WO2019110406A1 - Ensemble de détection pour microscopie - Google Patents

Ensemble de détection pour microscopie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019110406A1
WO2019110406A1 PCT/EP2018/082957 EP2018082957W WO2019110406A1 WO 2019110406 A1 WO2019110406 A1 WO 2019110406A1 EP 2018082957 W EP2018082957 W EP 2018082957W WO 2019110406 A1 WO2019110406 A1 WO 2019110406A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
detector
detection
detector arrangement
fiber
optics
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2018/082957
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christian Schumann
Original Assignee
Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh filed Critical Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh
Publication of WO2019110406A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019110406A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J1/44—Electric circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/02—Details
    • G01J1/04—Optical or mechanical part supplementary adjustable parts
    • G01J1/0407—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. manifolds, windows, holograms, gratings
    • G01J1/0425—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. manifolds, windows, holograms, gratings using optical fibers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
    • G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
    • G02B21/0024—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders
    • G02B21/0052—Optical details of the image generation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/36—Microscopes arranged for photographic purposes or projection purposes or digital imaging or video purposes including associated control and data processing arrangements
    • G02B21/361—Optical details, e.g. image relay to the camera or image sensor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J1/44—Electric circuits
    • G01J2001/4413—Type
    • G01J2001/442—Single-photon detection or photon counting
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
    • G02B6/4206—Optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4249—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details comprising arrays of active devices and fibres

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a detector arrangement for microscopy, in particular an optical detector arrangement with point detectors, as used for example in confocal microscopes.
  • Optical fibers are often used in microscopy for transmitting light, for example from a lighting device to the actual microscope.
  • multimode fibers coupled detector arrays for confocal microscopes Such a construction is described, for example, in US Pat. No. 8456738 B2.
  • a plurality of higher modes in addition to the fundamental mode, a plurality of higher modes, generally more than one hundred to several thousand modes, can additionally propagate depending on the core diameter and the refractive index difference. In this way, the different wavelengths having observation beam path after coupling via a
  • corresponding optics are forwarded in the multimode fiber to a detector.
  • Document DE 102013 015 933 A1 discloses a high-resolution scanning microscope with a detector device which has a detector array that is larger than a single image generated by the microscope. For this purpose, radiation from a detection plane is non-imaging onto the pixels of the detector array distributed. For this purpose, a bundle of optical fibers is used, which can be formed in the detection plane into a bundle with a square basic shape in order to achieve a high degree of coverage. Similar arrangements disclose the documents WO 2015/022 147 Al, DE 10 2013 012 609 A1 and CN 101 210 969 A.
  • Dynamic range should be illuminated as homogeneously as possible. This is achieved by an optical system which corresponds as closely as possible to the detection surface
  • detectors In addition to CCD or CMOS cameras for wide-field microscopy, more sensitive detectors for confocal microscopy are known as detectors, such as
  • Avalanche photodiodes or photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), further arrays of avalanche photodiodes, also referred to as multi-pixel photon counters (MPPC) or silicon photomultipliers.
  • MPPCs multi-pixel photon counters
  • each avalanche photodiode represents one pixel of the detector.
  • Each APD has its own quenching circuit, which, after a photo-induced electron avalanche, terminates the avalanche and causes no damage to the APD. This leads to a dead time after the detection of a photon in which no second photon can be detected by this APD. In order to take this circumstance into account and to achieve the greatest possible dynamics, it is expedient to achieve the most homogeneous possible illumination of the rectangular or square array of APDs.
  • the dark noise of MPPCs is strongly dependent on the temperature, so that the most efficient cooling possible is needed, by a small amount Dark current and thus to achieve a good signal-to-noise ratio.
  • the detector unit can be spatially decoupled from other heat sources, such as electronic assemblies or galvanometer motors.
  • a multimode glass fiber is suitable.
  • the round core profile of conventional multimode glass fibers must then be imaged as comprehensively as possible on the rectangular or square APD array of an MPPC using anamorphic optics.
