WO2019104117A1 - Antenne d'impulsion emu destinée à des ondes radioélectriques basse fréquence utilisant des matériaux diélectriques et de ferrite géants - Google Patents

Antenne d'impulsion emu destinée à des ondes radioélectriques basse fréquence utilisant des matériaux diélectriques et de ferrite géants Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019104117A1
WO2019104117A1 PCT/US2018/062177 US2018062177W WO2019104117A1 WO 2019104117 A1 WO2019104117 A1 WO 2019104117A1 US 2018062177 W US2018062177 W US 2018062177W WO 2019104117 A1 WO2019104117 A1 WO 2019104117A1
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section
electromagnetic energy
energy source
electromagnetic
electrode
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PCT/US2018/062177
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English (en)
Inventor
Erika Shoemaker ELLIS
Howard Khan SCHMIDT
Jesus Manuel Felix SERVIN
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Saudi Arabian Oil Company
Aramco Services Company
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Priority claimed from US15/820,944 external-priority patent/US10330815B2/en
Application filed by Saudi Arabian Oil Company, Aramco Services Company filed Critical Saudi Arabian Oil Company
Priority to KR1020207017556A priority Critical patent/KR102395017B1/ko
Priority to CN201880073817.8A priority patent/CN111356942A/zh
Priority to SG11202004281QA priority patent/SG11202004281QA/en
Priority to EP18819407.0A priority patent/EP3714296A1/fr
Priority to JP2020527113A priority patent/JP2021504685A/ja
Publication of WO2019104117A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019104117A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/30—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with electromagnetic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/08—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified by objects or geological structures or by detecting devices
    • G01V3/083—Controlled source electromagnetic [CSEM] surveying
    • G01V2003/084—Sources

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to imaging sub-surface structures, particularly hydrocarbon reservoirs and fluids within the hydrocarbon reservoirs, and more particularly to electromagnetic energy sources for electromagnetic surveying of sub- surface structures.
  • Some electromagnetic (EM) surveying systems used in geophysics provide electromagnetic energy for traveling through a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir for electromagnetic imaging of the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • Multiple sources and receivers can be positioned either in a bore that extends to the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir or an earth surface above the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir. In this way, the direction, velocity and saturation of injected fluids (such as during water flood) can be monitored.
  • the system can also be used to locate by-passed oil and detect high conductivity zones (such as fracture corridors and super-k zones) to provide early warning of water break-through. Such operations can assist in optimizing reservoir management and preventing oil bypass for improving volumetric sweep efficiency and production rates.
  • HF high frequency
  • VHF very high frequency
  • Some current EM systems in geophysics include an overly large antenna in order to be able to generate a moderately lower frequency signal, such as applications with frequencies in the 10 kHz - 1 MHz range, out of a small antenna.
  • the apparent‘aperture’ of the antenna can be problematic.
  • Some current EM systems cannot easily match impedance of the system to the geological matrix for increasing transmission efficiency.
  • Some current EM systems use high-current cable to provide power to the EM transmitter.
  • Embodiments of this disclosure combine a slow-wave antenna with energy storage and pulse forming elements to realize a high power, small aperture transmitting antenna that is ideally suited for downhole electromagnetic interrogation technologies, such as for electromagnetic imaging of a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • Systems and methods described in this disclosure provide a transmitter that is compact, high in instantaneous power output and generates a clean signal.
  • a“high power” is considered to be a power in a range of a number of kilowatts to a number of megawatts.
  • Embodiments of this disclosure provide a dipole antenna that is shorter than some currently available antennas because the cladding materials of the electromagnetic impulse antenna includes hybrid materials called giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrites, which allows for a reduction of the physical antenna length so that the antenna is manageable for downhole use in low frequency ranges, such as applications with frequencies in the 10 kHz - 1 MHz range.
  • an“EMU” antenna is an acronym for an antenna having electrical permittivity (E), and magnetic permeability (MU).
