WO2019205561A1 - 一种含压缩空气储能的cchp微网结构及其运行方法 - Google Patents

一种含压缩空气储能的cchp微网结构及其运行方法 Download PDF

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WO2019205561A1
WO2019205561A1 PCT/CN2018/113712 CN2018113712W WO2019205561A1 WO 2019205561 A1 WO2019205561 A1 WO 2019205561A1 CN 2018113712 W CN2018113712 W CN 2018113712W WO 2019205561 A1 WO2019205561 A1 WO 2019205561A1
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energy
heat
gas
compressed air
energy storage
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PCT/CN2018/113712
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English (en)
French (fr)
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张承慧
李珂
严毅
洪明哲
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山东大学
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas- turbine plants for special use
    • F02C6/14—Gas-turbine plants having means for storing energy, e.g. for meeting peak loads
    • F02C6/16—Gas-turbine plants having means for storing energy, e.g. for meeting peak loads for storing compressed air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas- turbine plants for special use
    • F02C6/18—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas- turbine plants for special use using the waste heat of gas-turbine plants outside the plants themselves, e.g. gas-turbine power heat plants
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/16—Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of comprehensive utilization of clean energy, in particular to a structure and operation method of a CCHP microgrid containing compressed air energy storage.
  • CCHP Combined Cooling Heating and Power
  • the off-grid CCHP microgrid has a high proportion of renewable energy and a relatively small capacity, and its operation process is highly susceptible to the intermittent and fluctuating characteristics of renewable energy.
  • relying solely on traditional cogeneration units has become unsustainable, and energy storage and its optimal control technology are undoubtedly the key and ideal way to solve this problem.
  • Adiabatic-Compressed Air Energy Storage (A-CAES) has become a CCHP micro with its long life, large energy storage capacity, and integration of cold and heat electricity. The ideal energy storage device for the network.
  • CAES structural design and parameter optimization of CAES in the prior art are based on their own thermal efficiency or electrical efficiency.
  • the overall efficiency is rarely optimized, and the consideration of thermal energy grade is insufficient, resulting in the overall energy cascade utilization.
  • CAES accesses new energy and can complement CCHP, it lacks effective and effective operation methods for complex and variable system conditions.
  • the present invention provides a CCHP microgrid structure containing compressed air energy storage, and the invention combines A-CAES with a new energy multi-energy complementary CCHP microgrid to greatly improve the energy ladder of the CCHP system. Utilization.
  • a CCHP microgrid structure containing compressed air energy storage comprising: a renewable energy energy supply device, the renewable energy energy supply device being connected to an adiabatic compressed air energy storage system;
  • the cold and heat electricity supply unit uses natural gas as fuel, and the output end of the generated thermal energy is divided into three branches, one of which passes through the heat exchanger Connected to the input of the hot user, the second branch is connected to the input of the cold user through the absorption chiller, and the third branch is connected to the expander for the compressed air energy storage in the adiabatic compressed air energy storage system. Heating high pressure air;
  • the adiabatic compressed air energy storage system compresses air to generate heat energy, and the heat energy is stored or directly supplied to the heat user through the adjustment of the three-way valve, and the heat energy of different heat sources is absorbed according to the system working mode when the energy is released.
  • the renewable energy-powered device comprises a wind power generator set, a photovoltaic cell and a solar thermal collector, and the wind power generator set and the photovoltaic cell directly supply a user electric load or connect to the adiabatic compressed air through the converter.
  • An energy storage system, the solar collector heats the heat transfer oil and stores it in a heat storage tank.
  • the adiabatic compressed air energy storage system includes a compressor group, a first heat exchanger group, a gas storage tank, a second heat exchanger group, an expander group, a high speed motor, and an inverter connected in sequence;
  • the input end of the second heat exchanger group is respectively connected to a flue gas duct, a heat transfer oil storage tank, a high temperature water storage tank and a normal temperature water pipeline through a three-way valve, and the output end is connected to a cold user or a normal temperature water circulation device through a three-way valve.
  • the first heat exchanger group is used for heat exchange when compressing air, that is, heat generated by compression is recovered; and the second heat exchanger group is used for heat transfer during expansion, for heating before gas expansion.
  • the working mode of the CCHP microgrid structure containing compressed air energy storage is:
  • Power generation mode 1 The high-temperature flue gas is used to heat the outlet air of the throttle valve. After the high-temperature heat-conducting oil heats the outlet air of each level expander, the residual heat is replaced by the heat exchanger to the high-temperature water to supply heat to the load;
  • the high-temperature heat-conducting oil is used to heat the throttle valve and the outlet gas of each level of the expander, and the residual heat is replaced by the heat exchanger 9 to the high-temperature water to supply heat to the load;
  • Heating mode using the recovered compressed heat to heat the throttle valve and the outlet gas of each level of expander
  • the outlet gas of the throttle valve and the expanders of each stage is heated by the normal temperature water, and the cooling capacity (cold water, 280K) is recovered to supply the cooling load.
  • a method for operating a CCHP microgrid structure containing compressed air energy storage comprising:
  • Step (1) acquiring wind power, photovoltaic predicted output power, and cold and heat load demand forecast data in the next scheduling period T;
  • Step (2) Set the system objective function, including energy saving rate, system power shortage rate and environmental benefit index;
  • Step (3) setting constraints, including equation conditions of device characteristics and inequality constraints of power and energy ranges;
  • Step (4) Under different working modes of the CCHP microgrid structure containing compressed air energy storage, the optimization model composed of steps (2) and (3) is solved, the optimization result is compared, the optimal mode is selected, and each target is set. Weight, solve the optimal output of the unit;
  • Step (5) Calculate the output of the adiabatic compressed air energy storage system according to the wind forecasting power, the cold and hot power load demand at each time t in the period T, and the unit output plan obtained in the step (4).
