WO2019215725A1

WO2019215725A1 - Means and methods for converting waste biomass to saccharides and other downstream products

Info

Publication number: WO2019215725A1
Application number: PCT/IL2019/050505
Authority: WO
Inventors: Geoffrey Graham MACLAREN
Original assignee: We3 Solutions Inc.
Priority date: 2018-05-08
Filing date: 2019-05-06
Publication date: 2019-11-14

Abstract

Means and methods of converting waste biomass to saccharides and other downstream products, said method comprising steps of measuring Free Water Content of said biomass assaying content of any of Lignin, Celluloses Hemi-Celluloses and Ash Content in said Biomass and selecting a predetermined route of downstream Biomass (Ligno-Cellulose) conversion to Renewable Products using said assay data thickening said Biomass in Water by adjusting Alkalinity, Polyelectrolytes and catalytic chemicals mixing said biomass in water shredding and separating said biomass from residual materials macerating said biomass to 3mm-6mm plates -like particles concentrating and cleaning said particles to form a mixture in water with a solid content of 8%- 0% providing a biomass in solution passing said biomass in solution through a macerating pump to the down flowing annulus of the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel and treating said Biomass in said HPV with dilute Acid Hydrolysis to provide said Saccharides for further processing into downstream products.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to sustainable waste processing. BACKGROUND:

By 2050 global energy needs will be about twice current usage - this is one of the most pressing challenges facing humans today. Currently it is 18 terawatts per year and forecast to increase to 30 terawatts by 2050.There is a significant strain on the existing energy infrastructure. If the majority of world energy continues to be generated through non-renewable means, then this will potentially damage world environmental health, through effluent gas emissions and global warming. Problems of waste challenge the transition to a renewable energy economy. Moreover, there is an increasing solid waste management problem. .Municipal solid waste is projected to rise from the current 1.3 billion tonnes a year to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2015.* The annual cost of solid waste management is projected to rise from $213 billion to $390 billion *

* World Bank News Feature

Presently, cities are finding it to be financially burdensome to sustain a multi-stream recycling and solid waste program. In many cases recycling programs are COSTING cities money long after federal subsidies are no longer available. In patent application WO2011091044A1.“PRODUCTION OF FERMENTABLE SUGARS AND LIGNIN FROM BIOMASS USING SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS” Methods are disclosed for the continuous treatment of biomass comprising a pretreatrnent step, wherein said biomass is contacted with a first supercritical, near-critical, or sub-critical fluid to form a solid matrix and a first liquid fraction; and a hydrolysis step, wherein said solid matrix formed in said pretreatment step is contacted with a second supercritical or near-supercritical fluid to produce a second liquid fraction and a insoluble lignin-containing fraction. Also disclosed are apparatuses for the continuous conversion of biomass comprising a pretreatment reactor and a hydrolysis reactor associated with said pretreatment reactor.

In patent application US20130052697A 1“METHOD FOR HYDROLYTIC PRE-TREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC AND PERENNIAL HERBACEOUS BIOMASS AND FOR PRODUCTION OF SACCHARIDE AND BIOETHANOL FROM THE PRE-TREATED

BIOMASS”

Methods are disclosed for the hydrolytic pre-treatment of lignocellulosic and perennial herbaceous biomass. By the method, a material suitable for use in the production of saccharides and biofuels can be prepared from lignocellulosic biomass such as pine wood and oak tree wood and perennial herbaceous biomass such as flame grasses and reeds. It is characterized by wet- triturating, microwaving and popping processes. Also, a method is provided for the production of saccharides and bioethanol from the pre-treated biomass. The processes adumbrated therein are amenable to improvement and simplification.

There is therefore a long felt unmet need for means and methods of turning municipal waste to energy at the transfer station, thus drastically reducing transportation costs, tipping fees, and the need to pay for landfills.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is a method herein disclosed of converting waste biomass to saccharides and other downstream products, said method comprising steps of measuring Free Water Content of said biomass

assaying content of any of Lignin, Celluloses Hemi-Celluloses and Ash Content in said Biomass and selecting a predetermined route of downstream Biomass (Ligno-Cellulose) conversion to Renewable Products using said assay data thickening said Biomass in Water by adjusting Alkalinity, Polyelectrolytes and catalytic chemicals

mixing said biomass in water

shredding and separating said biomass from residual materials

macerating said biomass to 3mm-6mm plates -like particles

concentrating and cleaning said particles to form a mixture in water with a solid content of 8%-10% providing a biomass in solution

passing said biomass in solution through a macerating pump to the down flowing annulus of the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel.

Treating said Biomass in said HPV with dilute Acid Hydrolysis to provide said Saccharides for further processing into downstream products.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of adjusting said alkalinity, polyelectrolytes and catalytic chemicals and macerating step to provide said biomass in solution at a consistency maintaining laminar flow conditions when flowing down said annulus of said HPV.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of extracting said Saccharides from the ligno-cellulose by pressurized hot water and hydrolysis treatment.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of adding external carrying water of said mixture to said Hydrolysis for converting Celluloses and Hemi-Celluloses to said Saccharides

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of Pressurizing the Hot Water solution of said Biomass developed during

Positive Displacement Pumping and subsequent Catalytic Acidification and De- Acidification of said Biomass and Cooling and De-Pressurisation of the solution and capturing of Pressure and Heat Energy.

