WO2019099575A1

WO2019099575A1 - Thermophoretic particle detection system with variable channel geometry

Info

Publication number: WO2019099575A1
Application number: PCT/US2018/061131
Authority: WO
Inventors: David WOOLSEY; David William Burns
Original assignee: Aerodyne Microsystems Inc., a Delaware Corporation
Priority date: 2017-11-14
Filing date: 2018-11-14
Publication date: 2019-05-23
Also published as: EP3874078A1; US20190145872A1; CN113286997B; US11946842B1; US10948391B2; US20190145873A1; CN113286997A; US20190145874A1; EP3874078A4; WO2019099571A1; WO2019099580A3; US20190145871A1; US20190145870A1; US11047777B2; US10921224B2; WO2019099570A1; US11326991B2; WO2019099580A2; US10948392B2

Abstract

System for detecting and analyzing particles in an air stream includes an inlet, a particle concentrator and a particle discriminator having an air channel with a cross-sectional geometry that changes within at least one of the inlet, particle concentrator and particle discriminator. The system may have a sheath air stage including a port for providing sample air, at least one sheath air inlet port for providing sheath air, and a sheath air combining region. The system may include an airflow compression stage having a varying air channel that narrows as the air stream traverses the airflow compression stage to pre-concentrate particles within an interior region of the air stream. The system may include an airflow expansion stage having an air channel that widens to slow the airstream and particle velocities. A portion of the air channel height may be narrowed to allow larger thermophoretic forces to be generated.

Description

THERMOPHORETIC PARTICLE DETECTION SYSTEM WITH VARIABLE CHANNEL

GEOMETRY

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This patent application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications 62/586,130; 62/586,134; 62/586,141; 62/586, 143; and 62/586,148; all filed on November 14, 2017; the entire con ten ts of all of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This patent disclosure relates generally to the field of particulate-matter detection and more specifically to air-quality sensors and to systems and methods for determining airborne- particle content.

BACKGROUND

[0003] The presence of airborne and other gas-bome particulate matter (PM), alternatively referred to as aerosol particles, can contribute to poor air quality and potentially adverse health effects. These particles can penetrate into human and animal lungs, contributing to lung disease, heart disease, cancer, and other illnesses. Such particles may be produced by many sources, including industrial and agricultural processes, fossil-fuel combustion in power plants and vehicles, fires, smoking, and other natural and manmade causes.

[0004] Airborne particles with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less (often termed PM2.5) tend to be particularly problematic. These finer sized particulates can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time and can penetrate deep into the lung alveoli. Airborne particles under 0.1 microns in diameter can pass through the lungs and enter the body, causing damage to other organs. Particles of intermediate sizes, such as between 2.5 and 10 microns (often termed RMI0), although not as potentially toxic as the smaller PM2.5 particles, are also medically problematic because these can also penetrate into at least the outer portions of the lungs. In contrast, the larger sized particles, such as particles over 10 microns in diameter, tend to be less problematic from a health perspective. This is because such larger particles do not penetrate as deeply into the lungs and tend to settle out of the air relatively quickly. The impact of nanoparticles in the range of 0.01 microns to 0.1 microns is relatively unknown and is an active area of study, although significant adverse health impacts are suspected. [0005] Monitoring and controlling airborne particulate matter is of intense interest due to potentially adverse health and environmental effects. Various health, legal, government, scientific, industrial and commercial entities have considerable interest in methods of monitoring airborne and other gas-borne particulate matter. Methods that can further distinguish between various sizes of particulate material are particularly valued. Current systems for monitoring particulate matter tend to be relatively bulky, complex and expensive, which generally render them unsuitable for mass-market use.

[0006] Particles below about 0.3 microns in diameter become increasingly difficult to measure using conventional methods. Techniques for lowering the limit of detection (LQD) and for measuring particles as small as 0 01 microns in diameter in an air stream while allowing smaller and less expensive systems are particularly attractive.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] In some embodiments, the invention may be a system for analyzing particles in an air stream includes an inlet and a particle concentrator. The particle concentrator has at least two heater elements disposed on opposite sides of an air channel that encompasses the air stream and configured to thermophoretically force particles away from a periphery of the air channel and towards an interior region of the air channel. The air channel is fluidically coupled to the inlet. The system includes a particle discriminator that has at least one heater element configured to thermophoretically force particles away from the interior region of the am channel and towards a peripheral region of the air channel. The particle discriminator is fluidically coupled to the particle concentrator in a direction downstream from tire particle concentrator. A cross-sectional geometry of the air channel changes within at least one of the inlet, the particle concentrator, and the particle discriminator.

[0008] The inlet may include a sheath air stage having a port for providing sample air, at least one sheath am inlet port for providing sheath am, and a sheath am combining region. The sheath air and the sample air may be combined in the sheath air combining region to form a combined air stream. Particles in the sample air may be pre -concentrated in an interior region of the combined air stream. The combined air stream may be provided to the particle concentrator or to the particle discriminator. The sheath air stage may include a planar sheath air inlet port and a planar sheath air combining region. The inlet may include a tubular inlet section and a tubular sheath an section surrounding the tubular inlet section. The tubular

7 sheath air stage may include at least one sheath air inlet port and may he configured to combine the sheath air and the sample air in the sheath air combining region.

[0009] The inlet may include an airflow compression stage positioned between the sheath air stage and the particle concentrator. The airflow compression stage may have a varying air channel cross-sectional geometry that narrows as the air stream traverses the airflow compression stage. The airflow compression stage may narrow the air stream to pre- concentrate particles within an interior region of the air stream.

[0010] The air channel within the particle concentrator may widen to slow a local velocity of air and a local velocity of particles in the air stream. Heater elements in the particle concentrator may be configured to retain the particles in the interior region of the air channel as the air channel widens.

[001 1] The system may include a centrifugal particle separator stage having a curved air channel that is positioned between the particle concentrator and the particle discriminator to spatially separate heavier particles from lighter particles in the air stream as the particles in the air stream traverse the curved air channel. The particle discriminator may include a two- dimensional array of particle detectors configured to detect spatially separated particles from the centrifugal particle separator stage.

[0012] The particle discriminator may include an airflow expansion stage positioned between the centrifugal particle separator stage and the particle discriminator and having a varying air channel that widens as the air stream traverses the airflow expansion stage. Particles spatially separated in the centrifugal particle separator stage may be further separated in the airflow expansion stage.

[0013] The cross-sectional geometry of the air channel within the particle discriminator may widen as the air stream traverses the particle discriminator. The air channel within the particle discriminator may widen to slow a local velocity of air and a local velocity of particles in the air stream. Heater elements in the particle discriminator may be configured to retain the particles in the interior region of the air channel as the air channel widens. The cross- sectional geometr ' of the air channel within the particle discriminator may narrow as the air stream traverses the particle discriminator. The narrower region of the air channel may allow a higher thermal gradient and a larger thermophoretic force to be generated in the narrowed region. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] Figure 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a system for analyzing particles in an air stream

[0015] Figure 2 illustrates a method of analyzing particles traversing a system for analyzing particles in an air stream

[0016] Figure 3 illustrates the elements and operation of a therrnophoretic particle concentrator

[0017] Figure 4 illustrates the elements and operation of a therrnophoretic particle discriminator.

[0018] Figure 5 illustrates a method of fractionating and discriminating concentrated particles in an air stream.

[0019] Figure 6 shows a plot of particle position across an air channel versus distance along the air channel having a therrnophoretic particle concentrator and a therrnophoretic particle discriminator.

[0020] Figure 7 shows a block diagram of a system for analyzing particles in an air stream

[0021] Figure 8 depicts an exploded vie of a system for analyzing particles in an air stream.

[0022] Figures 9A-9I illustrate top and cross-sectional views of various thin -film heater elements for use in systems for analyzing particles.

[0023] Figures 10A-10C illustrate perspective and cross-sectional views of a resonant-based particle detector

[0024] Figures 11A-11B illustrate the operation of a system for analyzing particles in an air stream.

[0025] Figures 12A-12B illustrate a top view and a side view of a system for analyzing particles in an air stream

[0026] Figures 13A-13B illustrate a perspective view and a side view of a system for analyzing particles.

[0027] Figures 14A-14D illustrate top and side view's of a system with a rectangular air channel for analyzing particles in an air stream and operation thereof. [0028] Figures 15A-15D illustrate top and side views of a system with an expanding air channel for analyzing particles in an air stream and operation thereof.

[0029] Figure 16 illustrates a top view of a system for analyzing particles in an air stream including a centrifugal particle separator stage.

[0030] Figures 17A-17B illustrate top and side views of a system for analyzing particles with a widening air channel and a narrowing channel height.

[0031] Figures 18A-18B illustrate top and side view's of a system for analyzing particles in an air stream using sheath air.

[0032] Figure 19 illustrates a perspective view' of a system for analyzing particles in an air stream using a tubular sheath air stage.

[0033] Figure 20 illustrates a perspective view' of a system for analyzing particles in an air stream using a planar sheath air stage.

[0034] Figure 21 illustrates a partial cutaway view of an isokinetic inlet with an air channel and provision for two planar buffer inlet air streams in a flex assembly.

[0035] Figure 22 illustrates a partial cutaway view of an isokinetic inlet with an air channel and provision for four buffer air inlet streams in a flex assembly.

[0036] Figures 23A-23B illustrate top and side view's of a thermophoretic particle detection system having a rectangular air channel w'ith varying cross-sectional geometry including an expansion stage and a compression stage and a pair of multi-tapped heater elements extending through the particle concentrator and the particle discriminator.

[0037] Figure 24 illustrates a block diagram of a system for analyzing particles in an air stream.

[0038] Figure 25 shows a block diagram of a method for analyzing particles in an air stream. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0039] The techniques, methods, devices, and systems disclosed herein may result in smaller, simpler and lower cost airborne particle detection and monitoring devices that allow mass- market use in homes, buildings, workplace environments, industrial facilities, indoor and outdoor environments, and personal air-quality monitors. Improved airborne particle detection systems and methods may be used in a variety of devices including cellular phones, smartphones, laptop and tablet computers, thermostats, voice-activated tabletop monitors, wearable devices such as watches and personal health monitors, air monitors for green buildings and home-automation systems, vehicle cabin monitoring, smoke detectors and protective devices such as face masks and eyeglasses, among other applications.

[0040] Improved air particle monitoring devices can be facilitated by systems and methods configured to use thermophoretic forces. Such systems and methods can produce various effects useful for such improved devices by employing suitable thermal gradients. These effects may include concentrating and focusing particulate material, fractionating particulate material according to size, and directing various sizes of particulate material onto one or more suitable particle sensors such as resonant-based MEMS sensors or other devices in a controlled manner.