  • the energy saving rate target of the step (2) is expressed as:
  • T is the evaluation period with a step size of 1 h
  • G sp (t) represents the total amount of energy consumed by the distribution system, including the energy consumption of the electrical energy conversion And gas energy consumption Two parts:
  • ⁇ grid , ⁇ h is the power generation efficiency, grid transmission efficiency, gas boiler heating efficiency and heat exchange efficiency.
  • step (2) system power shortage rate is expressed as:
  • L ec (t) is the electrical load demand at time t; P PV (t), P WT (t), P GT (t), P CAES, out (t), P CAES, in (t) respectively
  • off-grid microgrids can only rely on energy storage to dissipate excess power. Therefore, when the system generates more energy than the energy storage capacity, part of the wind will be discarded and the light will be discarded.
  • the environmental benefit indicator of the step (2) is expressed as:
  • ⁇ f and ⁇ f are the carbon dioxide emission coefficients of fuel gas and grid power generation, respectively, and G gas and E grid are the amount of gas consumed and the amount of electricity absorbed from the grid , respectively.
  • the maximum CO2 reduction rate C ERR of the CCHP microgrid can be expressed as:
  • C sp is the carbon dioxide emission of the sub-supply system.
  • step (3) A-CAES charge and discharge constraint can be expressed as:
  • P com,r and P tur,r represent the maximum power for energy storage and release , respectively.
  • step (3) of the gas generator operating force constraint :
  • ⁇ is the starting and stopping coefficient of the unit to avoid the efficiency of the gas generator when the load rate is low;
  • P GT, max is the rated power of the gas generator.
  • Q ec and Q ac represent electric refrigeration and absorption refrigeration, respectively.
  • step (3) A-CAES energy balance constraint:
  • the A-CAES energy balance characterizes the extent to which the remaining energy of the stored energy deviates from the initial energy after one cycle, which can be expressed as:
  • SOE CAES (T) represents the initial energy and residual energy of A-CAES in the cycle
  • SOE CAES (0) represents the initial energy and residual energy of A-CAES in the cycle
  • the expression form of A-CAES energy at time t is:
  • p stor (t) represents the gas pressure of the gas tank at time t
  • p stor,0 , p stor,u and p stor,l denote the initial gas pressure, the upper limit of the gas tank pressure and the minimum working gas pressure (throttle outlet Air pressure)
  • R g is a gas constant, 287.1 J / (kg ⁇ K)
  • T 0 is the ambient temperature
  • q com, i and q tur, i are the mass flow rate (kg / s) of air during compression and expansion, respectively
  • P In and P out are input and output powers, respectively
  • N com and N tur are the number of stages of compression and expansion, respectively.
  • FIG. 1 is a structural/energy flow diagram of a CCHP microgrid system containing A-CAES of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a structural diagram of A-CAES
  • Figure 3 (a) - Figure 3 (c) is a comparison of optimization results for each mode of operation under typical load conditions.
  • the new energy multi-energy complementary CCHP microgrid it is a common scheduling mode to improve renewable energy consumption and energy saving and emission reduction.
  • the invention satisfies the user's heat and electricity demand conditions, and the system consumes the least energy and minimizes system emissions.
  • the maximum renewable energy consumption rate is the objective function, and the output of each active device of the CCHP microgrid with A-CAES is scheduled.
  • a CCHP microgrid structure containing compressed air energy storage includes: a gas generator set, an A-CAES, a lithium bromide refrigeration unit, a wind power generation device, and photovoltaic power generation.
  • the gas generator set includes a gas generator and a waste heat recovery device, and the waste heat recovery device includes two parts of the liner water waste heat recovery and the flue gas waste heat recovery, wherein the flue gas waste heat recovery is divided into two branches, and one branch passes the flue gas heat exchange.
  • the hot water is supplied to the heat load, the other is supplied to the A-CAES for expansion preheating, and the two branches are regulated by the valve; the residual heat of the cylinder liner has two branches, which are supplied to the heat load or supplied to the A-CAES for use. Expansion preheating.
  • the solar collector is used to heat the heat transfer oil, and the high temperature heat transfer oil is stored in the heat conduction tank and used for A-CAES expansion preheating or heat supply.
  • the A-CAES system includes a compressor unit, a high pressure gas storage tank, an expander group, and a generator; the compressor unit is multi-stage compression, consumes electric energy (gas generator, wind power photovoltaic auxiliary power supply), compresses air, and exchanges heat through gas and water.
  • the heat energy is recovered (the heat energy generated by the internal combustion generator after generating electricity, including the waste heat of the flue gas and the residual heat of the liner water), the recovered heat energy is divided into two branches, one for heating and directly provided to the user, and the other One is stored in the heat storage tank for expansion preheating, and the two branches are switched by the opening of the three-way valve 1 and the three-way valve 2.
  • the expansion module is multi-stage expansion, and the gas-water heat exchanger is added before the expansion machine for preheating the inlet air, and the operation mode switching and the optimization of the system energy cascade utilization are realized by changing the preheating heat source.
