WO2019227906A1 - 一种降低路基含水率的电渗处理法及道路结构 - Google Patents

一种降低路基含水率的电渗处理法及道路结构 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019227906A1
WO2019227906A1 PCT/CN2018/121824 CN2018121824W WO2019227906A1 WO 2019227906 A1 WO2019227906 A1 WO 2019227906A1 CN 2018121824 W CN2018121824 W CN 2018121824W WO 2019227906 A1 WO2019227906 A1 WO 2019227906A1
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Prior art keywords
electrode
roadbed
cathode
water
cathode electrode
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PCT/CN2018/121824
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
崔新壮
李晋
金青
张炯
苏俊伟
王洁茹
王艺霖
李骏
韩若楠
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Shandong University
Shandong Jiaotong University
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Shandong University
Shandong Jiaotong University
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Priority to AU2018426054A priority Critical patent/AU2018426054A1/en
Publication of WO2019227906A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019227906A1/zh
Priority to ZA2020/06050A priority patent/ZA202006050B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C3/00—Foundations for pavings
    • E01C3/06—Methods or arrangements for protecting foundations from destructive influences of moisture, frost or vibration
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/11—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil by thermal, electrical or electro-chemical means

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of civil engineering, and specifically discloses a non-excavation, non-closed traffic, electroosmotic treatment method for reducing roadbed moisture content and road structure.
  • Measures to reduce the water content of the roadbed generally include excavating drainage ditches, plowing, drying the backfill soil, adding quicklime to the roadbed soil to reduce the water content, and laying cushion and geosynthetics to isolate the groundwater. Subgrade excavation and traffic closure in the construction section bring great inconvenience to the normal use of the road. At the same time, the scheme has a huge amount of engineering and expensive construction costs.
  • the present invention proposes a non-excavation, non-enclosed traffic, electroosmotic treatment method and road structure for reducing the water content of the roadbed.
  • the direct current causes the water in the roadbed filler to be collected near the cathode electrode and discharged under the action of the direct current, thereby reducing the water content of the roadbed and avoiding construction excavation.
  • the invention provides a non-excavation and non-enclosed traffic method for reducing the moisture content of a roadbed.
  • An anode electrode and a cathode electrode are provided in the roadbed. Under the action, the water in the roadbed filler is collected near the cathode electrode and discharged, thereby reducing the water content of the roadbed.
  • a drainage channel is provided near the cathode electrode.
  • the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are made of an inert material.
  • the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are made of a metal material.
  • the cathode electrode adopts a hollow tubular structure, and a water-permeable hole is provided in the tubular structure.
  • the anode electrode adopts a solid tubular structure.
  • Step 1 determines the voltage value of the electrode
  • Step 2 Select the appropriate electrode material and determine the size of the electrode
  • Step 3 Determine the electrode layout method according to the actual road size and structure
  • Step 4 Estimate the soil resistance
  • Step 5 Estimate the output power and select a suitable DC power supply
  • Step 6 Connect the power source and the electrodes to drain water.
  • Step 7 If the electrode is made of an inert material, remove the electrode, and then pour the electrode hole; if the electrode is made of a metal material, directly retain the electrode, directly pour in or remove the electrode, and pour the electrode hole.
  • the invention also provides a road structure, which includes a road surface and a subgrade; an anode electrode and a cathode electrode are buried in the subgrade, and the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are connected to a direct current power source.
  • a drainage channel is provided near the cathode electrode.
  • the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are made of an inert material.
  • the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are made of a metal material.
  • the cathode electrode adopts a hollow tubular structure, and a water-permeable hole is provided in the tubular structure.
  • the anode electrode adopts a solid tubular structure.
  • the invention proposes a non-excavation, non-enclosed traffic method for reducing the water content of the roadbed by electrophoresis, that is, inserting an electrode in a super-humid soil roadbed and connecting the direct current, and under the action of the direct current, the water in the roadbed filler is forced. Collected near the cathode electrode and discharged, reducing the water content of the roadbed.
  • the construction method avoids the excavation of the roadbed, and on the basis of ensuring the normal passage of the road, it simplifies the construction process and reduces the construction cost, so it has broad application prospects.
  • Figure 1 (a) A sectional view of a cathode tube
  • Figure 1 (b) a front view of a cathode tube
  • FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of electrode arrangement
  • FIG. 1 Schematic circuit of the electroosmotic area
  • the measures to reduce the water content of the roadbed in the prior art generally include excavating drainage ditches, plowing, drying the roadbed backfill soil, adding quicklime to the roadbed soil to reduce the water content, and laying cushions and geosynthetics. Isolate groundwater, etc .; but the above-mentioned treatment measures need to excavate the original roadbed and close the traffic in the construction section, which brings great inconvenience to the normal use of the road. At the same time, the scheme has a huge amount of engineering and expensive construction costs. In order to solve the above technical problems This application proposes a non-excavation, non-enclosed traffic, electroosmotic treatment method and road structure for reducing the moisture content of the roadbed.