  • the antenna elements of embodiments of this disclosure are used as capacitive energy storage elements, with each half of the dipole initially held at a high voltage relative to one another
  • the voltage will be dependent on the capacitance and impedance of the circuit, as well as dimensions of the antenna, and will change with the frequency of operation of the antenna.
  • the voltage of one half of the dipole is equal and opposite of the voltage, with the outermost end of each half therefore having the greatest magnitude of voltage.
  • the“high voltage” of each half of the dipole relative to the other can be in a range 1000 volts (V) and above.
  • a fast-closing switch such as a triggered spark gap, is provided between a pair of such antennas to initiate pulsed transmission.
  • the pair of antennas is biased apart by a large voltage so that the structure can discharge in a single massive current pulse and emit a very high power transient radio frequency signal. While the magnitude of the current will depend on the power and the resistance of the antenna and the voltage, which in turn depends on the frequency, as used herein, a“massive current” is considered to be in a current in the range of 100-1000 amperes (A).
  • Systems and methods of this disclosure therefore combine energy storage, pulse formation and radiating elements into a single structure, eliminating the need for impedance matching between separate distributed components for these respective functions.
  • Systems and methods of this disclosure eliminate the problem of load matching between a power supply, cable or transmission-line and antenna. With the energy storage element and switch inside the transmitting antenna element, the cable between the two is eliminated, minimizing reflections and losses in the system.
  • an electromagnetic energy source for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy includes a sonde assembly including a first section axially aligned with, and spaced from, a second section.
  • An energy storage capacitor includes an electrode mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and operable to generate an electric field.
  • a capacitive charge storage medium is mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and surrounds each electrode, where the capacitive charge storage medium is a giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrite.
  • a fast-closing switch is located between the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly.
  • the electromagnetic energy source can further include a high voltage power supply connected between the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly.
  • the fast-closing switch and the high voltage power supply can be connected between the electrodes.
  • Current limiting resistors can be located between the high voltage power supply and the electrodes.
  • the electromagnetic energy source can further include a plurality of electromagnetic energy sources emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy to travel through a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • the electromagnetic energy source can be movable to a succession of locations in a well borehole for emitting the pulses of electromagnetic energy at the succession of locations for travel through a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • the sonde assembly can have a conductor member serving as a first conductor and the electrode serves as a second conductor.
  • the capacitive charge storage medium can be located between the conductor member and the electrode. The conductor member is electrically isolated from the electrode with the capacitive charge storage medium.
  • a source for emitting the pulses of electromagnetic energy to travel through a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir for electromagnetic imaging of the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir includes the sonde assembly and fast closing switch attached to a wireline for travel in a well borehole to a depth of interest.
  • a system for using pulses of electromagnetic energy for electromagnetic imaging of a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir includes at least one electromagnetic energy source, each electromagnetic energy source including a sonde assembly attached to a wireline for travel in a well borehole to a depth of interest, the sonde assembly including a first section axially aligned with, and spaced from, a second section.
  • An energy storage capacitor includes an electrode mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and operable to generate an electric field and a capacitive charge storage medium mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and surrounding each electrode, where the capacitive charge storage medium is a giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrite.
  • a fast-closing switch is located between the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly.
  • a plurality of electromagnetic sensors form a measure of a resulting signal from the electromagnetic energy source.
  • the plurality of electromagnetic sensors can be mounted in a well tool lowered in sensor bore in the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • the plurality of electromagnetic sensors can be located in an array over an earth surface above the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • a system control unit can be used for storing information relating to the resulting signal received by the plurality of electromagnetic sensors and for performing a computerized analysis of the resulting signal.
  • a method for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy with an electromagnetic energy source include providing the electromagnetic energy source having a sonde assembly including a first section axially aligned with, and spaced from, a second section.
  • An energy storage capacitor includes an electrode mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and a capacitive charge storage medium mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and surrounding the electrode, where the capacitive charge storage medium is a giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrite.