[0041] Thermophoretic force generally refers to a force that may be exerted on small particles such as micron and sub-micron sized particles that are suspended in a gas or fluid media in the presence of thermal gradients. Absent thermal gradients (also referred to as “temperature gradients’' or“heat gradients”), suspended particles experience normal random Brownian motion. In the presence of thermal gradients, more energetic molecules of the gas or fluid media may impact one side of the particle relative to the other side of the particle, producing a net force on the particle that varies as a function of the particle diameter, temperature gradient, gas pressure, particle temperature and other variables such as the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the particle. This thermophoretic force can, in turn, impart a thermophoretic velocity to such particles that varies as a function of the thermal gradient, gas viscosity, gas density and the size and composition of the particles. The thermophoretic force may be used to concentrate particles in an interior region of an air stream and to selectively deflect the particles towards suitable particle detectors for detection and analysis.

[0042] A sheath air stage may be included with an air channel to pre-concentrate the particles prior to entering a thermophoretic particle concentrator and a thermophoretic particle discriminator. Alternatively, the sheath air stage may be placed after the particle concentrator to further concentrate the particles in the air stream prior to the particle discriminator. Sheath air or other sheath gas may be injected in a sheath around a central core of particulate matter in an air sample and compressed in a tapered air channel of a compression stage to focus the particulate matter, thereby aiding in thermophoretic focusing and particle detection. An airflow' expansion stage with a widening air channel may appreciably slow the velocity of air and particles in the air stream for more effective particle deflection and collection. The height of the air channel may be tapered downward to narrow the height and increase the magnitude of the thermal gradient for higher thermophoretic force generation and improved particle detection efficiency. Other variations of the air channel geometry can lead to other improvements in the collection and detection of airborne particles.

[0043] While the embodiments disclosed herein generally refer to systems and methods for analyzing particles in an air stream, air although encompassing normal earth atmospheric air, can be any type of gas or fluid traversing the air channel. Particles in the air stream generally refer to micron or sub-micron sized particles with a plurality of particle sizes and composition that are suspended in the air stream and are generally distinct from the smaller gas molecules or atoms comprising the carrier gas. A micron (also referred to as“pm”) is a unit of length equal to one micrometer or one -millionth of a meter.

[0044] Similarly numbered elements the various figures below apply to similar elements. While the figures are intended to be illustrative, dimensions and features of the various elements shown in the figures are not always drawn to scale for clarity.

[0045] Figure 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a system 100 for analyzing particles in an air stream. System 100 includes an inlet 110, a particle concentrator 120 and a particle discriminator 130. A set of data and control signals 140 may be used for communicating, sending and receiving data, and controlling system 100. Inlet air stream 112 may include particulate mater that may be concentrated by particle concentrator 120 and then deflected, collected, detected and analyzed by particle discriminator 130 and associated analytical components. Outlet air stream 118 may include air drawn from the inlet 110 absent particles collected by particle discriminator 130.

[0046] In some implementations, system 100 may be wired or wirelessly coupled to a cell phone, smartphone, laptop, or other computerized devices, to enable one or more processors within the system 100 or computerized device to process the data from system 100 and produce temporal and spatial (if multiple such systems are used) measurements of particulate matter content. In some implementations, system 100 may be communicatively coupled to one or more processors in a data center or a cloud computing environment to perform data processing of the particulate matter data and to provide results of particulate mater data procured from system 100

[0047] Figure 2 illustrates a method of analyzing particles 114 traversing a system 200 for analyzing particles in an air stream. Particles 114 in the inlet air stream 112 passing through the inlet 110 are drawn through an air channel 102 (also referred to as a“flow channel”) that is encompassed by one or more channel walls 104. Without any focusing or concentration, particles 114 generally follow an air stream 106 (also referred to as a“flow' stream”) in the air channel 102 along one or more streamlines 108. Particles deflected by applied forces such as thermophoretic force or gravitational force may be deflected away from a particular streamline 108 in the direction of the applied force.

[0048] Airborne particles 1 14 may have different sizes and shapes and comprise different materials or aggregates of various materials. Various types of airborne particles 114 at the mlet air stream 112 are depicted and labeled 1 through 8, indicating larger spherical particles 1 and 5, smaller spherical particles 2 and 6, fibrous particles 3 and 7, and fractured particles 4 and 8. As these particles 114 traverse the air channel 102, thermophoretic forces from heater elements 122a, 122b (also referred to as“heating elements” or“focusing heaters”) in the particle concentrator 120 may force particles 114 away from a periphery of the air channel 102 near the channel walls 104 and towards an interior region 220 of the air channel 102 that may be at or near the geometrical center of the air channel 102. Thermophoretic particle concentrator heater elements 122a, 122b may be used to focus incoming particles 114 into a tighter beam to facilitate analysis. Particles 114 concentrated in an interior region 220 of air channel 102 may progress towards the particle discriminator 130 along one or more streamlines 108.

[0049] Particle discriminator 130 may include one or more heater elements 132 (also referred to as a“precipitation heater” or a“deflection heater”) to deflect and collect particles on a wall 104 or particle detector 134 opposite the heater element 132. Particles 114 may be deflected by thermal gradients generated by the thermophoretic particle discriminator heater element 132 and directed towards a particle detector 134 near the wall 104 where particles in a selected particle size range may be collected on a surface 136 of the particle detector 134. The collected particles 116 may cause a shift in a resonant frequency of the particle detector 134, which may be calibrated to determine the amount of mass collected on the surface 136. Fractionation, collection, detection, and analysis of particles 114 in a particular size range depend in part on size-dependent and composition-dependent thermophoretic forces and an initial well-collimated and pre-focused stream of incoming particles 114. Uncollected particles may continue down the air channel 102 along one or more streamlines 108 and exit via the outlet air stream 118. [0050] Figure 3 illustrates the elements and operation of a thermophoretic particle concentrator 120. Thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 may include at least one pair of thermophoretic particle concentrator heater elements 122a, 122b positioned near a periphery of an air channel 102 within the particle concentrator 120 Particle concentrator 120 may include an air channel 102 with a first open end for inlet air stream 112 and a second open end for outlet air stream 118 that allows particles 114 and air stream 106 to traverse the an channel 102 The air channel 102 may be enclosed by one or more channel walls 104 extending from at least the first open end to the second open end. Two or more heater elements 122a, 122b may be positioned between the first open end and the second open end. The heater elements 122a, 122b may be positioned near a periphery' of the air channel 102 and cooperatively configured to thermophoretically force particles 114 in the air stream 106 away from the periphery'· and towards an interior region 320 of the air channel 102.

[0051] A position-dependent heat profile may be generated along the length of the air channel 102 to drive particles 114 towards the center of the air channel 102, while otherwise allowing the air stream 106 to remain unperturbed. Particles 114 in the air stream 106 may be thermophoretically forced towards the interior region 320 of the air channel when the heater elements 122a, 122b are heated and thermal gradients emanating from heater elements 122a, 122b are generated . Isothenna! lines 324a, 324b show lines of constant temperature within the air stream 106. As power applied to heater elements 122a, 122b changes and as the velocity of air stream 106 is adjusted, the position and the shape of isothenna! lines 324a, 324b may change Thermophoretic forces 326a, 326b may be generated and act on particles 114 as particles 114 in the air stream 106 traverse the air channel 102. Thermophoretic forces 326a, 326b increase as the thermal gradients in the air channel 102 increase and act on particles 114 in the direction of most rapid thermal decrease, that is, in a direction perpendicular to the isothermal lines 324a, 324b and with a magnitude proportional to the gradient of the temperature in the air stream 106. When acted upon by thermophoretic forces 326a, 326b generated by the thermal gradients in the air stream 106, particles 114 may be forced away from the periphery_' and towards an interior region 320 of the air channel 102. The particles 114 may be deflected across streamlines 108 towards the center of the air channel 102, increasing the concentration of particles 114 in tire interior region 320 of the air channel 102. In some implementations, the temperatures of the heater elements 122a, 122b may be varied to control the position of the concentrated particles 1 14 within the interior region 320 as the particles 114 continue downstream in the air channel 102. [0052] While the interior region 320 of the particle concentrator 120 (and of the particle discriminator 130) is generally centered on the geometric center of the air channel 102 and includes portions of the air channel 102 in tire vicinity of the geometric center, in some implementations the interior region 320 may be centered about an axis that is offset from the centerline of the air channel 102. Dimensions of the interior region are generally on the order of tire width and/or length of the active sensor area of the particle detector 134, which may be 200 microns or less. As particle fractionation and collection improves with a tighter distribution of particles in the interior region of the air stream 106, device performance improves with a tighter particle distribution. In some implementations, the interior region may be defined as the spatial volume where a simple majority of airborne particles 114 in the air stream 106 are concentrated. In some implementations, the interior region may be defined as a percentage of the channel volume, such as 1 %, 2%, 5%, 25% or 50% of the channel volume. In some implementations, the interior region may include the geometric center of the air channel and a percentage of the area about the geometric center, such as 1%, 2%, 5%, 25% or 50% of the cross-sectional area at a point along the centerline of the air channel.

[0053] Figure 4 illustrates the elements and operation of a thermophoretic particle discriminator 130. The particle discriminator 130, sometimes referred to as a deposition chamber or a settling chamber, includes an air channel 102 having one or more channel walls 104 that contain an air stream 106. The air channel 102 in the particle discriminator 130 may extend from the inlet 110 through a particle concentrator 120 and through the particle discriminator 130. Tire particle discriminator 130 may be fluidically coupled to the particle concentrator 120 and to the inlet 110. Particles 1 14 in the air channel 102 may be concentrated in an interior region of the air stream 106 within the particle concentrator 120 and then passed via the fluidically coupled air channel 102 into the particle discriminator 130.

[0054] lire particle discriminator 130 may include at least one thermophoretic particle discriminator heater element 132. Heater element 132 may be configured to deflect particles 114 in an interior region of the air stream 106 towards a peripheral wall 104 of an air channel 102 that encompasses the air stream 106. A thermal gradient in the air channel 102 generated by the heater element 132 may thermophoretically force particles 114 towards the peripheral wall 104 in a direction perpendicular to the air stream 106. Isothermal lines 434a, 434b show lines of constant temperature. The position and shape of isothermal lines 434a, 434b may change as the power applied to heater element 132 changes and as the velocity of air stream 106 is adjusted. [0055] As particles 1 14 enter particle discriminator 130, the thermophoretic force generated by one or more heater elements 132 in the particle discriminator 130 may force particles 114 towards a periphery of the air stream 106 near one of the channel walls 104 of the particle discriminator 130. Thermophoretic forces 436a, 436b may be generated and act on particles 114 as particles 1 14 in the air stream 106 traverse the air channel 102. Thermophoretic forces 436a, 436b increase as the thermal gradient in the air channel 102 increases and act on particles 1 14 in the direction of greatest decrease in temperature with respect to position. When acted upon by thermophoretic forces 436a, 436b generated by the thermal gradients in the air stream 106, particles 114 are forced away from the interior region of the air channel 102 and towards a periphery wall 104.