  • the roadbed By inserting electrodes into the super-humid soil roadbed and connecting the direct current, the roadbed is filled with the direct current.
  • the water in the pool is collected near the cathode electrode and discharged, thereby reducing the water content of the roadbed and avoiding construction excavation.
  • a non-excavation and non-enclosed traffic method for reducing the moisture content of a roadbed is provided with an anode electrode and a cathode electrode in the roadbed.
  • the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are connected to a DC power source, and function in the DC power
  • the water in the roadbed filler is collected near the cathode electrode and discharged, thereby reducing the water content of the roadbed;
  • the positive and negative signs of the ions adsorbed in the adsorption layer and the diffusion layer are opposite to the negative charge on the surface of the soil particle, which is also called the counter ion layer.
  • the electric double layer means that the negative charge on the surface of the soil particles constitutes the inner layer of the electric field, and the counter ion layer constitutes the outer layer of the electric field. If a certain potential difference is applied across the soil, the electric double layer will rupture, its positive charge will move to the cathode, and negative charge will move to the anode.
  • a drainage channel is provided near the cathode electrode; when the number of water molecules at the cathode is gathered to a certain degree, water is released from the hydrated ions, so that the moisture near the cathode is increased, and the water from the cathode is increased.
  • the set drainage channel is discharged.
  • the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are made of an inert material; when an inert electrode (including a non-metal electrode such as a graphite electrode, an inert metal electrode such as a silver electrode) is used for the electroosmosis treatment, the The electrode rod connected to the DC power is inserted into the soil, and the water in the soil undergoes an electrochemical change under the action of the DC power, so that an electric field can be formed between the anode and the cathode.
  • the soil particles can adsorb anions and make the surface negatively charged.
  • the polar water molecules easily combine with cations to form hydrated cations.
  • the electrode can be taken out and a pre-configured sealing material can be poured into the electrode hole to seal the hole.
  • the anode electrode and the cathode electrode are made of a metal material, preferably, they can be made of an iron material, a copper material, an aluminum material, etc., because the cost of the iron material is low, it is preferred use;
  • a drainage channel is provided at the cathode, and water will be discharged from the cathode.
  • the drainage of water reduces the soil moisture content and improves the soil carrying capacity.
  • Fe (OH) 2 in the soil is oxidized to Fe (OH) 3 and cemented with the soil particles, which can further increase the strength of the soil.
  • the electrons generated by the oxidation pass direct current through the positive electrode to the negative electrode, and are in contact with the negative electrode.
  • Metal ions or hydrogen ions produced by electrolysis of water undergo a reduction reaction to generate corresponding metals or hydrogen.
  • the sealing material is directly filled in the electrode tube. After the sealing material is hardened, it can form an anchor system with the metal electrode to anchor the subgrade slope.
  • the cathode electrode adopts a hollow tubular structure, and water-permeable holes are provided on the tubular structure; as shown in FIG. 1 (a) and FIG. 1 (b); on the surface of the cathode tube
  • the perforated holes are opened at a certain distance, the perforated holes are symmetrically distributed on the cross section of the material, and the opening axes are perpendicular to each other; preferably, the longitudinal distance between two adjacent rows of perforated holes is 10 cm, and the diameter of the perforated holes ⁇ 3 is 6-8 mm
  • the electrode length is consistent with the width of the subgrade soil.
  • the anode electrode adopts a solid tubular structure
  • Electrode materials can generally be divided into two categories.
  • One is an electrode tube or electrode rod made of an inert material (such as graphite). Since an inert electrode does not undergo electrochemical changes under the action of an external power source, such electrodes are used for electrical In the case of infiltration, it can be taken out and recycled after the electrification is completed.
  • Another type of electrode material is steel bars or steel pipes. The use of iron electrodes will cause the electrochemical reaction to generate Fe (OH) 2 and Fe ( OH) 3 colloid, the colloid can cement with the soil particles, which can further increase the strength of the soil.
  • anode rod having a diameter of 16 ⁇ 24mm of steel or graphite rod cathode material is optionally an outer diameter ⁇ 1 of 21 ⁇ 27mm steel tube or graphite tube, ⁇ 2 corresponding to an inner diameter of 18 ⁇ 24mm, while the cathode surface of the tube at regular
  • the distance from the open permeable holes is symmetrically distributed on the cross section of the material, and the opening axes are perpendicular to each other.
  • the longitudinal distance between two adjacent rows of permeable holes is 10 cm, and the pore diameter of the permeable holes ⁇ 3 is 6 to 8 mm.
  • the moisture in the place is smoothly discharged into and discharged.
  • the cathode tube is shown in Figure 1.
  • the electrode length is consistent with the width of the subgrade soil.