  • a fast-closing switch is located between the electrodes of the first section and the second section. The energy storage capacitor is charged to cause the fast-closing switch to close and pulses of electromagnetic energy to be emitted from the electromagnetic energy source.
  • the electromagnetic energy source can further include a high voltage power supply connected to the electrode of the first section and the electrode of the second section of the sonde assembly.
  • the electromagnetic energy source can further include current limiting resistors located between the high voltage power supply and both of the electrode of the first section and the electrode of the second section.
  • the method can further include lowering the electromagnetic energy source on a wireline in a well borehole to a depth of interest in a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • the electromagnetic energy source can be moved to a succession of locations in a well borehole for emitting the pulses of electromagnetic energy at the succession of locations for travel through a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • a plurality of electromagnetic sensors can be lowered through a sensor bore in a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • a plurality of electromagnetic sensors can be located in an array over an earth surface above a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • the pulses of electromagnetic energy emitted from the electromagnetic energy source can be directed to travel through a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir, a measure of arrival time data of the pulses of electromagnetic energy at a plurality of electromagnetic sensors can be formed, the measure of arrival time data from the plurality of electromagnetic sensors can be analyzed to form a representation of subsurface features of the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir, and an image of the representation of subsurface features of the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir can be formed.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic section view of a transmitter-receiver array for a borehole to borehole electromagnetic survey, in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic section view of an electromagnetic energy source and storage capacitor, in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic cross section view of the electromagnetic energy source of Figure 2.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic cross section view of the electromagnetic energy source of Figure 2.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic section view of an electromagnetic energy source, in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic cross section view of the electromagnetic energy source of Figure 5.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic section view of an electromagnetic energy source, in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic cross section view of the electromagnetic energy source of Figure 7.
  • Figure 9 is a circuit diagram of the electromagnetic energy source of Figure 7.
  • Figure 10 is a schematic section view of an electromagnetic energy source and storage capacitor, in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure.
  • Figure 11 is a schematic cross section view of the co-axial able of the electromagnetic energy source of Figure 10.
  • Figure 12 is a circuit diagram of the electromagnetic energy source of Figure 10.
  • Figure 13 is a graph showing the relative magnetic permeability by frequency of a giant ferrite FeMn(ZnO).
  • Figure 14 is a graph showing the dielectric constant by frequency of the giant ferrite FeMn(ZnO).
  • the transmitter can be electromagnetic energy source 10.
  • Electromagnetic energy source 10 can be located within well borehole 12.
  • Well borehole 12 can extend through subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14.
  • Electromagnetic energy source 10 can emit pulses of electromagnetic energy to travel through subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14 for electromagnetic imaging of subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14.
  • electromagnetic energy source 10 is shown in the example of Figure 1, in alternate embodiments, multiple electromagnetic energy sources 10 can be located within well borehole 12. Alternately, one or more electromagnetic energy sources 10 can be located at the earth surface 15 above the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir. In the example of Figure 1, a series of electromagnetic sensors 16 are located in sensor bore 18. Sensor bore 18 can be a borehole that extends through subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14 and spaced apart from well borehole 12. In alternate embodiments, electromagnetic sensors 16 can be in an array over the earth surface 15 above subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14 (not shown). When electromagnetic energy source 10 is located in well borehole 12 and electromagnetic sensors 16 are located over the earth surface 15, the arrangement is known as a borehole to surface array.
  • electromagnetic energy source 10 and electromagnetic sensors 16 are located within a borehole so that the EM signals pass through subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14 when traveling from electromagnetic energy source 10 to electromagnetic sensors 16.
  • Electromagnetic sensors 16 can form a measure of the arrival time of the emitted pulses from electromagnetic energy source 10 to image subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14.
  • Electromagnetic energy source 10 can be attached to source wireline 24 for travel in well borehole 12 to a depth of interest. In the example of Figure 1, the source wireline 24 extends from vehicle 26 at the surface.