  • the switching of various modes is realized by the opening of the three-way valve, which can be divided into four modes:
  • Mode 1 (mainly generating electricity): In this mode, 2, 3 of the three-way valves 1, 2 are turned on, the three-way valve 3 is turned off, and the recovered compressed heat is directly supplied to the load; the three-way valves 4 and 9 are 2, 1 conduction, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 3, 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
  • the high-temperature heat-conducting oil heats the outlet air of the expander of each stage, the residual heat is replaced by the heat exchanger 9 into the high-temperature water to supply heat to the load of the CCHP system.
  • the heat exchanger 9 functions to reclaim this heat for heat supply.
  • the throttle valve is located at the exit of the compressed air storage tank. After the high pressure gas passes through the throttle valve, the temperature is low and heating is required. In this mode, this part of the air is heated by the high temperature flue gas through the gas heat exchanger.
  • Mode 2 (mainly generating electricity): In this mode, the two-way valves 1, 2, 2 and 3 are turned on, the three-way valve 3 is turned off, and the recovered compressed heat is directly supplied to the load; the three-way valves 4 and 9 are 2, 1 conduction, the three-way valve 6, 10, 1, 3 conduction, the three-way valve 5, 3, 1 conduction, the three-way valve 7, 1, 2 conduction, using high-temperature heat transfer oil to heat the throttle valve and The outlet gas of each stage expander is replaced by high temperature water through the heat exchanger 9 to supply heat to the system.
  • Mode 3 (mainly heating): In this mode, the two-way valves 1, 2, 2, 1 are turned on, the three-way valves 2, 3 are turned on, and the recovered compressed heat is stored in the hot water storage tank; 2 and 3 of the valves 4 and 9 are turned on, and 2 and 3 of the three-way valves 6 and 10 are turned on, and the throttle gas of the throttle valve and the expanders of each stage is heated by the recovered compressed heat.
  • Mode 4 (mainly for cooling): In this mode, the two-way valves 1, 2, 2 and 3 are turned on, the recovered compression heat is directly supplied to the load; the three-way valves 1, 3 are turned on, and the three-way valve 4 9 and 2 are turned on, and 2 and 3 of the three-way valves 6, 10 are turned on, and the outlet gas of the throttle valve and the expanders of each stage is heated by the normal temperature water.
  • the two-way valves 8, 11 and 2 are turned on, and the collected cold (cold water, 280K) is supplied with a cooling load.
  • An optimized operation strategy for a new energy multi-energy complementary CCHP system with A-CAES including the following steps:
  • Step (1) predicting the next cycle data according to the historical value, and acquiring wind and light prediction data and cold and heat load demand forecast data in the next scheduling time period T;
  • Step (2) Set the target function:
  • Energy Saving Rate is defined as the ratio of the energy saved by the CCHP system to the system and the energy consumed by the distribution system.
  • One of the optimization goals is to maximize the energy saving rate, which can be expressed as:
  • T is the evaluation period with a step size of 1 h
  • G CCHP is the primary energy consumed by the CCHP system
  • G sp (t) represents the total amount of energy consumed by the distribution system, including the energy consumption of the converted energy.
  • gas energy consumption Two parts:
  • ⁇ grid , ⁇ h is the power generation efficiency, grid transmission efficiency, gas boiler heating efficiency and heat exchange efficiency.
  • System security reliability index System security reliability The ability of the power supply system to continuously supply power, which can be measured by Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), defined as the load demand that the system cannot meet at a certain stage divided by the total Load demand.
  • LPSP Loss of Power Supply Probability
  • the load-deficient rate characterizes the safety and reliability of CCHP micro-grid, and its minimization is one of the goals of system operation optimization. It can be expressed as:
  • L ec (t) is the electrical load demand at time t; P PV (t), P WT (t), P GT (t), P CAES, out (t), P CAES, in (t) respectively
  • off-grid microgrids can only rely on energy storage to dissipate excess power. Therefore, when the system generates more energy than the energy storage capacity, part of the wind will be discarded and the light will be discarded.
  • CCHP microgrid significantly reduces gas consumption through energy cascade utilization and helps to alleviate the greenhouse effect. Therefore, the emission reduction ratio (ERR) is selected as the environmental evaluation index.
  • ERR emission reduction ratio
  • the total amount of emissions C CCHP can be defined as:
  • C CCHP ⁇ f G gas + ⁇ e E grid (4)
  • ⁇ f and ⁇ f are the carbon dioxide emission coefficients of fuel gas and grid power generation, respectively
  • G gas and E grid are the amount of gas consumed and absorbed from the grid , respectively. Electricity.
  • the maximum CO2 reduction rate C ERR of the CCHP microgrid can be expressed as:
  • C sp is the carbon dioxide emission of the sub-supply system.
  • Step (3) Set the constraints:
  • step (3) A-CAES charge and discharge constraint can be expressed as:
  • P com,r and P tur,r represent the maximum power for energy storage and release , respectively.
  • ⁇ is the starting and stopping coefficient of the unit to avoid the efficiency of the gas generator when the load rate is low;
  • P GT, max is the rated power of the gas generator.
  • Q ec and Q ac represent electric refrigeration and absorption refrigeration, respectively.
  • the A-CAES energy balance characterizes the extent to which the remaining energy of the stored energy deviates from the initial energy after one cycle, which can be expressed as:
  • SOE CAES (T) and SOE CAES (0) represent the initial energy and residual energy of A-CAES in the cycle.
