in fact, the apple that fell from the tree that gave the clue to Newton about gravity, but the books of Ibn al-Haytham.
In al-Haytham's Book of Optic.s he argues that the celestial spheres were not made of solid matter, and that the heavens are less dense than air. Al-Haytham eventually concludes that heavenly bodies follow the same laws of physics as earthly bodies. Some astronomers theorized about gravity too. Al-Khwarizmi (also known as Al-Khazini) suggested that the gravity varies depending on its distance from the center of the universe. The center of the universe in this case refers to the center of the Earth.
In the eleventh century Ibn Sina had roughly adopted the idea that an object acquires an inclination to move when it has a motive power impressed on it, believing that a moving object has force which is dissipated by external agents like air resistance. Ibn Sina made a distinction between 'force1 and 'inclination' (called "mayl"). He claimed that an object gained mayl when the object is in opposition to its natural motion. So he concluded that continuation of motion is attributed to the inclination that is transferred to the object, and that object will be in motion until the mayl is spent. He also claimed that a projectile in a vacuum would not stop unless it is acted upon. This conception of motion is consistent with Newton's first law of motion, inertia. This idea which dissented from the Aristotelian view was basically abandoned until it was described as "impetus" by John Buridan, who was influenced by Ibn Sina's Book of Healing.
In Abu al-BTrum’s text Shadows, he recognizes that non-uniform motion is the result of acceleration. Ibn-Sina's theory of mayl tried to relate the velocity and weight of a moving object. This idea closely resembled the concept of momentum. in Aristotle's theory of motion which stated that a constant force produces a uniform motion. Abu'l-Barakat al-BaghdadT contradicted this and developed his own theory of motion. In his theory he showed that velocity and acceleration are two different things and force is proportional to acceleration and not velocity.
Ibn Bajjah proposed that for every force there is always a reaction force. While he did not specify that these forces be equal, it is still an early version of Newton’s third law of motion which states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
When discussing the geological changes on the Earth, al-Biruni says that“the center of gravity of the Earth also changes its position according to the position of the shifting matter on its surface”
Alhazen also worked on analytical geometry and the link between algebra and geometry ; this work was completed a few centuries later by Descartes in geometric analysis and by Newton in calculus. Moreover, it seems he knew of the magnitude of acceleration due to gravity.
Al-Biruni contributed to the introduction of the experimental scientific method to mechanics, unified statics and dynamics into the science of mechanics, and combined the fields of hydrostatics with dynamics to create hydrodynamics. He came up with different methods in order to explore densities, weight, and even gravity. Along with those methods, Biruni went so far as to describe instruments that go along with each of those areas as well. Although he never entirely focuses just on physics in any of his books, the study of physics is present throughout many of his various works.
The experimental scientific method was introduced into mechanics by Biruni. The law of inertia, known as Newton’s first law of motion, and the concept of momentum were discovered by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) and Avicenna. The proportionality between force and acceleration, considered“the fundamental law of classical mechanics” and foreshadowing Newton’s second law of motion, was discovered by Hibat Allah Abu’l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi, while the concept of reaction, foreshadowing Newton’s third law of motion, was discovered by Ibn Bajjah (Avempace). Theories foreshadowing Newton’s law of universal gravitation were developed by Ja’far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir, Ibn al-Haytham, and al-Khazini. Galileo Galilei’s mathematical treatment of acceleration and his concept of impetus was enriched by the commentaries of Avicenna and Ibn Bajjah to Aristotle’s Physics..
3.2.2.1 Newton’s Scientific and mathematical feats
Whatever may be the reasons much of the valuable documentations were lost, there is no evidence at hand to deny the fact that Newton introduced two fomulas in the form of F = GMm/r2 for universal gavitation, and F =ma in his second law of motion (first law can be deduced from the second law and thus becomes redundant) and that he and Liebniz enriched calculus. The law of universal gravitation states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. In his write-up Principia, Newt OH showed that gravitational force acts on a body moving in an elliptical orbit - as a planet does. Now, the question is whether or how far Newton’s claims are correct and real, conceptually or mathematically, remains to be seen..
As has been tried to be established, Newton started to find the reason of the apple falling from a tree to the earth’s surface and thus introduced the attraction formula, but he could not find the reson for such attraction. After all, the bodies are not either oppositely charged or opposite natured or are living things. In his formula he included mass But mass would previously mean “matter contained in it” (matter is said to have mass and that which occupies space) and nowadays is defined as Force/acceleration, although in case of multiple forces which is practically the case including frictional forces (or obstacles) because of which a particular ‘mass’ moves slowly or does not move at all, such a definition is difficult to apply. Maxwell showed in one of his papers that mass can be expressed as length3/time2 ( L3/T2). All of these suggest that a clear and specific definition of mass is yet to be found. Newton did not derive the formula of universal gravitation theoreticaly, it was rather based on experimental data and arbitrary predictions. But whatever experimental data he got should actually be the combined effect of the said gravitation and electromagnetism, since both interactions have the range of oc, besides as already postulated, all pressures (apparently forces) in nature act simultaneously. Moreover, if the celestial bodies were attracted to each other, then all the bodies would have been jumbled together around a centre point with enormous collision. In a text book however, there is an example in this regard, of the orbiting moon in 27.3 days and the fixed earth. They assumed that the moon would have traveled in a straight line if the earth would have not attracted it with an attractive force of 2.00 xl020N. It is this attractive force, which is causing the moon to have the uniform circular motion. But this assumption with a clause‘what would have happened’ is not realistically placed. For simplicity, if the discussion is confined within the earth and the moon, the reality is, there is an earth and a moon and the moon is orbiting around the earth in an approximately circular path with a uniform speed. Mathematically speaking, for a uniform circular motion, there must be an instantaneous velocity component which is tangential to circular path and an inwardly directed acceleration which will instantaneously keep it in that circular path. It is also known that near the earth’s surface, a falling body is subjected to a uniform acceleration, irrespective of its mass, if there is no air resistance. These information do not necessarily lead to the existence of earth’s pull of the moon, it may be a push by something else and that is exactly the case, as per postulate 9 already stated,“in cases of orbiting around or falling to a point or for any motion in any direction, pressure particles push towards that point or to that direction”, especially with the emergence of the present invention. The present invention, among other things, postulates the existence of ‘pressure particles’, pressure as the driving agent for all kinds of motion and activities , introduces a process for creation of energy as well as an apparatus thereof, defying the conservation of energy axiom, and boldly denies any attraction between bodies as Newton claimed or his action-reaction phenomenon or any‘normal’ suggested thereby, in addition to giving a practical example of disproving these concepts in section 3.3.6.2 at the end of clue 05, in addition to not finding‘graviton’ particles yet. The example given in the text book infers an orbiting body to instantaneously travel in a straight line tangential to the circular path in the absence of an inwardly directed attraction by another body (the earth in this example), thus two such predicted actions is causing the orbital motion. But Newton’s first law of inertia only, does not permit an instantaneous linear motion from an orbital motion, besides the resultant pressure (apparently force) from the other celestial bodies (according to Newton) should cause it to move in the direction with an acceleration accordingly. It is quite possible that he himself knew that it was not possible to cause two-action orbital motion on the basis of two predicted thoughts, one of which goes against his own theories, as just discussed, while more discussion is done in section 3.3.2, especially regarding velocity under zero pressure (apparently force). In the universe there is not a single body known that is moving in a straight line. A bicycle racer or an engine of a racing car in an orbital motion, through paddling/engine drive with steering, provides both the actions required for the orbital motion (in addition to overcoming the frictional force), as also the pressure particles (NH particles) do as postulated in the beginning of section 3.2.1, and discussed in the beginning of this paragraph, along with boldly denying any attraction between two bodies. When a student whirls around a 0.06kg weight attached to the end of a string, he provides the vertical component of force to offset the said gravitational force, as well as a horizontal force component through the tension of the string, through spinning around a small circle with an up and down movement. Through this horizontal component, he provides both the requirements for an orbital motion. Therefore, Newton’s gravitational force does not explain the rotation of celestial bodies, nor the assumption in the text book in taking the earth to be stationary, is realistic. Moreover, Newton’s gravitational force cannot explain moving apart of the celestial bodies. Actually, all the celestial bodies are spinning, rotating and presently moving away from the original center (presently expanding). Newton predicted that acceleration due to gravity is inversely roportional to the square of the distance. Textbooks illustrated with an example of moon and the earth again, in support of this prediction. Moon’s orbital acceleration was calculated from the formula of centripetal acceleration p c! T2 and was found to be 2.72 xlO 3 m / s2 and it was compared with the acceleration of a falling object near the earth i.e. 9.8lm/ s2 , finding a ratio of 1/ (60)2, which is equal to the inverse of the ratio of the earth-moon distance to the radius of the earth squared. But such a comparison in two different situations is faulty and no meaningful or useful result can be obtained thereby. In order to compare these two ratios, both must be brought to the same situation, instead of one being centripetal acceleration and the other gravitational acceleration near the earth. It is said that Newton was encouraged to adopt the inverse square law, that too with a‘universal’ concept, without knowing much about the management of the movement of the celestial bodies in the universe, with such faulty comparisons along with his other considerations.
One can however ask how the escape velocity (vesc) and acceleration due to gravity (g) derived from Newton’s formula of universal gravitation work fairly well, if it is incorrect or misconceived.‘veSc’ is found as (2GME / RE)1/2 and‘g’ as GME/ r 2 , from Newton’s formula, where r is the distance between the falling body to the center of the earth, which is essentially equal to RE . Putting the values of G, RE ,and ME ;‘veSc’ and‘g’ are found to be equal to 1.12x104 m / s and 9.8lm/s2 respectively. That means‘veSc’ and‘g’ are essentially constant, and both are independent of the mass of the projectile or the falling body respectively and can be easily found out experimentally without any need of Newton’s formula. Slight variations and the reasons for such variations can also be found out without any need of Newton’s formula by the researchers while performing the experiments and does not in any way walk in the line of proving Newton’s formula. It may not be surprising to know that apart from being influenced by Ibn al-Haytham and previous works on gravity and the three laws of motion by some other scientists of the era (750 A.D. to 1300 A.D.), Newton might have also been aware of the related verses of the Holy Quran revealed some 1400 years ago from today, where a place to draw together (living and dead) that Newton termed as gravity (77:25-26), orbiting of the celestial bodies ( 21 :33, 36:40, 55 : 5, 21 : 13, 13:2, 9:36, 2 : 189 ) and expanding of the universe (51 :47), specially in the related fields are mentioned. Another verse which states that creation of the heavens does not need any pillars (31 : 10), suggets a uniform circular motion (postulate 2 and pressure particles) is managing the spinning, rotating and moving away (presently) of the celestial bodies.
Newton’s gravitation, graviton (not yet found) and mass are all mysterious things. Nowadays ‘dark matter’ (it is said that the celestial bodies moving with tremendous speed would fall apart long ago , if they consisted of visible matter only) and‘dark energy’ (assuming to act as antigravity to explain the expanding universe), have been added to the list of mysteries too. Uptil now, little is known to the scientists about these mysteries. Scientists do not know what happened before 10 43 sec since the Big Bang is said to have occurred. Literally, innumerable number of celestial bodies are spinning, rotating and expanding in their own course. Moreover, a lot of continuous changes in terms of temperature, decay, mass-energy conversion etc. are happening in the celestial bodies. Even with all such things, the celestials do not collide with each other or they are managed not to collide with each other. Therefore, finding a formula behind such management may not be an easy job, certainly not a simple formula like Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which does not even include the time factor to cater to the continuous change that is taking place and also the continuous expansion of the universe. The postulate 2, mentioned in the beginning of this sub-section i.e. a uniform circular motion of the celestial bodies with an acceleration (an inwardly directed push), which is proportional to the square of the velocity per unit‘distance’ (the more the distance, the less is the curvature, the lees is the effort needed by the pressure particles) from the centre, having flexibility in space-time (x, y, z, t), may be a beginning, in finding a concrete detailed and accurate formula, if possible. With‘pressure’ being the driving agent for all kinds of motion and activities,‘pressure particles’ or the named‘NH particles’ are expected to play the role of messengers as well.
3.2.3 Einsteinian Myths
3.2.3.1 Time Dilation : A powerful tool for subtle manipulation
Contemporary Modem Physics Text Books generally start with the chapter ‘Relativity’, which also includes amongst others, topics like Einstein’s both the‘Special Relativity’ and‘General Relativity’ theories, Time Dilation,‘Mass and Energy’,‘Mass-less Particles’, Twin Paradox etc. Einstein (1879 - 1955) says no two watches give the same time. Fine. Semiconductor, transistors were discovered in 1948, ICs are of later dates, and Einstein may not have been aware of the electrical/electronic watches. Let the same time be fixed to two closed electric watches without a power connection. Now, both the watches are given electric power from the same electric source. The watches will definitely give the same real time, unless an observer is imported and trickily placed so that Pythagorean theorem can be applied. That is what exactly is done in explaining time dilation in text books.
Galilean Transformation of inertial reference frames, violates both the postulates of Einstein’s special relativity. Therefore, Lorentz introduced a factor k as x' = k(x - vt) by guess work and in an explanation to cater to the difference in the direction of relative motion assumed x = k( c' + v t' ) with a plus sign of velocity. Although, both velocities were arbitrarily taken with plus signs as c = x/t = x It' while adopting the second postulate of constant speed of light in special relativity, mixed with the assumed equations with proper signs of velocity, to get an equation of transformation as t' =(l - vx/c ) / (1 - v /c ) , from which one can easily mathematically deduce t = t0 / (1 - v2/c2)1/2, where t0 = t' j - t' i , which suggests that all is guess work and velocity sign manipulation in addition to inherently and invariably taking the velocity in the x direction with y' = y and =z , were done to get and satisfy the time dilation equation.
However, while dealing with measurements of time intervals, affected by motion between an observer and what is observed,‘time dilation’ manipulation has been done a little differently. An observer (human or instrumental) is imported and conveniently placed to invariably apply the Pythagorean theorem. In case of a human observer, the stationary object is placed at the origin, and an imported observer sits at some place at a distance (L0) from the stationary object (let in Y- Axis). But the moving clock is conveniently said to approach or move away from the stationary clock in a path perpendicular (let X-Axis) to the line joining the stationary object and the imported observer (Y-Axis). Everything is trickily set to apply the Pythagorean theorem, to get equations t o = L0 / c and (ct)2 = L0 2 + (vt)2 where c is the velocity of light, v is the velocity with which the moving object is moving, L0 is the distance between the observer and the stationary object (origin), 1 0 is the time which is needed by light to reach the observer’s eye and is equal to L0 /c in case of the stationary object, t is the time needed by light to reach the observer’s eye for the moving object. Now, during time t, the moving object has progressed a distance of vt along the X-Axis at a point P (let). Therefore the distance squared from P to the observer’s eye will be (ct )2 , and by Pythagorean theorem one can get (ct)2 = L0 2 + (vt)2 , which along with t 0 = L0 / c will mathematically give t = t 0 / ( l - v 2 / c 2 ) 1/2 . In case of instrumental observer, the human observer is replaced by two time-recording devices and two pairs of mirrors (one down and one vertically up in each pair) for the stationary object and the moving object are used. In this mechanical arrangement the only difference is that light has to travel twice i.e. take a round trip to record time. In such a case the equations will be 1 0 = 2L0 / c and (ct/2)2 = L0 2 + (vt/2)2 which will again give the same mathematical result i.e. t = 1 0 / ( 1 - v 2 / c 2 ) 1/2 But the trick or manipulation lies in the fact that this equation is used as a generalized one i.e time slows down with the speed, whereas the moving body is made or assumed to move invariably at right angle to the line joining the observer and the stationary object in case of human observer or the line joining the pair of mirrors (let Y-Axis), in case of mechanical arrangement. It is evident from both the kinds of arrangement, it is only an affair of the distance from the observer to the origin (stationary object) and to the moving object. Therefore, if the moving object moves in the locus of all points at a distance less than the observer to the origin, then the opposite result will be found. Needless to mention that there may be an infinite number of spheres one inside another, along the surfaces of all the spheres, the locus of all such points will be found. Most importantly, why import an observer or a pair of mirrors along with a recording device in the first place, other than with the objective of manipulation or to make the thing confusing, although the words“it will appear to the observer” is almost silently added to the statement of the slowing down with speed of a moving object. After all, in commenting“time slows down with the speed”, what appears to an observer, really matters little or nothing at all.
A passenger flying from Bangkok to New York, leaves his near and dear ones at 6 A. M. Bangkok time. The electronic watches of the passenger and each of his near and dear ones’ clock showed or was made to show the same Bangkok time. After about 13 hours flying time when the passenger reaches New York, his clock (unless he changes his clock time) will read exactly 7 P.M., as the passenger’s near and dear ones’ clocks will also read the same. Although the local time of New York will be different. In the twin paradox it is told that Dick was 20 years old when he took off on a space voyager at a speed of 80% of light, leaving his twin Jane on earth. When Dick returned after 50 years of earth’s time, Jane becomes 70, but Dick appeared 50. Since time dilation is a manipulating proposition, such a thing cannot happen. However, even if the time dilation proposition is wrong, there may be significant changes in Dick or in any living or non-living thing traveling at a speed of 80% of the speed of light, certainly not due to slowing down of time itself.
Again, since Transverse Doppler effect in light, length contraction, twin paradox, relativistic mass, mass and energy relation, mass-less particles, all depend on time dilation, therefore, none of these are maintainable. However, a derivation of E = me 2 has been done in a text book almost without time dilation as given in subsection 2.2.3. But the explanation given for the suspended closed box to move completely freely and without any friction, and also to move in the opposite direction of a bank of flashbulbs obeying an equation mL = Mx is not scientifically reasonable and thus not maintainable. Although it is argued that since light carries momentum (p = E/c), the box must recoil with an equal but opposite momentum. It appears that the text book assumed this side of the box to be a perfect reflector and the other side as the perfect absorber, and thus it is thought that the incident light after reflection and before any real movement of the box in the direction of the incident rays, will cross the length L and hit the other side, since the speed of light is very great, and move the box in the opposite direction through a tiny distance and rest there. Actually there is no way but to believe that the whole exercise is intentionally made confusing and done in a round about way, with a view to manipulate to derive at E =mc 2 , if two major points are carefully observed. (1) In the very beginning it is said that p = E/c, and later on, it is assumed that E is the energy carried by the flash of light and also assuming that it must be having a mass‘m’ (although many scientists believe that light consists of mass-less photons), which makes momentum to be equal to me, and when momentum is equated with E/c, it makes it E = me 2 at the very outset i.e. starting with E = me 2 to prove E = me2, makes no sense (2) The derivation of the equation mL = Mx, with whatever explanation or way, suggests that if L is made large while keeping M constant, the movement of the box of mass M in the opposite direction will be great too, which means that a bank flashlight can move the box of mass M a great distance that too in the opposite direction (!), unless there is a hidden length contraction (faster means shorter) affair involved and length contraction is again the gift of wrong time dilation proposition. These make the whole exercise of the text book futile. This does not mean that mass and energy are not related or any change in the object’s mass is not associated with a release of energy as is done in nuclear reactors. But the question is what exactly is the equation of such transformation. But, even if E = me 2 is correct, to claim E = me 2, it needs to be proved without any manipulation or unscientific reasoning. Actually, Einstein read the Holy Quran, which is evident from many of his presented metaphysical ideas and his comments on the Holy Quran“The Quran is not a mathematical book - it’s a book which contains laws for the guidance of mankind to the right path -to the guidance which the philosophical theories couldn’t bring it.". He must have read the related verses in the Holy Quran, especially where the Prophet (RBEGH) has been mentioned as light (5 : 17), relativity of time (22 : 47, 70 : 4), light upon light ( 24 : 35), the Miraj incident involving moving faster than light and gaining 27 years [17 : 1, 53 : 12-18, Hadith and Sirah : The Prophet (RBEGH) asked him (Angel of death):“I thought that during Meraj, I saw my Age written as 90 years in the loh-e- mahfooz, don’t you think you are little early?” The Angel of death replied“Absolutely correct, but the Prophet (RBEGH) exhausted 27 years worth of your age at the night of Meraj”], in addition to the ones already cited regarding orbiting of bodies and drawing things together, besides innumerable number of scientific indications including the creation of the universe, energy and many absolute scientific truths of nature. One needs to do rigorous research work to know the laws of nature. There is absolutely no change in the Holy Quran since its inception some 1400 years ago. There are many people (called Hafez) who had memorized the whole Holy Quran (a huge book in size) in the past and have memorized in the present and also are in the process of becoming Hafez for the future. One may not find such a feat with any other Book of that size. Scientific laws, theories and ideas are always changing but there is absolutely no change in the Holy Quran. It may not be possible to find any other religious book which has not been changed for 1400 years (without any human touch).