  • System control unit 28 can be associated with vehicle 26 and can be used to control the pulses emitted by electromagnetic energy source 10.
  • a second vehicle 30 can have a receiver wireline 32 for attaching to electromagnetic sensors 16 and for moving electromagnetic sensors 16 within sensor bore 18.
  • Electromagnetic energy source 10 can include a quarter wave dipole antenna.
  • electromagnetic energy source 10 includes sonde assembly 34.
  • Sonde assembly 34 has two main sections: first section 34a is axially aligned with, and spaced from, second section 34b.
  • Electromagnetic energy source 10 also includes energy storage capacitor 40 with capacitive charge storage medium 44.
  • Electrode 42 is mounted in each of first section 34a and second section 34b of sonde assembly 34.
  • First electrode 42a is located in first section 34a and second electrode 42b is located in second section 34b.
  • Electrode 42 can be an elongated member and have a tubular shape.
  • Electrode 42 can be formed of copper, and in alternate embodiments, can be formed of silver, aluminum, gold or other material with sufficient conductivity, corrosion resistance and hardness suitable for use as an electrode.
  • Capacitive charge storage medium 44 is mounted in each of the first section 34a and the second section 34b of the sonde assembly 34.
  • Capacitive charge storage medium 44 can include giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrites, the benefits of which are discussed in this disclosure.
  • an electric field can radiate out from each electrode 42 and through the nearby capacitive charge storage medium 44 forming energy storage capacitor 40.
  • electromagnetic energy source 10 can further include fast-closing switch 46, which is located between first and second electrodes 42a, 42b of first and second sections 34a, 34b, respectively.
  • Fast-closing switch 46 can be, for example, a spark gap. When fast-closing switch is closed, such as when the spark gap is broken down, electromagnetic energy source 10 will generate an electromagnetic pulse.
  • fast-closing switch 46 can include avalanche transistors, thyratrons, ignitrons, silicon-controlled rectifier, and especially triggered spark gaps.
  • Fast-closing switch 46 can be selected to have performance metrics concerning peak current, peak voltage, useful number of shots, jitter, complexity and geometry that will suit the environment, conditions, and performance criteria for which the electromagnetic energy source 10 is to be used.
  • Electromagnetic energy source 10 can also have high voltage power supply 48 connected between first and second electrodes 42a, 42b.
  • High voltage power supply 48 can have, for example, a voltage over 1,500 volts. Power can be provided to high voltage power supply 48 from outside of electromagnetic energy source 10 with pair of high resistivity leads. High impedance direct current (DC) connections will reduce the amount of induced current that will be generated in the connections by the high current pulse through electrode 42 when sonde assembly 34 discharges.
  • DC direct current
  • capacitive charge storage medium 44 acts as a ground.
  • capacitive charge storage medium 44 proximate to electrode 42 will form energy storage capacitor 40 and capacitive charge storage medium 44 proximate to an outer diameter of capacitive charge storage medium 44 will act as the ground.
  • Current limiting resistors 50 can be located between high voltage power supply 48 and both of the first electrode 42a of the first section 34a and the second electrode 42b of the second section 34b. Current limiting resistors 50 can block high current pulses from returning up the supply wire towards high voltage power supply 48. This will isolate the antenna system from high voltage power supply 48 while the electromagnetic pulse is being emitted.
  • high voltage power supply 48 is located between the same components as fast-closing switch 46 and a component that is not directly connected to high voltage power supply 48 can act as a ground.
  • each section 34a, 34b of sonde assembly 34 can include an elongated tubular member with a central bore centered around axis Ax. Electrode 42 is centered along axis Ax of each of first section 34a and second section 34b of sonde assembly 34. Electrode 42 is sheathed within capacitive charge storage medium 44 so that capacitive charge storage medium 44 surrounds electrode 42. Energy storage capacitor 40 is formed by an electric field radiating out from electrode 42 and through the nearby capacitive charge storage medium 44. The amount of energy stored will vary with the square of the electric field. If electrode 42 has a small diameter, then almost all of the electric field potential drop will occur inside the capacitive charge storage medium 44.