  • the electrode arrangement is shown in Figure 2. Due to the limited power provided by the DC power supply, the electroosmotic power required for the long construction section is large. Therefore, multiple DC power supplies need to be used for power supply throughout the construction section.
  • the quantity shall be determined in combination with the water content of the subgrade, the number of electrodes to be laid in a unit length section, and the length of the construction section.
  • an operation area is defined every 40 to 60m along the route.
  • the location of the electrode holes in each operating area should be determined according to the voltage strength between adjacent electrodes and the level of soil water content.
  • the cathode and anode are respectively arranged at different heights, and the anode tube and the cathode tube are arranged along the height direction.
  • Each layer of anode tube and its adjacent lower cathode tube is an electroosmotic layer, and the same electroosmotic layer in each working area is powered by a DC power source.
  • the vertical distance between the adjacent two electrodes can be selected from the range of 0.6 to 1 m by combining the voltage strength between adjacent electrodes, the soil moisture content and the height of the subgrade.
  • the cathode tube and the cathode tube at the same height, and the anode rod can be selected.
  • the distance from the anode rod is about 1 ⁇ 1.2m.
  • the cathode tube needs to be set with a slope of 2% to 4%.
  • the estimation of soil resistance should be analyzed in the unit of operation area. In each operation area, the total resistance of the soil body between the yin and yang electrodes appears as apparent resistance R apparent . If the interface resistance between the electrode and the surrounding soil body is considered , The resistance R between each pair of electrodes is apparent , and is composed of three parts: the electrode resistance electrode R electrode , the electrode-soil interface resistance R interface , and the soil resistance R soil :
  • R electrode the electrode material resistance ( ⁇ ), R electrode for metal electrode ⁇ 0;
  • R interface the interface resistance between the electrode and the soil ( ⁇ );
  • R ⁇ l / A
  • ⁇ the resistivity of the soil
  • l the distance between the yin and yang electrodes
  • A the area of the soil.
  • the soil resistivity ⁇ was tested with a Miller resistance (20cm ⁇ 20cm ⁇ 18cm) box.
  • the interface resistance R interface calculation method is:
  • n the number of electrode pairs.
  • Estimating the current helps determine the power of the power supply equipment.
  • the change in the moisture content of the soil during the electroosmosis process will cause the resistance to change, which will cause the current to change from high to low during the electroosmosis process.
  • the initial current is estimated according to formula (4):
  • the construction cost of the entire project should also be considered.
  • the power supply methods used there are differences in the power supply methods used.
  • AC transformers and rectifiers can be selected to convert AC power to DC power for power supply.
  • the advantages of using a rectifier for AC to DC are convenient operation, stable voltage and no need to generate electricity separately, but the AC transformer must be an isolation transformer type, otherwise it will cause a short circuit to the earth when the power is turned on, and the equipment cost is higher.
  • Using a DC generator to power the project can meet the demand for higher power during the construction process, but using a DC generator for a long time will increase the fuel consumption. At the same time, using a generator to supply power will cause unstable output voltage and voltage Decrease with increasing current; the choice of specific power supply equipment should be determined based on factors such as equipment prices, construction costs, and engineering needs.
  • the electro-osmosis drainage step is to first conduct electrical drainage for the uppermost electro-osmotic layer of the entire subgrade. During the drainage process, pay attention to the moisture content of the subgrade, the voltage and the current, and wait until the moisture content of the soil in this layer falls below the maximum.
  • the power is turned off; then the next layer of electroosmosis is electrified, and when the water content drops to the same value, the lower subgrade is continuously drained until the entire subgrade water content is reduced to the required water content. Rate, stop energizing, carry out spot check of moisture content and adjust moisture content. Subsequent construction operations can only be performed when the overall water content of the subgrade does not exceed the optimal water content of 1% -3%.
  • the slurry is non-toxic and non-polluting.
  • the sealing material can be four kinds of grouting materials: modified water glass slurry, ordinary cement single liquid slurry, cement-water glass double liquid slurry, and ultra-fine cement.
  • ordinary cement single slurry can be selected for sealing; however, when the project requires higher early strength of cement and strict control of hardening time, water glass can be incorporated In the cement slurry, the gelation time is controlled to ensure the early strength of the sealing material.
  • Ordinary cement single slurry should use ordinary Portland cement with 32.5R and above.
  • the water-cement ratio is generally set to 0.6: 1 ⁇ 0.8: 1; the water glass concentration should be 35 ° Bé and above. And perfusion process.
  • the slurry In order to ensure the quality of sealing, the slurry must be accurately proportioned and meet the design requirements. Monitoring should be carried out during the grouting construction period. Monitoring items usually include material spillage and groundwater pollution. In particular, necessary measures must be taken to prevent the sealing material from overflowing.
