WO2019108067A1 - Surveillance d'intégrité de tuyaux flexibles en sections - Google Patents

Surveillance d'intégrité de tuyaux flexibles en sections Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019108067A1
WO2019108067A1 PCT/NO2018/050293 NO2018050293W WO2019108067A1 WO 2019108067 A1 WO2019108067 A1 WO 2019108067A1 NO 2018050293 W NO2018050293 W NO 2018050293W WO 2019108067 A1 WO2019108067 A1 WO 2019108067A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
section
annulus
access device
accordance
flexible line
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO2018/050293
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Pål HYLLAND
Original Assignee
Equinor Energy As
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Equinor Energy As filed Critical Equinor Energy As
Publication of WO2019108067A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019108067A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
    • E21B17/08—Casing joints
    • E21B17/085—Riser connections
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/01—Risers
    • E21B17/015—Non-vertical risers, e.g. articulated or catenary-type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
    • F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
    • F16L11/12—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with arrangements for particular purposes, e.g. specially profiled, with protecting layer, heated, electrically conducting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
    • F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
    • F16L11/08—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with reinforcements embedded in the wall
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L2201/00—Special arrangements for pipe couplings
    • F16L2201/30—Detecting leaks

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the integrity monitoring of sectioned hoses, and in particular the in situ integrity monitoring of a lower riser section of a flexible unbonded riser comprising multiple riser sections.
  • a riser is a tubular conduit that extends from a subsea structure to a production platform such as a floating unit, for the purpose of conveying produced hydrocarbons from a well to the platform and/or conveying injection fluids from the production platform to the well.
  • the subsea structure may be a“Christmas tree”, riser base, Blowout Preventer (BOP), or some other structure.
  • Flexible risers are configured in order to allow for movements of the platform relative to the subsea structure in both a horizontal and a vertical direction, and for the effects of ocean currents on the riser itself. Flexible risers are particularly important for deep water wells, where the water depth may be more than 1000 m, and up to 2000-3000 m. In deep water applications a flexible riser may be made up of multiple riser sections joined in series. This sectioning of the riser means that the shorter riser sections can be stored more easily (for example on a reel) before installation, and allows for optimisation of the properties of each riser section to account for different conditions at varying depths.
  • the cross-section of a flexible riser 100 typically comprises multiple layers including metallic and polymeric materials.
  • Such multiple layers typically include a metallic inner carcass layer 102, an inner polymer layer 104 referred to as a pressure sheath or pressure liner, and an outer polymer layer 1 10 referred to as an external sheath or outer sheath.
  • a volume between the inner polymer layer and the outer polymer layer of a flexible riser is referred to as the annulus.
  • Further layers between the inner and outer polymer layers may include pressure vault 106 and tensile armour 108 layers.
  • the layers are joined together such that relative movement of the layers is restricted.
  • an unbonded flexible riser the layers are not fastened or joined together and the layers are therefore more free to move relative to one another.
  • Integrity monitoring of flexible risers can be achieved by, for example, using a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) to perform a visual inspection, or by performing annulus monitoring.
  • ROV remotely operated underwater vehicle
  • annulus monitoring may comprise measurement of a volume of gas in the annulus, since a breach in the outer layer of the flexible riser may result in water entering the annulus, meaning that the free annulus volume is less than expected.
  • the gas composition may be measured to determine if the gas composition has changed due to diffusion through, or a breach in, the inner polymer layer.
  • a flexible line installed between a platform and a subsea structure.
  • the flexible line comprises a plurality of pairwise coupled tubular sections including a first section, wherein at least one of the plurality of sections is disposed between the first section and the platform.
  • the first section comprises a conduit for transporting fluid between the subsea structure and the platform; an annulus surrounding the conduit; and an access device configured to provide fluid communication between the annulus and a measurement device for integrity monitoring of the first section, wherein the annulus is sealed to prevent fluid communication between the annulus and any annulus of an adjacent section of the flexible line.
  • the first section may comprise an end fitting at each end of the first section.
  • the plurality of pairwise coupled tubular sections may be located underwater.
  • the flexible line may further comprise a cable or hose coupled to the access device for providing fluid communication between the annulus and the measurement device.
  • the cable or hose may be permanently coupled to the access device; alternatively, the cable or hose may be removably coupled to the access device.
  • the cable or hose may be externally attached to a section between the first section and the platform. The cable or hose may be free hanging between the access device and the platform or the measurement device.
  • the measurement device may be mounted externally on the first section or a section adjacent to the first section.