[0056] The particles 1 14 may be deflected away from the interior region of the air channel 102 and towards a particle detector 134 positioned on the periphery w¾ll 104 of the air channel 102. The particle detector 134 may be configured to collect particles 114 deflected from the interior region of the air stream 106. Deflected particles 1 14 may be collected on a surface 136 of a particle detector 134 where the collected particles 116 may be detected and analyzed. Smaller particles in the air stream 106 may be selectively deflected aw'ay from the interior region and towards a periphery of the air stream 106 at a different rate than larger particles in the air stream. Particles may be subject to area-dependent viscous and drag forces and to gravitational forces that are density and volume dependent. Heavier particles, for example, may be selectively deflected by gravitational forces at a higher rate than lighter particles of similar size

[0057] The powor (e.g. electrical power) applied to the heater element 132 of the particle discriminator 130 may he controlled to generate and control thermal gradients in the air channel 102 to deflect particles 114 in a selected particle size range onto a surface 136 of the particle detector 134. The selected particle size range may include a particle size range between about 0.01 microns and 0.1 microns, 0.01 microns and 0.3 microns, 0.1 microns and 1.0 microns, 1 .0 microns and 2.5 microns, 2.5 microns and 10.0 microns, and 10.0 microns and larger, or other particle size ranges of interest. Particles 114 not collected by the particle discriminator 130 may continue downstream along one or more streamlines 108 and through the outlet air stream 118. in some implementations, the power (e.g. electrical current) applied to heater element 132 may be dithered, modulated or otherwise varied to more evenly spread the distribution of collected particles 116 on the surface 136 of the particle detector 134. In some implementations, the powor applied to heater element 132 may be varied sequentially in time to collect and analyze particles of a first size during a first time period, then collect and analyze particles of a second size during a second time period, and so forth.

[0058] Figure 5 illustrates a method of fractionating and discriminating concentrated particles 114 in an air stream 106. A cross-sectional view of a particle discriminator 130 is shown with an air channel 102 and channel wails 104 encompassing the air channel 102 and the air stream 106. Particles 1 14 from an inlet air stream 112 that are concentrated in an interior region of the air stream 106 may be deflected towards a peripheral wall 104 of the air channel 102 with one or more heater elements 132 in the particle discriminator 130. The particles may be deflected with a thermal gradient generated by the heater element 132, with smaller particles 552, 554 in the air stream 106 deflected away from the interior region and towards a periphery of the air stream 106 at a higher rate than larger particles 556, 558 in the air stream. The amount of trans v erse displacement of the v arious particles may change in an amount that varies roughly inversely with the size of the airborne particles. That is, smaller sized particles are generally deflected more than larger sized particles. Tire trajectory of smaller particles under the influence of thermophoretic forces is more readily altered compared to larger particles under tire same influences, allowing localized particle detectors to distinguish between different particle sizes. The rate of deflection may also he a function of mass, thermal conductivity, surface area, and other properties of the deflected particles. For example, denser particles of similar size may be selectively deflected at a different rate than less dense particles.

[0059] A plurality of particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c may be positioned on a channel wall 104 of the particle discriminator 130 to allow collection and detection of particles within one or more particle size ranges. The lighter (smaller) particles may be collected by the first particle detector 134a and the heavier (larger) particles may be collected by the second or third particle detectors 134b, 134c, allowing the particle discriminator 130 to distinguish between different particle sizes. The physical mechanism for such size fractionation and discrimination assumes some form of pre-focusing or concentration of the particulate matter stream within the air channel 102 to prevent a given particle detector 134a, 134b, 134c from collecting a mixture of different particle sizes from different heights or locations in the sample air stream 106. In the absence of active measures to concentrate the particles 114 into a beam, the particles 114 may be distributed throughout the entire vertical profile of air channel 102. Thus large particles 114 positioned near the bottom of the air channel 102 may^¬ be deflected onto the first particle detector 134a while smaller particles 114 near the top of the air channel 102 may be deflected onto the second particle detector 134b, interfering with the ability of the particle discriminator 130 to distinguish between different particle sizes or other particle properties.

[0060] The power to the heater element 132 may be controlled to allow collection of the deflected particles in a particular particle size range onto a surface of one of the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c. As illustrated in Figure 5, smaller particles 552’ may be collected on particle detector 134a; somewhat larger particles 554’ may be collected on particle detector 134b; larger particles 556’ rnay be collected on particle detector 134c; and the largest particles 558’ may remain uncollected and continue along the air stream 106 through the outlet air stream 118, effectively generating a cutoff point for particle collection.

[0061] Figure 6 shows a plot 600 of particle position across an air channel versus distance along the air channel having a thennophoretic particle concentrator 120 and a thermophoretic particle discriminator 130. Particles in the air stream initially distributed uniformly across the channel height enter the particle concentrator 120 and are forced towards the interior region of the air stream by heater elements 122a, 122b as previously described. Tire concentrated particles traverse the air channel towards a particle discriminator 130. The particle discriminator 130 is positioned in a downstream direction of the air stream with respect to the particle concentrator 120.

[0062] Under normal atmospheric pressure, smaller particles, such as particles under about 2.5 microns in size, are minimally affected by gravity. These particles tend to move through the air channel with minimal deflection due to gravity. Absent any other forces, these particles follow almost the same path as the surrounding air in the air channel. To detect and measure suspended aerosol particles, a precipitating thennophoretic force may be applied to the particles to deflect the particle’s trajectory enough so that the particle may be propelled towards and collected on the surface of one or more particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c, 134d.

[0063] The particle discriminator 130 may have at least one heater element 132 and an array of particl e detectors 134a, 134b, 134c, !34d disposed on a wall of the air channel opposite the heater element 132 that is configured to collect deflected and fractionated particles. Lighter and smaller particles 632 may be deflected at a higher rate and collected by particle detector 134a. Heavier and larger particles 634 may be deflected at a lower rate and collected by particle detector 134d. Still heavier and larger particles 636 may remain uncollected and may be passed along the air channel where they may be deflected downwards by gravitational forces acting on the particles.

[0064] Particles smaller than a particular cutoff size, such as 2 5 microns in diameter, may be selectively collected and analyzed by the particle discriminator 130 and particles larger than the cutoff size may continue past the particle discriminator 130. Heavier and larger particles 636 above the cutoff point that are near the periphery of the air channel may experience a lower local velocity of air than that of particles near the center of the air channel, allowing gravitational forces more time to act on the heavier particles. The effect of gravity and the orientation of the particle discriminator 130 can affect the cutoff size.

[0065] Because the thermophoretic force can be made much greater than the force of gravity, at least for particles sized less than about 10 microns, the particle sensors may be configured on nearly any surface of the air channel including (relative to the force of gravity) the floor, the ceiling, or the sides of the air channel . Although in this disclosure floor and ceiling mounted particle detectors are mainly discussed, this is not intended to be limiting. Given the comparatively large impact that precipitation heaters can have on particle trajectories, particle sensors can also be mounted on the sides of an air channel (relative to the force of gravity) or upside down as desired.

[0066] In some implementations, a thermophoretic particle detection system may be configured with one or more additional stages of particle concentrators 120 and particle discriminators 130 positioned downstream of a first stage. Thermophoretic forces act on smaller particles and deflect the smaller particles at a faster rate than larger particles in tire air stream. The first stage allows concentration of particles in the air stream and collection of particles in a first particle size range while passing particles outside of the first range. A second stage allows re-concentrating and re-focusing of particles remaining in the air stream, and subsequent collection of particles in a second range with a larger particle size range than the first stage. Additional stages with pairs of particle concentrators 120 and particle discriminators 130 may be added. Each stage may include one or more focusing heaters in the particle concentrator 120 and one or more deflection heaters and particle detectors in the particle discriminator 130 to redirect larger particles towards the center of the air channel that may be re-concentrated and re-deflected for additional collection and analysis. In some implementations, multiple stages of particle concentrators and discriminators allow further separation of resonant-based particle detectors resulting in improved acoustic isolation and less mechanical coupling between detectors for improved sensitivity. [0067] Figure 7 shows a block diagram of a system 700 for analyzing particles in an air stream. System 700 includes an inlet 110, a particle concentrator 120 fluidically coupled to the inlet 110, and a particle discriminator 130 fluidically coupled to the particle concentrator 120. The inlet 110, particle concentrator 120 and particle discriminator 130 include an air channel 102 extending through the inlet 110, particle concentrator 120 and particle discriminator 130 for containing an am stream 106. The air channel 102 includes one or more channel walls 104 for containing the air stream 106. One or more heater elements 122a, 122b may be positioned on opposing sides of the air channel 102 within the thermophoretic particle concentrator 120. One or more heater elements 132 may be positioned on a channel wall 104 of air channel 102 within the particle discriminator 130. One or more particle detectors 134 may be positioned on a wall 104 of the particle discriminator 130 opposite the heater elements 132 to collect and detect particles. The particle detectors 134 may include one or more piezoelectric layers 734 with electrode layers 732, 736 on each side of tire piezoelectric layer 734.

[0068] System 700 may include one or more controllers 150. Controller 150 may include one or more processors configured to allow concentrating particles 114 in an interior region of the air stream 106 within the particle concentrator 120 and deflecting the concentrated particles 1 14 in the air stream 106 within the particle discriminator 130 with generated and controlled thermal gradients in the air channel 102. Controller 150 may include various electronic circuits, passive devices, metal traces, electrical interconnects and wires for sending signals to and receiving signals from heater elements 122a, 122b, heater element 132 and particle detector 134. Electrical power and ground connections for controller 150 may also be provided.

[0069] Controller 150 may include circuitr ' to operate the particle detector 134 in a resonant mode and to detect changes in the resonant frequency. The circuitry may include signal amplifiers and preamplifiers, signal conditioning circuitry such as filters, mixers, local oscillators, demodulators, phase-lock loops, counters, A-D (analog to digital) convertors, divide-by-n circuits, and control circuitry to determine the frequency shifts associated with mass loading from collected particles on the surface of the particle detector 134. The controller 150 may include processing circuitry to process data from the particle detector 134 and to analyze properties of the collected particles.

[0070] Smaller particles 114 in the air stream 106 may be selectively deflected away from the interior region of the air channel 102 and towards a periphery' of the air stream 106 at a higher rate than larger particles 114 in the air stream 106. The controller 150 may be configured to allow controlling the generated thermal gradient to deflect the particles in a selected particle size range onto a surface 136 of the particle detector 134. The controller 150 may be configured to draw air and to control an airstream velocity of the air stream 106 in the air channel 102. The controller 150 may be configured to allow collecting particles 114 within a selected particle size range on the surface 136 of particle detector 134. The controller 150 may be configured to determine an effective mass of the particles 114 collected on the surface 136 of the particle detector 134. Tire controller 150 may be configured to generate an aerosol mass concentration estimate of the particles 114 within the selected particle size range and provide or send the generated aerosol mass concentration estimate via the data and control signals 140 to another location . The controller may be configured to correct or compensate for temperature, relative humidity, ambient pressure, and other factors. The controller may be configured to operate in these manners using non-transitory computer- readable medium storing computer-readable program code to be executed by at least one processor associated with the controller for analyzing particles in an air stream through the use of associated program code including associated program instructions.