A further object of the present invention discloses the aforementioned method wherein

Hydrolysis of Biomass is carried out in a continuous system using heat and pressure pumping technology, via a positive displacement pumping plant. A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of controlled rapid cooling and de-pressurization of said solution.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of using pressurized hot water in a hydrostatic pressure vessel to break down biomass and dissolving the lignin, employing alkali hydrolysis to reduce the cellulose and hemi- cellulose polymers into the saccharides by using a hydrostatic pressure vessel.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps capturing Heat and Pressure Energy for power generation - to prevent the dehydration of the resultant saccharides to furfural and other toxic chemicals that are

counterproductive to the production of same for use in the production of Renewable Fuels and Products.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of microwave depolymerization of said biomass with for releasing lignin from cellulose and hemicellulose in the lignocellulose biomass.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of said microwave depolymerization carried out on said biomass flowing under laminar hydraulic flow conditions in a pipe system.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein said method comprises steps of Anaerobic Digestion of pre-separated Cellulose and HemiCellulose in a Pressure vessel.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps using a Catalytic Polymeric system for reducing Biomass and dissolving the Lignin to Reduce the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers into the Saccharides at room temperature for subsequent uses in the production of Renewable Fuels at low temperatures. A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps comprising steps of extracting Lignin, Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose - so that each can be collected separately for onward processing.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein said method comprises steps of using Pneumatic and/or Hydraulic Pumps for separation of product outputs of said method. A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps wherein Super-Heated Hot Water is flowed through a Continuous Flow Pressure Vessel constructed as a Tube-Pipe with a catalytic inner wall for breaking down said Biomass into Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers for the manufacture of Saccharides suitable for production of sensitive Pharmaceutical products. A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of High Temperature Cleansing of raw Biomass and removal or destruction of toxins through catalytic reactions within said pipe providing saccharide suitable for production of sensitive Pharmaceutical products.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of Controlled Two-Stage Super-Heating of Hot Water, and cooling and Reheating Super-Heated Hot Water in a Continuous Flow Pressure Vessel comprising a Tube- Pipe comprising a catalytic inner wall for breaking down Biomass to Lignin Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers for the manufacture of Saccharides for the production of individual Cellulosic components for manufacturing BioPlastics. A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of Super-Chilling Liquefied Methane.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps wherein said saccharides are cleaned and concentrated in water and further processed into at least one end product from the group consisting of saccharides, Methane, Butanol, methane, methanol, ethanol.propanol, Butanol, 2, 5 Dimethyl Furan, hydrogen Hydrogen, aviation fuel.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps such that saccharides are cleaned and concentrated in water and further processed into a fuel for heat or electricity production. A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein in the aforementioned method said processing of saccharides complies with General Duty Clause, Section 5(a)(1)

OSHA A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein the aforementioned method comprises steps of selecting said biomass comprising waste selected from the group consisting of crop processing, landscape debris, scrap wood, feed lot manure, agricultural waste,

pharmaceutical waste, sewer screenings, food waste, paper waste, hospital waste or any combination thereof.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein said downstream products include bioplastics selected from the group consisting of cellulose based plastics, cellulose esters, cellulose acetate, nitro cellulose, protein based plastics, Polylactic acid (PLA),Poly 3 hydroxybutyrate, Polyhydroxy alkanoates, Polyamide 11, Bioderived polyethylene, GMO crop derived bioplastics, polyhydroxyurethanes, lipid derived biopolymers aliphatic

biopolyesters polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHAs) poly-3 -hydroxybutyrate (PHB),

polyhydroxyvalerate, (PHV)polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH) A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein said bioplastics are degradeable as defined in ISO published standard EN 13432

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein said bioplastics are compliant with ASTM standard for oxo-biodegradables according to the Standard Guide for Exposing and Testing Plastics that Degrade in the Environment by a Combination of Oxidation and Biodegradation (ASTM 6954).^[38]

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein said PLA or starch based bioplastics are complaint with ASTM 6400

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein said bioplastic is bio -based as defined by ASTM D6866 A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein said bioplastics are anaerobically digestible as defined by ASTM D5511-12 and/or ASTM D5526-12 .

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed wherein said bioplastics are biodegradeable as defined by ISO DIS 15985.

A further object of the present invention provides a continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel for converting waste biomass to saccharides and other downstream products by a thermal conversion process, said continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel comprising an inner up draft annulus and down flow annulus.

A further object of the present invention provides a continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel configured to a pump-like function with no moving parts , further configured to carrying tonnes of preselected and processed suspended organic solids per day drawn down into the central shaft of said system, said system configured as a closed system further configured to gain pressure hydrostatically and pneumatically as said suspended organic solids descend and further configured to be heated by the fluids rising from the bottom of the vessel.

A further object of the present invention provides the aforementioned continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel with an Injection Nozzle.

A further object of the present invention is herein disclosed a method of operating a continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel for converting waste biomass to saccharides and other downstream products comprising steps of drawing the material to the optimum depth (Lowest Point) of the down pipe annulus said material flows into the return up pipe to the point where the pressure, and heat is at its greatest

adding steam at the bottom to raise the core temperature and then adding oxygen for purging purge the organic solids providing heat injecting acid into said material under high pressure allowing high flowing acid jet to increase the dynamic flow of the material travelling through the reduced aperture thereby increasing dynamic pressure and reducing static pressure

A further object of the present invention herein discloses the aforementioned method comprising steps of reducing the reaction volume reduced volume within the chamber space at a high dynamic flow thereby reducing the critical reaction temperature whilst the exothermic chemical reaction between the cellulose and water continues and breaking down fibres into sugars by Carbon dioxide in water weak acid. adding alkaline to stop further chemical reaction occurring thereby fixing said sugars and allowing said sugar in the water to rise up the upflow pressure vessel annulus and cooling said sugar -in-water by the descending organic solids in the downflow annulus and allowing heat to remain in said pressure vessel.

A further object of the present invention herein discloses the aforementioned method wherein said excess heat in said pressure vessel is operationally harvested and converted to power. A further object of the present invention discloses the aforementioned method wherein the outlet chamber is configured to separate the lime and metal oxides from leftover gasses from the water and sugar solution.