  • Dynamic range can be used. Such an incomplete illumination of the modes of the multimode fiber can therefore occur, for example, in a confocal microscope in that the confocal pinhole is imaged onto the fiber exit side.
  • the diameter and aperture of the imaged pinhole are of the image-side aperture of the imaging system used, in particular also of the objective , dependent.
  • the attenuation of the fiber increases and the mode dispersion in the application under consideration thereby decreases the sensitivity of the entire detector arrangement.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object, a
  • Detector arrangement for microscopy in particular confocal microscopy specify, with the avoidance of the above-mentioned disadvantages, an effective transmission of detection light to a detector with rectangular or square detection area, in particular to a multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC), is possible. Disclosure of the invention
  • the present invention proposes a detector arrangement, a use of such a detector arrangement and a confocal microscope with such a detector arrangement according to the respective independent claims.
  • the detector arrangement according to the invention comprises at least one detector with a rectangular or square light-sensitive detection surface for detection of the detection light, which consists of a microscopic
  • the detector arrangement has a light guide with non-round cross-section for transmitting the detection light to the detector.
  • the cross section of the light guide is rectangular or square.
  • An optical waveguide in the sense of this application has an entrance surface facing the illumination source and an exit surface for the detection light facing the detector.
  • the optical waveguide can be embodied as a hollow rod internally mirrored, as a totally reflecting inside, as a transparent solid rod, as a liquid light guide or advantageously in particular as a glass fiber.
  • the optically effective cross-section of the light guide is non-round, in particular advantageously square or rectangular.
  • Optical fiber is formed according to the invention as a single multimode fiber, wherein the core of this fiber preferably has a rectangular or square cross-section. It has been shown that in non-round, in particular rectangular or square multimode fibers (the same applies to other possible types of optical fibers) a strong mode mixture occurs, which is homogeneous even with comparatively short fiber lengths of less than half a meter
  • the detector itself has a rectangular or square light-sensitive detection surface and essentially consists of a single or a plurality of light-sensitive elements arranged in the form of an array
  • Detection elements or sensors Such sensors may be CCD, CMOS or the aforementioned APD sensors.
  • the detector is an MPPC detector, ie a multi-pixel photo counter, also called a silicon photomultiplier.
  • MPPC detectors comprise a rectangular or square array of APD sensors. Please refer to the comments in the introduction to the description.
  • the detector arrangement according to the invention is preferably the
  • the intensity distribution at the exit face of the multimode optical fiber has a rectangular profile both in the spatial space and in the angular space. It is possible in various preferred embodiments of the present invention by means of a matching optics, which is arranged between the output side of the light guide (multimode fiber) and the (MPPC) detector, both the spatial space, so the fiber exit surface on the
  • the already mentioned adaptation optics which is a suitably designed imaging optics, which is the appropriate one
  • the adjustment optics can further adjustment means for adjusting the illumination profile on the
  • Detection surface include.
  • the fiber end is connected directly to the detector, e.g. glued, but this can cause thermal disadvantages (cooling of the detector, thermal stresses).
  • the adaptation optics is designed and arranged such that the exit surface of the light guide continues to be on the predominant part, in particular to at least 78.5%
  • Detection surface in particular, is imaged on substantially the entire surface of this detection surface.
  • the non-round, in particular rectangular, optical waveguide according to the invention or square cross-section a larger part of this area, in particular substantially the entire area, are illuminated, whereby a dynamic gain of 4 / TT, ie 27%, is connected.
  • a dynamic gain is created by the better mode mixing mentioned above.
  • the adaptation optics are designed such that the exit pupil of the light guide is predominantly
  • the adaptation optics has a further lens or lens group, by means of which the pupil of the fiber end is imaged onto the detection surface.
  • the matching optics having a beam splitter device configured and arranged to direct detection light to at least one of the two or more detectors.
  • the local and angular spectrum of the fiber end or different wavelength ranges can each be imaged onto the respective respective detectors.
  • switchable beam splitter device can also be a sequential switching between the spectra.
  • the present invention relates to the detector arrangement according to the invention as described in detail above in its use in a confocal microscope.