  • sealing is performed. If a graphite electrode is used for electroosmosis drainage treatment, when the average value of the moisture content of the soil sample meets the compaction standard, that is, it does not exceed 3% of the optimal moisture content, the electricity is terminated. Take out the graphite electrode and pour concrete into the electrode hole to seal the hole. The taken out graphite electrode can be recycled; if steel bars and steel pipes are used as the electrode for the electroosmosis drainage treatment, when the average value of the moisture content of the soil samples meets the compaction standard, When the optimal moisture content is not more than 3%, the power supply is ended, and the sealing material is directly filled in the electrode tube. After the sealing material is hardened, it can form an anchor system with the metal electrode to anchor the roadbed slope.
  • the present invention also proposes a road structure, specifically as shown in FIG. 2, which includes a road surface 1, a subgrade 2 and a foundation 3; an anode electrode 4 and a cathode electrode 5 are buried in the subgrade 2, and the anode electrode 4 A DC power source 6 and a DC power source 7 are connected to the cathode electrode 5.
  • a drainage channel is provided near the cathode electrode 5.
  • the anode electrode 4 and the cathode electrode 5 are made of an inert material.
  • the anode electrode 4 and the cathode electrode 5 are made of a metal material.
  • the cathode electrode 5 adopts a hollow tubular structure, and a water-permeable hole is provided in the tubular structure.
  • the anode electrode 4 adopts a solid tubular structure.
  • Electro-osmosis method to reduce water content in over-wet subgrade soil of expressway
  • Subgrade treatment of expressways can be performed by electroosmosis.
  • the field test used a self-made adjustable stabilized voltage DC power supply. Due to the large volume of traffic on this section, the adjustable voltage was 65V for electroosmosis treatment, which was divided into a working area every 40m, and one working area was powered by the same DC power supply. For power supply, in order to ensure the construction rate, according to estimates, the DC power supply is not less than 3500W.
  • the electrode material a graphite rod with a diameter of 20 mm is used for the anode material, and a graphite tube with an outer diameter of 26 mm and an inner diameter of 12 mm is used for the cathode material. The cathode and anode are arranged alternately at different height levels.
  • the anode level is parallel to the cathode level with a vertical distance of 0.8m.
  • the distance between the cathode and the cathode and between the anode and the anode is 1m.