A further object of the present invention discloses a method for converting consolidated Biomass into saccharides and useful products steps of simultaneously shredding bulk biomass by means of a progressing cavity pump and neutralizing alkalinity

pumping the mixture into the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel and increasing pressure to about 64,000-71,000 kPa

injecting steam to raise the temperature to in excess of 235° Celsius injecting pressurized Oxygen to replace said steam with Oxygen to maintain excess of 235° Celsius

maintaining pressure temperature balance in the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel in descending flow of the solution

injecting Dilute-Acid to mix in turbulent water to dissolve Lignin injecting an equivalent Dilute-Alkali solution for nuetralizing acidity and depolymerizing the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose to MonoSaccharides.

reducing pressure of the solution to atmospheric over 10-12 minutes and simultaneously dissipating the temperature to below 100° Celsius by use of a pressure-cooling jacket collection system for optimizing the capture of pressure and heat to manufacture renewable energies.

A further object of the present invention provides a jet engine operationally coupled to a wind turbine same operationally providing a combined Wind Jet engine for generating electricity and /or pneumatic power for the aforementioned methods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figs 1-25 are schematic illustrations of embodiments and methods of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Key to appendices:

Appendix 1 WASTE TO ENERGY SOLUTIONS INTERNAL DOCUMENT (UNPUBLISHED INTERNAL DOCUMENT)

Appendix 2 TRAINING PLANT DETAILS (UNPUBLISHED INTERNAL DOCUMENT) Appendix 3 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CONVERSION PROCESS (UNPUBLISHED INTERNAL DOCUMENT)

Appendix 4 COMPANY OVERVIEW (UNPUBLISHED INTERNAL DOCUMENT)

Appendix 1-4 are incorporated in their entirety and contain descriptions and drawings of embodiments of the present invention.

The following is a description of aspects of the present invention, illustrated in Figs 1-3.

Stage 1: Pre-treatment.

The biomass is mixed in water, shredded and separated from any residual inorganic dense and lightweight materials. The biomass, still in water, is extracted, and macerated to platelike fractions of between 3 mm and 6 mm. These solids are then concentrated and cleaned and by using on-line water mixing the result is that the solids ratio in water is established at 8-12% content.

This mixture is then transferred to storage tanks or the thickening tanks shown in the schematic drawings.

Within these storage/thickening tanks the mixture is further modulated.

After retaining the mixture of Biomass (the Ligno-Cellulose) in the tanks, it is then extracted and passed through a macerating pump to be further concentrated and then passed forward to be treated in a pressurized hot water system. Stage 2: Extracting the Saccharides from the Biomass.

The process of extracting the Saccharides from the Ligno-Cellulose uses Pressurized Hot Water and Hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis is a process where the Celluloses and Hemi-Celluloses are converted to the

Saccharides by adding external water. This is obtained from the carrying water in the mixture. This is a simple procedure which frees the pent up Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose converting them to the Saccharides, releasing them for processing to further products. By using a Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel the process time is reduced significantly and made in to a continuous procedure. As stated before the pre-treatment of the originating Ligno-Cellulose Biomass is crucial. It has to be cleaned and shredded and mixed in water to present a homogenous mixture. The optimum is around 8 to 12% solids in water. This is then shredded and pumped to storage and its initial temperature is raised to around 70° Celsius and an Alkali is added to pre-soften the Hydrogen bonds in the Ligno-Cellulose.

This consolidated Biomass is then withdrawn by using a progressing cavity pump which simultaneously shreds the bulk biomass and addresses the requirement to neutralize the alkalinity (of the solution). The mixture is pumped into the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel and the pressure is increased to around 64,000-71,000 kPa whereupon an initial injection of steam is applied to raise the temperature to in excess of 235° Celsius. The steam is now replaced by injecting pressurized Oxygen which then sustains the temperature. The continuing pressure temperature balance in the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel is maintained in the descending flow of the solution wherein a Dilute-Acid is injected which mixes in the turbulent water and a few second later an equivalent Dilute- Alkali is injected to neutralize the acidity of the solution. The Lignin is thus dissolved in the Pressurized Hot Water whereas the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose are depolymerized to the MonoSaccharides. The requirement now is to reduce the temperature of the solution and this is affected by reducing the pressure of the solution to atmospheric and simultaneously dissipating the temperature to below 100° Celsius by the use of a pressure-cooling jacket collection system to optimize the capture of pressure and heat to manufacture renewable energies. This timing in the reduction of pressure and temperature is crucial in the use of the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel and is optimized to be less than 10 to 12 minutes.

In essence the difference in the ultimate choice results is a balance between capital expenditure and operations and maintenance costs.

In most of the processing routes the processing method of the present invention can be harnessed to produce Electricity and Heat. The process is suitable to convert and treat a wide range of Non-Food based Biomass including that discarded in waste such as Municipal Solid Waste or Sewage Sludge and ABP [Animal By- Products] all in an Environmentally Acceptable and Affordable manner.

Stages of the Process for conversion of Biomass to Saccharides:

Pre- processing stage: l.a

Assessment of Free Water Content and the Assay of the content of Lignin, Celluloses and Hemi- Celluloses and Ash Content in the Biomass. This is carried out in order to the most appropriate option for conversion of the Biomass (Ligno-Cellulose) to Renewable Products

Thickening of Prepared Biomass in Water using a Proprietary adjustment of Alkalinity, and then the use of Polyelectrolytes and Catalytic Chemicals - which can be reclaimed after use.

A series of general alkaline conditions supported with the use of Polyelectrolytes and Catalysts in order to stimulate de-lignification and to increase the solids to water ratios are employed. The determinations have resulted in producing a Biomass in Solution that retains its laminar flow conditions making it suitable as a solution for pumping.