  • conductor member 33 of sonde assembly 34 serves as a first conductor and capacitive charge storage medium 44 is located between the conductor member 33 and electrode 42.
  • Capacitive charge storage medium 44 electrically isolates conductor member 33 from electrode 42.
  • conductor member 33 and electrode 42 are both shown as elongated members that can be a solid rod or wire.
  • fast-closing switch 46 is connected between first and second conductor members 33a, 33b and high voltage power supply 48 is also connected between first and second conductor members 33a, 33b of conductor member 33.
  • first electrode 42a and second electrode 42b act as grounds.
  • Current limiting resistors 50 can be located between high voltage power supply 48 and both of the first conductor member 33a of the first section 34a and the second conductor member 33b of the second section 34b.
  • conductor member 33 can be a wire that extends through each section 34a, 34b of sonde assembly 34.
  • Conductor member 33 is sheathed within capacitive charge storage medium 44.
  • Electrode 42 can also be a wire that extends through each section 34a, 34b of sonde assembly 34. Electrode 42 is also sheathed within capacitive charge storage medium 44.
  • Energy storage capacitor 40 is formed by the pair of wires, which are electrode 42 and conductor member 33 which can have a great potential voltage between them. Capacitive charge storage medium 44 between electrode 42 and conductor member 33 increases the mutual capacitance of electrode 42 and conductor member 33.
  • Conductor member 33 and electrode 42 serve both as conductor elements of energy storage capacitor 40 and as part of the transmitting elements of electromagnetic energy source 10 for emitting the electromagnetic pulse.
  • conductor member 33 of sonde assembly 34 serves as a first conductor and capacitive charge storage medium 44 is located between the conductor member 33 and electrode 42.
  • Capacitive charge storage medium 44 electrically isolates conductor member 33 from electrode 42.
  • conductor member 33 is an outer body that surrounds capacitive charge storage medium 44.
  • Electrode 42 is shown as elongated members that can be a solid rod or wire.
  • Each section 34a, 34b of sonde assembly 34 can have end cap 39 formed of an insulating material. The capped end of first section 34a and second section 34b can face towards each other. Electrode 42 can protrude through end cap 39 of sonde assembly 34.
  • fast-closing switch 46 is connected between first and second conductor members 33a, 33b and high voltage power supply 48 is also connected between first and second conductor members 33a, 33b of conductor member 33.
  • first electrode 42a and second electrode 42b act as grounds.
  • Current limiting resistors 50 can be located between high voltage power supply 48 and both of the first conductor member 33a of the first section 34a and the second conductor member 33b of the second section 34b.
  • conductor member 33 can be an outer metallic body of sonde assembly 34.
  • Each section 34a, 34b of sonde assembly 34 can have an elongated tubular member, such as a metallic body, that is closed at one end and has an end cap 39 at an opposite end.
  • Sonde assembly 34 can have a central bore centered around axis Ax.
  • Electrode 42 is centered along axis Ax of each of first section 34a and second section 34b of sonde assembly 34.
  • Electrode 42 can be an elongated member and can be a solid rod.
  • Conductor member 33 and electrode 42 serve both as conductor elements of energy storage capacitor 40 and as part of the transmitting elements of electromagnetic energy source 10 for emitting the electromagnetic pulse.
  • sonde assembly 34 includes co axial cable 52 that is wrapped around core member 54.
  • Core member 54 can be, for example a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe or other available suitable core member that provides sufficient support for co-axial cable 52 without interfering with the performance of sonde assembly 34. If co-axial cable 52 is stiff and strong enough to be self-supporting, no core member is required.
  • Co-axial cable 52 includes electrode 42 that can be a wire that extends within co-axial cable 52. Capacitive charge storage medium 44 of co-axial cable 52 surrounds electrode 42.
  • fast-closing switch 46 is connected between first and second electrodes 42a, 42b and high voltage power supply 48 is also connected between first and second electrodes 42a, 42b.