More over, there are many things concerning the Holy Quran and also written therein which cannot be logically accepted as“just coincidence”. The prime number 19 and indication on its significance has been stated therein (74 : 30-31). Scholars have done research work on it, which can simply be stated that the whole Holy Quran, a huge Book of its size, is structured on the number 19, as already stated and discussed in section 2.2.13. Not only 19, scholars have done research work on other prime numbers which are not very difficult to find out from the internet. Identification of innumerable number of human beings from finger tips (75 : 3-4), Bees’ honey as medicine for them (16 : 68-69); creation of all living things from water (21 : 30) and in pairs (31 : 10,36 :36, 20 : 53, 13 : 3, 42 : 11); everything in pairs (51 : 49, 13 :3 e.g. night and day, matter and antimatter etc.); sub-atomic particles (34 :3, 10 :6l); hint to watch how a bird flies ( 67 : 19) from which airplanes were discovered; the shape of the earth is expanded (79 : 30,e.i. the earth is not exactly spherical); relative time (70 : 4, 32 : 5, 22 : 47); rotation, spinning and moving away of the innumerable celestial bodies without collision (21 :33,36:40, 51 :47, 55:5, 21 : 13, 13:2, 31 : 10, 9:36, 2 : 189 ); a place to draw together (living and dead) that Newton termed as gravity (77:25-26); are only few of many observations worth mentioning. Creation of the universe, deeply related with the present invention, speaks of the creation that started with a ‘wish’ (2 : 117, 36:82) of the Creator by forcible Disintegration (21 : 30) just by uttering the word“be” from (singularly nothing or an unimaginably small point of ) one entity of heavens and the earth in specified spelt out and relative timings (70 : 4, 32 : 5, 22 : 47); both enlargement and restriction (42: 12) of the universe; expansion of universe in general (51 :47); creation without pillars (13:2,31 : 10, according to postulate 2, celestial bodies are subjected to circular acceleration, which does not require any pillar); inclusion of smoke, sky and space in between heaven and earth in true proportion (29:44) in the design of the creation; creation of the whole universe in six relative days ( 7:54, 10:3, 25:59;50:38, 57:4) and earth in two relative days (41 :9-12) are spelt out in the Holy Quran. One estimate suggests that six relative days means six stages, period of each stage is halved with the progress of each stage starting with 8 billion years, thus totaling a period of 8+4+2+1+0.5+0.25 = 15.75 billion years for the whole universe and one third of it i.e. 5.25 billion years for the creation of the earth, although the scientific reason behind the starting with figure of 8 billion years or gradual halving of the period is not yet known. Another estimate suggests three times the value found out by the scientists as the age of the universe, which is semi-scientific, being 50% scientific and 50% from the Holy Quran.
Although Einstein tried to bring a couple of metaphysical ideas, many of those including E = me 2 are based on manipulated time dilation concept as already discussed, and although he never acknowledged, if he might have conceived the idea of mass-energy relation from the Holy Quran, which appears to be the case from the above mentioned verses and his reading of the Holy Quran. He might have tried it as a directly proportional affair, and by putting the M.K.S. units in the direct relation, found m2/ sec2 as the units of the proportionality constant which is nothing but speed squared. From many verses of the Holy Quran on the significance of light and also the verse giving light upon light (c2) and the Miraj incident, Einstein might have focused on the mass-energy relation as E =mc2. But it however appears that Einstein did not quite understand the Miraj incident. In his twin paradox, Dick making the round trip in space at 80% speed of light and looking 20 years younger than his twin Jane left behind on earth. But in the Miraj incident, the Prophet Muhammad (RBEGH) spent and enjoyed 27 years more than His time on earth and thus finished His allotted time (a religious affair) of total 90 years, when He died at the earthly age of 63 years. Although, it appeared to Him that He spent 27 years in His round trip in the miraj incident, but to the people on earth the trip was not of more than a few seconds only. Actually, the matter is not an affair of velocity -time as Einstein might have thought, but an affair of time“domain(s)”. As a matter of fact, time is a very mysterious thing especially when dealing in different frames of reference or time domain(s). Scientists believe that the time, space and matter began with the Big Bang, although scientists do not even know yet what happened before l043sec after the Big Bang. To Newton (1642 - 1727), anything before 1642 was past, anything during 1642-1727 was present and anything after 1727 was to be future, if he could see that. But the Creator or Nature sees everything and is aware of everything and there is nothing called time, in the sense it is classified as past, present or future. In the highest and furthest heaven, Prophet Muhammad (RBEGH) was in a time-less domain, which is not comparable with other time domain(s), e.g. in a time domain where only past and present are known, but nothing of the future.
It is to be noted that, in defiance of Einstein’s idea,‘mind” travels at a speed higher than light. Sitting in Bangkok, one can see one’s memories of New York practically instantaneously, if one wishes. Even without a wish, one can travel any distance practically in no time in dreams while sleeping. If one could stay in the center of the sun for some time and come back, he would not need eight minutes (light needs eight minutes to travel from earth to the sun) to recall his memories there from the earth. Einstein has written his paper on‘Special Relativity’ in a very confusing and impregnable language. He used the term b = 1 / ( l - v 2 / c 2 ) 1/2, which is basically manipulating the time dilation concept and therefore is not maintainable.
In Einstein’s theory of General Relativity, mainly to cater to Newton’s gravitational field in non static frames, he talks about gravitational lens or curvature or geometry. Light moving in the shortest possible line between two points on a curved surface (geodesic) path may be somehow understood, but why light will be curved near a massive object on the plea of forming a curvature with no other explanation, is not understood. No doubt, all celestial bodies occupy space and the geometry of empty space is altered, but why light (consisting of mass-less photons, at least till Einstein’s time) has to follow the curvature, has not yet been explained. However, mass-less light will be curved near a massive object not for Newton’s gravitational force requiring mass or because of Einstein’s curvature only, but for the postulate 2 mentioned at the beginning of this section, if it falls within the‘arena’, anything with or without mass, living or non-living. Nevertheless, Einstein did not become a celebrity for nothing. His revolutionary, very extra-ordinary and unorthodox ideas shook the world and forced scientists to work on his ideas and think much differently and in a new horizon. Einstein was not an atheist (Newton was religious too). He opined“science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind”. He believed in human limitations and said“We see a universe marvelously arranged, obeying certain laws, but we understand the laws only dimly. Our limited minds cannot grasp the mysterious force that sways the constellations.” and believed that his scientific findings are not completely satisfying and said “I hope that someone will discover a more realistic way, or rather a more tangible basis than it has been my lot to find. Even the great initial success of the quantum theory does not make me believe in the fundamental dice game (God does not play dice with the universe in his words)”, believing“the distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion”
3.2.4. Talent and Achievement assessment to be honest, unbiased, non-racial, non-political and authentic with a data bank objectively collected with the aim of scientific progress for betterment of mankind
3.2.4.1 Nobel Prize
(i) Aung San Suu Kye, now in power in Myanmar was awarded the Nobel“Peace” Prize. But she is taking an indifferent attitude to the Rohingya issue, where a huge number (more than 1.1 milion) of desperately affected people are forced to take refuge in a not so wealthy but hospitable nation in an effort to save themselves from torture and even killings by their own army - humanity is being raped in Nobel Lauriate Suu Kye’s Myanmar while she is in power, so much so that world opinion has gone against her, even many of the female Nobel Laureates spoke agaist her, her signs have been removed from the Hall of Fame of Oxford (ETC) and also from some place(s) of ETSA. (ii) Activities like lending money as‘general loan’ under highest surety (not ineffective legal security) to the unfortunate women folk at an exorbitantly high interest rate (minimum of 43.63%, and even pushing the poor women folk to a worse situation, as result of which many of them fall in the trap of becoming long term clients) has been encouraged by the Nobel Committee with the“peace” prize..The NGO used to live largely on foreign money, a large part of which was non-refundable, so much so that a leading print media in Canada, which was again reproduced in a newspaper in ETSA, termed the NGO as a“big time charity box”. In addition to foreign donations, that NGO received complete patronization and unfettered support from the Clinton family especialoly from Hilary Clinton. The matter was revealed since 1994, through print media and even internet (later on) and President Clinton was informed (1994). Towards the end of 2010, a Norwegian TV showed a domentary (must have been made being inspired by such information) with a title“Caught in Credit”. In 2016, AFP revealed that a handsome amount to the Clinton foundation was donated by the said NGO. (iii) After Chadwick’s discovery of neutron in 1932, it seemed that physicists had found all the subnuclear particles needed as elementary building blocks for atoms. But after that a large number of subnuclear particles were discovered, many with peculiar names. Efforts for the enrichment of basic physics, seemingly slowed down after Newton, took a new turn by thinking that development of physics lies in the development of particle physics and proportionately a large number of Nobel prizes have been given for particle physics. CERN is spending a huge amount of money and engaging thousands of scientists to find the God particle (in the light of Higgs-Boson). But basic physics advanced very little.Einstein and Newton at least read the book of nature and tried to translate and formulate those in a scientific way. Present physicists, instead of being obsessed with those along with the axiom of conservation of energy, should have tried to build on them freely. A write-up styled as“God Particle or NH Particle”, written thereof, was published in a few local dailies (iv) This year’s Nobel prize in literature has been stopped because of a dark activity of the foundation itself. As it is, the whole process of awarding the prize is questionable, deciding on the basis of votes of the priorly selected roughly 3000 nominators, nearly all of them from the western world. It is quite fair enough that one cannot nominate oneself, but how will these nominators come to know what is happening in the whole world, especially in the less privileged places? There should be an easy system and arrangement to send information thereof to the privileged nominators.(v) It is true that in the web site of Nobel Foundation, criticisms on the prizes are published (criticisms are found more in case of peace prizes than others), but only harmless criticisms are selected and kept, just to maintain merely the formality. As a sesult, hard truth is hardly revealed, leaving aside any justified action on those..
3.2.4.2 Contributions of ancient scientists especially of Medieval Ages, purposefully ignored and side-stepped by the vested interest groups
There is no well-specified time period either of Dark Age or of Renaissance. Some say the Dark Age falls before the medieval period, a period not so much enlightened; some say the period falls immediately before the Renaissance consisting of a lot of negative connotations and thus really dark literally A very brief account that too based on whatever information is still found in the internet (reasons for limitations already mentioned), previous works on gravitation, three laws of motion and also of calculus during the medieval age has already been discussed. In that Golden Age of (750 A.D. to 1300 A.D.), Greek and Roman works of philosophy and proto- science were translated, copied and studied and these disciplines were expanded on by scholars from Spain to Baghdad. Arabic-speaking scholars analyzed and synthesized ancient Greek disciplines. This period of rich Arabic scholarship specially in the field of mathematics
(including calculus), chemistry, physics, mechanics (including statics, dynamics, kinematics and motion), optics, medicine, agriculture, economics, industry, law, navigation, sociology, astronomy, philosophy, soil science, art and culture and many other foundations, began in the period of the Abbasid Caliphate (from 750 AD). During this period a large number of artists, engineers, scientists, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders, contributed to the fields mentioned, specially al-Haitham (al-Hazen), al-Biruni, al-Khwarazmi, Ibn Sina, ETmmar Khayyam, Al-Din Shirazi, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding inventions and innovations of their own. Also at that time it became a major intellectual centre for science, philosophy, medicine and education. In Baghdad they established the“House of Wisdom“, where scholars, both Muslim and non-Muslim, sought to gather and translate the world’s knowledge into Arabic in the Translation Movement. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been forgotten were translated into Arabic and later on translated into Turkish, Sindhi, Persian, Hebrew and Latin. Although it is possible to give a much more detailed description of the golden medieval age, but the present invention is not related to that. It is however worth stating that both science and humanities would have been in a much better position if the glorious achievements were not carefully wiped out, burnt, and ignored. The world would have known the truth and justice would have prevailed and the present scientists would not have been obsessed with the myths of Einstein or Newton as mentioned, and would have devoted themselves with research work in harmony with the book of nature, and had it been so, this invention of creation of energy which includes a handsome number of new concepts and theories and does away with‘conservation of energy’ axiom, along with unveiling some long-hidden scientific mysteries, would have been achieved long ago, even if by a different person(s).
3.2.43 Non-recognition of scientific feats other than or appreciated by the western world
3.2.4.3.1 Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, the unsung hero of wireless communication (Basic source : Internet)
All kinds of modem communications, TV, Radio, Internet, even space crafts are dependent on wireless communication. Therefore it will not be very surprising if somebody considers the inventor of wireless communication to be one of the all time best few scientists. Sir J. C. Bose invented the Mercury Coherer (together with the telephone receiver) used by Guglielmo Marconi to receive the radio signal in his first transatlantic radio communication over a distance of 2000 miles from Poldhu, UK to Newfoundland, St. Johns in December 1901. Guglielmo Marconi was celebrated worldwide for this achievement, but the fact that the receiver was invented by Bose was totally concealed.
In 1895, Sir J. C. Bose gave his first public demonstration of electromagnetic waves, using them to ring a bell remotely and to explode some gunpowder. He sent an electromagnetic wave across 75 feet passing through walls and body of the Chairman, Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. Sir J. C. Bose holds the first patent worldwide to invent a solid-state diode detector to detect EM waves. The detector was built using a galena crystal.. Sir J. C. Bose was a pioneer in the field of microwave devices. His contribution remains distinguished in the field and was acknowledged by the likes of Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, etc. Dr. Probir K. Bondyopadhyay found out that it was actually Sir J. C. Bose who invented Marconi's Italian Navy Autocoherer. He explained the sequence of events in great detail in his paper, "Sir J. C. Bose's Diode Detector Received Marconi's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal of December 1901.
3.2.4.3.2 Scientist Huda, the unsung hero of Free-play Radio
In 1975, Scientist Huda invented the Free-play Radio technology and demonstrated a working model in a jam-packed press conference on 23 July 1975 in Dhaka. The news came out in almost all the news papers in the country in addition to an editorial the following day. Raymond Lee Organization, Inc. (USA) wanted to take initiatives for patenting the invention and marketing the product (Receipt No.71001, dated 13 February 76 ). On the request of Bangladesh Science Museum, a working model was presented to them in 1978. The invention, although apparently a simple (addition of storage facility to a hand generator) one, was never conceived and publicly demonstrated by anyone on this earth before 23 Julyl975. It opened the gate for free playing and playing low-powered electrical gadgets and equipments in remote and yet vast electricity-less areas of the world.. Thus the technology is especially handy for mass communication, mass literacy, emergency weather forecasting or as a life-saving communications tool following a natural disaster, mass-scale low-powered emergency medical equipments etc. In 1989, Scientist Huda sent a brief on his inventions and research works (including the free-play radio) to ITDG (UK) in the hope of mutual cooperation. In reply, they informed him that they would be establishing an office in Dhaka soon and re-contact him after that. But they never contacted him again, although they opened their office in Dhaka alright. One fine morning, on 28 August 1996 to be precise, through a British High Commission press release in a local daily, a company named Bay-Gen proclaimed itself to be the inventor (!) of the Free-play radio, which was reported to be developed under British technical and financial assistance under the ODA program. Immediately after the British press release, a wave of protests flooded the news papers and periodicals in terms of editorials, post-editorials, features, letters etc. in the country. Bangladesh Patent Office gave Scientist Huda recognition as the inventor of the Free-play radio and congratulated him for the invention. The Bangladesh Govt.and scientist Huda contacted the British High Commission, Bay-Gen company and the British Patent Office, but no specific replies were received. Understandably so, since the UK Patent Office awarded a patent to a British named Trevor Bayliss in the 90’ s on a technology which was in display in the Bangladesh Science Museum since 1978 and which was publicly demonstrated even before, i.e. in 1975, which is not only unethical but also highly illegal on the question of novelty, an essential ingredient of getting a patent. . The illegal invention of Bay- Gen received the BBC product design award in 1996 also. When the matter was raised to the BBC, they replied“development of the Bay-Gen is not a BBC matter”. According to a report titled“Launch set to go like clockwork” published in a foreign news paper, Bay-Gen received a multi -million pound cash boost from the GEC(USA) and planned to produce devices like free- play radio (originally planned for use in African bush fighting aids) with the blessing of the then President Nelson Mandela, which would go on sale throughout the world for about 50 pounds. Mobile-phone charger, torch light, even TV sets etc. was in its plan to launch a billion-pound business. During the latest war with Iraq the BBC talked about (and showed the product) using 5000 free-play radios by the allied forces.
Before the British hijacking episode ended, MIT(US) hijacking episode began. One fine morning, the news came out in the news papers on MIT’s lOO-dollar laptop using .scientist Huda’s hand-cranking free-play technology (MIT must have acquired the hand-cranking free- play technology’s manufacturing right from the illegal patent holder as already mentioned above). A professor and his team mates of MIT (USA) claimed the credit for the project and the invention (!). There was nothing new in the MIT product (the Linux operating system, the flash memory instead of hard disks/CD-Rom drives, the LCD displays), except the addition of scientist Huda’s technology. UN Secretary General Mr. Kofi Annan, while launching a 100- Dollar Laptop, on the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Tunis, Tunisia (Mr. Annan broke the cranking handle at the demonstration), said“the invention is an impressive technical achievement. The project promises to provide flexible technology that can be used in any place, even in the desert without energy supply”. There was again a wave of protests in the leading local dailies against the hijacking of the Bangladeshi technology of Free-play by the lOO-Dollar project authorities. A write-up styled as“lOO-Dollar Laptop: UN Secretary General’s Office shouldn’t be used for exploiting the poor”, written by scientist Huda himself, was displayed in 6090 web sites including WIKIPEDIA, and Guardian Unlimited, in addition to the local leading English dailies. Some people brought out CDs of the paper, for sale. On 06 June 2006, the British PM sent a letter to Mr. Huda, mentioning that the matter was interesting and he would be sending it to the Commonwealth and British foreign office. Mr.Blair was reminded about his letter and the unresolved issue when he came on a visit to Dhaka. Mr. Huda’s paper was highly appreciated by some people especially on his suggestions on expensive and immoral patenting procedures (intellectual property effectively becomes rich non-inventors’ property and whim taking advantages of the helplessness of the poor inventors) with the comment of“this exciting suggestion is in itself a great invention”. A conscience stricken native American placed Scientist Huda’s name in WIKIPEDIA’S history. But recently WIKIPEDIA has wiped out everything except the British name. MIT wanted to push the sale of their product through poor governments and under the UN blessings, in disguise of OLPC (one laptop per child). British Gunnies Book declined to record Scientist Huda’s feat on the plea that a record must be breakable, measurable and comparable etc., even if Mr. Huda was the first inventor. Evidently, to protect the fake British inventor, the UK High Commission, BBC, UK Patent Office, UK PM Blair, WIKIPEDIA, Gunnies Book, foreign media played an indifferent, inert, unjust and unethical role.