[0071] Figure 8 depicts an exploded view of a system 800 for analyzing particles in an air stream 106. System 800 includes an inlet 1 10 having an inlet port 812 with an open end 814 for an inlet air stream 112. System 800 may include an outlet port 818 with an open end 816 for an outlet air stream 118. An air channel 102 may encompass the air stream 106 and extend from the open end 814 to the open end 816. The size and shape of the open ends 814 and 816 may vary depending on the device and application. For example, circular open ends 14 and 16 may have a diameter between about 30 microns and about 50 millimeters. Rectangular open ends 814 and 816 may have a width between about 30 microns and about 50 millimeters and a height between about 30 microns and about 50 millimeters.

[0072] The thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 may have two heater elements 122a, 122b positioned on opposite sides of the air channel 102. A thermophoretic particle discriminator 130 may have one or more heater elements 132 positioned on one side of the air channel 102 and a particle detector 134 positioned on the opposite side of the air channel 102. In the implementation shown in Figure 8, the air channel 102 is circular and the heater elements 122a, 122b and 132 are positioned along a circumference of the channel wall in a direction substantially perpendicular to the air stream 106 flowing in the air channel 102. Particles in tire air stream 106 may be thermophoreticaliy forced towards an interior region 820 of the air channel 102 when the heater elements 122a, 122b are heated and thermal gradients emanating from the heater elements 122a, 122b are generated. Heater elements 122a, 122b and heater element 132 may include one or more thm-film heater elements, resistive films, resistive segments, heater wires, or other heater types. For economic and packaging reasons, the same heater type may be used in either or both the particle concentrator 120 and the particle discriminator 130, although each heater will generally operate at a different temperature depending on their use as a focusing heater or a precipitation heater. The operating temperature may vary depending in part on the shape and placement of the heater elements, the resistivity of the heater elements, and the applied power. Operating temperatures for heater elements in the thermophoretic particle concentrator 12.0 are typically between about 2.0 degrees centigrade and 50 degrees centigrade above ambient temperature. Operating temperatures for heater elements in the thermophoretic particle discriminator 130 are generally higher and are typically between about 50 degrees centigrade and 200 degrees centigrade above ambient temperature for effective control of particle movement. The temperature of the heater elements 122a, 122b and 132 and the thermal gradients generated therefrom may be controlled by controlling the electrical power applied to each of the heater elements, such as by controlling the amount of electrical current passed through the heater elements or by controlling the voltage applied across the terminals of the heater elements.

[0073] One or more banded heater elements 822a, 822b may be positioned on or around portions of the inlet port 812. The banded heater elements 822a, 822b allow circular or rectangular inlet ports 812 to be surrounded with heater elements that extend around the entire inlet wall 104. The banded heater elements 822a, 822b may be configured with heater segments disposed on opposite sides of the air channel 102 that encompasses the air stream 106 The power (e.g. electrical power, electrical current) applied to inlet heater elements 822a, 822b may generate thermophoretic forces acting on particles in the incident air stream 106, forcing the particles away from the walls 104 of the air channel 102 towards an interior region 820 of the air stream 106 and beginning the particle concentration process. Further concentration of particles in the air stream 106 may occur in the thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 downstream of the inlet air stream 112. Temperatures generated by the banded heater elements 822a, 822b may be as low as a few degrees above ambient temperature to deter particles from collecting on surfaces of the inlet port 812. The banded heater elements 822a, 822b may be configured to control or limit the level of moisture or humidity in the air channel 102 during use.

[0074] Data and control signals 140 may be communicated to and from system 800 with one or more electrical connectors and signal lines coupled to system 800. The air channel 102 includes one or more channel walls 104. The sides of the air channel 102 will normally be surrounded by walls 104, except at the open ends for the inlet air stream 112 and the outlet air stream 118 At least one particle detector 134 may be positioned along the wall 104 and configured so that the airborne particles, after being propelled transversely by the precipitation heat gradient produced by the precipitation heater element 132, may be detected by the particle detector 134.

[0075] While thermophoretic particle discriminators 130 are generally used as exemplary embodiments in the various descriptions contained herein, other detection devices and methods such as particle sensors that operate by laser light scattering are also possible and are not disclaimed by this disclosure. The embodiments described herein may operate with many different types of particle sensors. MEMS-based particle sensors and in particular an FBAR sensor or an addressable array of FBAR sensors are presented as a particular type of particle detector that may be used.

[0076] Air or other carrier gas may be drawn through the air channel 102 with an air movement device (not shown) generally positioned downstream of the outlet air stream 118 to generate the air stream 106. The air movement device may include a pump, blower, fan, turbine, motorized air intake device, bellow's pump, membrane pump, peristaltic pump, piston pump, positive-displacement pump, rotary vane pump, Venturi device, airflow_' management device, or other air drawing means for moving or drawing air through the air channel 102. In some implementations, the air velocity of the inlet air stream 112 in the system 800 may be adequate without requiring active airflow generation by using a passive airflow mechanism such as an ambient air flow, an ambient pressure drop across the length of the air channel, or a convective heat process.

[0077] Particulate filters (not shown) and protective screens may be used upstream of the particle concentrator 120 to filter out particularly large particles and to protect the air channel 102 from accumulating undesirable debris. In some implementations, a size-selective particle filter or a size-selective input device may be included as part of the inlet 110 or placed upstream of the inlet 1 10. In some implementations, the walls 104 of the air channel 102 may be mechanically supported and mounted in a way that provides for improved thermal isolation. In some implementations, the air channel 102 may be suspended in an aerogel that provides good mechanical robustness and good thermal isolation.

[0078] Figures 9A-9I illustrate top and cross-sectional view's of various thin-film heater elements for use in systems for analyzing particles. Thin-film heater element 900 shown in Figure 9 A includes a thin heater layer 910 such as a patterned lay er of nickel, chrome-nickel or platinum. Electrical bond pads 940 and 950 allow electrical connections to the heater layer 910 via heater contact regions 944 and 954, respectively. One or more electrical traces 946 may be used to facilitate electrical connections between bond pad 940 and contact region 944. Similarly, one or more electrical traces 956 may⁷ be used to facilitate electrical connections between bond pad 950 and contact region 954. The illustrative cross-sectional view shown in Figure 9B taken through dashed lines AA’ in Figure 9A shows heater layer 910 positioned between two insulating layers 912 and 916 such as layers of silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. The heater layer 910 may be positioned above a cavity region 918 defined in a heater substrate 920 to reduce power loss through the heater substrate 920. Bond wires 942 and 952, or other connective wiring, may be used to make connections to bond pads 940 and 950, respectively.

[0079] Figure 9C show's a thin-film heater element 900 with heater layer 910 patterned in a serpentine manner having various heater segments 922a-922f serially connected to each other and electrically connected to electrical bond pads 940 and 950. Alternative implementations of thin-film heater elements include metal foil formed into electrically connected serpentine heater segments on polyamide film backing such as Kapton tape with patterned electrodes, or other microfabricated heater elements such as polysilicon heater elements formed on fused quartz substrates. In some implementations, other sources of heat such as high-resistivity wire, heat pipes, radiant heating or inductive heating may be used to generate the thermal gradients.

[0080] Figure 9D illustrates a cross-sectional view of a thermally isolated w'aJl-mounted thin- film heater element 900 with a polymeric barrier layer 904 that may serve as a channel wall of an air channel . The wall-mounted thin-film heater element 900 in Figure 9D presents no structural features in the air channel except for the relatively smooth outer surface of the polymeric barrier layer 904, minimizing the level of any airflow disruptions in the air stream. A thin heater layer 910 may be formed separately on a plastic heater substrate 920 and laminated or otherwise atached to the barrier layer 904 with an adhesive layer 906 such as a UV-curable adhesive or epoxy. The heater layer 910 may he electrically connected to bond pads 940 and 950 with one or more electrical traces 946 and 956, respectively. The bond pads 940 and 950 may be attached with anisotropic conductive film (ACF) 980 to electrical interconnects formed on one or more interconnect layers 962, 964 through one or more plated flex via holes 966 and dielectric layers 968 included in a flexible printed circuit board 960 (also referred to as a“flex”). The construction shown with a cutout region in one of the flex layers 970 generates a cavity region 918 between the heater layer 910 and the underlying flex layer 972 that allows a higher level of thermal isolation and lower operating power to achieve the same operating temperature. Additional cavity regions (not shown) may be formed in underlying flex layers 972, 974 of the flexible printed circuit board 960 to achieve additional thermal isolation. Thermal isolation of the thin -film heater layer 910 may result in improved temperature control, less temperature variation, and lower operating power. The cavity region 918 may be filled with an aerogel or other thermally insulating material to provide mechanical strength in addition to thermal isolation.

[0081] Figure 9E illustrates a top view of a multi-tapped thin-film heater element 900. The multi-tapped thin-film heater element 900 in Figure 9E may be attached to a polymeric barrier layer that in turn may serve as a channel wall of an air channel. The heater layer 910 may be disposed on a plastic heater substrate 920 and electrically connected to bond pads 940, 950 via the contact regions 944, 954 and electrical traces 946, 956, among others. Each heater segment 922g through 922r between two adjacent heater taps may be individually controlled by the voltages applied across each segment to allow control of a temperature profile in an adjacent air stream 106. Voltages between adjacent heater taps can step up or step down in voltage level as desired to control the power applied to the heater segment between the adjacent heater taps. Seting the electrical potential difference to zero across any two adjacent heater taps reduces the thermal generation between the two adjacent heater taps to zero, allowing temperature zone control and flow-dependent temperature distributions along the length of the multi-tapped heater element. Multi-tapped heater elements require fewer electrical connections compared to individually tapped heater elements and allow closer-spaced and continuous heater segments for improved temperature profile control. One or more pairs of multi -tapped heater elements may be formed on the heater substrate 920. The heater segments between any two heater taps may be fonned in any one of a variety of shapes including straight segments, curved segments, angled segments, tapered segments, serpentine segments and segments with varying widths. One or more stub heater segments 9221, 922r may be included on the substrate 920 with independent electrical access to allow additional control over the temperature profile and thermal gradients generated in the air stream 106.