  • capacitive charge storage medium 44 of the first section 34a and the second section 34b are connected in series.
  • Current limiting resistors 50 can be located between high voltage power supply 48 and both of the first electrode 42a of the first section 34a and the second electrode 42b of the second section 34b.
  • the braid 56 of co-axial cable 52 connect first electrode 42a and second electrode 42b together by way of secondary resistors 58. Secondary resistors 58 reflect current so that a maximum voltage is directed to spark gap 46 once the capacitors are discharged.
  • first and second electrodes 42a, 42b can be a wire that extends through each section 34a, 34b of sonde assembly 34, respectively.
  • Each electrode 42 is sheathed within capacitive charge storage medium 44 so that capacitive charge storage medium 44 surrounds electrode 42.
  • Energy storage capacitor 40 is formed by an electric field radiating out from electrode 42 and through the nearby capacitive charge storage medium 44.
  • the capacitance of the antenna can be set by coiling the required length of co-axial cable around core member 54. In this way, the capacitance of the antenna can be modulated without changing the overall length of the antenna.
  • capacitive charge storage medium 44 can include giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrites.
  • using giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrites can allow the length of the antenna to be reduced to a length in the range of 0.10 meters (m) to 2 m, for frequencies in the range of 10 kilohertz (kHz) to 1 MHz.
  • Giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrites are a special class of materials with dielectric constants from 104-105 and ferrites with relative magnetic permeability of more than 600 in the 10 kHz - 1 MHz range.
  • Cladding the EMU impulse antenna with these materials allows for a maximum height reduction of the antenna’s physical length by orders of magnitude compared to conventional high dielectric and magnetic permeability materials, and does not require the cladding to be thick, which is a common problem when constructing slow wave antennas.
  • a slow wave refers to the group velocity of the EM wave travelling along the structure.
  • the slower group velocity of the EM waves allows a proportional reduction in the physical length of the antenna which is especially important for lower frequency applications, such as applications with frequencies in the 10 kHz - 1 MHz range, with very large wavelengths, such as where the length of the antenna corresponding to one quarter of the resonant wavelength of the non-cladded antenna is hundreds of meters.
  • the height reduction factor (N) of a slow wave antenna is the ratio of the electrical length of the cladded antenna to the electrical length of the uncladded antenna.
  • the maximum height reduction factor is therefore directly related to: V t m t or simply put, the slower the velocity of the EM wave, the more the physical length of the dipole antenna can be reduced.
  • the cladding thickness increases with decreasing frequencies. At about 100 MHz the equations governing cladding thickness show the thickness to become impractically bulky and non-uniform. For applications where wavelengths are in the hundreds of meters, such as in the 750 kHz - 1 MHz range, using these materials for a pulsed dipole antenna would result in an impractically thick cladding or an impractically long antenna for downhole work or both.
  • the giant dielectric materials include but are not limited to calcium copper titanate (CCTO),the family of A-Cu3Ti40l2 compounds (where A is a trivalent rare earth or Bi), doped nickel oxide, doped cupric oxides, barium titanate, bismuth strontium titanate, and other materials that include iron combined with manganese, zinc and nickel based compounds.
  • CCTO calcium copper titanate
  • A-Cu3Ti40l2 compounds where A is a trivalent rare earth or Bi
  • doped nickel oxide doped cupric oxides
  • barium titanate bismuth strontium titanate
  • other materials that include iron combined with manganese, zinc and nickel based compounds include iron combined with manganese, zinc and nickel based compounds.
  • a doped metal is a metal that has intentional impurities for changing the electrical properties of the metal.
  • Figure 13 shows the relative magnetic permeability by frequency of a giant ferrite FeMn(ZnO).
  • the spectrometer used in the laboratory testing detected high frequencies in a range from 1 MHz - 1 (gigahertz) GHz. When the frequency is less than 10 MHz, the relative magnetic permeability rises exponentially. Extrapolation of such testing results in the relative magnetic permeability being near or over 1000 at 100 kHz.