  • the present invention relates to such a confocal microscope with an inventive
  • the confocal microscope has a lighting device with an illumination optical system for generating an illumination beam path and a microscope optical system comprising a microscope objective for illuminating an object field and for imaging a sample to be arranged there, wherein an observation beam path is generated by the objective.
  • the objective is followed by a main beam splitter in the observation beam path in order to decouple the observation beam path and to pass it to a detection device which has the detector arrangement according to the invention.
  • the detection device has at least one confocal pinhole and optionally a downstream optical fiber coupling-in optics for the coupling of
  • the fiber optic coupling optics may be omitted if the fiber is directly behind the pinhole.
  • a source of illumination for example, a laser is provided, the light of which is conducted via a single-mode optical fiber to a fiber collimator, which transmits the generated illumination beam path via a raster device
  • Microscope lens illuminated.
  • an observation beam path is generated via the microscope objective, which is returned to the main beam splitter via the same raster device, which decouples the observation beam path and feeds it to the detection device.
  • the detection device expediently comprises a pinhole imaging optics, which images the decoupled observation beam path onto a pinhole.
  • the confocal pinhole is in turn preferably via a Lichtleitereinkopplungsoptik on the
  • the detection light entering the entrance side of the light guide in this manner is further processed by the detector arrangement according to the invention, as described in detail above. It is particularly advantageous if a Confocal microscope is used with a square pinhole, which can be mapped aligned on the fiber core.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a device according to the invention
  • Figure 2 shows a second embodiment of an inventive
  • FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment of a device according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 shows the detection surface and the illumination profile in one
  • FIG. 5 schematically shows the essential components of a confocal microscope according to the invention in an advantageous embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a detector arrangement 100 for the detection of
  • Detection light from a microscopic observation beam path as generated for example by a wide-field microscope or a confocal microscope in a known manner. All light or a part of the light from the microscopic observation beam path is detected by a detector 102 having a rectangular or square light-sensitive detection surface 104. Typically, this detection surface 104 is an array of punctiform detection elements (see Figure 4), each one
  • Detection element corresponds to a pixel of a digital microscope image to be generated.
  • MPPC detectors which are a rectangular or square array of avalanche photodiodes (APDs).
  • APDs avalanche photodiodes
  • Detector assembly 100 spatially decouple from the remaining components of the confocal microscope (see also Figure 5) to keep the dark current caused by heat sources in a MPPC detector as low as possible and thus achieve a good signal-to-noise ratio.
  • Decoupling and the optical coupling is in the present case carried out with a light guide 110 of non-round cross-section for transmitting the detection light to the detector 102.
  • a light guide 110 of non-round cross-section for transmitting the detection light to the detector 102.
  • a single multimode glass fiber 110 is used, whose core has a rectangular or square cross-section. Due to the strong mode mixture in such a fiber, even after less than half a meter of fiber length, a homogeneous illumination of local and angular space can be effected. At the same time, the resulting attenuation due to the fiber length is still low. This increases the usable dynamic range of the MPPC detector 102. This dynamic range is further provided by means of a
  • Adaptation optics 106 further increased, which is configured and arranged such that the exit surface is formed on the exit side 108 of the glass fiber 110 to at least 78.5% of the detection surface 104 of the detector 102. Further explanations for the illumination of the detection surface are made in connection with FIG.
  • the adaptation optics 106 are a suitably dimensioned and suitably arranged imaging optics, as shown schematically in FIG.
  • FIG. 2 shows an advantageous embodiment of a detector arrangement 200 for detecting detection light from a microscopic one
  • the adaptation optics 206 are designed and arranged such that the exit pupil of the optical waveguide, here again the multimode optical fiber 210 on the detection surface 204 of the detector, here again an MPPC detector 204
  • the adaptation optics 206 advantageously comprises two lens elements, which are arranged in such a way that the pupil 212 of the exit side 208 of the multimode glass fiber 210 is imaged on the detection surface 204 of the MPPC detector 202, in which case in particular at least 78.5% of the detection surface is illuminated , With the arrangement shown in FIG. 2, the angular spectrum of the fiber end of the multimode glass fiber 210 with a rectangular or square core can be imaged onto the detection surface 204.