  • the expression of A-CAES energy at time t is:
  • p stor (t) represents the gas pressure of the gas tank at time t
  • p stor,0 , p stor,u and p stor,l denote the initial gas pressure, the upper limit of the gas tank pressure and the minimum working gas pressure (throttle outlet Air pressure)
  • R g is a gas constant, 287.1 J / (kg ⁇ K)
  • T 0 is the ambient temperature
  • q com, i and q tur, i are the mass flow rate (kg / s) of air during compression and expansion, respectively
  • P In and P out are input and output powers, respectively
  • N com and N tur are the number of stages of compression and expansion, respectively.
  • the optimal working mode in the next cycle and the optimal output planning of each active device in the cycle can be obtained.
  • the invention optimizes the CCHP microgrid structure containing A-CAES and its main working mode from the perspective of process design and energy cascade utilization; compared with the pure non-cogeneration CAES system, the same energy storage capacity can Effectively enhance the thermoelectric correlation of the system and improve the utilization of the system energy cascade.
  • Fig. 3(a) - Fig. 3(c) show the optimization results under various operating conditions (seasons).
  • Figure 3(a) shows the typical summer optimization results, Fig. 3(b) winter typical day optimization results, and Fig. 3(c) transition season typical day optimization results. It can be seen that reasonable A-CAES work is used under different working conditions. Mode is an effective way to efficiently use different grades of thermal energy in CCHP microgrid.
  • the invention optimizes the working mode of A-CAES to realize the utilization of different grades of heat sources in the system, thereby enhancing the thermoelectric correlation of the system and improving the energy utilization capacity of the CCHP microgrid and the renewable energy consumption rate.
  • the invention aims at the proposed system structure, and designs a multi-objective optimization operation strategy for energy storage SOE.
  • the strategy fully considers the intermittent nature of renewable energy and the rational utilization of different grade energy in the system, so that the system energy saving rate and reduction The discharge rate has increased significantly.

Abstract

一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构及其运行方法，微网结构包括：可再生能源供能设备、绝热压缩空气储能系统以及由燃气发电机和吸收式制冷机组成的冷热电联供机组；冷热电联供机组以天然气为燃料；绝热压缩空气储能系统压缩空气产生热能，通过三通阀（1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9）的调节将热能储存或直接供给热用户，释能时根据系统工作模式吸收不同热源的热能。

Description

一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构及其运行方法 技术领域
本发明涉及清洁能源综合利用技术领域，特别是涉及一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构与运行方法。
背景技术
在能源危机与环境问题成为社会经济发展重要制约因素的情况下，改革传统供能系统、建立高效可靠和环境友好的新型供能方式已上升为各国的能源发展战略。新能源多能互补冷热电联供微网(Combined Cooling Heating and Power,CCHP)是一种基于能源梯级利用原理，可同时实现发电、制冷和供热的综合能源系统。随着分布式供能技术，能源系统控制、管理技术的迅速发展，CCHP被认为是未来科学用能的最佳方式与能源互联网实现过程中的重要课题。
然而，间歇性可再生能源渗透率的不断增加以及系统多种能流之间的高度耦合，加剧了系统的不稳定因素，同时减小了可调节的裕度，对系统的稳定运行与优化控制提出了严峻的挑战。尤其是离网型的CCHP微网，可再生能源占比高、容量相对较小，其运行过程极易受到可再生能源间歇、波动等特性的影响。对此，仅依靠传统冷热电联供机组已难以为继，而储能及其优化控制技术无疑是解决这一问题的关键与理想途径。目前，在各种形式的储能之中，绝热压缩空气储能(Adiabatic-Compressed Air Energy Storage,A-CAES)以其寿命长、储能容量大、冷热电一体化等优势，成为CCHP微网的理想储能设备。
目前，国内外针对A-CAES的结构与效率开展了深入的研究。
文献[Design and engineering implementation of non-supplementary fired compressed air energy storage system:TICC-500]分析了CAES作为储能电站在电网调峰、调频中的作用，并结合示范系统探讨了非补燃式压缩空气储能中结构参数对系统发电效率的影响。然而，该研究主要从电能的层面分析系统，限制了其兼具冷热电接口的能力。