  • the dielectric constant of the same material, FeMn(ZnO) is shown by frequency. At 100 Hz the antenna height reduction factor for this material would be 1000.
  • the antenna height reduction factor (n) is defined by:
  • electromagnetic energy source 10 in order to form an electromagnetic image of subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14 electromagnetic energy source 10 can be mounted to, or part of, a well tool and lowered on a wireline in well borehole 12 to a depth of interest.
  • the downhole tool associated with electromagnetic energy source 10 can have an upper section with a mechanical connector that attaches to a wire line, an electrical power connection, and a synchronizing signal connection. Such upper section and connections can be orientated like known current downhole wireline tools.
  • a lower section of the downhole tool can house sonde assembly 34.
  • Electromagnetic energy source 10 can be encased in a strong, insulating polymeric material to provide structural integrity while also allowing for the transmission of electromagnetic signals.
  • a single electromagnetic energy source 10 can be utilized, as shown in the example of Figure 1. Alternately, a plurality of electromagnetic energy sources 10 can be lowered in well borehole 12. Pulses of electromagnetic energy can be emitted from the single electromagnetic energy source 10, or at each of the plurality of electromagnetic energy sources 10, as applicable, to travel through subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14 and a resulting signal can be received by electromagnetic sensors 16. An electromagnetic pulse with known characteristics is generated from the high power, pulsed electromagnetic energy source 10 from locations in or near subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14. In order to generate the electromagnetic pulse, high voltage power supply 48 charges up energy storage capacitor 40 through current limiting resistor 50 until fast-closing switch 46 is closed. With the fast-closing switch closed, electromagnetic energy source 10 will emit the pulse of electromagnetic energy. After the electromagnetic pulse is emitted, high voltage power supply 48 can recharge energy storage capacitor 40.
  • a plurality of electromagnetic sensors 16 can be mounted to or part of a well tool and lowered in sensor bore 18 that extends through subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14.
  • the plurality of electromagnetic sensors 16 can be arranged in an array over an earth surface 15 above subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14.
  • the emitted pulsed EM signal is transmitted through subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14 and recorded at one or more electromagnetic sensors 16 after travel through the subsurface formations surrounding well borehole 12 and sensor bore 18.
  • the EM signal recorded by electromagnetic sensors 16 differs from the pulsed signal emitted by electromagnetic energy source 10 in characteristics such as time, amplitude, power spectrum, and other characteristics that depend on the properties of the intervening medium (such as the reservoir) and spatial variations of those properties.
  • Electromagnetic energy source 10 can be moved between a succession of locations, such as transmitter locations 20, in well borehole 12 for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy at such locations for travel through subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14.
  • electromagnetic sensors 16 can be moved between a succession of locations, such as receiver locations 22, to receive the resulting signal at such succession of locations. In this way, a more complete electromagnetic image can be formed of subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir 14.
  • Recording and processing instrumentation associated with system control unit 28 at the surface can receive and store information relating to the resulting signal received by electromagnetic sensors 16.
  • System control unit 28 can also perform additional functions such as computerized analysis of the resulting signal, display certain results derived from the resulting signal, and store the resulting signal and computerized analysis on a computer for further processing and computerized analysis.
  • System control unit 28 can, as an example, be used to form a measure of the arrival time of the emitted pulses at a plurality of electromagnetic sensors, and to analyze the measure of arrival time data from the plurality of electromagnetic sensors. From this information, a representation of subsurface features of the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir, and an image of the representation of subsurface features of the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir, can be formed.
  • Embodiments of this disclosure thus generate information about the spatial distribution and composition of fluids in a hydrocarbon reservoir.
  • the operation can be repeated periodically to, as an example determine the direction, velocity and saturation of injected fluids, such as a water flood, or to visualize modified reservoir volume as a function of time. This can assist in optimizing reservoir management, preventing oil bypass and thereby improving volumetric sweep efficiency and production rates.