The following are more particular aspects of the present invention: A1 Drawings MARKED Waste - E3 General Drawings to be shown & A2 Waste - E3 IP Drawings in confidence can be used for IP 3, 4 & 5

IP No 3. Pressurized Hot Water solution of Biomass developed during Positive Displacement Pumping and the subsequent Catalytic Acidification and De-Acidification of the Biomass and Cooling and De-Pressurization of the solution and capturing of Pressure and Heat Energy. The Hydrolysis of Biomass in a continuous system using heat and pressure pumping technology, via a positive displacement pumping plant, and the controlled rapid cooling and de- pressurization of the solution - with the capturing of Heat and Pressure Energy for power generation - to prevent the dehydration of the resultant saccharides to furfural and other toxic chemicals that are counterproductive to the production of same for use in the production of Renewable Fuels and Products.

IP No 4. Using Pressurized Hot Water in a Pressure Vessel to break down Biomass and dissolve the Lignin, and then employing Dilute- Acid Hydrolysis to Reduce the Cellulose and Hemi- Cellulose polymers into the Saccharides by using a Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel.

The Hydrolysis of Biomass in a Pressure Vessel at the regions of Sub-Critical and Super-Critical Water conditions using very dilute acid catalysts already developed in Confidence during a research programme at scale in the Internationally renowned University Boras in Sweden Research Programme, of 20 tonnes per day in a continuous employing a sustained pumping pressure at entry into the pressure vessel, and the subsequent rapid cooling and de-pressurisation of the solution (with the capturing of Heat and Pressure Energy for power generation) to prevent the dehydration of the resultant saccharides to furfural and other toxic chemicals that are counter- productive to the production of same for use in the production of Renewable Fuels and Products.

B Drawings MARKED Above Ground Proposal using Pneumatic Pumps for IP 5, 6 & 10

IP No 5. Using Pressurized Hot Water in a Pressure Vessel to break down Biomass and dissolving the Lignin, and then employing Alkali Hydrolysis to Reduce the Cellulose and Hemi- Cellulose polymers into the Saccharides by using a Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel.

Alkali Hydrolysis is an already stabilized procedure to rupture Ligno-Cellulose Biomass, so enabling the extraction of Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose for further Processing for Treating these to make Renewable Fuels. This embodiment of the process uses this procedure as it allows the processing rules to be employed without using costly enzymes. The process continues on from the prior pre-treatment procedures developed in IP No 2 and is maintained in a continuous application in an enclosed pipe at ground level.

IP No 6. Using Microwave Technology in Pressurized Hot Water in a Pressurized Vessel to break down Biomass and relieve the Lignin from Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose in

LignoCellulose Biomass by using a Hydrostatic Pressure in a pipe vessel. Microwave depolymerisation of Ligno-Cellulose Biomass is a well-known and effective system for extracting and breaking down the Lignin from the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose fractions of Biomass. Hitherto this needed a large container and a lengthy time of treatment until the containment system was converted to a pipe where laminar hydraulic flow was used. This embodiment short-cuts the retention time and is enabled by building banks of pipes together, to contain the process and keep the system on a modular basis as plant sizes increase.

IP No 7. Using Hydrogen in the Anaerobic Digestion of pre-separated Cellulose and

HemiCellulose in a Pressure.

This process is used in combination with the pre-treatment systems in prior IP No’s 3, 4, 5 & 6 developments stated previously. IP No 8. A Catalytic Polymeric system for reducing Biomass and dissolving the Lignin to

Reduce the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers into the Saccharides at room temperature for subsequent uses in the production of Renewable Fuels at low temperatures.

This development spurred on by a traditional review of an existing system has been re-evaluated to extract the three principal components in Biomass - Lignin Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose - so that each can be collected separately for onward processing.

C Drawings MARKED Hydro-Cyclone/Centrifuge Proposal using Pneumatic/Hydraulic Pumps for IP 9

IP No 9. Using Super-Heated Hot Water in a modified Tube-Pipe - with a catalytic inner wall - as a Continuous Flow Pressure Vessel to break down Biomass to dissolve relieving the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers for the manufacture of Saccharides for the production of sensitive Pharmaceutical products.

High Temperature Cleansing of raw Biomass from fanning and Agriculture free from toxins incumbent in Municipal Solid Waste and Industrial Wastes precludes such use in the production of sensitive Pharmaceutical products. Removing these by destruction is an issue that also destroys the Celluloses and Hemi-Celluloses. This embodiment uses a Catalyst inside the reaction area to accelerate the destruction of these minor fractional components in Biomass, so that they play no further part in the subsequent process. The Cellulose and Hemi-cellulose fractions are then devoid of impurities , and can then be used for further use in Pharmaceutical Product development. IP No 10. Using a Controlled Two-Stage Super-Heated Hot Water, which is then cooled and Reheated Super-Heated Hot Water system in Tube-Pipe - with a catalytic inner wall - as a Continuous Flow Pressure Vessel to break down Biomass to: dissolve the Lignin - which is then extracted to manufacture Renewable Fuels,

And to extract the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers for the manufacture of Saccharides for the production of individual Cellulosic components for manufacturing BioPlastics.

Method and Apparatus for treating waste streams: April 2002 and April 2004.

The Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel and Methodology.

IP No 11. Intellectual Property - Precursor to EU Patent Pending (Not identified under WIPO Rules) Method for Super-Chilling Liquefied Methane. References:

A1 Drawing Marked Waste-E3 General Drawings to be shown.

A2 Waste-E3 IP Drawings in confidence can be used for IP3,4 & 5.

B Drawings MARKED Hydro-Cyclone/Centrifuge Proposal using Pneumatic/Hydraulic Pumps can be used for IP5, 6 & 10. C Drawings MARKED Hydro-Cyclone/Centrifiige Proposal using Pneumatic/Hydraulic Pumps can be used for IP9.

D Pressure Vessel Injection Nozzle Patent Drawings.

E Pressure Vessel Spiral Ring Drawings.

F Detailed Description of Conversion Process. G Waste-E3 Solutions USA - June 2017.

H Waste-E3 Solutions - Summer 2017.

J Letter from Bio Rights BV. K Wind Jet preliminary drawings - strictly confidential.