文献[Multi-objective optimization and exergoeconomic analysis of a combined cooling,heating and power based compressed air energy storage system]针对由压缩空气储能、燃气发电机组与吸收式制冷机组成的CCHP微网，以
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000001
效率与经济成本为目标，优化气压、温度等关键参数。
文献[Exergy analysis of a Combined Cooling,Heating and Power system integrated with wind turbine and compressed air energy storage system]将CAES与燃气发电机组串行连接，利用ORC 与吸收式制冷机实现余热回收与制冷。同时，以输出能量与
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000002
作为参数设计的目标。遗憾的是，这些研究并没有充分考虑CCHP微网复杂多变的工况、运行模式，以及各种运行模式下能量的梯级利用。
综上，现有技术中对于CAES的结构设计与参数优化多以自身的热效率或电效率作为依据，鲜有将整体效率作为优化目标，且对于热能品位的考虑有所不足，导致整体能量梯级利用程度不高；同时，CAES接入新能源多能互补CCHP后，针对系统复杂多变的工况缺乏行之有效的优化运行方法。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术的不足，本发明提供了一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构，本发明将A-CAES与新能源多能互补CCHP微网结合，极大地提高了CCHP系统能量梯级利用度。
一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构，包括：可再生能源供能设备，所述可再生能源供能设备连接至绝热压缩空气储能系统；
燃气发电机和吸收式制冷机组成的冷热电联供机组，所述冷热电联供机组以天然气为燃料，产生的热能的输出端分为三条支路，其中一条支路通过换热器与热用户的输入端连接，第二条支路通过吸收式制冷机与冷用户的输入端连接，第三条支路接入绝热压缩空气储能系统中的压缩空气储能的膨胀机，用于加热高压空气；
所述绝热压缩空气储能系统压缩空气产生热能，通过三通阀的调节将该热能储存或直接供给热用户，释能时根据系统工作模式吸收不同热源的热能。
进一步优选的技术方案，所述可再生能源供能设备包括风力发电机组、光伏电池及太阳能集热器，所述风力发电机组、光伏电池通过变流器直接供给用户电负荷或连接至绝热压缩空气储能系统，所述太阳能集热器加热导热油并储存于储热油箱。
进一步优选的技术方案，所述绝热压缩空气储能系统包括依次连接的压缩机组、第一换热器组、储气罐、第二换热器组、膨胀器组、高速电机、逆变器；所述第二换热器组输入端通过三通阀分别连接至烟气管道、导热油储罐、高温水储罐以及常温水管道，输出端通过三通阀连接至冷用户或常温水循环设备，第一换热器组用于压缩空气时换热，即回收压缩产生的热量；第二换热器组用于膨胀时换热，用于气体膨胀之前的加热。
进一步优选的技术方案，含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的工作模式为：
发电模式一，利用高温烟气加热节流阀的出口空气，高温导热油加热各级膨胀机的出口空气后，通过换热器将余热置换为高温水对负荷供热；
发电模式二，利用高温导热油加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体，并通过换热器9将 余热置换为高温水对负荷供热；
供热模式，利用回收的压缩热加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体；
供冷模式，利用常温水加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体，回收冷量(冷水，280K)供给冷负荷。
一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的运行方法，包括：
步骤(1)：获取下一个调度周期T内的风电、光伏预测输出功率，冷热电负荷需求预测数据；
步骤(2)：设置系统目标函数，包括能源节约率、系统缺电率以及环境效益指标；
步骤(3)：设置约束条件，包括设备特性的等式条件以及功率、能量范围的不等式约束条件；
步骤(4)：在含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的不同工作模式下，求解步骤(2)及步骤(3)所组成的优化模型，对比优化结果，选择最优模式，设置各个目标权重，求解机组最优出力；
步骤(5)：根据周期T内各个时刻t的风光预测功率、冷热电负荷需求以及步骤(4)中得到的机组出力的规划，计算绝热压缩空气储能系统的出力。
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(2)的能源节约率目标表述为：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000003
其中，T为评估周期，步长为1h；G sp(t)表示分供系统消耗能源的总量，包括电能折算的能源消耗
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000004
和燃气能源消耗量
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000005
两个部分：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000006
其中，
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000007
分别是分供系统消耗的电能与热能，
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000008
η grid、
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000009
η h分别为发电效率、电网传输效率、燃气锅炉制热效率以及换热效率。
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(2)系统缺电率表述为：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000010
其中，L ec(t)为t时刻电负荷需求量；P PV(t)、P WT(t)、P GT(t)、P CAES,out(t)、P CAES,in(t)分别表示t时光伏、风电、燃气发电机、A-CAES的发电量以及A-CAES的耗电量。不同于并网系统，离网型微网只能依靠储能消纳多余电量。因此，当系统发电量超过储能容量时，将产生部分弃风、弃光。
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(2)环境效益指标表述为：
C CCHP＝μ fG gas+μ eE grid       (4)
其中，μ f和μ f分别为燃料气体和电网发电的二氧化碳排放系数，G gas和E grid分别为消耗的燃气量和从电网吸收的电量。
则CCHP微网的二氧化碳减排率C ERR的最大化可表为：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000011
其中，C sp为分供系统的二氧化碳排放量。
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(3)A-CAES充放电约束可表为：
A-CAES放电约束：
0≤P CAES,out(t)≤P tur,r        (6)