3.2.4.3.3 The fate of Scientist Huda’s Pressure-Motion Equivalence Theory
Scientist Huda’s invention on the basis of his Pressure-Motion Equivalence (PME) theory received a local patent (No. 1003999, dt. 21.08.2002), but it needed an international patent and scientific recognition in consideration of its huge involvement. He received a very favorable Search Report from USPTO (US) against his international patent application in the WIPO (publication No. WO 2004/019476 dt. 04 March 2004)..USPTO took 08 months in place of allowable 03 months to give the search report, on which WIPO replied“on account of Important work load on certain technical areas such a delay might happen, one can however legally demand compensation from the searching authority”. But USPTO did not meet the demand when contacted. On 04.07.04, Scientist Huda sent his paper on the invention of PME theory by registered post to the leading Universities of the World for an evaluation on the paper. Oxford said that it was not their project, MIT didn’t give a reply. There was no reply from the Birla Institute of Science and Technology, India too. But the Innovation magazine of Singapore National University opined it as ‘a very high level research work’. Energy Technology Innovation Project of Harvard said“ we (the project of Harvard) do not do any original research either of science or of technology”. Most of the universities tried to sidetrack by saying that it was not their project or did not reply at all. Everything was set to publish the paper in the Physics departmental journal of a university in Canada. But all of a sudden the postal address of the author was asked for. It was feared that the word‘Dhaka’ in the address would close the chapter in such a revolutionary invention, and that is exactly what happened. The International Federation of Inventors’ Associations (IFIA), Switzerland made him and his country a full member and started displaying his three inventions. (# 651 H, # 391 H, # 390 H), including the one on PME theory (no. 651 H) in its www. l000inventions.com web-site since then. He became a member (No. 85017667) of another prestigious body IEEE, www.ieee.org, USA too. He received invitations from East West Euro Intellect, World Association of Inventors and SIMED, to place his invention there. Several international patent attorneys and promotional agencies wanted to work with him. But everything needed a huge amount of money, beyond an imaginary range for an unfortunate inventor. Therefore, he suggested to IFIA, as a promoting entity, to try to arrange an evaluation for International patent applications which receive very favorable International Search Reports. Like wise, UN was suggested to try to arrange for patents within lOO-Dollar (for which he received appreciation), at least for inventors of developing countries, if any invention is very prospective for the betterment of mankind, as already mentioned above, to save intellectual property from effectively becoming only rich people’s property.. However, Scientist Huda received an invitation from a US (New York) bom President of Conserve Energy Engg. Inc. from Puerto Rico to go there with his family to work for making a prototype, all at their expenses.
A similar offer also came from a Japanese firm to display a model in Expo2005 (Tokyo). The boss of the Japanese firm himself came to Dhaka, handed over his letter to the inventor personally and verbally told him that the work might be done in the work shops of Mitsubishi or Hitachi. The Puerto Rico man wrote to scientist Huda on his paper“I am impressed with the parts that I have read. The dangers in bringing forth a low cost or free energy source, the dangers that you must be aware of by now, . also the oil Mafia, will do just about anything to protect their interests”. But none of these two offers were ready to include a clause“international patent first”, besides providing suitable terms and conditions in the offer(s). The schedule time for patenting expired before any fruitful discussion could be reached At this stage, scientist Huda became very seriously ill, especially twice, and suffered for quite a few years as already present in section 2.2. After a few years since the invention, Scientist Huda himself detected a flaw in the apparatus of his invention, which surprisingly enough no one, not even any of the universities (local and leading international) where the paper was sent could detect. Although, in the local arena, the matter was discussed in the Parliament and the Science Ministry repeatedly desired an evaluation on the paper from the science bodies of the country, but nobody could pin point any flaw in the whole paper. The present invention not only rectifies the defect in the apparatus but has replaced it by a much improved one, besides going further deep into it by incorporating a few new postulates along with Einstein-Newtonian myths required for the same, in addition to further explaining and expanding the Pressure-Motion Equivalence Theory.
3.3 Physicists must understand human limitations as well as what the natural laws hint at, which is expected to lead to the belief of the Almighty Creator and unveil the mysteries of creation through untiring efforts
3.3.1 Living and Non-living things
No one knows how life began. Some scientists seem to involve the coming together of certain chemicals. But what changes these chemicals into life-forms, is a mystery. The most important features of living beings e.g. life, ‘not humanly programmed’ brain and emotions are not mentioned in the attributes for living things, although the word‘feel’ may very broadly include these too. Nevertheless nobody has yet denied or come out with some substance to try to indicate otherwise the fact that living things are mortal and can breathe, move, eat, feel, reproduce and grow as long as life is in them. Although it is possible to‘clone’ living things, duplicate or even multiply a living thing in appearance, shape, size etc., but the duplication or multiplications must be in additional number of lives.
3.3.2 Pressure-Motion Equivalence Theory further explained and expanded
In WIPO patent application dated 04.08.2003 (PCT/IB2003/003366 Filing date 04 Aug 2003, WO 2004/019476), scientist Huda revealed and discussed pressure-motion equivalence theory, in which it is said that it is pressure and not necessarily Newton’s force (as is evident from any hydraulic press) that is responsible for motion. If the resultant pressure is not zero, there will be motion (unless restricted by a barrier, which again keeps the resultant pressure as latent pressure as discussed in section 3.3.6.6, clue 06. The barrier does not put any‘equal and opposite’ force/pressure with acceleration/retardation and if there is motion with acceleration/retardation, the resultant pressure is not zero. The pressure particles named‘NH particles’ are the driving agent for any motion.
The theory may look simple and obvious, but it is neither simple nor obvious. As we will proceed, it will be clear that the theory reveals the root of work, energy and motion. On the question of obviousness, it may appear that the force per unit area is pressure, therefore there is nothing new in the theory. But besides magnetic and electrical pressure etc. which cannot be ordinarily expressed as F/A, pressure is not single dimensional as is generally thought, but multi-dimensional, especially with regard to living things. Human beings do many works under the resultant pressure of conscience, good and evil thinking, humanity and cruelty, rationality and irrationality, Seven Sins[ Sloth (Laziness), Lust (Lechery), Greed ( Covetousness), Pride, Wrath, Envy and Gluttony], love and hatred, society, interest etc. Envy and interest are very strong pressures. As a matter of fact, as far we know, since the inception of this earth and the first existence of human beings, the first killing of human being was know to be the result of envy, that also between two brothers. Human beings can do and undo almost anything under the pressure of envy, interest and greed for wealth and power. All living things work under the pressure of attraction of the opposite sex. In universe where things are spinning, rotating or moving, any stationary thing is imagined to be possible if the resultant pressure of the universe on the thing is zero, although a thing may be stationary relative to the earth if the resultant pressure of all other pressures on the thing is zero and the penetration or trying to penetrate the earth is ignored. But constant velocity under zero pressure or zero resultant pressure is not a question so easy to answer. One can think of such a constant velocity in a region of zero resultant pressure in the direction of the velocity, and a vital question still remains to be answered that why and how a mass should move with a constant speed without the need of any energy and what function the‘NH particles’ have in all states of motions i.e. motion under non zero resultant pressure as also the stationary position or constant velocity under no or zero resultant pressure as well as the definition of‘NH particle’ in the first place.
The present invention not only includes intangible pressure aspects, but also extends PME theory to Energy(kinetic)-Pressure-Motion Equivalence (EPME) theory by including conventional kinetic energy. Ordinarily, one cannot think of any kinetic energy without any mass (although postulate 2, talks about mass-less things too, though not ordinarily considered). Potential energy as a result of higher altitude or energy contained in mass or fuel (or latent work or latent energy as explained later in clue 06 of section 3.3.6.2), are basically different aspects of storage energy. If there is conventional kinetic energy, there will be pressure associated with motion; if there is motion, the existence of pressure and spending energy will be there; and finally if there is pressure, there will be motion (unless there is a barrier, as already stated above) and spending of energy. The present invention reveals the way energy is created by net pressure, latent work/energy concept in addition to other new concepts. Therefore, it is not merely the existence of the other two, if one exists amongst energy, motion or pressure, but also if one is created, the other two will also be created simultaneously.
3.3.3 Why should a mass attract another mass ?
Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. There is an attractive force between any pair of objects, whether they be the sun and the earth, the earth and a man, or a leaf and a grain of sand. In the case of spherical bodies of uniform density, the distance is measured from the centre of one sphere to the centre of the other, and is approximately applicable to planets. With his discovery of calculus, Newton proved that the mass of a symmetrical object of uniform density behaves under the law of universal gravitation exactly as if it were concentrated at the point of the object’s centre of the symmetry.
But the question is why should a non-living mass attract another non-living mass? Attraction between opposite poles of magnets, two oppositely charged particles or attraction between two living beings of opposite sex, is believed to be normal and natural. But the reason behind the attraction between two non-living things is not known yet, not even was known to Newton. Actually they do not attract, the reason behind their coming closer is not Newton’s gravity, but the postulates 2 and 5 (extended to postulate 9) mentioned above in section 3.2.1 in the very beginning. Briefly speaking, postulate 2 deals with a uniform circular motion, and postulate 5 concerns pressure particles which are causing the motion. But for a uniform circular motion there is a need of an inwardly directed force which will keep it in the circular path, which is provided by the pressure particles. Postulate 9 clearly states“in cases of orbiting around or falling to a point or for any motion in any direction, pressure particles push towards that point or to that direction”. This is applicable in every arena as per postulate 2. In section 3.222 more information is available. To understand the pressure particles one needs to start from the creation of the universe. But before that physicists are expected to have an idea about the limitations of human beings. Regarding‘life’,‘death’ and‘emotions’ of living things, limitations have already been mentioned in postulate 12, in section 3.3.1 and some discussion has already been done.. The following section (3.3.4.1) explains a simple mathematical limitation 3.3.4 Human perception, knowledge and thinking is limited, especially in an unlimited and infinite sphere
3.3.4.1 Zero and Infinity in mathematics
Mathematics is a useful and inseparable tool for science. But confusions, indefiniteness, lack of precision are observed in mathematics e.g.
(i) ½ +¼ + V8 + - , is said to be equal to 1. But strictly speaking, it is less than
1, by an amount (1/2 )n where n is infinitely large, but the term is not absolutely zero.
(ii) 0/0 and Q /QC are indeterminate.
(iii) 0, oc do not have single definite values
(iv) 3 x 0 should not be precisely = 0 ( is rather 3 times) and should not be precisely = 4 x 0
(v) 3 ÷ oc should not be precisely = 0 and should not be precisely = 4 ÷ oc. The latter should have a higher value
Such confusions, indefmiteness and lack of precision in simple mathematics in the regions close to 0 and oc, which means real infinity and nothing at all, suggest limitations in the handling capacity or imagination of human beings.
3.3.5 The creation of the Universe and the question of the Creator
3.3.5.1 The greater the knowledge, the greater inclination towards the Creator
Only two quotations of great Newton may largely explain the title of this sub-section. He said “in the absence of any other proof, the thumb alone would convince me of God’s existence” and “Atheism is so senseless. When I look at the solar system, I see the earth at the right distance from the sun to receive proper amounts of heat and light .This did not happen by chance”. Two opinions of another great, Einstein,“science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind”. and “We see a universe marvelously arranged, obeying certain laws, but we understand the laws only dimly. Our limited minds cannot grasp the mysterious force that sways the constellations.”, only strengthens that explanation. In the Holy Quran much emphasis has been given to acquire knowledge through research and understand the indications given therein on the creation (29 : 43-44, 27 : 75, 2: 269, 39 :9, 96 : 1-5, 67 : l0, 39 : 33, 20 : 114, 35 :28) and also in many Hadiths which can be found out from the internet.. It has been said in the the Holy Quran that everything seen or unseen is recorded there (27 : 75). But one has to do a lot of research work to understand those accurately. This is more so because, not a single word has been changed in the Holy Quran since its inception. Just by looking at the creation and the natural laws, one logically thinks about its creator. However, one may ask‘who created the creator’ In the Holy Quran the creator is the Almighty, which signifies the last conclusion on the question‘ creator first or the creation’, and with human limitation one does not yet have any other option but to accept the‘Almighty first’, because of the sense of the very word‘Almighty’ .The burden goes back to them who want to think otherwise, who are therefore required to disprove human limitations, especially the ones already mentioned above.
3.3.5.2 The Big Bang, the Universe and unification of the basic forces
In sub-sections 2.2.5, 2.2.7 to 2.2.11 of the Prior Art, reproduced on the basis of various text books and CERN document server with occasional mention of NASA’s endeavor and also from internet sources, a sizeable description of the Big Bang, the possible way, although still sketchy but what scientists believe, how the universe came into existence is given. A close look at them will reveal the incredibly great efforts of the scientists in finding some scientific basis on the unimaginably difficult subject of the creation of the universe. However, scientists could not yet say anything about what happened between 10-43 s and the moment the Big Bang happened, why and how all of a sudden the Big Bang happened, what is the size of the universe or what was there before the Big Bang. Scientists have not yet been able to unveil the mystery of matter- antimatter asymmetry Actually scientists tried to find or speculate scientifically on the basis of their present level of knowledge in physics (the theory that ties together the strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions, even though incomplete, permits a general picture to be sketched of what may well have happened) and thus tried go back as far as possible towards the moment of ‘Big Bang’, and tried to explain the formation of the universe, in relation to the assumed (along with other assumptions) energy level (kT, k Boltzmann constant), temperature and time. But the scientists have not yet tried to go beyond the infinity level and find primarily that the human perceptions especially with regard to 0, oc, life, death, destiny, time-less domain etc. are limited. The concept of ‘infinitely infinite’ and beyond are further beyond human imagination. The matter-antimatter asymmetry is the result of the enormous temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the ultra thin ‘crust’ within which the universe we think existed before the big bang, which also tore apart along with the interior. Scientists talked about the tearing of the‘interior’ (although very tentatively) and assumed the contents of the interior before and after the Big Bang and with the passage of time, to be everything generally at the same temperature, therefore did not foresee the ‘crust’ with enormous temperature difference. Relatively recent Big Bang cosmology, based on two rather quite tentative theories e.g. Hubble’s (Hubble’s early estimates were off by a factor of 10) law (together with his powerful telescope) and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (nothing is said about how the inventors became sure of seeing a remnant of the early universe of some 14 billion years ago, according to the scientists themselves), although gave some additional scientific thoughts to the Big Bang theory, but it still remains quite sketchy, although a few Nobel prizes have been awarded on the subject. In the general description of Big Bang, the statements like‘there is no before Big Bang’,‘there is no one side in Big Bang’ or‘space, time began from there’ are just said, without any due scientific reasoning or explanation. Internet sources speak of the space between the stars and galaxies to be largely empty. However, even places far from stars and planets contain scattered particles of dust or a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter. Space is also filled with radiation (e.g. light and heat), magnetic fields and high energy particles (e.g. cosmic rays). As already stated in section 3.2.3.1 with reference, there are indications in the Holy Quran like,‘creation of living things from water and in pairs and everything in pairs’, ‘ rotation, spinning and moving away of the innumerable number of celestial bodies without collision’, ‘a place to draw together that Newton misconceived as gravity’. Very briefly speaking, according to the Holy Quran, the creation started with a‘wish’ (the present invention includes all intangible emotions including wishes as‘pressures’, and pressure particles causing all kinds of motion and activities, and if human beings can stretch a wish to try to break boundaries, what imaginable limits the Almighty Creator’s‘wish’ can mean, one can only wonder at, if one believes in the Creator) of the Almighty Creator by forcible disintegration just by uttering the word “be” from (singularly nothing or an unimaginably small point of ) one entity of heavens and the earth in specified spelt out and relative timings. Both enlargement and restriction of the universe, the expansion of universe in general, creation without pillars (celestial bodies are subjected to circular acceleration, which does not require any pillar), inclusion of smoke, sky and space in between heaven and earth in true proportion in the design of the creation, creation of the whole universe in six relative days and earth in two relative days, are also mentioned in the Holy Quran as also stated in section 3.2.3.1, also with reference.
Scientists talk about black holes, the strangest objects in the Universe, as they put it, is a region of space, where matter has collapsed in on itself, wherefrom even light cannot escape, because of the fact that the gravitational pull of the region is so great, as result of a huge amount of mass being concentrated in an incredibly small area (Schwartzschild radius Rs = 2GM/c2). Recently, however, Hawkings, by proving the‘No Hair Theorem’ (black holes described by 3 quantities e.g. mass, angular momentum and electrical charge) mathematically, speculated the radiation from the black holes. He conceived a boundary just around the black hole, and then thought that the‘positive’ particles of the‘particle pairs’ may escape as radiation, while the‘negative’ particles, entering the black hole may contribute in annihilation process, which reduces the mass of the black hole, thus evaporating the whole mass of the black hole eventually. But no explanation is found why only negative or only positive particles of the‘particle pair’ will enter the black hole and not both the elements, unless it is again a‘head-head’ dice game in favor of Hawkings. Besides, the whole Black Hole concept including the Schwartzschild radius is built on Newton’s misconceived law of universal gravitation and the present invention strongly denies any such thing, therefore all such theories and concepts just‘evaporate’. This does not however, reject the possibility of accumulation of a huge amount of mass (as also the disintegration of the same, or reducing it by creating annihilation situation), in an arena, as a result of the pressure particles taking them there (by‘Special Creator particles’ as discussed in section 3.3.6), mainly to manage innumerable numbers of celestial bodies rotate, spin and recede or come closer without any collision, that too in the condition of constant change of physical (and even chemical) properties of the celestial bodies and even postulate 2 (if without pressure particles) , fails to explain the management of movement of celestial bodies without collision. Nevertheless, Great Hawkings will be remembered as one of the all time greatest humanly will- powered man of this planet who conquered his physical limitations and also for his great sayings, although not stated in this paper, but can be easily found from the internet. .
CERN claimed to have created the first atoms of antihydrogen - the antimatter counterpart of the simplest atom, hydrogen in 1995. Even then, in explaiing the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, ultimately played the dice game that too not‘head-tail’ but head-head’ game on the plea of a special kind of marble rolled across, in favor of excess matter that is expected to remain. Recently, scientists are introducing the concepts of dark matter and dark energy. It is said that the Galaxies in our universe are rotating with such speed that if the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together; they would have tom themselves apart long ago. The same is true of galaxies in clusters, which leads scientists to believe that something we cannot see is at work. They think something we have yet to detect directly is giving these galaxies extra mass, generating the extra gravity they need to stay intact. This strange and unknown matter is called“dark matter”. No one yet knows what dark matter is made of. Many scientists believe that most dark matter is some unknown subatomic (smaller than an atom) particle that interacts only very weakly with normal matter. It is believed that the universe is roughly 4% baryonic matter, 25% dark matter, and the rest dark energy. Dark energy appears to be associated with vacuum in space, but does not have any local gravitational effects, but rather a global effect on the universe as a whole. This leads to a repulsive force, which tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe.
Actually, the clause ‘Arena’ mentioned in postulate 2 (in section 3.2.1, along with other postulates) is missing in both Einstein’s relativity theories and also in Newton’s law of universal gravitation, besides the very unreasonable and unnatural thinking of attraction between bodies universally ( section 3.3.3). As already described in section 3.2.2.2, Newton with his over simplified formula jumped to the+ conclusion of unnatural‘universal’ gravitation, just from experimental data found in a limited sphere. His era was much before Hubble with a theory just opposite to Newton. With the advancement of science especially with measuring and detecting instruments to observe far distant places, Newton’s‘universal’ formula is proving inadequate, especially in other arenas (different from the earthly arena). Scientists are unnecessarity trying to salvage Newton’s universal law by introducing over speculated mysterious conceptions, as stated above (3.3.5.2). But even if Dark matter or Dark energy are realities, they lead to making every galaxy to‘somewhat black holes’, all the masses sticking together and withstanding the high rotational speed, and then, all such‘some what black holes’ would have crashed in trying to jumble together, in the absence of any ‘arena’. Therefore, scientists should better start thinking about how to stop attraction of celestial bodies because of misconceived‘universality’ of Newton’s law of gravitation instead, besides thinking of dark energy as only a repulsive force, on the plea of‘over imaginary and unexplained local and global effect’, which is again a‘head- head’ manipulating dice game. On the other hand, as already discussed (in section 3.2.3.1) without the‘arena’, Einstein’s‘curvature’ concept becomes meaningless, besides the concept of time domains and the manipulation in‘time dilation’ by Einstein, as discussed (in section 3.2.3.1), ends all his related theories in a fiasco.