Dilute-Acid Hydrolysis.

When a Biomass (Ligno-Cellulose) is fractioned down and pre-treated by softening with various fiont-ended processes the bond connecting the Lignin to Cellulose and HemiCelluloses are partially cleaved. This cleavage is of help when using Pressurized Hot Water as the carrying medium in Dilute- Acid Hydrolysis. As Ligno-Cellulose is further pressurized and heated under a balanced regime of pressure and heat using Pressurized Hot Water (in Sub-Critical Water conditions) this bond breaks altogether. When Pressurized Water attains a pressure of approximately 900psi and a balanced temperature of around 240 Celsius this bond becomes so weak that it fails. The Lignin breaks away and is then able to be dissolved because the hot water acts as a super-solvent. The two remaining other products, the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose - which prior to this time were polymers - lose their stability and identity and they then search for a balanced bonding with another Hydrogen-bond based material which is readily available in the“ Ή-OH’ compound” we know more familiarly as“Ή2O’ or Hydrous Oxide” or water. This instantaneous reforming of bonded materials results in the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose being reduced to monomers to which we accord the name Mono-Saccharides. To assist this process the‘pH’ of the solid-water mixture is reduced by the addition of a catalyst which is a very Dilute-Acid. As soon as the catalytic reaction has occurred the‘pH’ has to be addressed again and neutralized otherwise the reaction would continue and, in particular, the Hemi-Cellulose would start to become de-hydrated because its acidity is too strong and the temperature is still too high. If left unattended, over a longer time the reduced HemiCellulose would become de-hydrated becoming firstly Furfural and then Hydoxy-

MethylFurfural [HMFJ. To arrest this latent reaction an equivalent dilute Alkali is added to neutralise the pH returning it to neutral whilst simultaneously returning the temperature below the first critical temperature, 100 Celsius at 100psi as quickly as possible. Under traditional methods adopted in the early part of the 20th Century in closed sequential batch pressure tanks this took as long as 12 hours although the final embodiments reduced this to 3 hours. It is an objective of the present invention to provide a Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel. The process time is reduced significantly and made in to a continuous procedure.

As stated before the pre-treatment of the originating Ligno-Cellulose Biomass is crucial. It has to be cleaned and shredded and mixed in water to present a homogenous mixture. The optimum is around 8 to 12% solids in water. This is then shredded and pumped to storage and its initial temperature is raised to around 70° Celsius and an Alkali is added to pre-soften the Hydrogen bonds in the Ligno-Cellulose: this solution is kept missive for the prescribed time-frame

Conversion of Saccharides to Renewable Fuels & Renewable Products.

After extracting the saccharides, from the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessels they are cleaned and concentrated in water prior to being converted to the chosen products.

The use of saccharides as the intermediate or platform chemical allows the company to make a variety of renewable fuels ranging from Methane to Butanol (and Butadiene as a precursor to making Aviation Fuels,) Di - Methyl Ether, 2,5 DME and Hydrogen.

In addition this platform chemical can also be developed to produce the“value-added” products such as the Bio-Plastics and Photo-Voltaic Cells.

In most of the processing routes it will also produce Electricity and Heat.

The process is suitable to convert and treat a wide range of Non-Food based Biomass including that discarded in waste such as Municipal Solid Waste or Sewage Sludge and ABP [Animal By- Products] all in an Environmentally Acceptable and Affordable manner. The process is totally contained in water and thus cannot produce odours or any toxic residues.

All of the input materials can be converted to valuable products.

Details of the Process for conversion of Biomass to Saccharides:

Stage I

Non food based biomass is mixed in water and shredded and separated from residual materials. Biomass is extracted and macerated to 3mm-6mm plates -like particles and concentrated and cleaned to form a mixture in water of with a solid content of 8%-10%.

The aforementioned Biomass mixture is then extracted and passed through a macerating pump to the down flowing annulus of the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel.

Stage 2

Extraction of Saccharides from Biomass by is done by dilute Acid Hydrolysis releasing the Saccharides for further processing into downstream products.

Stage 3

Converting of the saccharides into End Products.

• After saccharides are extracted, they are cleaned & concentrated in water.

• The output is then converted into the chosen revenue products.

• A variety of end products, ranging from Methane to Butanol; Aviation fuels to Hydrogen, and Electricity and Heat.

The processing is totally contained in water and thus cannot produce odors or any toxic residues, and all of the input materials are converted to valuable products.

Pre- processing stage: l.a

These determinants will be carried out in two simultaneous and neutrally confirmed bases Thickening of Prepared Biomass in Water using a Proprietary adjustment of Alkalinity, and then the use of Polyelectrolytes and Catalytic Chemicals - which can be reclaimed after use.

An approach to consolidate and thicken Biomass in Water employing a development already carried out and proven Confidentially at scale in an Internationally renowned University - Boras in Sweden - Research Programme, and a scale plant of 20 tonnes per day dry solids content of various mixed sources of Biomass from Non-Food based sources including some from Municipal Solid Waste including Food Waste, Agricultural and Horticultural Waste, Food Preparation Waste and from Phytoplankton harvested at Sea and in Land Locations. All using a series of general Alkaline conditions supported with the use of Polyelectrolytes and Catalysts in order to stimulate de-lignification and to increase the solids to water ratios. The determinations have resulted in producing a Biomass in Solution that retains its laminar flow conditions making it suitable as a solution for pumping.