A-CAES充电约束：
0≤P CAES,in(t)≤P com,r        (7)
式中，P com,r和P tur,r分别表示储能和释能的最大功率。
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(3)燃气发电机的出力运行约束：
αP GT，max≤P GT(t)≤P GT，max         (8)
式中，α为机组的起停系数，以避免在负荷率较低时，燃气发电机的效率过低；P GT,max为燃气发电机的额定功率。
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(3)夏季电制冷比约束：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000012
其中，Q ec、Q ac分别表示电制冷和吸收式制冷。
进一步优选的技术方案，所述步骤(3)A-CAES能量平衡约束：
A-CAES能量平衡表征一个周期之后，储能的剩余能量偏离初始能量的程度，可表为：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000013
其中，SOE CAES(T)、SOE CAES(0)表示周期内A-CAES的初始能量和剩余能量，t时刻A-CAES能量的表达形式为：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000014
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000015
式中，p stor(t)表示t时刻储气罐的气压；p stor,0、p stor,u和p stor,l分别表示初始气压、储气罐气压上限以及最低工作气压(节流阀出口气压)；R g为气体常量，287.1J/(kg·K)；T 0为环境温度；q com,i和q tur,i分别为压缩、膨胀时空气的质量流量(kg/s)，P in和P out分别为输入、输出功率，N com和N tur分别为压缩、膨胀时级数。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是：
(1)将A-CAES与新能源多能互补CCHP微网结合，从流程设计与能量梯级利用的角度，优化A-CAES的结构及其主要工作模式，即通过阀门的开断调节A-CAES膨胀过程回热的热源，从而合理分配CCHP微网内各种品位的能源，极大地提高了CCHP系统能量梯级利用度。
(2)在不同工况下优化系统的工作模式和各主动设备的冷热电输出功率。充分考虑了系统内可再生能源的间歇性和不同品位能量的合理利用，使系统能源节约率与减排率大幅增加，储能SOE偏移量减小，从而有效提高了CCHP系统的节能性、环保性与稳定性。同时，通过对A-CAES冷热电输出(输入)功率的优化，提升了系统消纳可再生能源的能力。
附图说明
构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本申请的进一步理解，本申请的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本申请，并不构成对本申请的不当限定。
图1是本发明的含A-CAES的CCHP微网系统结构/能流图；
图2是A-CAES结构图；
图3(a)-图3(c)是各工况典型负荷下各个工作模式的优化结果对比。
具体实施方式
应该指出，以下详细说明都是例示性的，旨在对本申请提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明，本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本申请所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的 相同含义。
需要注意的是，这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式，而非意图限制根据本申请的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的，除非上下文另外明确指出，否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式，此外，还应当理解的是，当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时，其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合。
在新能源多能互补CCHP微网中，提高可再生能源消纳与节能减排是常见的调度模式，本发明以满足用户热、电需求条件下系统运行过程中能源消耗最少、系统排放最少、可再生能源消纳率最大为目标函数，对含A-CAES的CCHP微网各个主动设备的出力进行调度。
本申请的一种典型的实施方式中，如图1所示，一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构，包括：燃气发电机组、A-CAES、溴化锂制冷机组、风力发电设备、光伏发电设备、太阳能集热器、储热罐、换热系统等；
燃气发电机组包括燃气发电机、余热回收装置，余热回收装置包括缸套水余热回收和烟气余热回收两个部分，其中烟气余热回收分为两条支路，一条支路通过烟气换热器产生热水供给热负荷，另一条供给A-CAES用于膨胀预热，两条支路通过阀门调节；所述缸套水余热有两条支路，供给热负荷或供给A-CAES用于膨胀预热。
太阳能集热器用于加热导热油，高温导热油储于导热罐，并用于A-CAES膨胀预热或供给热负荷。
A-CAES系统包括压缩机组、高压储气罐、膨胀器组、发电机；所述压缩机组为多级压缩，消耗电能(燃气发电机，风电光伏辅助供电)压缩空气，并通过气水换热器回收热能(此处热能为内燃发电机发电之后产生热量，包括烟气余热和缸套水余热)，所回收的热能分为两条支路，一条用于供热，直接提供给用户，另一条储于储热罐用于膨胀预热，两条支路通过三通阀1和三通阀2的开断实现切换。所述膨胀模块为多级膨胀，各级膨胀机前加入气水换热器用于对入口空气预热，通过改变预热的热源实现工作模式的切换与系统能量梯级利用的优化。
各种模式的切换通过三通阀的开断实现，具体可分为四种模式：
1)模式一(发电为主)：该种模式下，三通阀1、2的②、③导通，三通阀3关断，回收的压缩热直接供给负荷；三通阀4、9的②、①导通，三通阀6、10的①、③导通，三通阀5、7的③、②导通，利用高温烟气加热节流阀的出口空气，来自高温储油罐的高温导热油加热各级膨胀机的出口空气后，通过换热器9将余热置换为高温水对CCHP系统的负荷供热。
高温导热油加热膨胀机出口空气之后仍有接近150℃的温度，换热器9的作用就是将这一 部分热量再回收用于供热。
节流阀位于压缩空气储能储气罐的出口位置。高压气体经过节流阀之后，温度低，需要加热。该种模式下，由高温烟气通过气气换热器加热这部分空气。
2)模式二(发电为主)：该种模式下，三通阀1、2的②、③导通，三通阀3关断，回收的压缩热直接供给负荷；三通阀4、9的②、①导通，三通阀6、10的①、③导通，三通阀5的③、①导通，三通阀7的①、②导通，利用高温导热油加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体，并通过换热器9将余热置换为高温水对系统供热。
3)模式三(供热为主)：该种模式下，三通阀1、2的②、①导通，三通阀②、③导通，回收的压缩热存储于储热水箱；三通阀4、9的②、③导通，三通阀6、10的②、③导通，利用回收的压缩热加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体。
4)模式四(供冷为主)：该种模式下，三通阀1、2的②、③导通，回收的压缩热直接供给负荷；三通阀①、③导通，三通阀4、9的②、③导通，三通阀6、10的②、③导通，利用常温水加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体。三通阀8、11的②、③导通，回收冷量(冷水，280K)供给冷负荷。