[0082] Figure 9F through Figure 91 show top views of various thin-fdm heater elements 900 with thermally coupled heat spreaders. Heat spreaders are thermally conductive structures that heat up when nearby thermally coupled heater elements or heater segments are heated up. The heat spreaders may heat up to temperatures that are generally less than the temperature of the associated heater element, allowing improved control of the temperature distribution across the air channel 102 as an air stream 106 passes by the heater elements and heat spreaders. The heat spreaders may or may not carry current and are largely passive devices. While the heat spreaders may be mechanically and electrically connected to and in some implementations be formed from the same material as the heater elements, the heat spreaders may be fully passive devices that are electrically isolated from the heater elements yet close enough to extract thermal energy from the heater elements and redistribute the thermal energy throughout other portions of the air channel. The quantity and shape of the heat spreaders may vary from heater to heater or from segment to segment within the same air channel. For example, a pair of triangular heat spreaders 938a, 938b may be thermally coupled to heater segments 922s, 922t positioned near a channel wall 104 of an air channel 102 to selectively heat up air or other gas in the air stream 106 flowing through the air channel 102, as shown in Figure 9F. An array of spike-shaped heat spreaders 938c, 938d, 938e, 938f among others may be thermally coupled to heater segments 922u, 922v, as shown in Figure 9G. A thermally coupled heat spreader 938h that extends across the air channel 102 to heater segments 922w, 922x may be tapered or otherwise contoured between the heater segments 922w, 922x, as shown in Figure 9H. Heat spreader 938i may extend between and overlap associated heater segments 922y, 922z, as shown in Figure 91. Heater taps 928a through 928p may provide electrical connectivity to each of the heater elements or heater segments shown in Figure 9F through Figure 91. One or more passive metallic heat shunts (not shown) may be configured on one or more layers of a multi-layer flexible printed circuit board to serve as a thermal load and to alter the dynamic temperature response resulting m higher and more controlled thermal gradients in the air channel. One or more heat sinks (not shown) may be included to maintain a desired temperature such as an ambient temperature along one or more portions of the air channel.

[0083] Various heat spreaders, stub heaters, heat shunts, and heat sinks may be combined with one or more multi-tapped thin-film heater elements and control electronics to generate the desired thermal gradients in the air channel for focusing, concentrating, deflecting and collecting particles in the air stream. Thermal potential wells generated in the air stream with control of the thermal fields from the various heat spreaders, stub heaters, heat shunts, heat sinks, heater segments, and heater elements can effectively gamer and capture particles in the air stream 106 for detection and analysis.

[0084] Figures 10A-10C illustrate perspective and cross-sectional views of a resonant-based particle detector 134. The resonant-based particle detector 134 may be an acoustic resonator device such as quartz crystal microbalance or a film bulk acoustic resonator having a surface exposed to air or gas-borne particles. Particles collected on the surface of the resonator may change the resonant frequency of the resonant device. The change in the resonant frequency due to the additional mass loading may be detected electronically. The resonant device may operate in a frequency range between a few megahertz and several gigahertz, with a detectable frequency shift on the order of a few Hertz that generally shifts downwards as mass is added.

[0085] The particle detector 134 may include one or more of a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator, a thin-fihn bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR), a solidly mounted resonator (SMR), a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), a wall-mounted particle detector, a time-of- flight detector, a resonant sensor, a capacitive sensor, an infrared sensor, an optical sensor, a UV sensor, or a particle mass detector. In some implementations, the particle detector may include a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array of such sensors, or more than one type of particle sensor. The particle detector may be positioned on or near a wall of an air channel 102 and may be arranged under or near a heater element 132 of a particle discriminator 130. in some implementations, particles in a selected particle size range may be deflected and collected on a surface 136 of the particle detector 134. Tire particle detector 134 may be used to determine an effective mass and oilier properties of the particles collected on the surface such as an aerosol mass concentration estimate.

[0086] In the implementation of Figure 10A, a depiction of an FBAR-based particle detector 134 is shown including bond pads 1010a, 1010b, 1010c disposed on a substrate 1020 with an FBAR 1030 suspended over a cavity 1038 and a portion of the collected particles 1 16 on a surface 136 of the FBAR 1030. Bond pads 1010a, 1010b, 1010c may be used to make electrical connections such as signal and ground to the FBAR 1030. Hie cross-sectional view of the FBAR 1030 in Figure 10B shows the collected particles 116 on the surface 136 of the FBAR 1030. The FBAR 1030 may include a piezoelectric layer stack having a piezoelectric layer 1034, an upper electrode 1036, and a lower electrode 1032 suspended over a cavity 1038 with the FBAR 1030 suspended partially over a cavity region 1038 formed in the substrate 1020. The cavity 1038 may be formed underneath the piezoelectric layer stack to improve the acoustic isolation and reduce energy loss to the substrate 1020 One or more dielectric layers 1022, 1024 such as a layer of silicon dioxide or silicon nitride may be used to provide electrical isolation for the bond pads 1010a, 1010b, 1010c and various electrical traces 1046, 1056 positioned between the FBAR electrodes 1032, 1036 and the bond pads 1010a, 1010b, 1010c. In some implementations, the electrodes 1032, 1036 and electrical traces 1046, 1056 may comprise one or more layers of aluminum or molybdenum.

[0087] Figure 10C illustrates a cross-sectional view of an acoustically isolated wall-mounted particle detector 134 with a polymeric barrier layer 1004 that may serve as one of the channel walls of an air channel. The wall-mounted particle detector 134 presents no structural features in the air channel except for the relatively smooth outer surface of the polymeric barrier layer 1004, minimizing the level of any airflow disruptions in the air stream. The particle detector 134 may include an FBAR 1030 having a piezoelectric layer stack with a piezoelectric layer

1034, an upper electrode 1036, and a lower electrode 1032 suspended over a cavity region 1038 in the substrate 1020. One or more dielectric layers 1022 may be used to provide electrical isolation for the bond pads 1010a, 1010b and various electrical traces 1046, 1056 positioned between the FBAR electrodes 1032, 1036 and the bond pads 1010a, 1010b. The FBAR 1030 may be laminated or otherwise attached to the barrier layer 1004 with an adhesive layer 1006 such as a UV-curable adhesive or epoxy. The bond pads 1010a and 1010b may be attached with anisotropic conductive film (ACF) 1080 to electrical interconnects formed on one or more interconnect layers 1062, 1064 through one or more plated flex via holes 1066 and dielectric layers 1068 included in a flexible printed circuit board 1060. The construction, shown with a cutout region in two of the flex layers 1070 and 1072, generates a cavity region 1018 between the substrate 1020 and the underlying flex layer 1074 that allows a higher level of mechanical and acoustic isolation for the particle detector 134. Mechanical isolation of the particle detector 134 may result in improved sensitivity to added mass and less acoustic and mechanical coupling to other components.

[0088] Thermophoretic particle detection systems may include one or more flex-based wall- mounted heater elements such as that shown in Figure 9D and one or more flex-based wall- mounted particle detectors 134 such as that shown in Figure 10C. Flex-based air channels may be formed by combining the flex-based heater elements and the flex-based particle detectors with suitable flex-based sidewalls to form a rectangular air channel with continuous, smooth walls and surfaces through the inlet, particle concentrator, and particle discriminator. For example, one or more layers of polyimide may be combined with the multi-layer flex assemblies and be used as the polymeric barrier layer 904 and 1004 and as the side walls of the air channel for a compact, low-profile airborne particle detector.

[0089] Figures 11A-11B illustrate the operation of a system 1100 for analyzing particles in an air stream 106. Figure 1 1A shows a cross-sectional view of a system 1 100 having an inlet 110, a thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 and a thermophoretic particle discriminator 130. An inlet air stream 112 entering an air channel 102 between wails 104 at various local velocities 1112 forms a local velocity profile 1 1 14 that can vary across the width, height and length of the air channel 102 yet generally has a higher local velocity near the center of the arr channel 102 that diminishes to nearly zero near the w'ails 104 of tire air channel 102.

[0090] When heater elements 122a, 122b on opposite sides of the particle concentrator 120 are heated, thermal gradients are generated throughout the air channel 102, which in turn generate thermophoretic forces 1126a, 1126b that are perpendicular to isothermal lines 1124a, 1124b and point generally in the direction of the steepest negative thermal gradient. Particles in the air stream 106 may be directed away from a periphery of the air channel 102 in the particle concentrator 120 and towards an interior region of the air channel 102.

[0091] When heater elements 132 on one side of the particle discriminator 130 are heated, thermal gradients are generated throughout the air channel 102, which in turn generate thermophoretic forces 1136a, 1136b that are perpendicular to isothermal lines 1134a, 1134b and point in the direction of the steepest negative thermal gradient. Particles in the air stream 106 within the air channel 102 may be directed away from an interior region of the air channel 102 in the particle discriminator 130 towards a periphery of the air channel 102.

[0092] As shown in Figure 1 IB, particles 1 152, 1154, 1 156 and 1158 with increasing particle size are thermophoreticaily forced towards an interior region of the air stream 106 in the particle concentrator 120 and then are deflected away from the interior region of the air stream 106 in the particle discriminator 130 towards a periphery of the air stream 106, with smaller particles undergoing greater deflection than larger particles. In Figure 11 B, smallest particle 1152’ is deflected and strikes a wall 104 of the particle discriminator 130 before the particle detector 134; small particle 1154’ strikes and is collected on a surface of tire particle detector 134; large particle 1156’ is not collected by the particle detector 134 and continues in the air stream 106; and largest particle 1 158’ continues in the air stream 106 with less deflection than smaller particles.

[0093] Figures 12A-12B illustrate a top view and a side view of a system 1200 for analyzing particles in an air stream 106. System 1200 includes an inlet 110, a thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 and a thermophoretic particle discriminator 130. The thermophoretic particle concentrator includes an air channel 102 between channel walls 104 having a first open end for an inlet air stream 1 12 and a second open end for an outlet air stream 118. The air channel 102 is enclosed by channel wall 104 extending from at least the first open end to the second open end. Two or more heater elements 122a, 122b may be positioned between the first open end and the second open end and are positioned near a periphery of the air channel 102. A cross-section of the air channel 102 and channel wail 104 perpendicular to tire air stream 106 is rectangular, and at least two heater elements 122a, 122b are positioned on two opposing sides of the channel wall 104. The heater segments 1222a of heater elements 122a, 122b extend along the channel wall 104 in a direction substantially parallel to the air stream 106. The particle discriminator 130 including one or more heater elements 132 and particle detectors 134 is coupled to the air channel 102 in a direction downstream from the particle concentrator 120.

[0094] Figures 13A-13B illustrate a perspective view and a side view of a system 1300 for analyzing particles. System 1300 includes an inlet 110, a thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 and a particle discriminator 130. Thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 includes a pair of thermophoretic heater elements 122a, 122b positioned near a periphery of an air channel 102. The thermophoretic heater elements 122a, 122b are configured to thermophoreticaily force airborne particles in the air channel 102 away from the periphery and towards an interior region of the air channel 102 and air stream 106. The channel walls 104 and the cross-sectional geometry of the air channel 102 may be rectangular. Channel walls 104 include portions of a lower wall 1312, side walls 1314, 1316 and upper wall 1318. The perspective view shown in Figure 13A has the upper wall 1318 removed for clarity. An inlet air stream 112 enters an opening in the channel walls 104 upstream of the particle concentrator 120 and exits an opening the channel walls 104 downstream of the particle discriminator 130. The thermophoretic heater elements 122a, 122b may include one or more heater wires 1322a, 1322b, 1322c suspended in the air channel 102 with heater posts 1326a, 1326b. In some implementations, the heater wires 1322a, 1322b, 1322c may be formed into a wire mesh. Alternatively, heater elements 122a, 122b may be constructed of thin, partially conductive films on the interior surfaces of electrically insulated channel walls, ceilings, and floors. Electrical current may be sent through heater wires 1322a, 1322b, 1322c to generate the desired thermal gradient.