On 4 July 2012, CERN through ATLAS and CMS experiments at its Large Hardon Collider, claimed to find a new particle , consistent to Higgs-Boson predicted by the Standard Model, with thousands of scientists, and by spending a huge amount of money. But the question is, the world does not know‘what for’, apart from winning a Nobel prize "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles”. The media was circulating that CERN was on the brink of finding the‘God particle’ Therefore it may not be very irrelevant to inquire into any achievement of CERN, whether it is closer to TOE or even TOE minus gravitation (GUTs)..
3.3.6 The vital question of why bodies come closer or orbit, spin and move apart (expand) or move in a group(cluster) or assemble in a big mass and the role of pressure particles
Newton’s misconceived law of universal gravitation does not give any answer to any question or any part thereof to the above mentioned title. Einstein sidetracked by introducing the concept of ‘curvature’, which accepts Newton’s law in disguise. Moreover, curvature without an‘arena’ as mentioned in postulate 2 is meaningless, apart from the little effect of curvature in the sphere of infinity. Evidently, by this statement, the concept of‘pressure’ has already been introduced in one of the forms in this specified context; and postulates 2 and 5 (extended to postulate 9) together are expected to largely explain the above mentioned title (as will be more evident as the discussion progresses). Therefore both the postulates need to be further explained. Briefly speaking, postulate 2 deals with a uniform circular motion and postulate 5 concerns pressure particles which are causing the motion.
Newton’s misconceived law of universal gravitation needed to import assumptions like Dark Matter (observable matter could not possibly held them together at the speed they rotate), and Dark Energy (a repulsive force which does not have any local gravitational effects, to try to explain expansion of the universe). In Postulate 2, although a circular motion is mentioned, it is evidently not strictly circular, because of the variable distance‘r’ (x, y, z, and t), not necessarily in the same plane(s). In a hydraulic press, a 50-kg lady can lift two 3 l60-kg Cadillac cars with the help of pressure charisma or mechanical advantage may be achieved through gear or lever arrangement, but there will be no energy gain. But, from the subsequent discussions, starting from the important topic of‘Work, Energy, Pressure and Motion’ (in the light of postulates 2, 3, 6,7 and 9) given in section in section 3.3.6.1, a different horizon will start, and will lead ultimately to the creation of energy, the title and vital objective of this invention
Pressure particles, responsible for any motion, are broadly classified into ‘scientifically understood’, ‘scientifically not explained’ and ‘Special Creator particles’. ‘Scientifically understood’ pressure particles, as the name signifies, are those which involve a pressure phenomenon that is known to the scientists, e.g. pressure known as force per unit area. One can however ask what business does the very word‘particle’ have here, and will be made clear as we proceed.‘Scientifically not explained’ particles, again as the name signifies, are those which involves a pressure phenomenon that is yet not known or very clear to the scientists, e.g. human beings do many works under the pressure of emotions and desire as mentioned in sub-section 3.3.2 and the present invention boldly denies the‘conservation of energy axiom’, Newton’s law of universal gravitation, Einstein’s theories based on manipulated time dilation and other related subjects already discussed.. Lastly, ‘Special Creator particles’ are those which involves a pressure phenomenon that fulfills the special desires of the Creator e.g. creation of the universe, demolition of the same and again rebirth of it ( 21 : 104) etc. Although, scientists have already started speaking of Doomsday if the average density p of the universe becomes greater than its critical density [(pc= (3H2) / (8pO)], where H is Hubble’s parameter, given by v = Hr, where v is the outward velocity of a galaxy and r is its radius. Again, all the broadly classified‘pressure particles’, already named as ‘NH Particles’ in an international application (WIPO), are essentially‘creator particles’, since movement of all the celestial bodies are managed by the Creator and no collision occurs ( 21 :33, 36:40, 55 : 5, 51 :47, 31 : l0), or one might say, according to yet dimly known (in Einstein’s words) natural laws to the scientists, and therefore it is a matter of known or yet unknown, signifying crossing over to the other classification, once or if a thing becomes known from the unknown zone.
A bird returns to its nest in the earthly‘arena’, unless it could fly upwards with a velocity greater than the escape velocity (which can be experimentally found) of the earthy arena, or a man comes back to the earth when he just jumps upwards. Postulate 2, includes every particle with mass or mass-less, matter/antimatter, living or non-living things even souls, planets, stars, galaxies or the known universe. Souls of living beings are not left out while their bodies move with the earth. Likewise, the photons of light or antimatters are not left out. However whether light takes the earthly geodesic path as Einstein suggested based on Newton’s misconceived law, needs to be verified again. Since light travels in all directions from a source, the mere fact that a volume is lighted up does not necessarily mean it is taking an earthly geodesic path within an arena, it may be the case of continuous photons coming out of a light source, deceiving our human perception level to appear continuous to us as in the case of movies.
One can tie a mass to the end of a piece of string and whirl it around in a horizontal circle. A layman understands that innumerable number of celestial bodies cannot be put in motion so that one does not collide with any other, in this way. One can propose that the celestial bodies may be put in motion with some sort of magnetic pressure. A better proposition, but it does not seem scientifically intelligent. The present invention talks so much about‘pressure’, and every particle associated with a‘pressure particle’ seems to be a bright proposition, once one comes to know and understand that pressure creates energy, which the present invention is mainly about.
At this stage, it is not surprising, if one preconceives that, this invention of creation of energy will talk about‘Creator’ and/or‘Creator particles’ and end up with nothing substantial as far as creation of energy is concerned, in the eyes of‘scientists’, especially in the back-drop of many already cited Quranic verses and the experience of the Head-Head dice game by CERN and Hawkings. .But this is not the case. In fact, the present invention gives a solution to the almost ‘unimaginable’ creation of energy, with the already known phenomenon and laws of nature, to the scientists. One can simply say it is‘from known to an unimaginable target achieved’ .
3.3.6.1 Work, Energy, Pressure and Motion’ (in the light of postulates 2, 3, 6,7 and 9)
Very simply and very briefly speaking, energy (E) is the ability to do work (W). W = Force (F) x displacement (d), F = Mass (m) x Acceleration (a). If the discussion is limited to straight line displacement, since both E and W are concerned with displacement, which means movement (motion) through a distance. Ordinarily, one cannot think of any motion of mass-less things, besides kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the velocity, as is a uniform circular motion with an acceleration (an inwardly directed push) in postulate 2. Therefore, there is no harm in the inclusion of Energy (Kinetic) in Pressure-Motion Equivalence (PME) Theory as Energy(kinetic)-Pressure-Motion Equivalence (EPME) Theory, and in equating E = W = mad. Since, if there is a motion, there must be a net pressure present, as also an amount of energy is spent for the displacement. Whereas, if there is no motion, there is no pressure or the net pressure is zero and there is no displacement and there is no kinetic energy spent (unless there is a barrier resisting the movement, and the pressure remains as active latent pressure). Work could have been included too, but work bears a different definition of displacement e.g. if a mass takes a different path other than the straight line, even then the line joining the starting and the final point will be considered as the displacement. Therefore, in the case of the displacement not being a straight line, the work done and the energy spent may not be the same, besides we do not have much business with the term work, in finding a solution to create energy.
Now, if the objective is just to displace a mass‘nf through a distance‘d’, the equation E = W = mad suggests that if there is no hurry i.e. acceleration‘a’ is negligible, both E and W will also be negligible, as in case of frictionless horizontal displacement. Although, by applying a sizeable force for a negligible time, the displacement may be achieved in a quick time, also by spending a negligible energy. But in case of displacement against a force e.g. going upwards against Newton’s misconceived gravity or an inwardly directed push in an arena, E will be equal to ‘mgd’ according to Newton. The value of‘a’ in case of inwardly directed push in an arena is possible to be found out experimentally, and is expected to be equal to‘g’, but in a different context within the‘earthly arena’ as per postulate 2, and also boldly rejecting the attraction of non-living or non-magnetic or not oppositely charged bodies as discussed in section 3.3.3, besides the limitation of .Newton’s law in respect of the questions raised in section 3.3.6. The reason behind equal values of ‘a’ and‘g’ in the earthly arena, lies in the fact that Newton did not deduce the formula of misconceived universal gravitation theoretically, but from the experimental findings and some assumptions as already mentioned in section 32 22 Since the numerical values of‘a’ and‘g’ are the same in the earthly arena, they will be loosely used in the present invention.
3.3.6.2 Clues
Clue(s) are often needed for a scientific discovery.
Clue 01 Equation Έ = W = mad’ does not have any‘time’ factor in it directly
In this invention of creating energy, the equation Έ = W = mad’, gives the first clue, if one notices very closely, the term ‘mad’ does not have any ‘time’ factor directly, as already discussed above along with its general significance. However, its usefulness will be more clear, as we proceed..
Clue 02 ‘Sudden blast of an imaginably big entity within an unimaginably small size
enclosure’ suggests an unimaginable pressure requirement indicating essentiality of pressure for any movement
Most Scientists and astronomers believe that the Universe began in a Big Bang with a sudden explosion. At that time, the entire Universe was inside a primordial fireball of ultra-small size (some say that the size was thousands of times smaller than a pinhead). In the Holy Quran, creation of the universe has been described in many verses which very briefly can be stated that the creation started with a‘wish’ (2 : 117) of the Almighty Creator by forcible Disintegration (21 : 30) just by uttering the word“be” from (singularly nothing or an unimaginably small point of ) one entity of heavens and the earth. In both these scientific and Quranic statements (two among many others already stated), one thing (among these two statements only) is common, e.g.‘sudden blast of an imaginably big entity within an unimaginably small sized enclosure’, which suggests an imaginably high pressure requirement for that blast, which is evident from the requirement of pressure for the blast of a simple hand grenade (until and unless the required pressure is developed within the grenade, it will not explode and there will not be any movement), thus giving the second clue that pressure is essentially important for any movement.
Clue 03 Two specialties of a fluid
In any college level physics text book, it is stated that‘at constant depth, the pressure exerted by the fluid is the same, in all directions’ and is given by hpg, and it is true irrespective of size and shape of the container (Fig. 3) where the fluid is kept. But in no text book, the reason behind the ‘same pressure’ in irregular shaped containers is given. The reason lies in the fact that the most minimum ‘unsupported’ cross section becomes the effective cross section, even if the unsupported cross sections do not fall in a straight line. Again, buoyancy is projected as a property of a fluid. Two equal masses connected by a light string passing over a light pulley with negligible friction in its bearings also remain at rest at any position, each balancing the other, apparently in weightless condition. A body needs to be immersed in a liquid for the upward thrust, which itself signifies that the liquid does not have the property of so called ‘buoyancy’ of its own, it is the net outcome of Newton’s misconceived gravity or an inwardly directed push in an arena as per postulate 2. However, one of the two specialties of a fluid lies in its very definition, it can flow and alter its shape to conform to the outline of its container. The other being Pascal's principle, the pressure applied at one point in an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the walls of the container naturally. These two specialties are very important for the present invention.
Clue 04 It is pressure and not necessarily force, which is the driving agent for any mechanical motion
Fluid flows from high pressure to low pressure. If a glass of water, connected through a tube with the ocean, is placed at a higher altitude, water flows from the glass to the ocean. Heat flows from high temperature to low temperature. Electricity flows from higher E.M.F to lower E.M.F. A huge lOOOAh (6V) battery cannot charge a tiny battery of 9V ( but only 0.3 Ah). The lady by putting only a 50kg load, can lift two Cadillac cars (3 l60kg), by a hydraulic press (Fig. 7), where the radius of the smaller and larger pistons are l.5cm and l2cm respectively (Fig. 7). Hydraulic press works on Pascal’s law. Pascal’s law holds for liquids as well as for gases, with some minor modifications due to a change in the volume of a gas when the pressure is changed. The examples given here occur because of the pressure charisma in liquids and gases and are perhaps known to us all.
In order to examine what happens in the case of solids, Fig. 7 is referred to again to have a much closer look to what happens in case of liquids first. Since the diameters of the smaller and the larger pistons are (1.5 x 2) cm and (12 x 2) cm respectively, a load of 50 kg on the smaller platform will be able to balance the load of 3200 kg [ = 50Kg x (24/3)2] on the larger platform when the pressure in the left wing [(50kg x 9.81)/{(p /4) x 32}] will become equal to the pressure in the right wing [(3200kg x 9.81 )/ { ( p /4) x 242}]. If any load less than 3200 kg, e.g. two Cadillac cars is (3160 kg) placed on the larger piston, the smaller piston will start coming down, and the larger piston will start rising. But, if any load larger than 3200 kg is placed on the larger piston, the reverse action will take place, i.e. 3200 kg load starts descending, while the 50 kg load starts rising. The descending-ascending action will take place, on the basis of higher or lower pressure, unless the pressure becomes equal in both the wings. However, if the pressure difference is small, more time will be required, but from the energy point of view (clue 1) that does not matter, if the goal is just to push the mass upwards. It is important to note that, since the medium of transmission of pressure, just discussed, is liquid, and a liquid can adjust itself to the shape of the container (Clue 3), such a pressure transmission can take place in liquids (and gases). Another important thing that is to be noted is that the ascending-descending action i.e. motion, takes place because of the pressure difference and not because of the loads (forces) on the platforms (a 50Kg load lifts the 3 l60Kg load). So pressure (not necessarily force) is the driving agent for any kind of linear mechanical movement, at least in case of fluids, which is proven here. However, if the medium of transmission is replaced by a solid, such a transmission cannot take place, since in solids, the molecules are so rigidly bound together, the shape of the solid block cannot be changed ordinarily and the question of such ascending or descending volume does not arise. However, through a lever or gear arrangement a‘rotational pressure’ is created and a mechanical advantage can be achieved, but the utilization of such an advantage for getting more work by spending much reduced energy is yet to be found out, which hints at possible utilization of liquid medium until such time to achieve the goal of the present invention. Moreover, there are other kinds of pressure other than linear mechanical or rotational pressure, both tangible and intangible responsible for all kinds of activities or work as already mentioned in section 3.3.2, which are yet unexplored in this respect. But even if all kinds of pressures cannot be included with proof for a general Energy(kinetic)- Pressure-Motion Equivalence theory, the proven fact of‘pressure and not necessarily force is the driving agent for any kind of linear mechanical motion’ suggests a step forward towards that theory. However a brief discussion on the tangible mechanical rotational pressure in that light will be done in clue 09.
Clue 05: Close look at the laws of motion as claimed by Newton
Since‘Energy’ is parentally related with‘motion’, the present invention of creation of energy essentially requires to have a close look at laws of motion as claimed by Newton.
Redundancy of first law
With the introduction of Newton's second law of motion, Newton's first law becomes redundant. It is clear from Newton's second law that, in the absence of net force, there cannot be any acceleration (or retardation) and zero acceleration means a constant velocity (including zero velocity) which is essentially the first law of motion as claimed by Newton..
Second law needs to be re-casted in the light of‘pressure and not necessarily force is the driving agent for motion’
The second law of motion as claimed by Newton projects as if force causes the movement, but in reality ‘pressure and not necessarily force is the driving agent’ for any kind of linear mechanical motion as already explained above, which requires the law to be re-casted in that light.
Third law does not have any scientific basis.
In contemporary physics books, in trying to explain third law of motion as claimed by Newton i.e. 'To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction', it is often said that forces come in pairs, these are equal in magnitude and oppositely directed, and act on different bodies and therefore do not cancel each other. It is said that, if a hammer exerts a force on a nail, the nail exerts an equal but oppositely directed force on the hammer.
Now, even if Newton’s misconceived‘universal’ law of gravitation is applied to two different bodies, then, one attracts the other body with a force of the same magnitude but oppositely directed, but not as a reaction to each other, as the third law of motion claims. Both the forces are action forces, neither of them is a reaction force, and both remain, by acting on different bodies. Both the forces act under the same principle of the misconceived law of universal gravitation, since both are bodies. In the case of exerting a force on a nail, if hand muscle power is associated with the hammer, the matter becomes an impulse one, and is dealt with in the second law of motion.. The muscle power is altogether a different force from the misconceived universal gravitational force. Had it not been so, the painter on a platform (Fig. 8) could not have lifted the platform by remaining wholly inside the platform. The generator inside the painter to supply muscle power, does not come under the purview of said ‘universal’ gravitational law or any natural force. Again, there is no scientific basis given to signify that the forces occur in pairs. A particle is simply said to attract every other particle in the universe, and every other particle is also said to attract every other particle.
An example of reactionary force is friction .It is a non-continuous passive force and acts only when a body wants to penetrate through or pass over a surface. Therefore, a frictional force is essentially a reactionary force, it acts when a force disturbs it.
In order to explain a body of mass‘m’ apparently resting on the earth's surface (or on the table, the table resting on the earth's surface), the third law as claimed by Newton is often applied to illustrate the force balance. It is said that the weight of the body (mg) is encountered by a normal force (N), which is said to act normally to the earth's surface of contact outwardly, resisting the body from sinking into earth's surface. The component of the said gravitational force perpendicular to the surface is said to be opposed by an equal but opposite normal force, if the body is not to sink into the surface. Therefore, the normal force is nothing but an imaginary force, opposing the said gravitational pull (or any other force applied to the surface) and resisting the body from sinking into the earth's surface (or any other surface) normally.
In reality, a man standing on the earth’s surface does not sink into the earth’s surface not as a result of either the earth’ pulling the man or the man pulling the earth (as a consequence of misconceived universal gravitation), but because of the‘obstruction’ (friction) of the earth’s soil, and there is no need to import any fictitious or imaginary force, such as‘normal force’ to satisfy the force balance on the idea of an equilibrium condition, since they are not at rest and are moving. Neither of the action forces, as a result of the misconceived gravitational force between man and the earth is balanced by any kind of fictitious force and remains as‘latent forces’ as discussed in clue 6, which keeps them on continuously trying to penetrate into each other as a result of misconceived gravitational force or an inwardly directed push in an arena (postulate 2 of the present invention). .
An experiment can be performed on the question of‘attraction between bodies’ and Newton’s third law of motion. Two balls of masses mi and m2 are placed on a frictionless table at a distance ‘d’ apart. According to Newton, two normal forces Ni and N2 respectively will neutralize the effects of gravitation of the two masses, reducing the attractive forces between the two masses remaining, to move with acceleration towards each other. Since the gravitational constant is very small, it will take a long time to cover the distance‘d’, in spite of both accelerating to each other separately and in spite of the fact that the acceleration does not depend on own mass and in spite of the fact that, the closer they are, greater is the force of attraction (inversely varying with the square of the distance between the two), needing calculus to find the solution. But one can wait up to eternity before the two bodies meet. NASA, CERN or any other science body can try this experiment. However, one may raise a question, whenever a ball will try to move to the other, new gravitational pull will be there which has to overcome the obstruction (friction of the table, although it has already been assumed frictionless), but that is not supposed to have any effect being at right angle to the table surface (since the radius of earth is incomparably large), besides new‘normal’s will be there for the neutralization.
Clue 06 The concept of‘Latent Work’ and‘Latent Energy’
If a constant force F is exerted on an object, causing it to move a distance x, parallel to F then the work W done by the force is defined to be the product of the magnitude of the force, times the distance through which it acts as the object is moved. Only the component of force that is parallel to the displacement contributes to the work. From the point of view of physical science, it is essential that the force must move the object. As long as Atlas (Fig. 5) held the earth stationary or the man is holding the weight at a fixed height (Fig.4), neither of them does any work in the strict definition of work.
Energy is defined by saying "Energy is the ability to do work". The energy of motion is called kinetic energy, while potential energy can be thought of as stored energy and is available to be converted into work or some other form of energy.