  • a total of 4 layers of electrodes are laid. According to estimates, the output voltage and current are monitored every 2 hours after the power is turned on, and the voltage and current are stabilized after 24 hours. After that, the moisture content of the roadbed filler is measured every 12 hours until the moisture content is within the optimal water content range of 2%, and the power is turned off. Ordinary cement-water glass double liquid slurry was selected as the sealing material. The cement grade was 32.5R, the water-cement ratio was 0.7: 1, and the water glass concentration was 35 ° Bé.
  • the electrode is pulled out of the electrode hole and a sealing material is poured to seal the hole. It can be seen from the comparison that the use of electroosmosis can reduce the moisture content of the roadbed filler without affecting the normal operation of the highway, which greatly simplifies the construction process.

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Abstract

一种降低路基(2)含水率的电渗处理方法及道路结构，即在过湿土路基(2)中插入电极并接通直流电，在直流电的作用下，路基(2)填料中的水分强制汇集在阴极电极(5)附近并排出，使路基(2)含水率降低。该施工方法避免了路基(2)开挖，在保证道路正常通行的基础上，简化了施工流程，降低了施工造价，因此具有广阔的应用前景。

Description

一种降低路基含水率的电渗处理法及道路结构 技术领域
本发明属于土木工程领域，具体公开了一种非开挖、不封闭交通的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法及道路结构。
背景技术
在大规模道路建设中，道路长期服役性能的保持是非常重要的。在道路运营期间，如果大气降水不能及时通过排水系统排走，会经由路面或边坡渗入路基，使路基含水率提高，降低路基稳定性；另一方面，地下水位的上升会显著增加路基工作区的含水率，毛细作用能将地下水位以上路基饱和区的水输送到路基工作区中，引起路基工作区含水率的增大，导致翻浆、冻融等病害，降低道路结构强度，缩短道路使用寿命。因此，采取有效措施治理道路结构水损害，可以提高路基路面稳定性，从而保证道路的正常使用。降低路基含水率的措施一般包括开挖排水沟、翻耕、晾晒路基回填土、在路基土中掺加生石灰降低含水率以及铺设垫层及土工合成材料隔离地下水等；但上述处理措施需对原有路基进行开挖，封闭施工段交通，为道路的正常使用带来极大不便，同时该方案工程量巨大，工程造价昂贵。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术中存在的技术问题，本发明提出了一种非开挖、不封闭交通的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法及道路结构，通过在过湿土路基中插入电极并接通直流电，在直流电的作用下使路基填料中的水分汇集在阴极电极附近并排出，从而降低路基含水率，避免了施工开挖。
本发明采用的技术方案如下：
本发明提出了一种非开挖、不封闭交通的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法，在路基中设置有阳极电极和阴极电极，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极连接直流电源，在直流电的作用下使路基填料中的水分汇集在阴极电极附近并排出，从而降低路基含水率。
进一步优选的，上述处理方法中，所述的阴极电极附近设置有排水通道。
进一步优选的，上述处理方法中，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极采用惰性材料制作。
进一步优选的，上述处理方法中，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极采用金属材料制作。
进一步优选的，上述处理方法中，在所述的阴极电极采用中空的管状结构，在该 管状结构上设有透水孔。
进一步优选的，上述处理方法中，所述的阳极电极采用实心的管状结构。
本发明提出的非开挖、不封闭交通的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法的具体的施工方法如下：
步骤1确定电极的电压值；
步骤2选择合适的电极材料，确定电极的尺寸；
步骤3根据实际路面尺寸以及结构，确定电极布设的方式；
步骤4估算土体电阻；
步骤5估算输出功率，选取合适的直流电源；
步骤6连接电源和布设的电极，进行排水；
步骤7若电极采用惰性材料制作，则取出电极，然后对电极孔进行灌注；若电极采用的金属材料制作，则直接保留电极，在电极内直接灌注或者取出电极，对电极孔进行灌注。
本发明还提出了一种道路结构，其包括路面和路基；在所述路基中埋设阳极电极和阴极电极，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极连接直流电源。
进一步优选的，上述道路结构中，所述的阴极电极附近设置有排水通道。