  • the access device may comprise a port providing fluid access to the annulus from an outside of the first section.
  • the access device may comprise a valve configured to selectively provide fluid communication between the annulus and the measurement device.
  • the access device may be located in one of the end fittings of the first section. Alternatively, the access device may be located in a wall portion of the first section between the end fittings.
  • a method of accessing an annulus of a first section of a flexible line installed between a platform and a subsea structure comprises a plurality of sections, wherein at least one of the plurality of sections is disposed between the first section and the platform.
  • the first section comprises: a conduit for transporting fluid between the subsea structure and the platform ; an annulus surrounding the conduit; and an access device configured to provide fluid communication between the annulus and an apparatus for integrity monitoring of the first section, wherein the annulus is sealed to prevent fluid communication between the annulus and any annulus of an adjacent section of the flexible line.
  • the method comprises using the access device to provide fluid communication between the annulus and a measurement device.
  • the first section may comprise an end fitting at each end of the first section.
  • the plurality of pairwise coupled tubular sections may be located underwater.
  • Using the access device may comprise using a cable or hose coupled to the access device to provide fluid communication between the annulus and the measurement device.
  • the cable or hose may be permanently coupled to the access device.
  • the cable or hose may be removably coupled to the access device.
  • the cable or hose may be externally attached to a section between the first section and the platform; alternatively, the cable or hose may be free hanging between the access device and the platform or the measurement device.
  • the measurement device may be mounted externally on the first section or a section adjacent to the first section.
  • the access device may comprise a port providing fluid access to the annulus from an outside of the first section.
  • the access device may comprise a valve, and the using the access device may comprise using the valve to selectively provide fluid communication between the annulus and the measurement device.
  • the access device may be located in one of the end fittings of the first section. Alternatively, the access device may be located in a wall portion of the first section between the end fittings.
  • the method comprises coupling a measurement device to an annulus of the first section which surrounds a conduit of the first section, via an access device of the first section in fluid communication with the annulus, wherein the annulus is sealed to prevent fluid communication between the annulus and any annulus of an adjacent section of the flexible line.
  • the method may further comprise using the measurement device to monitor the integrity of the annulus of the first section.
  • the measurement device may be used to detect properties of a gas within the annulus, e.g. pressure, gas composition, temperature, leakage.
  • Figure 1 shows the layered structure of a flexible riser in accordance with the prior art.
  • Figure 2A shows a lower section and an upper section of a flexible riser in accordance with the invention, with a cable or hose attached to a section of the flexible riser.
  • Figure 2B shows a lower section and an upper section of a flexible riser in accordance with the invention, with a free-hanging cable or hose.
  • Figure 3 shows a sectioned flexible riser installed between a platform and a subsea structure.
  • Figure 4 shows a lower section and an upper section of a flexible riser in accordance with the invention, with a measurement apparatus attached to a section of the flexible riser.
  • integrity management of a flexible riser is necessary to confirm that the performance of a flexible riser is within operational requirements.
  • the integrity of a flexible riser is monitored to determine whether a layer (or layers) of the flexible riser has been challenged or breached, or has failed in any way.
  • Annulus monitoring is typically performed using topside measurements, wherein the annulus of a flexible riser is accessed via a topmost portion of the flexible riser for measuring annulus volume and/or gas composition, and measuring apparatus on a platform, for example a floating unit, is used.
  • topside measurements do not provide for the full, in situ integrity monitoring of sectioned risers, because topside techniques only allow access to the annulus of a single, top-most riser section for annulus volume or gas composition determination.
  • the invention relates to a flexible line installed between a platform and a subsea structure.
  • the flexible line comprises a plurality of pairwise coupled tubular sections including a first section, wherein at least one of the plurality of sections is disposed between the first section and the platform.
  • the first section comprises a conduit for transporting fluid between the subsea structure and the platform, an annulus surrounding the conduit; and an access device configured to provide fluid communication between the annulus and a measurement device for integrity monitoring of the first section.
  • the annulus is sealed to prevent fluid communication between the annulus and any annulus of an adjacent section of the flexible line.
  • the access device provides access to the annulus of the lower section, which is typically not available using topside measurement techniques that provide access only to a topmost riser section.
  • the access to the annulus of the lower section does not require access via an annulus of an upper section.
  • the sealing of the annulus of the lower section means that failure in another section of the riser above or below the lower section (e.g. the ingress of a fluid or fluids) cannot be communicated to the annulus of the lower section.