It is correct to state that the task of holding the weight at a fixed height h (Fig. 4), could be accomplished by tying the rope at a fixed point. But it does not matter, who or how the task is accomplished, as long as it is accomplished. Atlas (Fig. 5) is holding the earth at a fixed height h, then there is no way of distinguishing between his (Atlas's) big task and the man’s holding a small mass at the same height (Fig. 4). Again, if it is required to raise the earth or the small mass, each to a further height of d, then Atlas needs to work an amount that is equal to (weight of earth x d), while the man's need is (weight of small mass x d) only. Moreover, if Atlas, or the man or the tied rope refused to do their earlier tasks of holding the respective weights, the weights had to be raised through a whole distance of (h + d), instead of d only. Actually, by holding the weights to a height h , they are doing some useful tasks, they are preserving or saving work, which is equal to (weight x h), which is again similar and equal to potential energy. Such useful tasks, although, not‘work’ in the strict sense, may be termed as potential work, preserved work or latent work , similar to stored energy in case of potential energy. The potential work is lost in case one refuses to accomplish that task, the question though of refusal does not arise in case of potential energy. One can however say that potential energy is the result of Latent or potential work.
If the frictional force between the box of books (20 Kg) and the table is 78N, and if a horizontal force of 50 N is applied in the direction shown in Fig. 6, the box of books remains stationary. It also remains stationary even with a horizontal pull of 70N. But, if a force of 100N is applied, the box accelerates at the rate of l. lm/Sec2. The 50N or the 70N horizontal forces, although they could not move the box of books at all, are not useless. An addition of 50N or 30N forces respectively, to these earlier forces could accelerate the box at the rate of l.lm/sec2. A whole of 100N force would have been needed, if any of these forces (e.g. 50N or 30N) were not there. Such a force, which only needs to be strengthened with the addition of a balance force, to perform a desired job can be classed as an‘unsung potential’ force or‘latent’ force.
The force with which a man pushes a brick-wall anchored to the earth, does not come under the purview of the said gravitational force or any other natural force. However, until the man can push hard enough to tilt the wall, all his efforts will remain as‘latent force’ as long as he keeps on pushing. But in no case, his push is balanced by any kind of force such as‘normal force’ or any‘reaction force’, since the wall cannot offer any push of its own like the man, except the misconceived gravitational force or an inwardly directed push in an arena, that also being obstructed by frictional force. In this case, one additional force, i.e. the man’s muscle power will be added to the said gravitational force or an inwardly directed push in an arena obstructed by frictional force, in determining the resultant position and movement of the concerned bodies.
In the case of a mass suspended by a string over a pulley, and the string being fixed to the earth’s surface, is not a case of free fall, but an artificial arrangement, where both the earth’s pull on the mass and the mass’s pull on the earth (as a result of misconceived gravitational force or an inwardly directed push in an arena) are artificially communicated through the string, and they remain, causing tension in the string, which is not balanced by any kind of normal force or reaction force, but the forces remain as‘latent forces’. However, if a man holds the string instead of fixing it to the earth, the man does some‘latent work’, which is equal to the potential energy of the mass at that height and should not be confused as a action-reaction phenomenon. The latent force is not balanced by any kind of fictitious force such as normal force or by any action-reaction phenomenon according to the third law of motion as claimed by Newton. On the contrary they are extremely useful forces in practice which we shall observe as we progress and we will gradually understand why the so called action-reaction phenomenon is perhaps one of the most costly mistakes in the history of science.
Clue 07 Coupling and Decoupling of Force in a negligible net force
Referring to fig.10, two equal masses (1, 2) are connected by a light string (7) passing over a pulley (6). They remain in any position, each balancing the other. As long as the masses are connected by the string, they are said to be in coupled condition. The masses can be de-coupled, by simply cutting (5) the string. The left (1) and right (2) masses will fall down through a distance of di (3) and d2 (4) respectively. The masses (1, 2) can be coupled again with the addition of an additional string of (di+ d2) length. The masses may be coupled with the old string, by lifting the masses to their previous positions. The example given so far, is rather a crude mechanism of coupling and de-coupling. Depending on the requirements, electrical, mechanical, electro-mechanical coupling and/or de-coupling mechanisms are used by considering the advantages and/or disadvantages in each individual case.
Referring to fig.11, a U-tube (1), filled with liquid (4), is fitted with a key K (3). With the key open, the liquid will maintain an equal level (2) in both legs. The cross-sectional area on both sides of the key is equal. If the liquid pressure on both sides is also equal with the same liquid height, the net force (N) acting normally on the sliding key K, used for opening the cross-section becomes zero. The frictional force F& = mN will also become zero. In such a negligible net force condition, the opening and closing of the key will hardly consume any energy. The key could be a sliding key or simply a non-return valve. In the latter case, the key does not allow the liquid to back flow. The key K, evidently does the job of coupling or de-coupling of the liquid pressure of two sides of the tube. In case, the net force acting normally on the sliding key is not negligible, e.g. in case of different liquid levels with key in closed position, proper combination of materials are needed to be chosen for low coefficient of friction, in order to minimize the energy required for the operation of the key. It is however to be noted that a little bit of opening of the key makes the pressure on both sides equal quickly, and therefore opening of the rest part of the key can be done in net negligible pressure condition.
Clue 08 Virtual transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force)
It is conventionally true, an amount of 'mgh' energy is at least needed to raise a mass 'rri to an altitude of 'h' generally. Therefore, different ways are needed to be searched to do the job, at the cost of lesser energy. Referring to fig.12, one can think of using a pulley (5) to pull the mass 'rri (1) up by another mass 'rri (2) through a height 'h' (3). But, every time a mass 'rri (2) must be placed at that altitude 'h' (4) to do the job, it in itself requires an energy of mgh each time, thus frustrating the cause. Referring to fig.13, one can think of a light container (3) of height 'f (4) at a depth 'h' (2) [h»t] within a reservoir (1), filled with a liquid. The container (3) is there to collect the waste from a generator (6), run by the fall of liquid from height 'h'. But, when the container gets filled with mass 'rri (waste from generator), an amount of 'mgf (roughly) energy will at least be required to pull the container above the liquid level of the reservoir. However, if a hole is made at the bottom of the container, after it gets filled with the waste, then practically no energy will be required to pull the container filled with the liquid, with a hole at the bottom. But, to place the empty container (hole repaired) down to a depth 'h' again, to collect the next installment of the waste from the generator, will involve at least an amount of 'mgh' energy, again frustrating the cause.
Now, instead of actual transfer of mass through the whole altitude 'h', in one stroke, the virtual transfer schemes can be thought of, which are explained below :
Nine identical balls, occupying 1-9 places (lOth place lying vacant), all sticking to the next ball in a line as shown in position (a) in fig.14, are placed. All the nine balls together are shifted to the right side [position (b)] through a distance 'd' by a little push (11) in the direction of the arrow.. Therefore place no. 1 falls empty and place no. 10 gets a ball. Initially place no. 1 had a ball and place no. 10 was empty. Since all the nine balls are identical with no marking, it appears that the ball at place no. 1 has been shifted to place no. 10, while the empty place of place no. 10 seems to have traveled to place no. 1, although neither the ball nor the empty place, has actually traveled all the distance of 9d, the actual distance between places 1 and 10. Such an apparent transfer may be classed as virtual transfer.
Referring to fig.13, the above mentioned trick of virtual transfer may be applied again in transferring the waste liquid in the container and thereafter creating an empty space at a depth h (2) in the reservoir (1). Every time the container (3) is filled up by the waste of the generator (6), a little push through a distance 't‘ (4) [h»t] may be thought of being applied on the liquid in the container (3), instead of the whole altitude 'h' so that an equivalent amount reaches the liquid level of the reservoir. Although the liquid in the container would travel through a distance 't' only.
At the very outset, one can say that transferring balls horizontally in a frictionless floor practically requires no energy. The case of lifting a mass upwards, is a quite different story. Therefore, the case of virtual transfer of mass upwards must be examined thoroughly.
Solid masses require artificial means like pulley with strings to transmit the pull in other directions. But, through liquids, pressure can be transmitted in all directions, naturally. Besides, the waste from the generator is also a liquid. Therefore, liquid medium may be tried at first, to examine the workability of virtual transfer of mass upwards. Understandably, heavy, non- compressible, non-viscous, ordinary temperature conditioned liquid is preferable. Referring to fig.9, by applying a force Fa, over a piston, having a cross-sectional area Aa, in the left leg, through downward distance of da from the equilibrium liquid level in the left leg, an amount of db A by volume of liquid may be raised above the equilibrium liquid level in the right leg of a U-tube, through an altitude db . Now,
Volume dbAb = Volume daAa . (1)
Fa x da = [(Ab .db)pg] x db . (2) [Since, work done in the left leg must be equal to the work done in the right leg.]
Therefore, Fa = (pg Aa) db . (3) from equations (1) and (2)
From the equation (3) above, it is clear that force Fa is equivalent to liquid height 'db' on the piston of cross-section Aa, and that the force raises the liquid in the right leg through a height of 'db'. This signifies that equal heights of liquid are still maintained (neglecting the mass and thickness of the piston), in spite of using the piston in applying the force in the left leg of a U- tube having different cross sectional areas in the legs. This suggests a clue that, if the right leg is cut to the initial equilibrium level, and a light and thin liquid-tight piston is placed over the equilibrium level in the long left leg , and liquid is poured to the height 'f in the left leg, then the piston will come down through a distance 't' forcing an equivalent amount of liquid (height 't', cross-section Aa) to pass through the cut right leg, while an equivalent amount from the bottom most part of the left-leg will be shifted to the right. This further suggests that, if the piston (light and thin) is placed just above a height 'f from the bottom of the left leg, pouring liquid to the height 'f over the equilibrium level in the left leg (right leg cut to that level), then the piston will come down through a distance 't' forcing the liquid underneath it to be shifted to the right while an equivalent amount will come out from the top of the right leg.
Referring to fig.15, the above signifies the virtual transfer of mass 'm' (9) at any clear depth 'h' (5) transferred over that height by a net energy of mgt (h»t), instead of mgh.. Although the finding is encouraging, a major job still remains to be done i.e. creating an empty space at the bottom of the left leg of that volume (t x Aa), which involves the task of lifting the piston along with the liquid height (h + t) through a distance 't' (7), thus requiring an amount of energy more than mgh, yet creating another problem. The solution of the problem will be dealt in the following section(s).
Clue 09 A closer look at Normal and Frictional Forces, Concepts of rotational pressure and receding and closing in different arenas of different space-time domains, Energy(kinetic)-
Pressure-Motion Equivalence, Sequential Work, ETniversally usable Over-unity Coefficient of
Performance, utilization of net pressure, latent pressure/ force, need for new definition of pressure, and use of new terms relating to efficiency, latent pressure/force, friction, UOCP, pressure particles (nh particles) and EPME
This invention is only in the look out for prospective natural forces and to know the forces which are likely to oppose them, specially the hidden (non-obvious) force like the frictional force. Therefore it is pertinent to have a closer look on the frictional and normal forces (if any). Friction is considered to be a force, acting always opposite to the motion. Static frictional force automatically adjusts itself, both in magnitude and direction, to cancel, exactly whatever force is applied for the motion, up to a certain limit. Once that limit is crossed, the body starts moving and experiences kinetic friction.
Frictional force is due to the bonding of the molecules between the surfaces in very close contact, and is proportional to the microscopic area of contact. When the motion starts, the molecular bonds are continuously made and broken and small pieces of surfaces are broken off. Experimentally it is found that kinetic friction is less than static friction.
The above description is a common sense expectation. The more the pressure is applied between the surfaces as a result of said‘weight’ or tightness of the pistons within the cylinders, larger is the microscopic area of contact and greater is the friction. Actually, it is the microscopic penetration between the surfaces which needs to be overcome, if motion is required. While in motion, the surfaces get lesser time (chance) to be penetrated. This is why kinetic friction is experimentally found lesser than the static friction.
To understand simply, friction is the obstruction to be overcome (penetration between the surfaces in close contact under pressure), as such‘obstruction’ would have been a better word in place of ‘friction’, to represent and explain the phenomenon meaningfully. The word ‘obstruction’ is also analogous to‘reluctance’ and‘resistance’ in magnetic and electrical circuits respectively.
Again, friction is a non-continuous, passive, reactionary and retarding force, since it acts only to retard when a body moves or wants to move as a result of the applied force. These properties, more particularly that‘it automatically adjusts itself to the force applied’ a compromise to active forces, signifies that it is not a real force, and the term‘obstruction’ looks more appropriate.
A few ideas or thoughts are put forward before any further discussion on the other topics of this section :
(a) Pressure (and not necessarily force) is the driving agent for any kind of tangible mechanical motion, if pressure can be given a meaningful generalized definition other than force per unit area.
(b) There must be some high-energy pressure particles‘NH’, which is common to all basic forces in nature.
(c) The ETniversally usable Over-unity Coefficient of performance (UOCP) is a reality, which opens the gate for obtaining free energy.
Having been satisfied that pressure is the driving agent for any linear mechanical movement (clue 04), it is time for examining the rotational movements. An equal arm balance (Fig. 2), balances two equal conventional weights. The unequal arm balance can balance unequal conventional weights if the torque on both sides is equal i.e. wi x li= w2 x l2, where wi and w2 are the unequal conventional weights (wi>w2), hung from the unequal arms U and l2 (li < l2) respectively.
The torque‘x’about point Ό’ is defined as t = r F sin Q, where‘r’ is the magnitude of the displacement from the axis to the point of application of the force F and Q is the angle between the direction of the force and the direction of‘r’. The formula of torque can be rewritten as t = Ft .r, where Ft is the tangential component of F to r . Therefore, the ability of Ft to rotate the body depends not only on its magnitude but also on how far it is from it, and thus force F, is applied. Evidently, the torque is not a force, but a quantity, measuring how effectively a force causes rotation. In the text books, a torque tending to produce counterclockwise motion is taken as positive and if clockwise it is negative But observing a thing counterclockwise (let inwardly directed to the observer), or clockwise (outwardly directed) depends on wherefrom one looks at it. Therefore it is possible to observe a torque positive (inwardly) from one arena (in one space- time domain r,x,y,z,t), but negative (outwardly directed) from a different arena (in another space-time domain ri,xi,yi,zi,ti,). What Hubble, from the planet earth, observed of receding of celestial bodies, are from different arenas. However, as already stated towards the end of section 3.2.2.2, it is not an easy job, to find a formula regarding movement of innumerable number of celestial bodies that too with continuously changes in them, so that they do not collide with each other - certainly not a simple formula like Newton’s law of‘universal’ gravitation. Like from the earthly planet, it is possible to observe inwardly and outwardly directed motion from other planets or celestial bodies as well. Newton did not know about the expansion of the celestial bodies, but the present scientists know about it, but still they are unnecessarily trying to salvage Newton’s misconceived law of‘universal’ gravitation by trying to introduce over imaginary and unscientific/unrealistic explanations as already stated. The torque which is responsible for rotational motion, can be viewed as a mechanical ‘rotational pressure’. In case of linear mechanical movement, pressure is equal to F/A, and in case of rotational pressure, it is Ft.r ( Fir), where Ft is the tangential component of F to r and r is the distance from the axis of rotation. Again, as per postulate 5, pressure particles or named‘NH particles’ cause all kinds of motion and activities, therefore produce the torques too.
Since postulate 2 includes every particle, mass or mass-less, matter-antimatter, even souls etc., additional postulate(s) are needed which together with postulate 2, may cover both tangible and intangible pressures. Postulate 5, a broad postulate, concerns all kinds of motion and activities, thus serves this purpose. However, if mechanical pressure can be given a meaningful definition to cater both to linear and rotational movements, it may be quite likely found that mechanical pressure (not necessarily force) is the driving agent for any kind of mechanical movement, the exercise of which is not an essential subject matter of this invention. As far as this invention is concerned, we are satisfied with linear motion only. Although, it is expected that any meaningful broad definition of pressure and its relation with all kinds of movement, will open the gate to find high energy pressure particles (NH) and many more sub-particles, different from Higgs- Boson (does not cover intangible pressures or the functions of‘ Special Creator Particles’ ) of standard model or so called graviton (since non-living, not magnetic, not oppositely charged or having opposite properties bodies do not attract each other, there is no chance of finding graviton) common to all the natural forces in the universe.
The Coefficient of Performance (c.p.) of a refrigerator is given (Fig. 1) by Qc/W = Qc/( Qh - Qc) = TC/(T h-Tc). Thus, a refrigerator having a c.p. 6, working in a room temperature of 30°C, can obtain as low as (-)l3°C. A refrigerator, working in reverse Carnot Cycle, puts work into the system and transfers heat from a low temperature to a higher one. The higher the c.p., the less the work is needed for the operation of the refrigerator. Although the purpose of the refrigerator is served with least possible work as a result of higher c.p., it is of no use for the purposes of obtaining free energy.. In US patent No : 3990245, the energy converter device claims to obtain a cost-free energy of 1.05KW, utilizing the environmental heat energy at 70° F, and has an extremely high coefficient of performance (although overall energy conversion efficiency is only 40%). This patent’s claims of c.p. is very useful, but not universally usable, since a high environmental temperature is required for the system to work
In US patent No. 6362718, the motionless electromagnetic generator, claims to have a c.p. of 3.4. But this c.p. is not real, since the de-magnetization of the permanent magnets inside the generator has not been taken into account, besides the workability of the energy converter as claimed needs to be examined..
A universally usable over-unity c.p. is required to build an apparatus for obtaining free energy.
‘Clue 8’ illustrates that a mass‘m’, at any clear depth‘h’, may be virtually transferred over that height of‘h’ by a net energy of conventional mgt (h»t) instead of conventional mgh (Fig. 15 is referred). Although, the phrase,‘virtual transfer’ has been used, the reality is that the whole column of liquid in the right side has to be lifted, to push the liquid of mass‘m’ to the right side In spite of that, a useful theoretical (frictional and other losses have not yet been taken into account) c.p. of h/t (h»t) has already been achieved. One of the reasons behind such a universally usable high c.p. is the utilization of the concept of net pressure by utilizing the ‘latent force’ in the form of a liquid column of height‘h’ to the left, already existing there and not balanced by any action-reaction phenomenon.
Apparently, not much of a difference will be observed between Fig. 7 (hydraulic press) and fig.15. But in the hydraulic press, the hydraulic oil (the liquid) has been used as a transmission medium only. But in fig.15, use of the conventional weight of liquid or its equivalent, together with concepts of net pressure (apparently force), latent force, latent work and the energy(kinetic)-pressure-motion equivalence make the heart of the process, and an extremely high c.p. is achieved.
From the equilibrium level, whether it is a 2-tube, 3-tube [fig. 16 (a),(b)and(c) , together with an analogous electrical pressure figure (fig. 17) are referred] or multi -tube arrangement, volume of liquid descent in tubes is equal to the volume of rise of liquid in all other tubes. Referring to fig. l6a, the cross-sectional areas of tubes (l),(2) and (3) are proportional to 1 : 1 :2 . 4 units of liquid placed in tube 1, over equilibrium level, will be distributed in all the tubes, in the proportion of the cross-sectional areas, but because of double cross-sectional area in tube 3, there will be equal rise of liquid in all the tubes. In a hydraulic press (Fig. 7) , the idea is that, the lady puts a lesser load through a greater distance and the Cadillac cars are lifted through a proportionately lesser distance, and thus the energy balance is maintained, with no over-unity c.p. But in fig.15, the descent of a whole column of liquid (not just the additional load on the top) accomplishes a proportionate rise of the whole of other rising columns of liquid, and thus the energy balanced is still maintained. But in a descending column, the already existing liquid or its equivalent is not needed to be considered in c.p. calculations, since the movement is accomplished with the placing or withdrawing of the additional load on the top only, and therefore this pre-existing liquid column is considered as‘latent force’ instead. Thus a universally usable extremely high c.p. is achieved. What is happening is, a net pressure difference is being created by the placing or withdrawing of the additional load, and once the pressure difference is created the motion is automatic in all the columns till the equilibrium pressure is regained. It is further to be noted that, the pressure difference, the driving agent, works against conventional gravity.