  • the corresponding pupil beam path is designated 214.
  • FIG. 3 shows a further possible embodiment of a detector arrangement 300, wherein only the differences from the embodiments according to FIGS. 1 and 2 are to be discussed below.
  • the adaptation optics 306 in this embodiment comprises a beam splitter device 312, wherein two MPPC detectors 302 are arranged downstream of the beam splitter device 312, so that the beam paths leaving the beam splitter device 312 fall on the detection surfaces 304 of the detectors 302.
  • the multimode fiber is 310, theirs
  • the beam splitter device 312 is designed in such a way that, for example, it distributes the light emitted by the exit side 308 or the fiber end surface chromatically or after polarization or neutral to the various detectors 302.
  • Beam splitter 312 may be both fixed or switchable, e.g. B. as prisms or platelet splitter, as well as variable in the form of a spectrometer, z. B. a prism or grating spectrometer, be constructed. Depending on the type of division, the image of fiber end (see FIG. 1) or angular spectrum (see FIG. Depending on the design of the beam splitter device 312, associated imaging stages (eg relay systems or telescopes) may be necessary, to image the entire geometric flux transported by the multimode fiber onto the detector.
  • associated imaging stages eg relay systems or telescopes
  • FIG. 4 shows by way of example and schematically a detection surface 404 of an MPPC detector, as can be used in the detector arrangements according to FIGS. 1 to 3.
  • the detection surface 404 comprises a square array of individual detection elements 406 (for the sake of clarity, only one such element is provided with reference symbols).
  • APDs avalanche photodiodes
  • An illumination profile as in particular according to one of
  • Embodiments according to Figures 1 to 3 can be obtained is designated 402. More than 78.5% of the square detection area, in particular 80 to 90%, can be illuminated.
  • the above-mentioned adaptation optics may include a corresponding adjustment device. Furthermore, it is advantageous if space for adjustment or
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the gain in dynamics in comparison with the illustration of a round illumination profile on a quadratic sensor, which can be numbered 4 / TT, ie 27%.
  • the gain in dynamics comes from the already mentioned better mode mixing
  • FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a confocal microscope 500 in a schematic view with its essential components.
  • Confocal microscope 500 comprises illumination device 521 with illumination optics for generating an illumination beam path.
  • illumination device 521 comprises a light source 520, in particular a laser, whose illumination light is coupled into a single-mode fiber 526 and forwarded to a fiber collimator 510 which is a collimated one Illuminated radiation path generated.
  • a microscope optics with a microscope objective 502 for illuminating an object field (not shown) and for imaging a sample to be arranged there (not shown), wherein an observation beam path is generated by the objective 502.
  • the illumination beam path passes through a main beam splitter 508 onto a scanning or scanning device 506, the deflected beam path being guided into the microscope objective 502 by means of transport optics 504.
  • a scanning or scanning device 506 the deflected beam path being guided into the microscope objective 502 by means of transport optics 504.
  • individual sample points can be illuminated sequentially in a focal plane of the sample.
  • the light emitted by these sample points passes back via the objective 502 and via the transport optics 504 and the raster device 506
  • Main beam splitter 508, which decouples the observation beam path thus generated and the detection means 515 of the confocal microscope 500 feeds.
  • the detection device 515 has at least one confocal pinhole 514 and expediently an optical fiber coupling-in optics 516.
  • the confocal pinhole 514 ensures that only detection light from the observed point in the focal plane of the sample reaches the detector.
  • the pinhole 514 is coupled into the entrance side of a multimode fiber 524 by means of the fiber optic coupling optics 516.
  • the beam splitter 508 enters the detection means 515
  • the multimode fiber 524 directs the detection light spatially decoupled from the remaining components of the confocal microscope 100 to the
  • the detection module 518 corresponds to the
  • Multimode glass fiber 524 and detection module 518 together form such a detector arrangement, as shown for example in Figures 1 to 3 has been explained.