  • Figure 2a shows a lower section 200, referred to here sometimes as“a first section” 200, and an upper section 250 of a flexible line.
  • the lower section 200 and upper section 250 are two adjacent sections of a riser 310 such as a flexible unbonded riser.
  • the riser may comprise other sections above the upper section 250 and/or below the lower section 200.
  • the riser 310 extends between a platform 320, for example a floating platform at the surface of the sea, and a subsea structure 330, and comprises midline connections 312, 314 joining sections of the riser 310 in series.
  • Figure 3 shows a riser having three sections, but the riser may have any number of sections according to the relevant requirements.
  • the upper section is closer to the platform 320 than the lower section.
  • the lower section and upper section may be located at any position along the riser between the platform 320 and the subsea structure 330.
  • the upper section may be the section of the riser that is closest to the platform 320
  • the upper section and lower section may be separated from the platform 320 and the subsea structure 330 by other sections
  • the lower section may be the section of the riser that is closest to the subsea structure 330.
  • the lower section 200 and upper section 250 may be submerged underwater.
  • the lower section 200 comprises a pipe 202, in particular a flexible unbonded riser pipe having a layered construction which may be in accordance with Figure 1 .
  • the pipe 202 comprises a metallic inner carcass layer 102, an inner polymer layer 104 which may be a pressure sheath or pressure liner, and an outer polymer layer 1 10 which may be an external sheath or outer sheath, and may comprise further layers between the inner and outer polymer layers, for example armour layers 108 and/or a pressure vault layer 106.
  • a volume within the innermost layer, which may be the carcass layer 102, defines a conduit 204 suitable for transporting fluids from the subsea structure up to the platform.
  • a volume between the inner polymer layer 104 and the outer polymer layer 1 10 defines an annulus 206.
  • the annulus 206 may be at least partially occupied by layers of material located between the inner polymer layer and the outer polymer layer.
  • the layers of material located between the inner polymer layer and the outer polymer layer may be porous to gases and/or liquids, and may comprise, for example metal wire windings with gaps through which a gas or liquid can pass.
  • a remaining volume of the annulus i.e. a volume of the annulus not occupied by any layers of material between the inner polymer layer and the outer polymer layer
  • a remaining volume of the annulus i.e. a volume of the annulus not occupied by any layers of material between the inner polymer layer and the outer polymer layer
  • the structure of the upper section 250 is similar to, or even the same as, the structure of the lower section 200, and the upper section performs a function similar to that performed by the lower section.
  • the structure and materials used in the lower section 200 and/or the upper section 250 may be varied to optimise the performance of each section, depending on relevant conditions. For example, if the lower and/or upper sections 200,250 are nearer the top of the riser (i.e. nearer the platform 320), the lower and/or upper sections 200,250 may be optimised to mitigate the effects of high tension in the riser. Further, if the lower and/or upper sections 200,250 are nearer the bottom of the riser (i.e. nearer the subsea structure 330), they may be optimised to mitigate the effects of large hydrostatic pressures.
  • the lower section 200 further comprises first and second end fittings 208 and 209.
  • the upper section 250 comprises an end fitting 216.
  • the lower section 200 and the upper section 250 are joined together in series using the first end fitting 208 and the end fitting 216 of the upper section.
  • the joint provided by the first end fitting 208 and the end fitting 216 of the upper section 250 is a midline connection 240 (i.e. the first end fitting 208 and the end fitting 216 of the upper section 250 combine to form the midline connection 240).
  • the second end fitting 209 may be connected to a further section of the riser.
  • the conduit 204 and a corresponding conduit 218 of the upper section 250 are joined together in fluid communication to provide a main bore of the riser through the midline connection 240, to facilitate the transport of fluids between the subsea structure and the platform.
  • An annulus 206 is provided, and is sealed such that no fluid communication is possible between the annulus 206 and a corresponding annulus of the upper section, and between the annulus 206 and an annulus of any further section below the lower section.
  • Access to the annulus 206 for integrity monitoring purposes is achieved using access device 210.
  • the access device 210 facilitates fluid communication between the annulus and a measurement device, where the measurement device is for performing integrity monitoring measurements.
  • the access device 210 can be located at any convenient location on the lower section 200.
  • Figure 2a shows the access device located at the first end fitting 208.
  • the access device may be located at the second end fitting 209.
  • the access device may be located at a portion of the lower section 200 between the first end fitting 208 and the second end fitting 209, i.e. in a wall portion of the pipe 202, in which case the access device 210 provides access to the annulus directly through layers of the pipe 202 (such that no access through the first or second end fitting is required).
  • the access device 210 comprises a port providing access to the annulus for integrity monitoring measurements.
  • the port provides a fluid transport path between the annulus 206 and any element coupled for the access device (for example, a cable or hose 212 or measurement device 420).
  • the port provides the fluid transport path from/to the annulus 206 through the material of the end fitting and through any layers of material of the flexible riser as necessary.