一种含A-CAES的新能源多能互补CCHP系统优化运行策略，包括如下步骤：
步骤(1)：根据历史值预测下一周期数据，获取下一个调度时间段T内的风、光预测数据、冷热电负荷需求预测数据；
步骤(2)：设置目标函数：
能源节约率：能源节约率(Primary Energy Savings Ratio,PESR)，定义为CCHP系统相对分供系统节约的能源与分供系统所消耗的能源之比。以能源节约率的最大化作为优化目标之一，可表为：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000016
其中，T为评估周期，步长为1h；G CCHP是CCHP系统消耗的一次能源，G sp(t)表示分供系统消耗能源的总量，包括电能折算的能源消耗
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000017
和燃气能源消耗量
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000018
两个部分：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000019
其中，
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000020
分别是分供系统消耗的电能与热能，
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000021
η grid、
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000022
η h分别为发电效率、电网传输效率、燃气锅炉制热效率以及换热效率。
系统安全可靠性指标：系统安全可靠性表征供电系统持续供电的能力，可用缺电率(Loss of Power Supply Probability，LPSP)来衡量，定义为在某一阶段，系统不能满足的负荷需求除以总的负荷需求。负荷缺电率表征CCHP微网的安全可靠性，以其最小化作为系统运行优化的目标之一，可表为：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000023
其中，L ec(t)为t时刻电负荷需求量；P PV(t)、P WT(t)、P GT(t)、P CAES,out(t)、P CAES,in(t)分别表示t时光伏、风电、燃气发电机、A-CAES的发电量以及A-CAES的耗电量。不同于并网系统，离网型微网只能依靠储能消纳多余电量。因此，当系统发电量超过储能容量时，将产生部分弃风、弃光。
环境效益指标：CCHP微网通过能源的梯级利用大幅减少了燃气的消耗，有助于缓解温室效应。由此，选取二氧化碳减排率(emission reduction ratio,ERR)作为环境评价指标。对于一般系统，排放总量C CCHP可定义为：
C CCHP＝μ fG gas+μ eE grid       (4)其中，μ f和μ f分别为燃料气体和电网发电的二氧化碳排放系数，G gas和E grid分别为消耗的燃气量和从电网吸收的电量。则CCHP微网的二氧化碳减排率C ERR的最大化可表为：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000024
其中，C sp为分供系统的二氧化碳排放量。
步骤(3)：设置约束条件:
所述步骤(3)A-CAES充放电约束可表为：
A-CAES放电约束：
0≤P CAES,out(t)≤P tur,r        (6)
A-CAES充电约束：
0≤P CAES,in(t)≤P com,r       (7)
式中，P com,r和P tur,r分别表示储能和释能的最大功率。
所述步骤(3)燃气发电机的出力运行约束：
αP GT，max≤P GT(t)≤P GT，max      (8)
式中，α为机组的起停系数，以避免在负荷率较低时，燃气发电机的效率过低；P GT,max为燃气发电机的额定功率。
所述步骤(3)夏季电制冷比约束：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000025
其中，Q ec、Q ac分别表示电制冷和吸收式制冷。
所述步骤(3)A-CAES能量平衡约束：
A-CAES能量平衡表征一个周期之后，储能的剩余能量偏离初始能量的程度，可表为：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000026
其中，SOE CAES(T)、SOE CAES(0)表示周期内A-CAES的初始能量和剩余能量。t时刻A-CAES能量的表达形式为：
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000027
Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-000028
式中，p stor(t)表示t时刻储气罐的气压；p stor,0、p stor,u和p stor,l分别表示初始气压、储气罐气压上限以及最低工作气压(节流阀出口气压)；R g为气体常量，287.1J/(kg·K)；T 0为环境温度；q com,i和q tur,i分别为压缩、膨胀时空气的质量流量(kg/s)，P in和P out分别为输入、输出功率，N com和N tur分别为压缩、膨胀时级数。
利用多目标智能算法求解各模式下的优化模型，可得到下一周期内最优工作模式与各个主动设备在周期内的最优出力规划。
本发明从流程设计与能量梯级利用的角度，优化了含A-CAES的CCHP微网结构及其主要工作模式；相对于单纯的非热电联供CAES系统，相同的储能容量下，该结构可以有效增强系统的热电关联、提高系统能量梯级利用程度。图3(a)-图3(c)所示为各工况(季节)下的优化结果。图3(a)为夏季典型日优化结果，图3(b)冬季典型日优化结果，图3(c)过渡季典型日优化结果，可以看出，不同工况下采用合理的A-CAES工作模式，才是高效利用CCHP微网中不同品位热能的有效途径。将本发明提出的系统结构及其运行策略的结果与现有方法 (文献[Hybrid CCHP system combined with compressed air energy storage[J].International Journal of Energy Research])对比(表1)可见，该运行策略下能源利用率与减排率均有了明显的增加，从而改善了系统的整体性能。
表1本发明所提优化策略与现有策略的结果对比
季节   优化策略 对比
冬季 ERR 65.07％ 59.17％
  PESR 61.80％ 54.67％
过渡季 ERR 65.32％ 61.29％
  PESR 57.87％ 55.97％
夏季 ERR 61.17％ 59.65％
  PESR 57.09％ 51.28％
本发明通过对A-CAES工作模式的优化，实现对系统内不同品位热源的利用，从而增强了系统的热电关联，提高了CCHP微网能量梯级利用能力与可再生能源消纳率。本发明针对所提出的系统结构，设计计及储能SOE的多目标优化运行策略，该策略充分考虑了可再生能源的间歇性与系统内不同品位能量的合理利用，使系统能源节约率与减排率大幅增加。
以上所述仅为本申请的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构，其特征是，包括：可再生能源供能设备，所述可再生能源供能设备连接至绝热压缩空气储能系统；
    燃气发电机和吸收式制冷机组成的冷热电联供机组，所述冷热电联供机组以天然气为燃料，产生的热能的输出端分为三条支路，其中一条支路通过换热器与热用户的输入端连接，第二条支路通过吸收式制冷机与冷用户的输入端连接，第三条支路接入绝热压缩空气储能系统中的压缩空气储能的膨胀机，用于加热高压空气；