At the end of ‘clue 08’, a problem, (perhaps) the last major one, remained to be solved, e.g. creating an empty space at the bottom of the left leg of volume (t x Aa ) which involves the task of lifting the piston along with the liquid of height (h+t) through a distance‘t’, which apparently requires an energy of more than mgh. The solution may be thought to be simply in the reverse action i.e. withdrawing the additional load from the previously descending liquid and placing it on the rising liquid. But the solution is not practically that simple. A practical solution has been illustrated in section 3.4.
The process of this invention works by net pressure, and as such it is a rather slow and a time consuming one. Therefore, a number of pockets are used instead of a single-pocket, in such a sequence that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste that comes from the generator. However, the system can be made faster, by putting some additional masses on the platform, which in turn reduces the c.p.
Sequential work is essentially a piecemeal work concept, basically different from power, but by delivering continuous output with multi-pocket arrangement in a sequence, it becomes effectively analogous to power.
In this section, it has already been opined that the energy balance has been maintained. This opinion is within the framework of conventional ideas of work-energy, which is simply equivalent to force multiplied by distance traveled in case of‘work’, and the ability to perform that work in case of 'energy’. But with the emergence of new concepts such as‘Latent Work’, ‘Latent Force’ more particularly the concepts of‘Energy-Pressure-Motion Equivalence’(EPME), beneficial knowledge from postmortem of Newton’s laws of motion and gravity, and other new concepts regarding friction, efficiency, virtual and sequential transfer of mass, equation ‘E=W=mad’ not having any time factor directly, liquid specialty, rotational pressure, indication of the essentiality of pressure from the very creation of the universe and‘Universally usable Over-unity Coefficient of Performance’ (UOCP), everything connected with force, work and energy needs to be reviewed and re-defined. Thus energy, power, force, pressure, efficiency, coefficient of performance, the whole string of related phenomena must be reviewed. It is expected that UOCP, and the new meaningful pressure definition and sequential work will be a greater favorite and more in demand than the conventional efficiency, force and power to the scientists in future. The so called fictitious normal force, action-reaction imaginations will be discarded, and Latent Force, Latent Work, Energy-Pressure-Motion Equivalence Phenomena and UOCP will come in the limelight. Friction will be renamed as‘obstruction’,‘Muscle Power’ (power from any living being) will be considered different from all the other natural forces and above all, high energy‘pressure particles’ (NH) and sub-particles will be found, which are common to all the basic pressures (apparently forces) in nature.
3.4 The Process of Creation of Energy from the Creation
The process relates to continuously converting ‘an inwardly directed push in an arena’ (conventionally and through a misconception known as Newton’s ‘gravitational’ potential energy) of a liquid mass (preferably, a high density, non-compressible, non-viscous, ordinary temperature conditioned), falling from a height‘h’ of a reservoir (preferably, high and large) containing the liquid, fed to a generator, converts into electricity, while the waste of the generator is recycled by utilizing a small fraction of the generated electricity through virtual and sequential transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force) and application of new concepts in science.
In Clue 08 (section 3.3.6.2),‘Virtual transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force)’ has already been discussed. But the task is not only to give one‘push’ to send the liquid in the pocket by much reduced net pressure virtually to the top of other limb and vice versa, but to empty the pocket in the return stroke, also with much reduced net pressure desirably. This job is not easy, and apparently involves more energy than‘mgh’, as also mentioned at the end of clue 8 and the later part of clue 9, and the solution was left for this section 3.4. In trying to find a solution, one has to face two main obstacles. First, liquid cannot enter the pocket in the return stroke, rather the pocket must be emptied. It is to be noted that, in the first stroke liquid in the pocket (waste of generator) may be used as medium to give the push. Secondly, if the return push is thought to be given by an arrangement from outside (outer pocket), the first stroke is then additionally burdened with another load, in addition to sending the liquid in the pocket virtually to the top of the reservoir. The solution lies by making both the inner and outer pocket conveniently of the same cross-sectional area, while the pistons of two sides (limbs, fig. 18) each having the cross-sectional area must be equal to the sum of the inner and outer pockets’ cross-sectional area of the pockets, but one of these two side pistons must be fitted with a valve opening outward only (Fig. 18), so that while giving the first push, additional load is not there with the valve open.
Therefore, the‘pocket mechanism’ consists of an inside pocket, around which there is an outside pocket, both having the same cross-sectional area (fig. 18), fitted with liquid-tight lid-pistons, associated with a U-tube like structure (with the pocket) having two limbs. The liquid tight lid- pistons of the inner and outer pockets are joined together to form the left piston in the left limb, while the right piston in the right limb is of the same cross-sectional area as the left piston, but fitted with a valve opening outward only. Both the left and right pistons are connected through rods running though the outer pocket, hence the left and the right pistons move simultaneously.. However, the inside space of the outer pocket(s) are made less spacious, so that residue liquid that remains in between the pistons of the two sides is minimized when the pistons reach the dead end after the first push (and then the valve is closed). The‘pocket mechanism’ is placed just below the reservoir, while the two limbs run at two sides of the reservoir higher than the liquid level of the reservoir (Fig. 18). The waste from the generator (after extracting its potential energy in the form of electricity) is entered in the inside pocket, piecemeal. A number of pockets are used in sequence, such that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste that comes from the generator, and continuous flow is maintained thereby.
A push is given to the left piston (Fig. 18) in the left limb, which pushes the waste out of the inside pocket through an outlet fitted with the inside pocket through a one-way valve opening outwards only to the reservoir. The same push by the same (combined) piston pushes the liquid around the inside pocket through the valve (opening outward only) of another piston playing in the right limb. In every stroke, the push must be of enough strength to overcome the back pressure of the liquid (in addition to catering for obstruction or friction). Another push is given to place the piston back to its previous position by the right piston (this time valve remains closed)..
Both the‘pushes’, as mentioned above, one to push out the liquid in the inside pocket out, and another to place the pistons back to their previous positions, are given by much reduced net pressure (apparently force), once by placing additional loads (or by adding liquid from the reservoir top) by placing effective weights on the descending (light) piston (existing load in the form of existing liquid column is utilized as Latent Force) on the descending column of liquid which causes higher pressure in the descending column of liquid. The same net pressure and/or pressure-motion equivalence theory is utilized in case of reverse action, i.e. the other push to place the pistons back to their previous position, wherein the additional loads are simply withdrawn from the descending piston and placed on the previous ascending piston. A little higher additional load may be required depending on the practical situation.
Left and right liquid-tight pistons in the left and right limbs respectively play (simultaneously in the specified direction, since both are connected through rods) in a tube, which along with the left and right limbs form a U-tube-like structure, required in order to facilitate addition of additional pressure just to get the higher pressure required (higher than pressure in the reservoir.). Although, in an alternative proposition, possibly a better one, the U-tube structure is not needed. The basic‘pocket mechanism’ consisting of the inner and outer pockets together with left and right side pistons in a tube of just sufficient length for the maximum required play of the two pistons, may be placed vertically inside the reservoir. In that case, the left piston will go up and the right piston down. Since the lower piston will be at a higher depth, it may not need any additional enforcement for the ascending action, although the top piston will need more enforcement than what is required in the horizontal position. The enforcement of the upper piston can evidently be done both inside the liquid as also from above the reservoir liquid level with arrangement made to that effect (Fig. 19).. In the vertical way, both the upper and lower pistons will be exposed to continuous pressure at that depths of the reservoir, which may require higher maintenance of the apparatus inside the liquid reservoir. More over, the residue liquid that remains in between two pistons, upper and lower, after reaching the lowest stop, will cause more weight burden than in the horizontal case, since moving a mass horizontally requires much less energy than moving it vertically upwards. Advantages of the vertical way are absence of right-angled limbs which restricts the flow, the system can be made to work (with adjustable connecting rod between the upper and lower piston) just by enforcement of the upper piston and withdrawal of that enforcement and ease of putting multiple‘basic pocket mechanism’ in the reservoir.
Energy will be needed for placing and withdrawal of the additional load(s) on the piston(s) and operation of the keys, which may be executed by spending a fraction of the generated electricity without any need for replenishment of energy as needed in case of‘renewable of energy’. It is further interesting to note that the process of‘Creation of energy from the Creation’ is much more than‘chain reaction’ in a nuclear reactor, where nuclear fuel is an essential requirement, which does not last for ever, besides the problem of disposing nuclear waste..
For most minimum friction (obstruction), material combination used in the pistons and the cylinders are chosen for least coefficient of friction, while the keys are operated during zero or most minimum net pressure ( apparently force) applied on them, as far as possible.
4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure la (a) at time t = 0 the box at rest emits a flash of light . (b) at time t ~ L/c the light strikes the other end of the box and is absorved. During this time interval , the box moves a distance— x.
Fig. 1 is an illustration of a hypothetical combination of an ordinary engine and a reversible engine (run backward as a refrigerator)
Fig. 2 illustrates that an equal-arm balance is in balance when the forces (weights) on the arms are equal, irrespective of different heights of masses.
Fig. 3 illustrates that liquid maintains the same height, irrespective of different weights of liquid in different legs at any base level.
Fig. 4 illustrates the conventional belief that no work is done by the man holding a weight at a fixed height with the idea that the same task could be accomplished by tying the rope to a fixed point.
Fig. 5 illustrates the concept of ‘Latent Work’. Conventionally, no work is done by Atlas in holding the earth stationary. The earth falls down if Atlas leaves it, which signifies that Atlas does some latent work.
Fig. 6 illustrates the concept of ‘Latent Force. A box of books on a table, moves only if the applied force is greater than the force of friction between the books and the table. Till that limit, all the applied forces are latent forces.
Fig. 7 is an illustrative view of a hydraulic press. A lady lifts two cars weighing 3 l60Kg with a load of 50Kg.
Fig. 8 is an illustrative view of a painter remaining wholly inside a platform and lifting herself up by pulling the rope.
Fig. 9 illustrates that cross-sectional areas of pistons as effective cross-sectional areas in case of hydraulic lifts.
Fig. 10 illustrates a crude mechanism of coupling and de-coupling of forces.
Fig. 11 illustrates a simple mechanism of coupling and de-coupling of liquid pressure. Fig. 12 illustrates that every time a mass is needed to be placed at a height to lift an identical mass to that height.
Fig. 13 illustrates an idea of collecting waste liquid (from a generator) inside the reservoir in a container, in an effort of recycling the liquid.
Fig. 14 illustrates virtual transfer of a ball through a distance of 9d, although the ball actually moves through a distance of d .
Fig. 15 illustrates virtual transfer of mass‘m’ at a depth of‘h’, over that height by a net energy of mgt (h > t ), where t is the equivalent height of that mass.
Fig. 16 illustrates that the volume of liquid descent in tube(s) is equal to the volume of liquid rise in tube(s) from an equilibrium level.
Fig. 17 illustrates an analogous electrical pressure figure of Fig. 16.
Fig.18 illustrates the apparatus for carrying out the invention with horizontal ’pocket mechanism’.
Fig.19 illustrates the apparatus for carrying out the invention with vertical‘pocket mechanism’.
5. PREFERRED MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
5.1 Apparatus for carrying out the invention with horizontal‘pocket mechanism’
In describing the apparatus for carrying out the invention with horizontal’pocket mechanism’, Fig 18 is referred to. The apparatus consists of an inner pocket (5) and an outer pocket (4, 6), both (5) and (4 and 6 together) having the same cross-sectional area‘a’ (suggesting a cross- sectional area of‘4’ and‘6’ individually to a/2) and a clear capacity-length‘t’. Pocket top lids of (5) and (4, 6) are essentially liquid-tight lid pistons over tubes (8) and (7, 9) respectively. The tubes (8) and (7, 9) are fixed, while the lids over them are moveable. The lids’ tops of pocket (5) and pocket(s) (4, 6) are connected together to form the left side liquid-tight piston (1) that plays in the tube (21), and also in the left limb (26), connected with‘pocket mechanism’ (left side) and runs vertically upwards, higher than the liquid level in the reservoir (high and large), surrounded by left (26) and right limb (27, similar limb as 26) and the‘pocket mechanism’ (placed just below the reservoir). Another piston (2), similar to (1), but fitted with a valve (3) opening outward only, plays in the right limb in the same tube (21). Pistons (1) and (2) are connected through rods (10) and (11) through tubes (7) and (9) respectively, which make the pistons (1) and (2) move simultaneously. Thus the left and right limbs together with the‘pocket mechanism’ forms a U-tube like structure. The reservoir is filled with liquid to a height‘h’ [ h »t]. The left and right limbs are also filled with liquid to the height‘h’. Two other light pistons (28) and (29) are placed on the liquid level in the left and right limbs , on which weights (31) and (30) are placed (or withdrawn from) respectively by strings. Air outlets which run over the liquid level are connected below the spaces between the tubes through the fixed structure, (12) for the space between tubes (7) and the tube of the‘pocket mechanism’ (21), (13) for the space between tubes (7) and (8), (14) for the space between tubes (8) and (9) and (15) for the space between tubes (9) and (21). Another air outlet (16) with a key, which also runs over the liquid level is fitted below the inner pocket through the fixed structure. Key (17) of the outlet (20), below the pocket (5), remains open at the time of pushing the liquid out of the inner pocket (5) to the reservoir through the outlet (20) and the key is closed when the lid over tube (5) is pushed to the left for creating an empty space. Outlets (22) and (23) at the liquid levels are for the left and right limbs respectively. Liquid is fed through the siphon tube (25) from the liquid height‘h’ to the generator (24), placed at the ground level.. The waste of the generator is fed to the empty inner pocket (5) through the line 19, also fitted with key (18), which is kept closed at the time of pushing the liquid out of the pocket to the reservoir. (32) and (33) are the stops for the left piston (1) and right piston (2) respectively.. . Tubes (7) and (9) are made less spacious inside by making their inner diameter less, just enough to play the rods (10) and (11) respectively without friction and also to push the liquid in the pockets (4) and (6) respectively out through tubes (7) and (9) respectively and valve (3) is open, while keeping outer diameters unchanged, which will minimize the residue liquid remains between pistons (1) and (2), when the piston (2) reaches the stop (33) and the valve (3) is then closed. A number of pockets are used in a sequence so that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste liquid coming from the generator.
Sequence 1
The sequence starts with piston (1) reaching the stops (32). At this stage, piston (29) with masses (30) in the right limb (27), comes down by a height‘t’ from the reservoir liquid level , while the piston (28) in the left limb is just above the reservoir liquid level and the inner pocket (5) is empty. Key (17) remains closed, Key (18) and air outlet key (16) are opened, the siphon (25) is made workable, the waste from the generator (24) flows through the line (19) and fills the pocket (5). After the pocket is filled, key (18) and air outlet key (16) are closed, key (17) is opened, masses (30) in the right limb (27) are lifted by a height‘t’, the valve (3) is opened with the lifting of the masses (30) in the right limb, masses (31) in the left limb (26) are placed on the piston (28). The piston (28) starts coming down with the masses (31), both the pistons (1) and (2) together in the tube (21) start going to the right stops (33), liquid in the pocket (5) starts going to the reservoir through line (20), and the piston (29) starts rising. Pistons (1) and (2), connected together and moving rightwards ultimately reaches the stops (33) after traveling through a distance‘t’, the liquid in the inner pocket (5) goes wholly to the reservoir, the liquid in the outer pocket(s) (4, 6) are pushed out through the open valve (3) to the reservoir, the piston (29) in the right limb rises to the liquid level and the piston (28) comes down, both by a height ‘t’.
Sequence 2
Once the liuid into he pockets (5) and (4, 6) are pushed out to the reservoir, the key (17) is closed, keys (16) and (18) are opened, the masses (31) in the left limb is lifted from the piston (28) by a height‘t’, with the lifting of the masses from the piston (28) in the left limb, the valve (3) will be closed, masses (30) are placed on the piston (29) in the right limb. The piston (29) starts coming down with the masses (30), both the pistons (1) and (2) together in the tube (21) start going to the left stops (32), while the piston (28) starts rising. Pistons (1) and (2) together, on reaching at the stops 32, inner pocket (5) is found empty. Key (17) remains closed, Key (18) and air outlet key (16) are opened, the waste from the generator (24) flows through the line (19) and fills the pocket (5). The sequence 1 is then followed to push the liquids in the pockets to the reservoir and push the pistons (1) and (2) connected together to the stops 33. Then the sequence 2 is followed and the cycle continues.
5.2 Apparatus for carrying out the invention with vertical‘pocket mechanism’
In describing the apparatus for carrying out the invention with vertical’pocket mechanism’, Fig. 19 is referred to. The apparatus is basically the same as described in Fig.18, the basic‘Pocket Mechanism’ having the enclosing tube (21) just of enough length allowing maximum play of the pistons (1) and (2) within the tube (21), is placed vertically at a clear depth‘h’ inside the reservoir (34), but without the left or right limbs, thus both the pistons are directly exposed to the respective liquid pressure at the respective depths. Piston (1) comprising of pocket top lids of pockets (5) and (4, 6), serving as inner (5) and outer (4, 6) pockets respectively. Both (5) and (4 and 6 together) having the same cross-sectional area‘a’ (suggesting a cross-sectional area of‘4’ and‘6’ individually to a/2) and a clear capacity-height‘t’, connected together, is the top piston, while piston (2) fitted with a valve (3) opening outward only as also in Fig. 18, is the lower piston. Pocket top lids of pockets (5) and (4, 6) are essentially liquid-tight pistons over tubes (8) and (7, 9) respectively. The tubes (8) and (7, 9) are fixed, while the lids over them are moveable. Pistons (1) and (2) are connected through rods (10) and (11), and through tubes (7) and (9) respectively, which make the pistons (1) and (2) move simultaneously.
The reservoir (34) is filled with liquid to a height‘h’ [ h »t]. Air outlets which run over the liquid level are connected below the spaces between the tubes through the fixed structure, (12) for the space between tubes (7) and the tube of the‘pocket mechanism’ (21), (13) for the space between tubes (7) and (8), (14) for the space between tubes (8) and (9), and (15) for the space between tubes (9) and (21). Another air outlet (18) with a key, which also runs over the liquid level is fitted below the inner pocket through the fixed structure. Key (17) of the inlet line (19) for the generator waste and Key (18) are closed at the time of pushing the liquid out of the pocket (5) to the reservoir through an outlet (20) at the bottom of the inner pocket (5) fitted with a key (16) which is opened at the time of pushing the liquid out of the pocket (5) to the reservoir. Liquid is fed through the siphon tube (25) from the liquid height‘h’ of the reservoir to the generator (24), placed at the inner pocket level in the ground. The waste of the generator is fed to the empty inner pocket (5) through the line 19, fitted with a key (17), which is kept open at the time of letting the waste in, when the key (16) is kept closed and the key (18) open. (32) and (33) are the stops for the top piston (1) and down piston (2) respectively. The piston (1) is connected with a platform (35) to facilitate placing mass on it over the reservoir liquid level through a vertical rod (36) of just enough height for playing the platform with or without the mass over the reservoir liquid level, the rod runs through guides (37), thus essentially forming the extended portion of piston (1). Mass (38) may be placed on or lifted from the platform (35) with a string (39) .
Similar to the apparatus in Fig.18, the Tubes (7) and (9) are made less spacious inside by making their inner diameter less, just enough to play the rods (10) and (11) respectively without friction and also to push the liquid in the pocket (4) and (6) respectively out through tubes (7) and (9) respectively and with valve (3) open, while keeping outer diameters unchanged, which will minimize the residue liquid remains between pistons (1) and (2), when the piston (2) reaches the stop (33) and the valve (3) is then closed.
A number of pockets are used in a sequence so that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste liquid coming from the generator.