  • the detection module 518 as well as the light source 520 and the raster device 506 are each connected to a control electronics 522 in order to synchronize scan and detection or to control the intensity of the light source 520.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Microscoopes, Condenser (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un ensemble de détection (100) permettant de détecter la lumière de détection issue d'un chemin optique d'observation microscopique, ledit ensemble de détection comprenant au moins un détecteur (102) présentant une surface de détection (104) photosensible rectangulaire ou carrée pour détecter la lumière de détection et un guide optique (110) conçu sous forme de fibre unique multimode et comportant une section transversale non ronde, pour transmettre la lumière de détection au détecteur ainsi qu'un microscope confocal équipé d'un tel ensemble de détection.
PCT/EP2018/082957 2017-12-04 2018-11-29 Ensemble de détection pour microscopie WO2019110406A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102017128773.6A DE102017128773A1 (de) 2017-12-04 2017-12-04 Detektoranordnung für die Mikroskopie
DE102017128773.6 2017-12-04

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WO2019110406A1 true WO2019110406A1 (fr) 2019-06-13

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Citations (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101210969A (zh) 2006-12-31 2008-07-02 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 凝视型高分辨率三维成像探测器
EP2543990A1 (fr) * 2010-03-01 2013-01-09 Olympus Corporation Dispositif d'analyse optique, procédé d'analyse optique, et programme informatique d'analyse optique
US8456738B2 (en) 2005-04-14 2013-06-04 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Ultrahigh-resolution fiber-optic confocal microscope and method
DE102013012609A1 (de) 2013-07-26 2015-01-29 Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh Optoelektronischer Detektor, insbesondere für hochauflösende Lichtrastermikroskope
WO2015022147A1 (fr) 2013-08-15 2015-02-19 Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh Microscopie à balayage haute résolution
DE102013015933A1 (de) 2013-09-19 2015-03-19 Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh Hochauflösende Scanning-Mikroskopie
DE102015102631A1 (de) 2015-02-24 2016-08-25 Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Detektieren von Licht
WO2016135177A1 (fr) * 2015-02-24 2016-09-01 Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh Dispositif et procédé de détection de lumière

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8456738B2 (en) 2005-04-14 2013-06-04 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Ultrahigh-resolution fiber-optic confocal microscope and method
CN101210969A (zh) 2006-12-31 2008-07-02 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 凝视型高分辨率三维成像探测器
EP2543990A1 (fr) * 2010-03-01 2013-01-09 Olympus Corporation Dispositif d'analyse optique, procédé d'analyse optique, et programme informatique d'analyse optique
DE102013012609A1 (de) 2013-07-26 2015-01-29 Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh Optoelektronischer Detektor, insbesondere für hochauflösende Lichtrastermikroskope
WO2015022147A1 (fr) 2013-08-15 2015-02-19 Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh Microscopie à balayage haute résolution
DE102013015933A1 (de) 2013-09-19 2015-03-19 Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh Hochauflösende Scanning-Mikroskopie
DE102015102631A1 (de) 2015-02-24 2016-08-25 Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Detektieren von Licht
WO2016135177A1 (fr) * 2015-02-24 2016-09-01 Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh Dispositif et procédé de détection de lumière

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Title
FRANZ SCHUBERTS ET AL: "SQUARE Fibers Solve Multiple Application Challenges | Features | Feb 2011 | Photonics Spectra", 1 February 2011 (2011-02-01), XP055566494, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=45913> [retrieved on 20190308] *
JOHN R HAYES ET AL: "Square core jacketed air-clad fiber", OPTICS EXPRESS, 30 October 2006 (2006-10-30), United States, pages 10345 - 10350, XP055113659, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-22-10345> DOI: 10.1364/OE.14.010345 *
MYAING M T ET AL: "Enhanced two-photon biosensing with double-clad photonic crystal fibers", OPTICS LETTERS, OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, US, vol. 28, no. 14, 1 January 2003 (2003-01-01), pages 1224 - 1226, XP003005553, ISSN: 0146-9592, DOI: 10.1364/OL.28.001224 *

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