进一步优选的，上述道路结构中，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极采用惰性材料制作。
进一步优选的，上述道路结构中，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极采用金属材料制作。
进一步优选的，上述道路结构中，在所述的阴极电极采用中空的管状结构，在该管状结构上设有透水孔。
进一步优选的，上述道路结构中，所述的阳极电极采用实心的管状结构。
本发明的有益效果如下：
本发明提出了一种非开挖、不封闭交通的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法，即在过湿土路基中插入电极并接通直流电，在直流电的作用下，路基填料中的水分强制汇集在阴极电极附近并排出，使路基含水率降低。该施工方法避免了路基开挖，在保证道路正常通行的基础上，简化了施工流程，降低了施工造价，因此具有广阔的应用前景。
附图说明
构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本申请的进一步理解，本申请的示 意性实施例及其说明用于解释本申请，并不构成对本申请的不当限定。
图1(a)阴极管的截面图；
图1(b)阴极管的正视图；
图2电极布置方式示意图；
图3电渗区电路示意图；
图中：1路面，2路基，3地基，4阴极电极，5阴极电极，6直流电源，7直流电源。
具体实施方式
应该指出，以下详细说明都是例示性的，旨在对本申请提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明，本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本申请所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
需要注意的是，这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式，而非意图限制根据本申请的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的，除非上下文另外明确指出，否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式，此外，还应当理解的是，当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时，其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合；
正如背景技术所介绍的，现有技术中降低路基含水率的措施一般包括开挖排水沟、翻耕、晾晒路基回填土、在路基土中掺加生石灰降低含水率以及铺设垫层及土工合成材料隔离地下水等；但上述处理措施需对原有路基进行开挖，封闭施工段交通，为道路的正常使用带来极大不便，同时该方案工程量巨大，工程造价昂贵，为了解决如上的技术问题，本申请提出了一种非开挖、不封闭交通的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法及道路结构，通过在过湿土路基中插入电极并接通直流电，在直流电的作用下使路基填料中的水分汇集在阴极电极附近并排出，从而降低路基含水率，避免了施工开挖。
具体的，一种非开挖、不封闭交通的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法，在路基中设置有阳极电极和阴极电极，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极连接直流电源，在直流电的作用下使路基填料中的水分汇集在阴极电极附近并排出，从而降低路基含水率；具体的工作原理如下：
通常情况下，土颗粒会吸附阴离子使其表面表面带负电荷。颗粒四周形成一个电场，极性水分子、水化阳离子受到静电吸引被吸附在土粒表面，同时由于受布朗运动 热运动的扩散作用，实际阳离子的分布是不均匀的。最靠近土粒表面的地方，极性水分子、水化阳离子排列得紧密，形成吸附层；离土粒表面距离稍远的地方，静电吸引力降低，极性水分子、水化阳离子排列得不是那么紧密，形成扩散层。吸附层和扩散层中被吸附的离子，其正负号与土粒表面的负电荷相反，又称为反离子层。双电层即指土粒表面的负电荷构成电场内层，反离子层构成电场外层。若在土体两端施加一定的电位差，则双电层必将破裂，其正电荷移向阴极，而负电荷移向阳极，由于双电层的第一层与土体牢固的连接着，这层的移动很困难，因此只是第二层带动液体一起移动，这样就形成了电渗；通过电渗可以排出土中的弱结合水和自由水。
进一步优选的，上述处理方法中，所述的阴极电极附近设置有排水通道；在阴极，水分子数量聚集到一定程度时，水从水化离子中释放出来，使阴极附近水分增加，从阴极处设置的排水通道排出。
进一步优选的，上述处理方法中，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极采用惰性材料制作；采用惰性电极(包括非金属电极如石墨电极、惰性金属电极如银电极等)进行电渗法处理时，将接通直流电的电极棒插入土壤，土壤内的水在直流电的作用下发生电化学变化，使阳极和阴极之间能形成电场，通常情况下，土颗粒能够吸附阴离子使其表面带负电，土壤内的极性水分子易与阳离子结合形成水化阳离子。当插入电极后在电场力的作用下，水化阳离子会在电场力的作用下朝阴极定向移动，同时，水分子通过摩擦力的作用再带动周围自由水和部分弱结合水向阴极移动(宏观表现为水的粘滞性)，形成电渗现象。在阴极，水分子数量聚集到一定程度时，水从水化离子中释放出来，使阴极附近水分增加，从阴极处设置的排水通道排出。自由水和部分弱结合水被排出后，土粒的结构和性质都会发生变化。自由水和部分弱结合水被排出，孔隙减小，土颗粒之间的咬合紧密。因此，土体承载力得到提高，土体的摩擦角和粘聚力都增加，使得土体抗剪强度增加。当路基土含水率降至规定数值后可将电极取出并在电极孔中灌注预先配置的封孔材料进行封孔。
进一步优选的，上述处理方法中，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极采用金属材料制作，优选的，可采用铁制材料、铜质材料、铝制材料等制作，由于铁质材料成本较低，优先使用；