A1 Drawings MARKED Waste - E3 General Drawings to be shown & A2 Waste - E3 IP Drawings in confidence can be used for IP 3, 4 & 5

IP No 3. Pressurized Hot Water solution of Biomass developed during Positive Displacement Pumping and the subsequent Catalytic Acidification and De-Acidification of the Biomass and Cooling and De-Pressurisation of the solution and capturing of Pressure and Heat Energy. The Hydrolysis of Biomass in a continuous system using heat and pressure pumping technology, via a positive displacement pumping plant, and the controlled rapid cooling and depressurization of the solution - with the capturing of Heat and Pressure Energy for power generation - to prevent the dehydration of the resultant saccharides to furfural and other toxic chemicals that are counterproductive to the production of same for use in the production of Renewable Fuels and Products. Figs 6 - 13 illustrates aspects of the Hydrostatic Pressure vessel of the present invention :

IP No 4. Using Pressurized Hot Water in a Pressure Vessel to break down Biomass and dissolve the Lignin, and then employing Dilute-Acid Hydrolysis to Reduce the Cellulose and Hemi- Cellulose polymers into the Saccharides by using a Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel. The Hydrolysis of Biomass in a Pressure Vessel at the regions of Sub-Critical and Super-Critical Water conditions using very dilute acid catalysts already developed in Confidence during a research programme at scale in the Internationally renowned University Boras in Sweden Research Programme, of 20 tonnes per day in a continuous employing a sustained pumping pressure at entry into the pressure vessel, and the subsequent rapid cooling and de-pressurisation of the solution (with the capturing of Heat and Pressure Energy for power generation) to prevent the dehydration of the resultant saccharides to furfural and other toxic chemicals that are counter- productive to the production of same for use in the production of Renewable Fuels and Products.

B Drawings MARKED Above Ground Proposal using Pneumatic Pumps for IP 5, 6 & 10

Alkali Hydrolysis is an already stabilized procedure to rupture Ligno-Cellulose Biomass, so enabling the extraction of Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose for further Processing for Treating these to make Renewable Fuels. This embodiment of the process uses this procedure as it allows the processing rules to be employed without using costly enzymes.

The process continues on from the prior pre-treatment procedures developed in IP No 2 and is maintained in a continuous application in an enclosed pipe at ground level.

LignoCellulose Biomass by using a Hydrostatic Pressure in a pipe vessel.

Microwave depolymerisation of Ligno-Cellulose Biomass is a well-known and effective system for extracting and breaking down the Lignin from the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose fractions of Biomass. Hitherto this needed a large container and a lengthy time of treatment until the containment system was converted to a pipe where laminar hydraulic flow was used. This embodiment short-cuts the retention time and is enabled by building banks of pipes together, to contain the process and keep the system on a modular basis as plant sizes increase. IP No 7. Using Hydrogen in the Anaerobic Digestion of pre-separated Cellulose and HemiCellulose in a Pressure.

This process is used in combination with the pre-treatment systems in prior IP No’s 3, 4, 5 & 6 developments stated previously.

IP No 8. A Catalytic Polymeric system for reducing Biomass and dissolving the Lignin to Reduce the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers into the Saccharides at room temperature for subsequent uses in the production of Renewable Fuels at low temperatures.

IP No 9. Using Super-Heated Hot Water in a modified Tube-Pipe - with a catalytic inner wall - as a Continuous Flow Pressure Vessel to break down Biomass to dissolve relieving the Cellulose and Hemi -Cellulose polymers for the manufacture of Saccharides for the production of sensitive Pharmaceutical products.

High Temperature Cleansing of raw Biomass from fanning and agriculture free from toxins incumbent in municipal solid waste and industrial wastes precludes such use in the production of sensitive pharmaceutical products. Removing these by destruction is an issue that also destroys the Celluloses and Hemi-Celluloses. This embodiment uses a catalyst inside the reaction area to accelerate the destruction of these minor fractional components in Biomass, so that they play no further part in the subsequent process. The Cellulose and Hemi-cellulose fractions are then devoid of impurities, and can then be used for further use in Pharmaceutical Product

development.

IP No 10. Using a Controlled Two-Stage Super-Heated Hot Water, which is then cooled and Reheated Super-Heated Hot Water system in Tube-Pipe - with a catalytic inner wall - as a Continuous Flow Pressure Vessel to break down Biomass to: dissolve the Lignin - which is then extracted to manufacture Renewable Fuels, and to extract the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers for the manufacture of Saccharides for the production of individual Cellulosic components for manufacturing BioPlastics.

Method and Apparatus for treating waste streams: April 2002 and April 2004.

The Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel and Methodology.

IP No 11. Intellectual Property - Precursor to EU Patent Pending (Not identified under WIPO Rules) Method for Super-Chilling Liquefied Methane.

References:

A1 Drawing Marked Waste-E3 General Drawings to be shown.

A2 Waste-E3 IP Drawings in confidence can be used for IP3,4 & 5.

B Drawings MARKED Hydro-Cyclone/Centrifuge Proposal using Pneumatic/Hydraulic Pumps can be used for IP5, 6 & 10.

C Drawings MARKED Hydro-Cyclone/Centrifuge Proposal using Pneumatic/Hydraulic Pumps can be used for IP9.

D Pressure Vessel Injection Nozzle Patent Drawings.

E Pressure Vessel Spiral Ring Drawings.

F Detailed Description of Conversion Process.

G Waste-E3 Solutions USA - June 2017.

H Waste-E3 Solutions - Summer 2017.

J Letter from Bio Rights BV.

K Wind Jet preliminary drawings - strictly confidential.

The pressure vessel is a type of pump that can process hundreds, or even thousands, of gallons per minute with no moving parts. Water carrying tonnes of preselected and processed suspended organic solids per day are drawn down into the central shaft of the closed system gaining pressure naturally hydrostatically and pneumatically as the organic solids descend. It is heated by the fluids coming up from the bottom of the vessel.

When the organic solids reach the Injection Nozzle it is under full pressure and has been pre heated. Once the material reaches the optimum depth (Lowest Point) it flows into the return up pipe and at this point, the pressure, and heat is at its greatest. Steam is added at the bottom to raise the core temperature and then oxygen is added to purge the organic solids providing heat. Next the acid is injected into the material under high pressure. At the point the acid is injected, the shape of the chamber resembles that of a jet engine whereby a tapered conical shape exists. This allows the high flowing acid jet to naturally increase the dynamic flow of the material itself which travels through the reduced aperture. The dynamic pressure increases and the static pressure reduces as the aperture reduces in size.