[0095] One or more of the heater wires 1322a, 1322b, 1322c of heater elements 122a, 122b may be angled with respect to the air channel 102 in an inward direction along tire air channel 102 and towards an interior region of the air stream 106. The thermophoretie heater elements 122a, 122b are configured to thermophoretically force airborne particles in the air channel 102 away from the periphery and towards an interior region of the air channel 102 and air stream 106. The thermophoretie heater elements 122a, 122b allow focusing of particles in the inlet air stream 112 into a tighter beam of particles with higher particle concentration. Some of the dimensions of the air channel 102 in the region of the particle concentrator 120 may be narrowed to further direct the particles into a narrower beam.

[0096] System 1300 includes a particle discriminator 130 with at least one heater element 132 and at least one particle detector 134 positioned on a lower wall 1312 downstream of the particle concentrator 120 to collect and detect particles in the air stream 106. Heater element 132 may include a heater wire 1332 suspended in the air channel 102 w ith heater posts 1336a, 1336b. The dimensions of the walls 104 within the particle discriminator 130 may be narrowed to further concentrate the particles and to increase the magnitude of the thermal gradient that results in an increase of the thermophoretie forces acting on the particles. In some implementations, dimensions of the channel walls 104 in other directions may be widened to slow the speed of airborne particles and allow more time for the thermophoretie heater elements 132 to force and deflect the particles onto tire particle detector 134.

[0097] In some implementations, the three-dimensional structure of the air channel 102 and/or the configuration of the various individually controlled focusing heaters and precipitation heaters may include individually controlled focusing and precipitating heaters located on the top, bottom and sidewalls of the air channel 102 to produce a more versatile type of airflow particle detecting device. This device may be reconfigured according to local conditions and particle monitoring objectives. Such reconfiguration may be facilitated by use of suitable processors and control software to control the operation of the various heater elements, particle detectors, and airflow management devices. The effective shape of the flow channels constraining the particulate matter may be programmable to allow' compensation for changes in various environmental variables such as air pressure, temperature, and humidity. [0098] Figures 14A-14D illustrate top and Side views of a system 1400 with a rectangular air channel 102 for analyzing particles in an air stream 106 and operation thereof. An air stream 106 enters a rectangular air channel 102 from an inlet air stream 112, traverses the air channel 102 through a ther ophoretic particle concentrator 120 and a thermophoretic particle discriminator 130, and exits the air channel 102 through an outlet air stream 1 18. Particle concentrator 120 includes a pair of heater elements 122a, 122b positioned on one side of the air channel 102 and another pair positioned on an opposite side of the air channel 102. Each heater element 122a, 122b may have multiple heater segments 1422a, 1422b, 1422c with heater segments 1422a and 1422c extending along the channel wall 104 in a direction substantially parallel to the air stream 106 and heater segments 1422b extending along the channel wall 104 in a direction that is angled with respect to the air stream 106. Particle discriminator 130 fluidically coupled to the air channel 102 includes a heater element 132 with heater segments 1432a extending parallel to the air stream 106 and a heater segment 1432b extending in a direction perpendicular to the air stream 106 for concentrating and deflecting particles 1 14 in the air stream 106 A plurality of particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c may be included in the particle discriminator 130 for collecting, detecting and analyzing particles. Particles 114 traversing the air channel 102 may be concentrated in an interior region of air stream 106 within the thermophoretic particle concentrator 120. Particles 114 traversing the thermophoretic particle discriminator 130 may he deflected and collected on a surface of one of the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c for detection and analysis. Additional heater elements (not shown) may he positioned above downstream particle detectors 134b, 134c to allow greater control over the generated thermal gradients in the air channel 102 and to allow' the downstream heater elements to be operated at a higher temperature than the upstream heater elements so that larger particles passed by the first particle detector 134a may be forced onto one or more of the downstream particle detectors 134b, 134c.

[0099] Figures 15A-15D illustrate top and side views of a system 1500 with an expanding air channel 102 for analyzing particles 1 14 in an air stream 106 and operation thereof. Particles 114 may enter system 1500 through an inlet air stream 112 into an inlet 110 and traverse air channel 102 through particle concentrator 120 and particle discriminator 130. The particles 114 may be concentrated within the particle concentrator 120 when heater elements 122a, 122b are heated and thermal gradients generated within the air channel 102 thermophoretically force tire particles 114 towards an interior region of the air channel 102. Heater elements 122a, 122b contain heater segments 1522a, 1522b in an expanding region 1560 of the air channel 102 within the particle concentrator 120. Heater segment 1522b is oriented in a direction substantially perpendicular to the air stream 106 and cooperates with heater segments 1522a in the expanding region 1560 to concentrate the particles 1 14 in an interior region of the air stream 106, even as streamlines 108 diverge in the expanding region 1560. Particle discriminator 130 includes a heater element 132 with heater segments 1532a and 1532b configured to deflect particles 114 onto one or more particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c Heater segments 1532a, 1532b may be arranged into a“W” configuration to form a thermal potential well for retaining divergent particles 1 14 near the center of the air channel 102 and to deflect the particles 114 onto one or more particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c within the particle discriminator 130. In some implementations, the heater segments 132a, 132b of heater element 132 may be configured as a sideward“V” to corral particles in the air stream 102 and to deflect tire particles onto the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c. In some implementations, the heater segments 1532a, 1532b may comprise a plurality of serpentine segments to increase the resistance of the heater element 132 and increase the heater voltage applied across the heater element 132.

[0100] The application of an external force such as centripetal force, can, in some implementations, be used to improve the ability to differentiate and discriminate between different particle sizes. Figure 16 illustrates a top view of a system 1600 for analyzing particles in an air stream 106 including a centrifugal particle separator stage 1660. Particles 114 entering system 1600 in an inlet air stream 1 12 traverse inlet 110, particle concentrator 120, and centrifugal particle separator stage 1660 having a curved air channel 102 positioned between the particle concentrator 120 and a particle discriminator 130. Particles in tire air stream 106 may be spatially separated with smaller, lighter particles staying near an inside of the air channel 102 and larger, heavier particles moving towards an outer portion of the centrifugal particle separator stage 1660. The particle discriminator 130 may include a one- or two-dimensional array of particle detectors 134 configured to detect spatially separated particles from the centrifugal particle separator stage 1660. The system 1600 may further include an airflow' expansion stage 1670 positioned between the centrifugal particle separator stage 1660 and the particle discriminator 130. The airflow expansion stage 1670 may have an air channel 102 that widens as the air stream 106 traverses the airflow expansion stage 1670. Particles spatially separated in the centrifugal particle separator stage 1660 may be further separated in the airflow⁷ expansion stage 1670 as streamlines within the airflow expansion stage 1670 diverge. Additionally, the air channel 102 within the airflow expansion stage 1670 may widen to slow the air velocity and particle velocity in the air stream 106 as the air stream 106 traverses the airflow expansion stage 1670 to allow more time for thermophoretic forces to act on and deflect the particles.

[0101] Prior to entering the centrifugal particle separator stage 1660, particles may be concentrated in an interior region that is somewhat offset from a centerline of the air channel 102 in the centrifugal particle separator stage 1660. The thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 may have heater elements 122a, 122b with heater segments 1622a, 1622b, 1622c configured to force particles m the air stream 106 towards an interior region that is offset from the centerline of air channel 102 within the particle concentrator 120 to utilize more of the air channel 102 in the centrifugal particle separator stage 1660. To force particles towards an interior region offset from the centerline, heater segments 1622a and 1622c may be extended in a direction parallel to the air channel 102 and air stream 106 with heater segment 1622c posi tioned closer to a centerline of the air channel 102 in the particle concentrator 120 and heater segment 1622b extended in a direction that is angled with respect to the air stream 106.

[0102] Figures 17A-17B illustrate top and side views of a system 1700 for analyzing particles with a widening air channel 102 and a narrowing channel height. System 1700 includes an inlet 110, a thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 and a thermophoretic particle discriminator 130.

[0103] The thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 includes an air channel 102 between channel walls 104 having a first open end for an inlet air stream 112. and a second open end for an outlet air stream 118. The air channel 102 is enclosed by channel walls 104 extending from at least the first open end to the second open end. Two or more heater elements 122a, 122b each having at least one heater segment 1722a may be positioned between the first open end and the second open end and near a periphery of the air channel 102. The cross-sectional geometry of the air channel 102 and channel wall 104 perpendicular to the air stream 106 is rectangular, and at least two heater elements 122a, 122b having at least one heater segment 1722a are positioned on two opposing sides of the channel wall 104. The heater segments 1722a of heater elements 122a, 122b extend along the channel wall 104 in a direction substantially parallel to the air stream 106. [0104] The particle discriminator 130 including heater element 132 and particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c is coupled to the air channel 102 in a direction downstream from the particle concentrator 120. The width of the air channel 102 increases and the height of the air channel 102 decreases in the downstream direction within the particle discriminator 130, allowing the airstream velocity and particle velocity to slow and the thermal gradient to increase in the vicinity of the particle detectors 134 compared to a cross-sectional geometry of constant dimensions. Extended heater segments 1732a of heater element 132 extend in a direction nominally parallel to the air stream 106 and are configured to retain or further concentrate particles in an interior region of the air stream 106, even as the air channel 102 widens. Heater segment 1732b of heater element 132 extends in a direction nominally perpendicular to the air stream 106 near the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c to allow deflection, collection, detection, and analysis of particles in the air stream 106 The cross- sectional geometry of the air channel 102 within the particle discriminator 130 such as the channel height may be narrowed as the air stream 106 traverses the particle discriminator 130. Hie narrower region of the air channel allows less distance between the heater segments 1732b and the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c, which may result in a higher thermal gradient and a larger thermophoretic force to be generated on particles traversing the narrowed region.

[0105] In operation, smaller particles 1714a, 1714b that are concentrated in the particle concentrator 120 may be deflected in the particle discriminator 130 by thermal gradients generated by heater segments 1732a, 1732b of heater element 132 and collected on a surface of a particle detector 134a. Larger particles 1714c, 1714d that are concentrated in tire particle concentrator 120 may then be deflected by thermal gradients generated by heater segments 1732a, 1732b of heater element 132 and collected on a surface of a particle detector 134b or particle detector 134c. Controlling the velocity of the air stream 106 and the thermal gradients generated in tire particle discriminator 130 allow for selective deflection and collection of particles in a particular particle size range onto a surface of one of the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c.