  • an antenna transmitting at 100 kHz would be reduced from 3000 m for an unclad antenna, to approximately 30 m for an antenna with conventional high dielectric constant ferrite materials and down to 0.25 m for an antenna clad in giant dielectric ferrite materials.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une source d'énergie électromagnétique permettant d'émettre des impulsions d'énergie électromagnétique et comprenant un ensemble sonde possédant une première section alignée axialement avec une seconde section et espacée de cette dernière. Un condensateur de stockage d'énergie comprend une électrode montée dans la première section et la seconde section de l'ensemble sonde permettant de générer un champ électrique. Un support de stockage de charge capacitive est monté dans la première section et la seconde section de l'ensemble sonde et entoure chaque électrode, le support de stockage de charge capacitive constituant un diélectrique géant et une ferrite à perméabilité géante. Un commutateur à fermeture rapide est situé entre les première et seconde sections de l'ensemble sonde.
PCT/US2018/062177 2017-11-22 2018-11-21 Antenne d'impulsion emu destinée à des ondes radioélectriques basse fréquence utilisant des matériaux diélectriques et de ferrite géants WO2019104117A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1020207017556A KR102395017B1 (ko) 2017-11-22 2018-11-21 대형 유전체 및 페라이트 재료를 사용한 저주파 무선파에 대한 emu 임펄스 안테나
CN201880073817.8A CN111356942A (zh) 2017-11-22 2018-11-21 使用巨型电介质和铁氧体材料的低频无线电波的emu脉冲天线
SG11202004281QA SG11202004281QA (en) 2017-11-22 2018-11-21 Emu impulse antenna for low frequency radio waves using giant dielectric and ferrite materials
EP18819407.0A EP3714296A1 (fr) 2017-11-22 2018-11-21 Antenne d'impulsion emu destinée à des ondes radioélectriques basse fréquence utilisant des matériaux diélectriques et de ferrite géants
JP2020527113A JP2021504685A (ja) 2017-11-22 2018-11-21 巨大誘電体およびフェライト材料を用いた低周波電波のためのｅｍｕインパルスアンテナ

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US15/820,944 2017-11-22
US15/820,944 US10330815B2 (en) 2017-03-14 2017-11-22 EMU impulse antenna for low frequency radio waves using giant dielectric and ferrite materials

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WO2019104117A1 true WO2019104117A1 (fr) 2019-05-31

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JP (1) JP2021504685A (fr)
KR (1) KR102395017B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN111356942A (fr)
SG (1) SG11202004281QA (fr)
WO (1) WO2019104117A1 (fr)

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US20220140917A1 (en) * 2020-10-30 2022-05-05 Tennessee Technological University System and method for generating electric based non-linear waves in natural terrestrial environments

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EP1901094A1 (fr) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-19 Services Pétroliers Schlumberger Antenne pour une sonde électromagnétique pour l'investigation de formations géologiques et ses applications
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US5192952A (en) * 1991-06-11 1993-03-09 Johler J Ralph Method and apparatus for transmitting electromagnetic signals into the earth from a capacitor
US20100171426A1 (en) * 2007-05-29 2010-07-08 Osram Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenkter Haftung High-voltage pulse generator and high-pressure discharge lamp having such a generator
EP2884309A2 (fr) * 2011-12-08 2015-06-17 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Imagerie de fluide en formation à super-résolution
US9568635B2 (en) * 2014-12-29 2017-02-14 Avraham Suhami Method and apparatus for mapping the underground soil

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220140917A1 (en) * 2020-10-30 2022-05-05 Tennessee Technological University System and method for generating electric based non-linear waves in natural terrestrial environments

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JP2021504685A (ja) 2021-02-15
CN111356942A (zh) 2020-06-30
KR20200087241A (ko) 2020-07-20
SG11202004281QA (en) 2020-06-29
EP3714296A1 (fr) 2020-09-30
KR102395017B1 (ko) 2022-05-06

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