The reaction increases because of the reduced volume within the space at a higher dynamic flow, which will also reduce the critical reaction temperature. The chemical reaction between the cellulose and water is exothermic, i.e., it generates intense heat, which is more than sufficient to keep the reaction going. Carbon dioxide provides the weak acid that breaks down the fibres into sugars. Once the reaction takes place an alkaline is added to stop any further chemical reaction occurring which fixes the sugar. The sugar in the water rises in the pressure vessel and is cooled by the descending organic solids. Most of the heat remains in the pressure vessel which can be converted to power. The outlet chamber separates the lime and metal oxides from leftover gasses from the water and sugar solution.

Fig. 19 and 20 illustrates another aspect of the present invention which is a jet engine operationally coupled to a wind turbine providing a combined“Wind Jet” engine. The aforementioned device is a particularly useful generator of sustainable energy which can be utilized as an energy source for generating electricity. The jet engine is powered by excess gases and heat arising from the continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel of the present invention. The sails or blades of the turbine are powered by wind. The wind turbine may also be used to provide energy to the hydrostatic pressure vessel and process of the present invention.

The invention described above should be read in conjunction with the accompanying claims and drawings. The description of embodiments and examples enable one to practice various implementations of the invention and they are not intended to limit the invention to the preferred embodiment, but to serve as a particular example of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that they may readily use the conception and specific embodiments disclosed as a basis for modifying or designing other methods and systems for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention.

All references, including publications, patent applications, patents, and website content cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and was set forth in its entirety herein.

The use of the terms“a” and“an” and“the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.

Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. The word

“about,” when accompanying a numerical value, is to be construed as indicating a deviation of up to and inclusive of 10% from the stated numerical value. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (“e.g. " or“such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

Claims

Claims:

1. A method of converting waste biomass to saccharides and other downstream products, said method comprising steps of

a. measuring Free Water Content of said biomass

b. assaying content of any of Lignin, Celluloses Hemi-Celluloses and Ash Content in said Biomass and selecting a predetermined route of downstream Biomass (Ligno-Cellulose) conversion to Renewable Products using said assay data c. thickening said Biomass in Water by adjusting Alkalinity, Polyelectrolytes and catalytic chemicals

d. mixing said biomass in water

e. shredding and separating said biomass from residual materials

f. macerating said biomass to 3mm-6mm plates -like particles

g. concentrating and cleaning said particles to form a mixture in water with a solid content of 8%-10% providing a biomass in solution

h. passing said biomass in solution through a macerating pump to the down flowing annulus of the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel.

i. Treating said Biomass in said HPV with dilute Acid Hydrolysis to provide said Saccharides for further processing into downstream products.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said method comprises steps of adjusting said alkalinity, polyelectrolytes and catalytic chemicals and macerating step to provide said biomass in solution at a consistency maintaining laminar flow conditions when flowing down said annulus of said HPV.

3. The method of claim 1 comprising steps of extracting said Saccharides from the ligno- cellulose by pressurized hot water and hydrolysis treatment.

4. The method of claim 1 comprising steps of adding external carrying water of said mixture to said Hydrolysis for converting Celluloses and Hemi-Celluloses to said Saccharides

5. The method of claim 1 comprising steps of Pressurizing the Hot Water solution of said Biomass developed during Positive Displacement Pumping and subsequent Catalytic Acidification and De-Acidification of said Biomass and Cooling and De-Pressurisation of the solution and capturing of Pressure and Heat Energy.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein Hydrolysis of Biomass is carried out in a continuous system using heat and pressure pumping technology, via a positive displacement pumping plant.

7. The method of claim 1 comprising steps of controlled rapid cooling and de-pressurization of said solution.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein sad method comprises steps of using pressurized hot water in a hydrostatic pressure vessel to break down biomass and dissolving the lignin, employing alkali hydrolysis to reduce the cellulose and hemi-cellulose polymers into the saccharides by using a hydrostatic pressure vessel.

9. The method of claim 7 capturing of Heat and Pressure Energy for power generation - to prevent the dehydration of the resultant saccharides to furfural and other toxic chemicals that are counterproductive to the production of same for use in the production of Renewable Fuels and Products.

10. The method of claim 1 comprising steps of microwave depolymerization of said biomass with for releasing lignin from cellulose and hemicellulose in the lignocellulose biomass.

11. The method of claim wherein said microwave depolymerization is carried out on said biomass flowing under laminar hydraulic flow conditions in a pipe system.

12. The method according to claim 1 wherein said method comprises steps of Anaerobic Digestion of pre-separated Cellulose and Hemi Cellulose in a Pressure vessel.

13. The method according to claim 1 comprising using a Catalytic Polymeric system for reducing Biomass and dissolving the Lignin to Reduce the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers into the Saccharides at room temperature for subsequent uses in the production of Renewable Fuels at low temperatures.

14. The method according to claim 1 comprising steps of extracting Lignin, Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose - so that each can be collected separately for onward processing.

15. The method according to claim 1 wherein said method comprises steps of using

Pneumatic and/or Hydraulic Pumps for separation of product outputs of said method.

16. The method according to claim 1 wherein Super-Heated Hot Water is flowed through a Continuous Flow Pressure Vessel constructed as a Tube-Pipe with a catalytic inner wall for breaking down said Biomass into Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers for the manufacture of Saccharides suitable for production of sensitive Pharmaceutical products.

17. The method according to claim 1 comprising steps of High Temperature Cleansing of raw Biomass and removal or destruction of toxins through catalytic reactions within said pipe providing saccharide suitable for production of sensitive Pharmaceutical products.