  • the port provides the fluid transport path through the layers of the pipe 202.
  • the port may have a varying cross-section and/or may comprise a tube or pipe section if necessary to provide access to the annulus 206.
  • the access device 210 may comprise a valve that selectively provides fluid communication between the annulus 206 and the measurement device.
  • the valve is located in the port. When the valve is closed, no fluid may exit or enter the annulus 206 via the port. When the valve is open, the fluid transport path is open and fluid can enter or exit the annulus 206 via the port.
  • the access device 210 is coupled to one end of a cable or hose 212.
  • Another end of the cable or hose 212 is coupled to the measurement device (not shown), which is located on or near the platform 320, or on a separate service floating unit, for example a service vessel (not shown).
  • the other end of the cable or hose 212 may be coupled to the platform 320 or the separate service vessel, with a further connecting cable or hose completing connection to the measurement device).
  • the cable or hose 212 facilitates transport of signals or data, or a fluid or fluids, respectively, between the annulus 206 and the measurement device.
  • the transport of a fluid of fluids may occur due to inherent conditions in the annulus 206 and cable or hose 212 (for example, a higher or lower pressure in the annulus 206 relative to conditions where the measurement device is located), or the measurement device or other associated apparatus may apply a positive or negative pressure via the cable or hose 212 to produce fluid transport.
  • the cable or hose 212 may be tied or otherwise attached to a portion 214 of the upper section 250, and/or to a portion of one or more further sections between the upper section 250 and the platform 320. Attaching the cable or hose 212 in this way reduces the risk of interference with or damage to the cable or hose 212 as a result of operations carried out in the vicinity of the flexible riser that includes the lower section 200 and upper section 250.
  • the cable or hose 212 may be free-hanging between the access device 210 and the measurement device, or between the access device 210 and the platform 320, or between the access device 210 and the separate service vessel.
  • the cable or hose 212 may be permanently coupled to the access device 210, or may be removably coupled to the access device 210.
  • the fluid transport path between the annulus 206 and the cable or hose 212 may be continuously open, i.e. the port is never closed, or the fluid transport path may be selectively opened or closed using the valve.
  • the fluid transport path is closed using the valve when the cable or hose is removed 212.
  • a cable or hose coupled to the access device 210 can therefore be replaced by, for example, a new cable or hose, a measurement device, or another element suitable for coupling to the access device 210.
  • the measurement device 420 may be coupled directly (either permanently or removably) to the access device 410.
  • the measurement device 420 may be attached to the lower section 400, the upper section 450 or a section adjacent to the lower section.
  • the measurement device 420 is coupled to a cable or hose (not shown in Figure 4) which is in turn coupled to the access device 410.
  • the measurement device 420 may be in data transmission and receiving communication with a corresponding device (where the corresponding device is located, for example, on the platform) wirelessly, or via a cable (for example the cable 212, or a separate cable bundled with the cable or hose 212) or a wire.
  • the data transmitted may comprise measurement data and the data received may comprise instructions for performing integrity monitoring measurements.
  • communication with the measurement device 420 may be achieved using an ROV (not shown).
  • the measurement device performs integrity monitoring measurements by, for example, measuring a volume of gas present in the annulus and comparing the measured gas volume with an expected volume which may correspond to a known volume of the annulus. In this way it is possible to detect a potential breach in an outer layer or layers separating the annulus from the environment surrounding the lower section presence.
  • a measured gas volume that is lower than an expected gas volume may indicate the presence a liquid in the annulus, the liquid having leaked into the annulus through a breach in the layers of the flexible riser and replaced a corresponding volume of gas.
  • the measurement device may measure the gas composition in the annulus.
  • a measured gas composition that does not correspond to the expected gas composition may indicate a breach in a layer or layers of the flexible riser and consequent leakage of a gas or gases into the annulus.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pipeline Systems (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une ligne flexible qui est installée entre une plate-forme et une structure sous-marine. La ligne flexible comprend une pluralité de sections tubulaires couplées par paires comprenant une première section. Au moins l'une parmi la pluralité de sections est disposée entre la première section et la plate-forme. La première section comprend un conduit destiné à transporter un fluide entre la structure sous-marine et la plate-forme, un espace annulaire entourant le conduit et un dispositif d'accès configuré pour réaliser une communication fluidique entre l'espace annulaire et un dispositif de mesure pour la surveillance de l'intégrité de la première section. L'espace annulaire est rendu étanche afin d'empêcher une communication fluidique entre l'espace annulaire et tout espace annulaire d'une section adjacente de la ligne flexible.
PCT/NO2018/050293 2017-11-29 2018-11-26 Surveillance d'intégrité de tuyaux flexibles en sections WO2019108067A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1719860.7 2017-11-29
GB1719860.7A GB2568898A (en) 2017-11-29 2017-11-29 Integrity monitoring of sectioned hoses