[0106] Figures 18A-18B illustrate top and side views of a system 1800 for analyzing particles in an air stream 106 using sheath air. System 1800 includes an inlet 110, a particle concentrator 120 and a particle discriminator 130. The particle concentrator 120 may have two or more heater elements 122a, 122b disposed on opposite sides of an air channel 102 that encompasses the air stream 106 and is fluidically coupled to the inlet 110. Heater elements 122a, 122b may be configured to thermophoretically force particles away from a periphery of the air channel 102 and towards an interior region of the air channel 102. System 1800 may include a particle discriminator 130 having at least one heater element configured to thermophoretically force particles away from the interior region of the air channel 102 and towards a peripheral region of the air channel 102. The particle discriminator 130 may be fluidically coupled to the particle concentrator 120 in a direction downstream from the particle concentrator 120. A cross-sectional geometry of the air channel 102 may change within the inlet 110, the particle concentrator 120, or the particle discriminator 130.

[0107] The inlet 110 may include a sheath air stage 1840. The sheath air stage 1840 may include a sample air inlet port 1842 for providing sample air 1812a, one or more sheath air inlet ports 1844 for providing sheath air 1812b, and a sheath air combining region 1846 where sheath air 1812b and sample air 1812a may be combined in the sheath air combining region 1846 to form a combined air stream 1812c and to pre -concentrate particles in an interior region of the combined air stream 1812c Sample air 1812a may be surrounded with a sheath of sheath air 1812b that is moving in the same direction as the air and particles in the air stream 106 traverse tire air channel 102. Particles in the sample air 1812a may be distributed in an interior region of the combined air stream 1812c. The sheath air 1812b may be comparatively free of particulates, although the sheath air need not be purified of particulate matter, as tire downstream flow paths may be configured to precipitate particles onto the particle detector 134 only from the central portion of the air stream 106. In this configuration, any particles in the sheath air 1812b will not be directed onto the particle detector 134, but instead will be captured outside of the detector surface or exit through the outlet am stream 118.

[0108] The inlet 110 may include an airflow compression stage 1850. The airflow compression stage 1850 may be positioned between tire sheath air stage 1840 and the particle concentrator 120. The airflow compression stage 1850 may have a varying air channel 102 that narrows as the air stream 106 traverses the airflow compression stage 1850. The airflow compression stage 1850 may narrow the air stream 106 to pre-concentrate particles within an interior region of the air stream 106.

[0109] The combined air stream 1812c from the sheath air combining region 1846 of the sheath air stage 1840 may be provided to the particle concentrator 120. In some implementations, the sheath air stage 1840 and the airflow compression stage 1850 may be positioned between the particle concentrator 120 and the particle discriminator 130, and the combined air stream 1812c from the sheath air stage 1840 may be provided to the particle discriminator 130. The particle discriminator 130 may have a tapered cross-sectional geometry to increase the efficiency of the thermophore tic deposition of particles onto the various particle detectors 134 by the precipitation heater element 132.

[0110] Idle width of the air channel 102 may increase and the height of the air channel 102 may decrease in the downstream direction within the particle discriminator 130 as the cross- sectional geometr ^ of the air channel 102 varies within the particle discriminator 130, allowing the particle and airstream velocities to slow and the thermal gradient to increase in the vicmity of the particle detectors 134. The velocity of air and particles the air stream may slow significantly in the airflow expansion stage to allow for more effective deflection and collection of particles on the surface of the particle detector 134. Heater segments 1832a of heater element 132 may be configured to retain or further concentrate particles in an interior region of the air channel 102 and air stream 106 as the air channel 102 wi dens within the particle discriminator 130. Heater segment 1832b of heater element 132 extends in a direction nominally perpendicular to the air stream 106 near die particle detector 134 to allow' deflection, collection, detection, and analysis of particles in the air stream 106. The cross- sectional geometry of the air channel 102 within the particle discriminator 130 such as the height of the air channel 102 may taper down or narrow as the air stream 106 traverses the particle discriminator 130. Idle narrower region of the air channel 102 allows a higher thermal gradient and a larger thermophoretic force to be generated in the narrowed region where the height of the air channel 102 is reduced in the vicinity of the heater segment 1832b of heater element 132. Tapering of the air channel height may increase the particle detection efficiency of the airborne particle sensor. In some implementations, the cross-sectional geometry of the air channel 102 may be made both wider and thinner as the air stream 106 progresses down the air channel 102.

[01 1 1] Figure 19 illustrates a perspective view of a system 1900 for analyzing particles in an art stream 106 using a tubular sheath air stage. System 1900 includes an inlet 1 10 and a particle concentrator 120. Heater elements 122 in the particle concentrator 120 may be disposed on opposite sides of a tubular air channel 102 that encompasses the air stream 106. The air channel 102 may be fluidica!iy coupled to the inlet 1 10. The cross-sectional geometry of the air channel 102 changes in the inlet 1 10 as the air channel 102 and air stream 106 traverse the inlet 110 and enter the particle concentrator 120. The inlet 110 may include a sheath air stage 1940 having a sample air inlet port 1942 for providing sample air 1912a and at least one sheath air inlet port 1944 for providing sheath air 1912b. Tire sheath air stage 1940 may include a sheath air combining region 1946. The inlet 110 may include a tubular miet section 1952 and the sheath air stage 1940 may include a tubular sheath air section 1954 surrounding the tubular inlet section 1952 The tubular sheath air stage 1940 may include the sheath air inlet ports 1944 and configured to combine the sheath air 1912b and the sample air 1912a in the sheath air combining region 1946. Combined sample air 1912a and sheath air 1912b may exit the particle concentrator 120 in the outlet air stream 118. Particulate filters and protective screens may be used in front of or within the sample air inlet port 1942 or the sheath air inlet port 1944 to filter out large particles and to protect the air channel 102 from accumulating undesirable debris. In some implementations, a size-selective particle filter or a size-selective input device may be included as part of the inlet ports 1942, 1944 or placed upstream of the inlet ports 1942, 1944. Tire screens and/or filters may be removable and cleanable.

[01 12] Figure 20 illustrates a perspective view of a system 2000 for analyzing particles in an air stream using a planar sheath air stage. System 2000 includes an inlet 110, a particle concentrator 120 and a particle discriminator 130. The inlet 110 includes a planar sheath air stage 2040 having a sample air inlet port 2042 and a pair of planar sheath air inlet ports 2044. Sample air 2012a from the sample air inlet port 2042 and sheath air 2012b from the planar sheath air inlet ports 2044 may be combined in a planar sheath air combining region 2046 before traversing the particle concentrator 120 and particle discriminator 130. The cross- sectional geometry of the air channel 102 changes within the inlet 1 10, sheath air combining region 2046 and particle concentrator 120.

[0113] System 2000 may include a centrifugal particle separator stage 2060 w ith a curved air channel 102. An airflow compression stage 2050 may be positioned between the planar sheath air stage 2040 and the centrifugal particle separator stage 2060. The airflow compression stage 2050 may be coincident with the sheath air combining region 2046. The planar sheath air stage 2040 and the airflow compression stage 2050 may cooperate to pre- concentrate particles in the air channel 102 and air stream 106. Particles may be separated in the centrifugal particle separator stage 2060 prior to traversing the particle concentrator 120 and entering the particle discriminator 130, with heavier particles in the air stream 106 moving towards the outside of the curved air channel 102 and lighter particles staying closer to die inside of the curved air channel 102. [01 14] System 2000 may include an airflow expansion stage 2070 positioned between the centrifugal particle separator stage 2060 and the particle concentrator 120 with an air channel 102 that widens as the air stream 106 traverses the airflow expansion stage 2070 to slow a local velocity of air and a local velocity of particles in the air stream 106. The air channel 102 within the particle concentrator 120 may also widen to slow the air and the velocity of particles in the air stream 106. In some implementations, the heater elements 122a, 122b in the particle concentrator 120 may he configured to concentrate particles near the midplane of the heater elements to retain the spatial separation of the particles emanating from the centrifugal particle separator stage 2060 without focusing the particles into a beam and without disrupting the spatial separation prior to the particles entering the particle discriminator 130. The particle discriminator 130 may include part or all of an airflow expansion stage 2070 having an air channel 102 with a cross-sectional geometry' that widens as tire air stream 106 traverses the airflow' expansion stage so that particles spatially separated in the centrifugal particle separator stage 2060 may be further separated in the airflow expansion stage 2070. The particle discriminator 130 may include a one-dimensional or two- dimensional array of particle detectors 134 configured on a wall 104 opposite a heater element 132 to detect spatially separated particles from the centrifugal particle separator stage 2060.

[0115] In some implementations, a themiophoretic particle concentrator 120 may be positioned before the centrifugal particle separator stage 2060 and downstream of the sheath air combining region 2046 to further focus particles prior to entering the centrifugal particle separator stage 2060. The combined air stream may be provided to the particle concentrator 120, to the centrifugal particle separator stage 2060, and then to the particle discriminator 130. In some implementations, the themiophoretic particle concentrator 120 may be positioned before the sheath air combining region 2046 and the airflow' compression stage 2050, with the combined air stream provided to the centrifugal particle separator stage 2060 and to the particle discriminator 130.

[01 16] System 2000 may include a planar body layer 2080 having portions of the air channel 102 formed therein. The body layer 2080 may be sandwiched between a planar base layer 2082 and a planar cover layer 2084, w'ith sample air inlet port 2042 and sheath air inlet ports 2044 formed in the cover layer 2084. In some implementations, the base layer 2082 and the cover layer 2084 may include one or more layers of glass such as borosilicate glass to aid in the use of optical particle detection. One or more particulate filters and protective screens may be used in front of or within the sample air inlet port 2042 or the sheath air inlet port 2044 to filter out large particles and to protect the air channel 102. The filters and screens may be disk-shaped and fit snugly into the inlet ports 2042, 2044. The screens and/or filters may be removable and cleanable.

[0117] Figure 21 illustrates a partial cutaway vie of an isokinetic inlet 110 with an air channel 102 and provision for two planar buffer inlet air streams 21 12a, 2112b in a flex assembly 2160. The flex assembly 2160 including multiple flex layers 2170, 2172, 2174 is configured with a rectangular air channel 102 having sidewalls 104 and two adjacent buffer air channels formed m a central flex layer 2172 for drawing buffer air through buffer inlet air streams 2112a, 2112b. During operation, sample air may be drawn through the inlet air stream 1 12 and buffer air may be drawn through the buffer air inlet streams 2112a, 21 12b. The buffer inlet air streams 2112a, 2112b may be powered by an air movement device so that air is drawn through the buffer inlet air streams 2112a, 21 12b at a similar rate as sample air is drawn into the inlet air stream 1 12 to help ensure consistent and steady flow into the sample air channel 102. The buffer air streams allow⁷ compensation for ambient air flows that may strike the face of the inlet 110 at various angles and flow rates for more accurate particle extraction from an ambient environment and more accurate particle readings from a system 2100 for analyzing particles. The air movement device may be the same as or different from the air movement device for drawing sample air through the air channel 102. In some implementations, buffer inlet air streams 2112a, 2112b may serve as sheath air inlet ports for a sheath air stage formed in the flex assembly 2160. Protective screens and/or particulate filters inserted into the air channel 102 or the inlet air streams 2112a, 2112b may be included as part of tire flex assembly 2160.