    所述绝热压缩空气储能系统压缩空气产生热能，通过三通阀的调节将该热能储存或直接供给热用户，释能时根据系统工作模式吸收不同热源的热能。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构，其特征是，所述可再生能源供能设备包括风力发电机组、光伏电池及太阳能集热器，所述风力发电机组、光伏电池通过变流器直接供给用户电负荷或连接至绝热压缩空气储能系统，所述太阳能集热器加热导热油并储存于储热油箱。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构，其特征是，所述绝热压缩空气储能系统包括依次连接的压缩机组、第一换热器组、储气罐、第二换热器组、膨胀器组、高速电机、逆变器；所述第二换热器组输入端通过三通阀分别连接至烟气管道、导热油储罐、高温水储罐以及常温水管道，输出端通过三通阀连接至冷用户或常温水循环设备，第一换热器组用于压缩空气时换热，即回收压缩产生的热量；第二换热器组用于膨胀时换热，用于气体膨胀之前的加热。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构，其特征是，含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的工作模式为：
    发电模式一，利用高温烟气加热节流阀的出口空气，高温导热油加热各级膨胀机的出口空气后，通过换热器将余热置换为高温水对负荷供热；
    发电模式二，利用高温导热油加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体，并通过换热器9将余热置换为高温水对负荷供热；
    供热模式，利用回收的压缩热加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体；
    供冷模式，利用常温水加热节流阀及各级膨胀机的出口气体，回收冷量供给冷负荷。
  5. 采用权利要求1-4任一所述的一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的运行方法，其特征是，包括：
    步骤(1)：获取下一个调度周期T内的风电、光伏预测输出功率，冷热电负荷需求预测数据；
    步骤(2)：设置系统目标函数，包括能源节约率、系统缺电率以及环境效益指标；
    步骤(3)：设置约束条件，包括设备特性的等式条件以及功率、能量范围的不等式约束条件；
    步骤(4)：在含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的不同工作模式下，求解步骤(2)及步骤(3)所组成的优化模型，对比优化结果，选择最优模式，设置各个目标权重，求解机组最优出力；
    步骤(5)：根据周期T内各个时刻t的风光预测功率、冷热电负荷需求以及步骤(4)中得到的机组出力的规划，计算绝热压缩空气储能系统的出力。
  6. 如权利要求5所述的一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的运行方法，其特征是，所述步骤(2)的能源节约率目标表述为：
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100001
    其中，T为评估周期，步长为1h；G sp(t)表示分供系统消耗能源的总量，包括电能折算的能源消耗
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100002
    和燃气能源消耗量
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100003
    两个部分：
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100004
    其中，
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100005
    分别是分供系统消耗的电能与热能，
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100006
    η grid、
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100007
    η h分别为发电效率、电网传输效率、燃气锅炉制热效率以及换热效率。
  7. 如权利要求5所述的一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的运行方法，其特征是，所述步骤(2)系统缺电率表述为：
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100008
    其中，L ec(t)为t时刻电负荷需求量；P PV(t)、P WT(t)、P GT(t)、P CAES,out(t)、P CAES,in(t)分别表示t时光伏、风电、燃气发电机、A-CAES的发电量以及A-CAES的耗电量。不同于并网系统，离网型微网只能依靠储能消纳多余电量。因此，当系统发电量超过储能容量时，将产生部分弃风、弃光。
  8. 如权利要求5所述的一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的运行方法，其特征是， 所述步骤(2)环境效益指标表述为：
    C CCHP＝μ fG gas+μ eE grid          (4)
    其中，μ f和μ f分别为燃料气体和电网发电的二氧化碳排放系数，G gas和E grid分别为消耗的燃气量和从电网吸收的电量。
  9. 如权利要求5所述的一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的运行方法，其特征是，所述步骤(3)A-CAES充放电约束可表为：
    A-CAES放电约束：
    0≤P CAES,out(t)≤P tur,r         (6)
    A-CAES充电约束：
    0≤P CAES,in(t)≤P com,r            (7)
    式中，P com,r和P tur,r分别表示储能和释能的最大功率；
    所述步骤(3)燃气发电机的出力运行约束：
    αP GT，max≤P GT(t)≤P GT，max            (8)
    式中，α为机组的起停系数，以避免在负荷率较低时，燃气发电机的效率过低；P GT,max为燃气发电机的额定功率。
  10. 如权利要求5所述的一种含压缩空气储能的CCHP微网结构的运行方法，其特征是，所述步骤(3)夏季电制冷比约束：
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100009
    其中，Q ec、Q ac分别表示电制冷和吸收式制冷；
    所述步骤(3)A-CAES能量平衡约束：
    A-CAES能量平衡表征一个周期之后，储能的剩余能量偏离初始能量的程度，可表为：
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100010
    其中，SOE CAES(T)、SOE CAES(0)表示周期内A-CAES的初始能量和剩余能量，t时刻A-CAES能量的表达形式为：
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100011
    Figure PCTCN2018113712-appb-100012
    式中，p stor(t)表示t时刻储气罐的气压；p stor,0、p stor,u和p stor,l分别表示初始气压、储气罐气压上限以及最低工作气压(节流阀出口气压)；R g为气体常量，287.1J/(kg·K)；T 0为环境温度；q com,i和q tur,i分别为压缩、膨胀时空气的质量流量(kg/s)，P in和P out分别为输入、输出功率，N com和N tur分别为压缩、膨胀时级数。
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