Sequence 1
The sequence is started from the position when the top piston (1) reaches to the stop(s) (32), when the inner pocket (5) is empty. The key (17) and air outlet key (18) are opened, key (16) remains closed, the waste from the generator (24) enters the inner pocket (5) through (19) and fills it with liquid. At that stage, the piston (2) is up by a height‘f from the stops (33). Key (16) is opened, air outlet (18) and key (17) are closed. The depth difference between top of piston (1) and the bottom of piston (2) is‘d’, which is slightly greater than‘2f . Mass‘M’ (38) is now placed on the platform (35), which along with liquid depth over top piston (1), creates enough pressure to push the pistons (1) and (2), connected together, to the stops (33) i.e. through a distance‘f . With the placing of the mass, the top piston (1) starts coming down with the mass on the platform. The liquid from the inner pocket (5) is pushed out through line (20) with the key (16) open, to the reservoir, and from the outer pockets (4, 6) through the valve (3) also to the reservoir. Pistons (1) and (2), connected together, eventually reaches at the stops (33).
Sequence 2
In the return stroke, i.e. in putting the pistons back to their previous starting position, the mass ‘M’ (38) is lifted by a height‘f from the platform (35), which will close valve (3), key (16) is closed, air outlet (18) and key (17) are opened. With the withdrawal of mass‘M’ (38), the depth difference between top of piston (1) and the bottom of piston (2)‘d’, creates enough pressure to push the pistons (2) and (1), connected together, to the stop (32) i.e. through a distance‘f , which creates empty space in the inner pocket (5) If any slight additional pull is required, it can be done by pulling the platform (35) up. With the inner pocket (5) empty, and pistons (1) and (2), connected together at the stops (32), the sequence 1 is followed and the cycle continues.
5.3 Pressure and Energy calculations :
To discuss‘Pressure and Energy calculations’ on the apparatus for carrying out the invention with horizontal’pocket mechanism’, Fig. 18 is referred to. The discussion is started from the position when the left piston (1) reaches the stop(s) (32), when the inner pocket (5) is empty. The key (18) and air outlet (16) remaining open, the waste from the generator (24) after extracting energy‘mgh’ (‘h’ is the height from the reservoir liquid level to the length-wise center of the inner pocket) enters the inner pocket (5) and fills it with liquid of mass‘m’, which is equal to‘atpi |’. Since the cross-sectional areas of the left and right limbs (26 and 27) and also the tube (21) enclosing the pistons (1) and (2) are the same and is equal to‘2a’, the piston (29) is down by a height‘t’ from the liquid level in the reservoir with masses (30), while the piston (28) remains just above the reservoir liquid level. Now, masses (30)‘Mr’ is lifted by a height‘t’, the valve (3) will be opened with the lifting of the masses‘Mr’, Key (17) is opened, air outlet (16) and key (18) are closed,‘Mf (31) is now placed on the piston (28), which along with liquid column in the left limb (26) must create enough pressure to push the pistons (1) and (2), connected together, to the stop (33) i.e. through a distance‘t’. The task involves to overcome obstruction (friction) of all the pistons (28), (1), lid pistons of pockets (4), (5) and (6), (2) and (29), pushing liquid in inner pocket (5) having length‘t’ and cross-section‘a’, out of the pocket against pressure‘hpi |g’, and also pushing liquid in outer pockets (4, 6) having length‘t’ and combined cross-sectional area‘a’, out of the pocket against the average pressure‘(h - t)piiqg’, at that stage. As the left limb starts coming down, the liquid height in the left limb will start decreasing, while the liquid in the right limb will start rising. At the extreme position, height of the liquid in the left limb will become (h - 1), while the height of the liquid in the right limb will become‘h’. Therefore, at the extreme position, forces acting on the piston (1) will be‘Mfg + ‘(h - t)2apiiqg’ from the left and‘ahpiiqg’ +‘ahpiiqg’ from the right, which will give a net force ‘(Mi - 2atpiiq))g’, and a net pressure‘(Mi - 2atpuq)g /2a’ . thus requiring‘Mf to be at least equal to‘2atpuq’. In the return stroke, i.e. in putting the pistons back to its previous starting position, the mass ‘Mf (31) is lifted by a height‘t’, this will close the valve (3) with the piston (2), air outlet (16) and key (18) are opened, key (17) is closed. Masses‘Mr’ (30) is now placed on the piston (29), which along with liquid column in the right limb (27) must create enough pressure to push the pistons (2) and (1), connected together, to the stop (32) i.e. through a distance‘t’. The task involves to overcome obstruction (friction) of all the pistons (29), (2), lid pistons (4), (5) and (6), (1) and (28), pushing the lid-pistons of inner (5) and also of the outer pockets (4, 6), connected together to form one piston (1), having the cross sectional area‘2a’ against the pressure of (h - t)gpuq, at that stage But as the piston (29) starts descending with the mass‘Mr’ (30), liquid height in the right limb (27) starts decreasing, while the liquid height in the left limb (26) starts rising. At the extreme position, liquid height in the right limb (27) becomes equal to‘(h - t)’, while liquid height in the left limb (26) becomes equal to‘h’. At the extreme stage, force from the right on the piston (2) is‘Mr’g + (h - t)2agpuq, and the force from the left side on the piston (1) is‘h 2agpuq‘.giving net force of ‘(Mr - 2atpiiq))g’, and a net pressure‘(Mr - 2atpuq)g /2a’, requiring‘Mr’ to be at least equal to‘2atpuq’. However, in the calculations so far, the residue liquid having liquid effective length [t+ s (let)] [‘s’ much less than‘t’ since by reducing the inner space in the outer pockets (4) and (6), residue liquid has also been minimized], the mass of the residue liquid will be (t +s)2apuq , which will be needed to be pushed horizontally to the left from stop position (33) through a distance‘t’], has not yet been taken into account. But, since apart from frictional force, no force will act against the pushing, let 10% of the force due to the residue mass be taken as the additional frictional force, giving a revised required net force of‘(Mr - 2atpuq))g’- 0. l(t +s)2agpuq = g[ Mr - 2a (l. lt +.0.ls) puq] and a net pressure of g[ Mr - 2a (l. lt +.0.1 s) puq]/2a which means Mr must be al least equal to 2a (l. lt +0.1 s) liq , with no change of ‘Mf to be at least equal to‘2atpuq’. To discuss‘Pressure and Energy calculations’ on the apparatus for carrying out the invention with vertical’pocket mechanism’, Fig. 19 is referred to. The discussion starts from the position when the top piston (1) reaches to the stop(s) (32), when the inner pocket (5) is empty. The key
(17) and air outlet (18) remaining open, key (16) is closed, the waste from the generator (24) after extracting energy‘mgh’ [‘h’ is the height from the reservoir liquid level to the bottom of the inner pocket (5)] enters the inner pocket (5) through (19) and fills it with liquid of mass‘m’, which is equal to‘ atp i,q’ . Since the cross-sectional areas of the top (1) and bottom (2) pistons and also the tube (21) enclosing the pistons (1) and (2) are the same and is equal to‘2a’, the piston (2) is up by a height‘t’ from the stops (33). Valve (3) and key (16) are opened, air outlet
(18) and key (17) are closed.. Let the depth difference between top of piston (1) and the bottom of piston (2) be‘d’, which is slightly greater than‘2t’. Mass‘M’ (38) is now placed on the platform (35), which along with liquid depth over top piston (1), must create enough pressure to push the pistons (1) and (2), connected together, to the stops (33) i.e. through a distance‘t’. The task involves to overcome obstruction (friction) of all the pistons (1), lid pistons of pockets (4), (5) and (6), and (2), pushing liquid in inner pocket (5) having height‘t’ and cross-section‘a’, out of the pocket against pressure‘hpiiqg’, and also pushing liquid in outer pockets (4, 6) having height‘t’ and combined cross-sectional area‘a’, out of the pocket against the pressure‘(h - t)piiqg’, at that stage and also the constant pressure on account of‘d’.. The forces acting on the piston (1) will be‘M’g +‘(h - t)2apiiqg’ from the top and‘2a(h - t + d) piiqg’ from the bottom, which gives a net force‘(M- 2adpiiq))g’, and a net pressure‘(Mi - 2adpuq)g /2a’ thus requiring ‘M’ to be at least equal to‘2adpuq’.
In the return stroke, i.e. in putting the pistons back to their previous starting position, the mass ‘M’ (38) is lifted by a height‘t’ from the platform (35), which will close valve (3), key (16) is closed, air outlet (18) and key (17) are opened. With the withdrawal of mass‘M’ (38), the depth difference between top of piston (1) and the bottom of piston (2)‘d’ must create enough pressure to push the pistons (2) and (1), connected together, to the stop (32) i.e. through a distance‘t’. The task involves to overcome obstruction (friction) of all the pistons (2), lid pistons of pockets (4), (5) and (6), and (1), pushing the lid-pistons of inner (5) and also of the outer pockets (4, 6), connected together to form one piston (1), having the cross sectional area‘2a’ by a net constant upward force of 2adgpuq, and net constant upward pressure of dgpuq.
However, in the calculations so far, the residue liquid having liquid length [t+ s (let)] [‘s’ much less than‘t’, since by reducing the inner space in the outer pockets (4) and (6), residue liquid has also been minimized, thus the mass of the residue liquid will be (t +s)2apuq , which will be needed to be pushed vertically upwards through a distance‘t’ towards the stop position (32)], has not yet been taken into account. This will give a revised required net force 2adgpuq - (t +s)2gapuq = 2agpuq(d - s -t) = 2agpuq(t - s ), since (d = 2t +D), where D is a very small quantity, already included in s, which is much less than t ). If any slight additional pull is required for any reason, it can be done by pulling the platform (35). Residue calculation does not change anything while piston combination is pushed down.
Now, placing of the masses on the platform does not practically require any energy, but pulling them to a height‘t’ (let) does require it, as also one cannot practically ignore the obstruction (friction), besides energy requirement to open and close the keys or valves. The small difference in the inner and outer cross-sections of the pockets will not matter much in energy calculations, since both effective cross-section (consequently the volume) of the pockets, if a little less, that is expected to lessen the requirement of energy at the same time.
Now, obstruction (friction), a passive force, will be a function of net force or net pressure, since it acts when anything moves or tries to move (discarding Newton’s incorrect action-reaction phenomenon). Both in horizontal and vertical case, five pistons (1), (2), lid pistons of pockets 5 and (4, 6) movements will practically cause the same obstruction (friction) and using very slippery liquid, obstruction (friction) force is possible to be limited to 10% of net force. Thus, apart from energy requirement of opening or closing the keys and valves , energy requirement will be l.l(tg)2a(2. lt +0.ls)puq and l,l(tg)2a(2t +D)ri | for horizontal and vertical case respectively (where t is much larger than s, D is very small) by roughly taking the frictional force into account. Valve (3) will open or close with the placing or lifting of the mass, because of the pressure difference will be created at that stage, other keys are operated at minimum net pressure condition as far as possible, and thus 02% is accounted for the operation of the valve and the keys, besides 01% is accounted for the multi-pocket arrangement for the continuous flow from the reservoir to the generator, 0.5% for holding and releasing the mass(es). Therefore the overall energy requirement of l. l35(tg)2a(2.lt +0.ls)puq and l,l35(tg)2a(2t +D)ri | for horizontal and vertical case respectively (where t is much larger than s, D is very small), against gain of 0.9mgh or 0.9 " atp i,q gh’ for both the cases, taking 10% overall conversion loss for the generator. Since ‘h’ » ‘ t’, a gain of 0.9 ‘atpuqgh’ will be much greater than either l.l35(tg)2a(2. lt +0.ls)puq and l,l35(tg)2a(2t +D)ri | energy to be spent for horizontal or vertical case respectively (where t is much larger than s, D is very small and h » t).
The above signifies a virtual transfer of mass, utilizing only a fraction of the generated electricity and thus achieving all the objects aimed for.
However, on the dark side, flow of liquid will be retarded with all the changes of diameters of the connecting tubes as also with the change of direction, although the Pascal’s law and clue 03 will still be applicable.. But on the bright side, lifting of masses through the said distance of‘t (let) may be theoretically reduced to roughly 50%, by not lifting the mass in one stroke. The required mass may be sliced into‘n’ parts. It is theoretically possible that lifting only a piece of mass (M/n) through a distance t/n, will automatically lift roughly 50% of the pieces, and if the pieces can be collected at the highest level while going up with velocity (spring-like or wave- like action as a result of velocity and eventually to the equilibrium level t/2n), the rest 50% may be lifted with roughly 50% of 50%‘t’ At the time of placing the pieces on the piston,, the slices may be placed roughly from the reservoir liquid level one by one, also at the time of going furthest down with velocity (again spring-like or wave-like action) with the placement of each slice..
5.4 Remarks
In view of the above, it will be seen that objects of the invention are achieved and other advantages attained. Although the above includes a description of the preferred modes contemplated for carrying out the invention, various modifications are conceivable.
As various modifications could be made in the construction of methods herein described and illustrated without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative rather than limiting.

Claims

6 CLAIMS I Claim :
1. A process of creation of energy from the Creation, amidst innumerable futile research works on the subject by innumerable researchers and against common belief of prevalent scientists, by making the creation of the universe as the starting point of research for the purpose for the first time, resulting denial of any‘attraction between bodies’,‘to every action there is a an equal and opposite reaction’, the‘time dilation theory of Einstein/Lorentz and all theories based on‘time dilation’ thereby, and introduction of 13 new postulates along with other new concepts in science and reintroduction of virtual and sequential transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force) and introduction of an apparatus for carrying out the process, wherein the postulates are : i) all pressures (apparently forces) in nature act simultaneously,
ii) in every arena, every particle with mass or mass-less, matter/antimatter, living or non-living things even souls, planets, stars, galaxies or universe, all that is known is subjected to a uniform circular motion with an acceleration (an inwardly directed push), which is proportional to the square of the velocity (constant in magnitude) per unit‘distance’ from the centre, the‘distance’ being a function in space-time (x, y, z, t),
iii) in pressure-motion equivalence theory, pressure is a multi-dimensional affair, and includes intangible pressures too, and pressure-motion equivalence is also extended by including conventional kinetic energy as energy(kinetic)-pressure-motion equivalence,
iv) pressure (not necessarily force) is responsible for all kinds of motion and activities, and unless a net pressure is created, there is no motion, although a net pressure is possible to be created without a net force,
v) ‘pressure particles’ (already named NH Particles), broadly classified as ‘scientifically understood’,‘scientifically not explained’ and‘special Creator particles’, are behind all kinds of motion and activities, ..
vi) pressure creates energy, therefore, as per postulate (iii), pressure creates motion and energy, motion creates pressure and energy, energy creates pressure and motion,
vii) enormous pressure input as mentioned in postulate (ii), does away with conservation of energy which is unfortunately almost a universally accepted axiom, this practically inexhaustible pressure (or energy or motion) input may be tapped and utilized for useful purposes,
viii) scientific theories and laws may overlap and may also become redundant,
ix) bodies do not attract each other as claimed by Newton, nor there exists anything like action- reaction phenomenon or a‘normal’ force suggested thereof, bodies come closer to each other or move apart as a result of postulate (ii), and other postulates, especially pressure particles (NH particles), and in cases of orbiting around or falling to a point or for any motion in any direction, pressure particles push towards that point or to that direction,
x) black-holes and radiation from black-holes, mathematically derived from the universal law of gravitation, by Laplace (1749-1827) and later by Schwarzchild (radius 2GM/c2) and Hawkings are therefore not scientifically explained, as per postulate (ix), and a massive body (as also the disintegration of the same, or reducing it by creating annihilation situation), however is possible to be created on the basis of postulates, especially pressure particles, mentioned above, xi)Einstein’s concept of‘curvature’ in space-time is meaningless without the concept of‘arena’, as mentioned in postulate (ii),.and in an infinite‘arena’, there will be practically no‘curvature’, besides, as also stated below, both Einstein’s theories of relativity (Special and General) are based on manipulation of‘time dilation’,
xii) Human perceptions especially with regard to 0, oc, life, death, destiny, time-less domain are limited, and the concept of ‘infinitely infinite’ and beyond are further beyond human imagination, besides, the matter-antimatter asymmetry is the result of the enormous temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the of the ultra thin‘crust’ within which the universe we think existed before the Big Bang, also tore apart along with the interior, xiii) pressure particles or the named‘NH particles’ are responsible for the attraction between oppositely charged bodies or between a charged and an uncharged body or for the repulsion between two like-polarity charged bodies too, but for a spin at the atomic or sub-atomic level, more efforts will be needed by the pressure particles, because of small‘r’ (greater curvature), . wherein the apparatus consists of :
a reservoir (preferably, high and large) containing liquid (preferably, a high density, non- compressible, low-viscous, ordinary temperature conditioned),
a generator, placed at near the ground level outside the reservoir, which converts‘an inwardly directed push in an arena’ (conventionally and through a misconception known as gravitational potential energy) of the falling liquid, from the reservoir top into electricity,
a‘basic pocket-mechanism’ (at the bottom of the reservoir) which is essentially a combination of liquid-tight moveable lid pistons connected together over three separate immoveable pockets, one of which (inner) is an inside pocket, while the other two being outside pockets having total cross sectional area equal to the inside pocket, suggesting each of the outer pockets having half the cross sectional area of the inner pocket, while the combined moveable lid pistons connected together forming a single piston-like [left piston in Horizontal Pocket Mechanism (HPM), top piston in Vertical Pocket Mechanism (VPM)] thing , runs inside another tube at one end of that tube and on the other end of that tube another piston (right piston in HPM, bottom piston in VPM), an ordinary piston and not a combination of lid pistons, having a valve opening outwardly only, the minimum cross sectional area of the valve being equal to that of the inside pocket, while the right piston in HPM or bottom piston in VPM must have the cross section at least equal to that of the left in the tube in HPM or the top in VPM,
the left (a combination of three lid pistons connected together) piston and the right piston in HPM, as also similar top and bottom pistons in VPM, are connected through two rods which run through the outer two pockets, therefore all the pistons move together, inner sides of the outside pockets are made narrow to minimize the residue liquid that remains after the movement towards the right dead end in case of HPM or the bottom dead end in case of VPM and valve of the right/bottom piston is closed in the return stroke,
in the HPM, the‘basic pocket mechanism’ is placed horizontally, connected with two limbs filled with the liquid, left and right, both of which runs vertically upwards just above the liquid level (having outlets at the liquid level) of the reservoir with the two dead ends at two sides of the tube of ‘basic pocket mechanism’, thus forming a U-tube like structure surrounding the reservoir, while thin and light pistons are placed on the liquid levels in the limbs,
in the VPM, the‘basic pocket mechanism’ is placed vertically, inside the reservoir at the bottom, as a result the two ends of the tube are exposed at two different depths of the liquid in the reservoir, while weight(s) is placed on the top piston through a light platform connected vertically with the top piston, which runs above the reservoir liquid level, such that even after placing the weight on the platform the weight and the platform top remains above the liquid level,
air outlet tubes which run over the liquid level are connected below the spaces between the tubes through the fixed structure, two air outlets for the space between enclosure tube and the two outer pockets, two air outlets for the space between the inner pocket and the two outer pockets, while another air outlet tube fitted with a key which also runs over the liquid level is fitted below the inner pocket through the fixed structure,
a liquid outlet from the inner pocket fitted with a key gives passage of the liquid inside the inner pocket to the reservoir through the three dimensional fixed structure in the shortest possible path, while an inlet to the inner pocket from the generator, also fitted with a key gives passage to let the generator waste liquid into the inner pocket, and the liquid inlet key is kept closed while pushing the liquid out of the inner pocket with the air outlet key also closed, while the key of the liquid outlet line is kept closed at the time of letting the generator waste into the pocket with the air outlet key open,
a siphon system is used for a height of roughly 25 feet (free fall for greater heights) for the liquid fall from the reservoir top to the generator through a tube arrangement,
wherein the process of‘creation of energy from the creation’ consists steps and concepts that :
the process relates to continuously converting ‘an inwardly directed push in an arena’ (conventionally and through a misconception known as Newton’s ‘gravitational’ potential energy) of a liquid mass (preferably, a high density, non-compressible, non-viscous, ordinary temperature conditioned), falling from a height‘h’ of a reservoir (preferably, high and large) containing the liquid, fed to a generator, converts into electricity, while the waste of the generator is recycled by utilizing a small fraction of the generated electricity through application of new concepts in science,
contemporary Physics Books are outdated and insufficient : need to be freed from Einstein- Newtonian myths, irresponsible strong scientific quarters and biased science history writers and scientific feats recognizers,
Newton’s prediction of single-action universal gravitation as an attraction between bodies (apparently failing to understand the scientific essence behind Quranic verse 77 : 25-26 that‘the earth is a place to draw together, the living or dead’), failing to explain the orbital motion (requiring a velocity component, constant in magnitude, which must be under a resultant zero- pressure, if it exists, tangential to the circular path and a pull or a push towards the center to keep a body in that circular path, besides a constant velocity in the direction of the resultant zero-pressure line may not be always in the same required direction tangential to the circular path, leaving aside the question of moving instantaneously in a straight line from the orbital motion), of celestial bodies, leads to suggest jumbling of celestial bodies, only to be crashed, there must exist the pressure particles (already named as‘NH particles’), which pushes the celestial bodies towards the center, making the misconceived gravitational force as repulsive instead of attractive, while some other pressure particles push the bodies in a straight line, and thus the circular motion is achieved,
an experimental method of disproving Newton’s action-reaction phenomenon (third law of motion) and fictitious‘normal’ imported thereby for force balance, as well as the misconceived attraction between bodies, is to place two spherical balls very close to one another, on a horizontal friction-less surface, and to observe them never moving towards each other, although each of the fictitious normal forces normal to the table surface as a result of weight of each ball, balancing with the weight of the ball for each ball, thus the misconceived attractive gravitational force between the two balls was the only unbalanced force left,
Einstein-Lorentz’s‘time Dilation’ is a powerful tool for subtle manipulation, since Lorentz introduced a factor by guess work to address Galilean Transformation’s violation of both the postulates of special relativity of Einstein, by catering to the difference in the direction of relative motion with plus and minus signs but willfully adopted both velocities with plus sign while adopting the second postulate of constant speed of light, moreover the text books did not consider the moving objects in the locus of all points at a distance less than the observer to the origin in trying to prove time dilation, besides, in commenting“time slows down with the speed”, what appears to an observer, really matters little or nothing at all,
in defiance of Einstein’s statements like‘no two watches give the same time’, Tight is the fastest’, in addition to his probable misconception about the religious‘Miraj’ incident and curvature concept, (i) two closed electronic watches [developed after Einstein (1879 - 1955)], after fixing the same time, to eliminate the observer error, are powered from the same source, the watches will definitely give the same time, (ii)‘mind’ is known to be the fastest, (iii) it is a matter of ‘yesterday-today-tomorrow’ in different time domains thereof (different domains consist of one or all the three aspects of‘yesterday-today-tomorrow’), and not a matter of time with velocity, (iv) Einstein did not explain why light (believed to be consisting of massless particles) will be curved near a massive object, especially without the ‘Arena’ concept, mentioned in postulate (ii), since without an‘arena’, there will hardly be any alteration of geometry in space-time,
talent and achievement assessment to be honest, unbiased, non-racial, non-political and authentic with a data bank objectively collected with the aim of scientific progress for betterment of mankind,
great scientist Newton believed in God, the other great Einstein was not an atheist and religious beliefs of other scientists and ultimately surrendering to natural laws suggest that‘the greater the knowledge, the greater inclination towards the Creator’,
in order to utilize the trick‘virtual transfer of mass by much reduced net pressure (apparently force)’, the essential steps taken are : (i) in HPM, one‘push’ to send the liquid in the pocket virtually to the top of other limb and vice versa, and in VPM, one‘push’ on the top piston, while simply withdrawing the push (load) in the return stroke, (ii)the right side piston in HPM and bottom piston in VPM of the‘basic pocket mechanism’ is fitted with a valve which opens outward only so that extra pressure cannot build up in the first stroke, (iii) futher liquid is not allowed to enter the outsides pockets in the return stroke, rather the inside pocket is emptied (iv) inner sides of the outside pockets are made narrow to minimize the residue liquid that remains just before the return stroke with the valve closed, (v) the cross-sectional area of inside pocket is made equal to that of the total of the outside two pockets, (vi) in HPM three lid pistons connected together, serving as a single piston (left) like thing and the right piston, while in VPM a similar single piston like thing as the top piston and the bottom piston are connected through rods which run through the outside pockets,
a clear and specific definition of‘mass’ is yet to be found by the scientists, since‘mass’ would previously mean“matter contained in it” (matter is said to have mass and that which occupies space) and nowadays is defined as force/acceleration, although in case of multiple forces which is practically the case including frictional forces (or obstacles) because of which a particular ‘mass’ moves slowly or does not move at all, such a definition is difficult to apply, besides Maxwell showed in one of his papers that mass can be expressed as length3/time2 ( L3/T2), .