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2019108067A1 true WO2019108067A1 (fr) 2019-06-06

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/NO2018/050293 WO2019108067A1 (fr) 2017-11-29 2018-11-26 Surveillance d'intégrité de tuyaux flexibles en sections

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Country Link
GB (1) GB2568898A (fr)
WO (1) WO2019108067A1 (fr)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3972223A (en) * 1973-06-13 1976-08-03 Treg S.P.A. Floating plant for charging and discharging mineral oil products and the like
WO2008053142A2 (fr) * 2006-10-30 2008-05-08 Wellstream International Limited Contrôle et purge de l'espace annulaire d'un tuyau
US20130068465A1 (en) * 2011-09-16 2013-03-21 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Methods and systems for circulating fluid within the annulus of a flexible pipe riser
WO2015087044A1 (fr) * 2013-12-11 2015-06-18 Ge Oil & Gas Uk Limited Surveillance d'espace annulaire
WO2018220361A1 (fr) * 2017-05-30 2018-12-06 Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras Système et procédé de circulation forcée de fluides à travers l'espace annulaire d'un tuyau flexible

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE69709414D1 (de) * 1997-10-14 2002-01-31 Nkt Flexibles I S Brondby Verbindungsanordnung zwischen flexibler rohrleitung und anschlussstück
FR2816389B1 (fr) * 2000-11-08 2003-05-30 Coflexip Embout pour conduite flexible
EP1606544B1 (fr) * 2003-03-26 2010-10-20 Wellstream International Limited Raccord d'extremite pour canalisation souple, tuyauterie et son procede de montage
EP2286201A1 (fr) * 2008-06-03 2011-02-23 NKT Flexibles I/S Système de tuyau, système de détection de gaz pour un système de tuyau, et procédé de détermination d'un composant gazeux dans une cavité d'un tuyau

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3972223A (en) * 1973-06-13 1976-08-03 Treg S.P.A. Floating plant for charging and discharging mineral oil products and the like
WO2008053142A2 (fr) * 2006-10-30 2008-05-08 Wellstream International Limited Contrôle et purge de l'espace annulaire d'un tuyau
US20130068465A1 (en) * 2011-09-16 2013-03-21 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Methods and systems for circulating fluid within the annulus of a flexible pipe riser
WO2015087044A1 (fr) * 2013-12-11 2015-06-18 Ge Oil & Gas Uk Limited Surveillance d'espace annulaire
WO2018220361A1 (fr) * 2017-05-30 2018-12-06 Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras Système et procédé de circulation forcée de fluides à travers l'espace annulaire d'un tuyau flexible

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GB201719860D0 (en) 2018-01-10
GB2568898A (en) 2019-06-05

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