采用铁质管进行电渗法处理时，将接通直流电的电极棒插入土壤，土壤内的水在直流电的作用下发生化学变化。在阳极发生氧化反应，在直流电的作用下产生Fe 2+和 电子，Fe 2+在水溶液中产生Fe(OH) 2·nH 2O，带正电荷Fe(OH) 2·nH 2O向阴极移动，当Fe(OH) 2·nH 2O移至阴极，水分子从土体中脱去并大量聚集，此时在阴极处设置排水通道，水将从阴极排出。水分的排出降低了土壤含水率，提高土体承载力。同时土体中的Fe(OH) 2氧化为Fe(OH) 3并与土粒产生胶结作用，能进一步提高土壤强度，而氧化作用产生的电子，经由正极通过直流电至负极，并与负极电极处的金属离子或水电解产生的氢离子发生还原反应生成相应的金属或者氢气。当路基土含水率降至规定数值后，直接在电极管中填充封孔材料，封孔材料凝结硬化后能与金属电极形成锚固体系，对路基边坡进行锚固。
进一步优选的，上述处理方法中，在所述的阴极电极采用中空的管状结构，在该管状结构上设有透水孔；如图1(a)和图1(b)所示；在阴极管表面每隔一定距离开透水孔，透水孔在材料横断面上对称分布，且开孔轴线互为垂直；优选的，相邻两排透水孔纵向间距为10cm，透水孔的孔径Φ 3为6～8mm，保证汇集到阴极管处的水分顺利排出内并排出。电极长度与路基土宽度一致。
进一步优选的，上述处理方法中，所述的阳极电极采用实心的管状结构；
上述方法具体的设计方法如下：
(1)电压确定
电渗时电压常用范围为U＝24V～160V。但考虑到施工过程不影响道路的正常运营，同时考虑到施工速度，以接近或不超过72V安全电压为宜，且电压过高时，将使土体产生大量热量，耗能大增，并不经济。
(2)电极材料的选取及尺寸确定
电极材料一般可分为两类，一类为利用惰性材料(如石墨)制成的电极管或电极棒，由于惰性电极不会在外加电源作用下发生电化学变化，因而采用此种电极进行电渗法施工时，可在通电结束后取出并循环利用；另一类电极材料为钢筋或者钢管，采用铁质电极会导致在电渗实验过程中参与电化学反应产生Fe(OH) 2和Fe(OH) 3胶体，胶体能与土粒产生胶结作用，能进一步增大土体强度。阳极棒可选择直径为16～ 24mm的钢筋或石墨棒，阴极材料可选择外径Φ 1为21～27mm的钢管或石墨管，相应内径Φ 2为18～24mm，同时在阴极管表面每隔一定距离开透水孔，透水孔在材料横断面上对称分布，且开孔轴线互为垂直，相邻两排透水孔纵向间距为10cm，透水孔的孔径Φ 3为6～8mm，保证汇集到阴极管处的水分顺利排出内并排出。阴极管如图1所示。电极长度与路基土宽度一致。
(3)电极布设
电极布置方式如图2所示，由于直流电源可提供的功率有限，对长度较长的施工段所需电渗功率较大，因而在整个施工段内需采用多个直流电源进行供电；直流电源的数量需结合路基含水率、单位长度路段内所需布设电极数量、施工段长度进行确定。
对一般工程，沿路线方向每隔40～60m定义为一个作业区。每个作业区内，电极孔位置的确定应根据相邻电极之间电压强度以及土壤含水率高低来确定。阴、阳极各自布置在不同高度，且阳极管和阴极管沿着高度方向穿插布置。每一层阳极管及其相邻的下层阴极管为一电渗层位，每个作业区的同一电渗层由一个直流电源供电。
优选的，结合相邻电极之间的电压强度、土壤含水率以及路基高度可选择相邻两个电极之间的垂直间距为0.6～1m，同一高度处的阴极管与阴极管之间、阳极棒与阳极棒之间距离约为1～1.2m。根据路基高度不同，为保证汇集到阴极处的水分能尽快排出，需将阴极管设置坡度为2％～4％的下坡。
(4)土体电阻估算
土体电阻的估算应以作业区为单位进行分析；在每一作业区内，阴阳电极间土体的总电阻表现为视在电阻R 视在，若考虑电极与周围土体之间的界面电阻，则每一对电极间电阻R 视在，由电极电阻电极R 电极、电极与土体界面电阻R 界面、以及土体电阻R 土三部分构成：
R 视在＝R 电极+R 界面+R 土       (1)
式中：R 电极—电极材料本身电阻(Ω)，对金属电极R 电极≈0；
R 界面—电极与土体之间的界面电阻(Ω)；
R 土—土体电阻(Ω)。R＝ρl/A，ρ为土体电阻率，l为阴阳电极距离，A为土体面积。
其中，土体电阻率ρ用Miller电阻(20cm×20cm×18cm)箱测试。
界面电阻R 界面计算方法为：
Figure PCTCN2018121824-appb-000001
由于路基排水是由很多对电极构成，这些电极和它们之间土体可以划分为条带，并可以视为与电源是并联关系，电渗区电路就简化为图3所示模型：
电渗场地总电阻ΣR 视在计算方法如公式(3)所示：
Figure PCTCN2018121824-appb-000002
其中：n—电极对数。
(5)输出功率估算及直流电源选取
估算电流有助于确定供电设备功率。一般来说，由于电渗过程中土体含水率的变化会导致电阻发生变化，进而使电流在电渗过程中从高到低变化，初始电流按公式(4)估算：
Figure PCTCN2018121824-appb-000003
并通过初始电流和电源输出电压估算电源功率，如式(5)所示：
P＝UI         (5)
在直流电源选取过程中，除要保证电源电压满足施工要求并保证输出电压的相对稳定外，还应考虑整个项目的施工成本。根据工程性质的不同，所选用的供电方式也存在差异。一般来说，当施工场地提供交流电时，可选择交流变压器及整流器将交流电源转换为直流电源进行供电。采用整流器进行交流电转直流电的优点是操作方便，电压较稳定且无需单独发电，但交流变压器必须是隔离变压器类型，否则通电时会引起与大地短路，且设备成本较高。采用直流发电机对工程进行供电可满足施工过程中较高功率的需求，但采用直流发电机进行长时间供电会使耗油量增大，同时采用发电机进行供电会出现输出电压不稳定，电压随电流增大而降低等现象；具体供电设备的选择应根据设备价格、施工费用以及工程需求等因素来确定。
(6)通电及观测
电极安装结束之后，及时将电渗区电极与直流电源输出端连接，电渗区电极与输入导线的连接触点用铁丝绑扎牢固。通电前检查电路连接，当选取的电压过高时需将人员撤离，确认无误后后方可合上开关。电渗法排水步骤为先对整个路基的最上层电 渗层位进行通电排水，排水过程中应时刻关注路基含水率情况、电压、电流变化情况，待该层土体含水率降至不超过最佳含水量1％-3％时结束通电；再对其下一层电渗层位进行通电，当含水率降到相同数值时继续对下层路基进行排水直至整个路基含水率都降至所需含水率，停止通电，进行含水率抽查并调整含水率。当路基整体含水率都达到不超过最佳含水量1％-3％时方可进行后续施工操作。