Newton did not derive the formula of universal gravitational acceleration theoreticaly, it was rather based on experimental data and arbitrary predictions, and he jumped to the conclusion of inverse square law from the finding that the ratio of moon’s centripetal acceleration to the falling body acceleration near the earth’s surface (thus taking the comparison in two different situations) to be inversly equal to the square of the moon-earth distance, and thus deduced that acceleration due to gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, moreover, whatever experimental data he got should actually be the combined effect of the said gravitation and electromagnetism, since both interactions have the range of oc, besides the effect of attraction of all other bodies will be there according to him, relatively recent Big Bang cosmology, based on two rather quite tentative theories e.g. Hubble’s (Hubble’s early estimates were off by a factor of 10) law (together with his powerful telescope) and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (nothing is said about how the inventors became sure of seeing a remnant of the early universe of some 14 billion years ago, according to the scientists themselves), although gave some additional scientific thoughts to the Big Bang theory, which still remains quite sketchy, in the holy Quran, there are lots of indications regarding the creation of the universe, big bang and unification of forces : (i) identification of innumerable number of human beings from finger tips (75 : 3-4), bees’ honey as medicine for them (16 : 68-69); creation of all living things from water (21 : 30) and in pairs (31 : 10,36 :36, 20 : 53, 13 : 3, 42 : 11); everything in pairs (51 : 49, 13 ::3 e.g. night and day, matter and antimatter); sub-atomic particles (34 :3, 10 :6l); hint to watch how a bird flies ( 67 : 19) from which airplanes were discovered; the shape of the earth is expanded (79 : 30,e.i. the earth is not exactly spherical); relative time (70 : 4, 32 : 5, 22 : 47); rotation, spinning and moving away of the innumerable celestial bodies without collision (21 :33,36:40, 51 :47, 55:5, 21 : 13, 13:2, 31 : 10, 9:36, 2 : 189 ); a place to draw together (living and dead) that Newton termed as gravity (77:25-26); creation by forcible disintegration (21 : 30) just by uttering the word“be” from (singularly nothing or an unimaginably small point of ) one entity of heavens and the earth in specified spelt out, relative timings (70 : 4, 32 : 5, 22 : 47); both enlargement and restriction (42: 12) of the universe; expansion of universe in general (51 :47); creation without pillars (13:2,31 : 10, according to postulate ii, celestial bodies are subjected to circular acceleration, which does not require any pillar); inclusion of smoke, sky and space in between heaven and earth in true proportion (29:44) in the design of the creation; creation of the whole universe in six relative days ( 7:54, 10:3, 25:59;50:38, 57:4) and earth in two relative days (41 :9-12), very briefly speaking, according to the holy Quran, the creation started with a‘wish’ (2 : 117, 36:82) of the Creator by forcible disintegration (21 : 30, the present invention includes all intangible emotions including wishes as‘pressures’, and pressure particles causing all kinds of motion and activities, and if human beings can stretch a wish to try to break boundaries, what imaginable limits the Almighty Creator’s‘wish’ can mean, one can only wonder at, if one believes in the Creator) of the Almighty Creator,
Hawkings, by proving the‘No Hair Theorem’ (black holes described by 3 quantities e.g. mass, angular momentum and electrical charge) mathematically, speculated the radiation from the black holes, and he conceived a boundary just around the black hole, and then thought that the ‘positive’ particles of the‘particle pairs’ may escape as radiation, while the‘negative’ particles, entering the black hole may contribute in annihilation process, which reduces the mass of the black hole, thus evaporating the whole mass of the black hole eventually, but no explanation is found why only negative or only positive particles of the‘particle pair’ will enter the black hole and not both the elements, suggesting Hawkings’ conceptions are not scientifically explained, .besides, the whole Black Hole concept including the Schwartzschild radius is built on Newton’s misconceived law of universal gravitation and the present invention strongly denies any such thing, therefore all such theories and concepts just‘evaporate’, . the possibility of accumulation of a huge amount of mass (as also the disintegration of the same, or reducing it by creating annihilation situation), in an arena, as a result of the pressure particles taking them there (by ‘Special Creator particles’ as per postulate v), mainly to manage innumerable numbers of celestial bodies rotate, spin and recede or come closer without any collision, that too in the condition of constant change of physical (and even chemical) properties of the celestial bodies,
CERN, even with its creation of antihydrogen, and even with its claim of finding of a new particle consistent to Higgs-Boson predicted by the Standard Model, has not yet been known to reach close to TOE or TOE minus GUTs, even spending huge amount of money and after engaging thousands of global scientists, recent concepts of Dark Matter and Dark Energy, to try to explain‘observable matter rotating with such speed that if Newton’s gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together’ and‘expansion of the universe’ respectively, are yet quite sketchy and could not yet be be scientifically explained adequately, especially the sketchy explanation of global and local effect of Dark Energy, the clause‘Arena’ mentioned in postulate (ii), is missing in both Einstein’s relativity theories and also in Newton’s law of universal gravitation, besides the very unreasonable and unnatural thinking of attraction between bodies universally, and his over simplified formula thereof, just jumping from experimental data found in a limited sphere, evidently because his era was much before Hubble’s era and with the advancement of science especially with measuring and detecting instruments to observe far distant places, and thus Newton’s‘universal’ formula is proving inadequate, especially in other arenas (different from the earthly arena), forcing scientists to bring sketchy and inadequate concepts like Dark Matter and Dark Energy,
Newton’s misconceived law of universal gravitation does not give any answer to any question or any part thereof to the question‘why bodies come closer or orbit, spin and move apart (expand) or move in a group(cluster) or assemble in a big mass’, and Einstein’s sidetrack by introducing the concept of‘curvature’, which accepts Newton’s law in disguise, besides curvature without an‘arena’ as mentioned in postulate (ii) is meaningless, although the postulates (ii) and (v) (extended to postulate ix) together are expected to largely explain the question,
‘scientifically understood’ pressure particles, as the name signifies, are those which involve a pressure phenomenon that is known to the scientists, e.g. pressure known as force per unit area, ‘scientifically not explained’ particles, again as the name signifies, are those which involves a pressure phenomenon that is yet not known or very clear to the scientists, e.g. human beings do many works under the pressure of emotions and desire as mentioned and‘special Creator particles’ are those which involves a pressure phenomenon that fulfills the special desires of the Creator e.g. creation of the universe, demolition of the same and again rebirth of it ( 21 : 104), although, scientists have already started speaking of Doomsday if the average density p of the universe becomes greater than its critical density [(pc= (3H2) / (8pQ)], besides, all the broadly classified‘pressure particles’, already named as‘NH Particles’ in an international application (WIPO), are essentially‘creator particles’, souls of living beings are not left out while their bodies move with the earth, the photons of light (or antimatters from the matter) are also not left out, although whether light takes the earthly geodesic path as Einstein suggested needs to be verified again, since light travels in all directions from a source, therefore, the mere fact that a volume is lighted up does not necessarily mean it is taking an earthly geodesic path within an arena, it may be the case of continuous photons coming out of a light source, deceiving our human perception level to appear continuous to us as in the case of movies, the present invention gives a solution to the almost‘unimaginable’ creation of energy, with the already known phenomenon and laws of nature, to the scientists, one can simply say it is‘from known to an unimaginable target achieved’, ordinarily, one cannot think of any motion of mass-less things, besides kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the velocity, as is a uniform circular motion with an acceleration (an inwardly directed push in an arena) in postulate (ii). and therefore, there is no harm in the inclusion of Energy (Kinetic) in Pressure-Motion Equivalence (PME) theory as Energy(kinetic)- Pressure-Motion Equivalence (EPME) Theory, if the objective is just to displace a mass‘m’ through a distance‘d’, the equation E = W = mad suggests that if there is no hurry i.e. acceleration‘a’ is negligible, both E and W will also be negligible, as in case of frictionless horizontal displacement, although, by applying a sizeable force for a negligible time, the displacement may be achieved in a quick time, also by spending a negligible energy, but in case of displacement against a force e.g. going upwards against Newton’s misconceived gravity or an inwardly directed push in an arena, E will be equal to ‘mgd’ according to Newton, although the value of‘a’ in case of inwardly directed push in an arena is possible to be found out experimentally, and is expected to be equal to‘g’ (Newton did not deduce the formula of misconceived universal gravitation theoretically, but from the experimental findings), but in a different context within the‘earthly arena’,
‘sudden blast of an imaginably big entity within an unimaginably small size enclosure’, suggests an unimaginable pressure requirement indicating essentiality of pressure for any movement, one of the two specialties of a fluid lies in its very definition, it can flow and alter its shape to conform to the outline of its container, the other being Pascal's principle, besides‘fluid flows from high pressure to low pressure, irrespective of quantity of heat, electricity or mechanical forces on two sides are amongst important tools for the present invention,
the reason behind‘at constant depth, the pressure exerted by the fluid is the same, irrespective of size and shape of the container’ lies in the fact that the most minimum‘unsupported’ cross section becomes the effective cross section, even if the unsupported cross section(s) do not fall in a straight line,
Newton's first law of motion becomes redundant, in respect of the second law and the second law needs to be re-casted in the light of‘pressure and not necessarily force is the driving agent for motion’ .
useful tasks (e.g. a task done in holding a mass over a fixed height without any movement, is neither neutralized nor is useless), although, not‘work’ in the strict sense, may be termed as potential work, preserved work, unsung work or latent work , similar to stored energy in case of potential energy, although the potential work is lost in case one refuses to accomplish that task, the question though of refusal does not arise in case of potential energy, one can however say that potential energy is the result of latent or potential work,
a force failing to move a mass because of conventional static friction, is neither neutralized nor is useless, but only needs to be strengthened with the addition of a balance force, to perform a desired job or to observe the movement, may be termed as unsung force or‘latent force’, an artificial arrangement, where both the earth’s pull on the mass and the mass’s pull on the earth (as a result of misconceived gravitational force or an inwardly directed push in an arena) are artificially communicated through the string, and they remain, causing tension in the string, which is not balanced by any kind of normal force or reaction force, but the forces remain as ‘latent forces’
coupling and decoupling of force should be done in a negligible net force
‘friction’ (should better be named as‘obstruction’) is the microscopic penetration between the surfaces which needs to be overcome, if motion is required and since while in motion the surfaces get lesser time (chance) to be penetrated., the kinetic friction is experimentally found lesser than the static friction,
it is possible to observe a torque positive (inwardly) from one arena (in one space-time domain r,x,y,z,t), but negative (outwardly directed) from a different arena (in another space-time domain ri,xi,yi,zi,ti,) and the torque which is responsible for rotational motion, can be viewed as a mechanical‘rotational pressure’ (its effectiveness depends not only on its magnitude but also on how far from it), and since pressure particles or named‘NH particles’ cause all kinds of motion and activities, therefore should produce the torques too,
any meaningful broad definition of pressure and its relation with all kinds of movement, may open the gate to find high energy pressure particles (NH) and many more sub-particles, different from Higgs-Boson or so called graviton common to all the natural forces in the universe, use of the conventional weight of liquid or its equivalent, together with concepts of net pressure (apparently force), latent force (not balanced by any action-reaction phenomenon), latent work and the energy(kinetic)-pressure-motion equivalence make the heart of the process, and an extremely high c.p. is achieved,
the process of this invention works by net pressure, and as such it is a rather slow and a time consuming one, a number of pockets are therefore used instead of a single-pocket, in such a sequence that the pockets together can work at the rate of waste that comes from the generator, sequential work is essentially a piecemeal work concept, basically different from power, but by delivering continuous output with multi-pocket arrangement in a sequence, it becomes effectively analogous to power,
net pressure is always a driving agent for motion, where as net force is not always a driving agent for motion,
pressure works against gravity, since a big mass may be lifted with a smaller mass with the help of pressure,
muscle power of any living being is altogether different from any other natural forces in nature, pressure can be transmitted through liquid, and the difference of pressure is the driving agent for motion, but in the absence of such transmission in solids (since a solid cannot change its shape to conform to the outline of the surrounding), full strengths of the applied forces remain unaltered in the absence of a pressure difference,
universally usable over-unity coefficient of performance (UOCP) leads to a universally usable system or process with which conventional‘work’ can be performed at less expense,
the root cause behind net pressure playing the vital role in UOCP, is that net pressure does not set only the uncommon portions in different wings in motion, but the common portions (which is neither balanced nor is useless and remain ) also along with it, thereby performing greater conventional work at lesser expense,
in hydraulic press the liquid (hydraulic oil) is used as a transmission medium only, but use of weight of liquid or its equivalent , together with concepts of net pressure (apparently force), latent force, latent work and the kinetic energy-pressure-motion equivalence make the heart of the process of this invention and a high UOCP is obtained,
the common pressure in different wings in conjunction with difference in pressure gives scope to act in a parallel way (common pressure in different wings is not needed to be added in series) amongst the wings,
the concept of virtual transfer of mass is essentially a transfer of mass in sequence, as a result of sequential work, and the phrase‘virtual transfer’ has been used to signify that the mass is deemed to be transferred to its destination, but in reality the same will eventually reach there through the process of sequence,
the new concepts of‘latent work’,‘latent force’, and more particularly the concepts of Kinetic Energy -Pressure-Motion Equivalence (EPME), and Universally usable Over-unity Coefficient of Performance (UOCP) necessitates everything connected to force, work and energy (e.g. energy, power, force, pressure, efficiency, coefficient of performance, the whole string of phenomena) to be reviewed and redefined.
2. The‘creation of energy’ process of claim 1, requires no conventional fuel or renewable energy source and is practically fuel-less and as such is basically a perpetual motion process, although there is need of stopping the apparatus for maintenance, repair and overhauling jobs in addition to replenishing the liquid in the reservoir because of minor losses of liquid due to evaporation and other factors.
3. The‘creation of energy’ process of claim 1, is green-house effect free and pollution free and gives scope to set-up the apparatus at the premises of the users, which reduces the need of long distance transmission lines and big substations and also is independently usable in remote places.
4. The‘creation of energy’ process of claim 1, although depends on inwardly directed push in an arena (conventionally and through a misconception known as gravitational potential energy), can be used in air-transports by carrying storage tanks as charged battery..
5. Materials used in pistons and cylinders in the said apparatus of claim 1, are optimized from the considerations of coefficient of friction, withstanding the continuous stress, durability and reliability.
6. Keys used in the apparatus of claim 1, are opened and/or closed during minimum net pressure applied on them and are mechanical pressure-controlled and/or float-type valves or electrically operated and electronically controlled with sensors, while the valves are usual non-return valves, with light shuttle keys.
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN116257777A (en) * 2023-02-13 2023-06-13 哈尔滨工业大学 Classification model fusion type sealed relay redundant detection and material identification method
CN116257777B (en) * 2023-02-13 2023-09-12 哈尔滨工业大学 Classification model fusion type sealed relay redundant detection and material identification method

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