18. The method according to claim 1 Comprising steps of Controlled Two-Stage Super- Heating of Hot Water, and cooling and Reheating Super-Heated Hot Water in a Continuous Flow Pressure Vessel comprising a Tube-Pipe comprising a catalytic inner wall for breaking down Biomass to Lignin Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose polymers for the manufacture of Saccharides for the production of individual Cellulosic components for manufacturing BioPlastics.

19. The method of claim 1 comprising steps of Super-Chilling Liquefied Methane.

20. The method of claim 1 wherein said saccharides are cleaned and concentrated in water and further processed into at least one end product from the group consisting of saccharides, Methane, Butanol, methane, methanol, ethanol.propanol, Butanol, 2, 5 Dimethyl Furan, hydrogen Hydrogen, aviation fuel.

21. The method of claim 1 wherein said saccharides are cleaned and concentrated in water and further processed into a fuel for heat or electricity production.

22. The method of claim 1 wherein said processing of saccharides complies with General Duty Clause, Section 5(a)(1) OSHA

23. The method according to claim 1 wherein said biomass comprises waste selected from the group consisting of crop processing, landscape debris, scrap wood, feed lot manure, agricultural waste, pharmaceutical waste, sewer screenings, food waste, paper waste, hospital waste or any combination thereof.

24. The method according to claim 1 wherein said downstream products include bioplastics selected from the group consisting of cellulose based plastics, cellulose esters, cellulose acetate, nitro cellulose, protein based plastics, Polylactic acid (PLA),Poly 3

hydroxybutyrate, Polyhydroxy alkanoates, Polyamide 11, Bioderived polyethylene, GMO crop derived bioplastics, polyhydroxyurethanes, lipid derived biopolymers aliphatic bionolyesters polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHAs) poly-3 -hvdroxybutyrate (PHB).

polyhydroxyvalerate, (PHV)polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH)

25. The method according to claim 14 wherein said bioplastics are degradeable as defined in ISO published standard EN 13432

26. The method according to claim 14 wherein said bioplastics are compliant with ASTM standard for oxo-biodegradables according to the Standard Guide for Exposing and Testing Plastics that Degrade in the Environment by a Combination of Oxidation and Biodegradation (ASTM 6954).^[38]

27. The method according to claim 14 wherein said PLA or starch based bioplastics are

complaint with ASTM 6400

28. The method according to claim 14 wherein said bioplastic is bio -based as defined by ASTM D6866

29. The method according to claim 14 wherein said bioplastics are anaerobically digestible as defined by ASTM D5511-12 and/or ASTM D5526-12 .

30. The method according to claim 14 wherein said bioplastics are biodegradeable as defined by ISO DIS 15985.

31. A continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel for converting waste biomass to saccharides and other downstream products by a thermal conversion process, said continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel comprising an inner up draft annulus and down flow annulus.

32. The continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel of claim 31 configured to a pump-like

function with no moving parts , further configured to carrying tonnes of preselected and processed suspended organic solids per day drawn down into the central shaft of said system, said system configured as a closed system further configured to gain pressure hydrostatically and pneumatically as said suspended organic solids descend and further configured to be heated by the fluids rising from the bottom of the vessel.

33. The continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel of claim 32 provided with an Injection

Nozzle.

34. A method of operating a continuous hydrostatic pressure vessel for converting waste biomass to saccharides and other downstream products comprising steps of

a. drawing the material to the optimum depth (Lowest Point) of the down pipe

annulus said material flows into the return up pipe to the point where the pressure, and heat is at its greatest

b. adding steam at the bottom to raise the core temperature and then adding oxygen for purging purge the organic solids providing heat

c. injecting acid into said material under high pressure d. allowing high flowing acid jet to increase the dynamic flow of the material travelling through the reduced aperture thereby increasing dynamic pressure and reducing static pressure

35. The method according to claim 34 comprising steps of

a. reducing the reaction volume reduced volume within the chamber space at a high dynamic flow thereby reducing the critical reaction temperature whilst the exothermic chemical reaction between the cellulose and water continues and breaking down fibres into sugars by Carbon dioxide in water weak acid. b. adding alkaline to stop further chemical reaction occurring thereby fixing said sugars and allowing said sugar in the water to rise up the upflow pressure vessel annulus and cooling said sugar -in-water by the descending organic solids in the downflow annulus and allowing heat to remain in said pressure vessel.

36. The method of claim 34 wherein said excess heat in said pressure vessel is

operationally harvested and converted to power.

37. The method of claim 34 wherein the outlet chamber is configured to separate the lime and metal oxides from leftover gasses from the water and sugar solution.

38. A method for converting consolidated Biomass into saccharides and useful products steps of

a. simultaneously shredding bulk biomass by means of a progressing cavity pump and neutralizing alkalinity

b. pumping the mixture into the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel and increasing pressure to about 64,000-71,000 kPa

c. injecting steam to raise the temperature to in excess of 235° Celsius

d. injecting pressurized Oxygen to replace said steam with Oxygen to maintain

excess of 235° Celsius

e. maintaining pressure temperature balance in the Hydrostatic Pressure Vessel in descending flow of the solution f. injecting Dilute- Acid to mix in turbulent water to dissolve Lignin g. injecting an equivalent Dilute- Alkali solution for nuetralizing acidity and

depolymerizing the Cellulose and Hemi-Cellulose to MonoSaccharides.

h. reducing pressure of the solution to atmospheric over 10-12 minutes and

simultaneously dissipating the temperature to below 100° Celsius by use of a pressure-cooling jacket collection system for optimizing the capture of pressure and heat to manufacture renewable energies.

39. A jet engine operationally coupled to a wind turbine same operationally providing a combined Wind Jet engine for generating electricity and /or pneumatic power for said method of claim 1

40. The invention as described in appendix 1.

41. The invention as described in appendix 2

42. The invention as described in appendix 3

43. The invention as described in appendix 4

S