(7)封孔灌注材料
灌注材料的选取一般应符合以下要求：
1)与旧路基具有良好的相容性；
2)具备良好的可注性，满足灌注要求；
3)早期具有一定强度，并且其凝结硬化时间可控；固结后应有一定强度、抗渗、稳定、耐久和收缩小；
4)材料来源广，价格适宜；
5)浆液无毒无污染。
其中，封孔灌注材料可采用改性水玻璃浆、普通水泥单液浆、水泥—水玻璃双液浆、超细水泥四种注浆材料。一般来说，考虑到工程造价及材料的工作性能，可选取普通水泥单浆液进行封孔；但当工程项目对水泥早期强度要求较高，对硬化时间有严格控制时，可将水玻璃掺入水泥浆中，实现胶凝时间的控制，保证封孔材料的早期强度。
普通水泥单液浆应选用32.5R及以上的普通硅酸盐水泥，水灰比一般设为0.6:1～0.8:1；水玻璃浓度应为35°Bé及以上，外加剂应根据路基填料类型和灌注工艺进行选择。
为保证封孔质量，浆液必须配比准确，符合设计要求。注浆施工期应进行监测，监测项目通常有材料溢出、地下水污染等，特别是要采取必要措施防止封孔材料溢出。
(8)封孔
电渗结束后进行封孔，若采用石墨电极进行电渗排水处理，当土样含水量检测平均值符合压实标准，即不超过最佳含水量3％时结束通电。将石墨电极取出并在电极孔中灌注混凝土进行封孔，取出的石墨电极可回收利用；若采用钢筋和钢管作为电极进行电渗排水处理，当土样含水量检测平均值符合压实标准，即不超过最佳含水量3％时结束通电，直接在电极管中填充封孔材料，封孔材料凝结硬化后能与金属电极形 成锚固体系，对路基边坡进行锚固。
本发明还提出了一种道路结构，具体的如图2所示，其包括路面1、路基2和地基3；在所述路基2中埋设阳极电极4和阴极电极5，所述的阳极电极4和阴极电极5连接直流电源6和直流电源7。
进一步优选的，上述道路结构中，所述的阴极电极5附近设置有排水通道。
进一步优选的，上述道路结构中，所述的阳极电极4和阴极电极5采用惰性材料制作。
进一步优选的，上述道路结构中，所述的阳极电极4和阴极电极5采用金属材料制作。
进一步优选的，上述道路结构中，在所述的阴极电极5采用中空的管状结构，在该管状结构上设有透水孔。
进一步优选的，上述道路结构中，所述的阳极电极4采用实心的管状结构。
具体的实施案例：
电渗法降低高速公路过湿路基土中的含水率
某高速公路部分路段在运营过程中由于地下水位的上升及路基土毛细作用使地下水上升到路基工作区，路基强度降低，出现水损害现象。可采用电渗法对高速公路进行路基处理。
现场试验采用的是自制可调稳压直流电源，由于该路段交通量较大，可调节电压为65V进行电渗法处理，其中每隔40m分作一个作业区，一个作业区由同一个直流电源进行供电，为保证施工速率，根据估算，直流电源功率不小于3500W。选取电极材料时，阳极材料选用直径为20mm的石墨棒，阴极材料选用外径为26mm，内径为12mm的石墨管。阴、阳极各自布置在不同高度层面上交错布置，阳极层面与阴极层面平行，垂直间距为0.8m，阴极与阴极之间、阳极与阳极之间距离为1m，共铺设了4层电极。根据估算，接通电源后每2h对输出电压、电流进行监测，24h后电压、电流稳定下来，之后每12h测定路基填料含水率，至含水率在最佳含水率2％范围内，断电。选择普通水泥-水玻璃双液浆作为封孔材料，水泥等级为32.5R，水灰比0.7:1，水玻璃浓度为35°Bé。将电极从电极孔中抽出并浇筑封孔材料进行封孔。通过对比可以看出，使用电渗法能在不影响公路正常运营的基础上降低路基填料的含水率，极大地简化了施工流程。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法，其特征在于，在路基中设置有阳极电极和阴极电极，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极连接直流电源，在直流电的作用下使路基填料中的水分汇集在阴极电极附近并排出，降低路基含水率。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法，其特征在于，所述的阴极电极附近设置有排水通道。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法，其特征在于，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极采用惰性材料制作或者金属材料制作。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法，其特征在于，在所述的阴极电极采用中空的管状结构，在该管状结构上设有透水孔。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法，其特征在于，所述的阳极电极采用实心的管状结构。
  6. 一种降低路基含水率的电渗处理方法，其特征在于，具体如下：
    步骤1确定电极的电压值；
    步骤2选择合适的电极材料，确定电极的尺寸；
    步骤3根据实际路面尺寸以及结构，确定电极布设的方式；
    步骤4估算土体电阻；
    步骤5估算输出功率，选取合适的直流电源；
    步骤6布设电极，连接电源和布设的电极，进行排水；
    步骤7若电极采用惰性材料制作，则取出电极，然后对电极孔进行灌注；若电极采用的金属材料制作，则直接保留电极，在电极内直接灌注或者取出电极，对电极孔进行灌注。
  7. 一种道路结构，其特征在于，包括路面和路基；在所述路基中埋设阳极电极和阴极电极，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极连接直流电源。
  8. 如权利要求7所述的一种道路结构，其特征在于，所述的阴极电极附近设置有排水通道。
  9. 如权利要求7所述的道路结构，其特征在于，所述的阳极电极和阴极电极采用惰性材料制作或者金属材料制作。
  10. 如权利要求1所述的道路结构，其特征在于，在所述的阴极电极采用中空的管状结构，在该管状结构上设有透水孔；所述的阳极电极采用实心的管状结构。
PCT/CN2018/121824 2018-05-30 2018-12-18 一种降低路基含水率的电渗处理法及道路结构 Ceased WO2019227906A1 (zh)

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