[0118] Figure 22 illustrates a partial cutaway view of an isokinetic inlet 1 10 with an air channel 102 and provision for four buffer air inlet streams 2212a, 2212b, 2212c, 2212d in a flex assembly 2260. The flex assembly 2260 with flex layers 2270, 2272, 2274 of a system 2200 includes a rectangular air channel 102 having sidewalls 104 and four adjacent buffer air channels formed in flex layer 2272 and two adjacent flex layers 2270, 2274 to allow improved compensation for ambient air flow's that may strike the face of the inlet 110 at varying angles and speeds when sample air is drawn. In some implementations, one or more buffer inlet air streams 2112a, 21 12b, 21 12c, 21 12b with or without protective screens or particulate filters may serve as sheath air inlet ports for a sheath air stage formed in the flex assembly 2260. [01 19] Figures 23A-23B illustrate top and side views of a thermophoretic particle detection system 2300 including a thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 having a rectangular air channel 102 with varying cross-sectional geometry including an expansion stage 2370, a compression stage 2380, and a pair of multi-tapped heater elements 122a, 122b extending through the particle concentrator 120 and the particle discriminator 130. Thermophoretic particle concentrator 120 includes expansion stage 2370 and compression stage 2380 for mechanically and thermophoretically concentrating particles 114 in an air stream 106 and to increase the particle concentration efficiency per unit channel length. The air stream 106 may enter the air channel 102 from an inlet air stream 112, traverse the expansion stage 2370 and the compression stage 2380 of the thermophoretic particle concentrator 120, traverse the thermophoretic particle discriminator 130, and then exit through an outlet air stream 118. Particle concentrator 120 may include a pair of multi-tapped heater elements 122a, 122b having smoothly curving heater segments 2322a, 2322b positioned on one side of the air channel 102 and another pair positioned on the opposite side of the air channel 102. Particles traversing the air channel 102 may be thermophoretically forced towards an interior region of the air stream 106 within the expansion stage 2370 even though the streamlines 108 may diverge within the stage. The particles continue to be thermophoretically forced towards the interior of the air stream 106 within the compression stage 2380 while also being compressed by the convergence of streamlines within the stage. Extensions of heater elements 122a, 122b on either side of the expansion stage 2370 and compression stage 2380 may aid in particle concentration within the air channel 102. A straight section of air channel 102 (not shown) may be positioned between the expansion stage 2370 and the compression stage 2380. Multiple pairs of expansion stages 2370 and compression stages 2380 may be configured serially along tire air channel 102 for improved concentration of particles 114 in the air stream 106, allowing concentration gains for each pair of stages to be combined .

[0120] The multi-tapped heater elements 122a, 122h may extend through the particle concentrator 120 and into the particle discriminator 130 with additional heater segments 2322c, 2322d. Heater segments 2322d extend nominally parallel to the air stream 106 in the particle discriminator 130 whereas deflection heater segments 2332a, 2332h, 2332c extend in a direction nominally perpendicular to the air stream 106 on a side opposite the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c to allow deflection, collection, detection and analysis of particles entering through the inlet air stream 112. [0121] Heater taps 2328a through 2328n provide electrical connections to the various heater segments in heater elements 122a, 122b for selective application of electrical power to allow control over the heat generated by each heater segment and the thermal gradients generated in the air channel 102 Controlling the velocity of the air stream 106 and the thermal gradients generated in the particle concentrator 120 and the particle discriminator 130 allows for selective concentration, deflection, and collection of particles 114 onto a surface of one of the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c The multi -tapped heater elements 122a, 122b allow continuous heater segments, local temperature zone control, a configurable temperature profile, reduced electrical leadout requirements, and a flexible target particle response. In some implementations, multi -tapped heater elements 122a, 122b may comprise a thermally isolated wall-mounted thin-film heater element with a polymeric barrier layer that serves as a channel wall for the air channel 102 In some implementations, one or more heater segments of heater elements 122a, 122b may be modulated with a varying voltage to allow controlled scanning of particles 114 in a longitudinal direction or a lateral direction with respect to the air stream 106 so that particles of a selected particle size range may be collected on one of the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c. Modulation of voltages applied across deflection heater segments 2332a, 2332b, 2332c may aid in particle selection, deflection, fractionation, detection, and collection uniformity improvements.

[0122] System 2300 may include multiple pairs of expansion stages 2370 and compression stages 2380 configured with one or more curved sections of air channel 102 that connect the pairs of expansion and compression stages. The curved sections allow the connected pairs of expansion and compression stages to wind back and forth for compactness while enhancing the concentration of particles within the air channel. The curved sections may be outfitted whir one or more heater segments to retain and concentrate particles traveling through the outfitted curved sections.

[0123] The service lifetime of thermophoretie particle detection system 2300 may be extended by controlling and limiting the amount of particulate matter collected on the surface of the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c. For example, particle detector 134a may be operated in conjunction with overlying deflection heater segment 2332a to collect particulate matter while particle detectors 134b, 134c and associated heater segments 2332b, 2332c remain in an off condition. After a selected time period of seconds, minutes, hours or days depending on the application, particle detector 134a and deflection heater segment 2332a may be turned off and particle detector 134b with deflection heater segment 2332b may be turned on and put into operation. After another selected time period, particle detector 134b and deflection heater segment 2332b may be tamed off and particle detector 134c with deflection heater segment 2332c may be put into operation, and so forth. In this manner, the power applied to each of the heater segments 2332a, 2332b, 2332c may be controlled to allow scanning of the deflected particles toward a peripheral wall and onto a surface of the particle detectors 134a, 134b, 134c. The power applied to one or more of the heater segments 2322c, 2322d or 2322e may be controlled to deflect particles in a lateral direction along the peripheral wall. In some implementations, the incremental change in the resonant frequency or the shift in frequency from a baseline value for resonant-based particle detectors may be used to determine which pair of particle detectors and heater segments are operated and for how long.

[0124] Figure 24 illustrates a block diagram of a system 2400 for analyzing particles in an air stream. Particle detection system 2400 includes a controller 2410 with one or more processors and circuitry' for running program code and executing instructions to analyze particles in an air stream among other functions. Controller 2410 may be connected via a communications bus 2440 to one or more memories 2412. Memory 2412 may include a combination of volatile and non-volatile memory_' for storing program instructions and data. Controller 2410 may communicate with other processors and data systems external to system 2400 via one or more wireless communication links 2414 and antennas 2416 or one or more wired communication links 2418 and external communication lines 2420 such as Ethernet or USB connections. One or more power sources 2422 and ground lines 2424 such as batteries or AC/DC power connections may provide local regulated power for devices connected to bus 2440. Various sensors 2426 and transducers such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, humidity sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes, ambient light sensors, clocks, microphones, and speakers may be connected to controller 2410 via communications bus 2440.

[0125] One or more particle detection modules 2430 for detecting particles in an air stream may include an inlet air stream 1 12 for incoming sample air and an outlet air stream 118 for outgoing air. The particle detection module 2430 may include one or more inlets, thermophore· ie particle concentrators, and thermoplioretie particle discriminators. The air stream within the particle detection module 2430 may be encompassed by the walls of an air channel extending from a first open end for the inlet air stream to a second open end for tire outlet air stream. The particle detection module 2430 may be connected to controller 2410 via communications bus 2440 or other dedicated control and/or data lines. Controller 2410 may send control signals to control the power applied to various heater elements coupled to the air stream in the particle detection module 2430. Controller 2410 may be coupled to one or more air movement devices for controlling the movement of air through the air channel

[0126] In some implementations, controller 2410 may provide one or more control signals to particle detection module 2430 to generate and adjust thermal gradients in the air stream. For example, thermal gradients in the air stream may be adjusted by adjusting power applied to one or more heater elements that generate the thermal gradient or by adjusting an airstream velocity of the air stream in the air channel.

[0127] Figure 25 shows a block diagram of a method 2500 for analyzing particles in an air stream. The method 2500 includes applying power to heater elements positioned on various sides of an air channel encompassing at least a portion of the air stream, as shown in block 2505. Power may be applied to one or more pairs of heater elements that may be positioned near a periphery and on opposite sides of the air channel. In some implementations, the entire length of the air channel in tire thermophoretic particle concentrator functions as a heater. In other implementations only short portions of the air channel function as a heater. In other implementations, sets or arrays of heater elements may be employed at certain sections of the an channel. These heater elements may operate at different temperatures and may be individually addressed in order to provide a high degree of flexibility in the generated thermal gradient.

[0128] In some implementations, the power (e.g. electrical power) to the heater elements may be duty cycled (turned on and off) to extend the lifetime of system components. In many use cases, the time constant associated with any significant change in particulate matter concentration is on the order of tens of seconds to minutes or hours or more. Since air quality measurements may only be needed to be conducted once every_' few seconds or few minutes, or every few hours, there may be extended periods of time during which sampling of particulate matter may be turned off.

[0129] Air may be drawn through the air channel, as shown in block 2510. The drawn air may generate the air stream within the air channel. Air may be drawn through the air channel using any one of a variety of air movement devices such as a pump, blower, fan, turbine, motorized air intake device, bellows pump, membrane pump, peristaltic pump, piston pump, positive-displacement pump, rotary_' vane pump, Venturi device, airflow management device, or other air drawing means for moving or drawing air through the air channel. Drawing air through the air channel may be performed with a duty cycle corresponding approximately with the duty cycling of the heater elements.

[0130] Thermal gradients may be generated within the air channel, as shown in block 2515. Heat from electrical power applied to the heater elements combined with airflow profiles and air channel geometries generate one or more thermal gradients within the air channel, resulting in thermophoretic forces on particles in the air stream directed mainly towards the interior or center of the air stream.

[0131] Particles in the air stream may be forced away from the periphery of the air channel and towards an interior region of the air channel by using the thermophoretic force generated by the themial gradient to concentrate the particles in an interior region of tire air stream, as shown in block 2520. Aerosol particles introduced into the inlet of the air channel may be distributed somewhat randomly throughout the cross-sectional area of the air stream. Action by the thermophoretic particle concentrator may reduce the physical cross-section and narrow' the distribution of the particles flowing in the air stream as the air stream and the particles traverse the particle concentrator through the use of controlled themial gradients. Particle concentration may be achieved through the use of opposing thermophoretic forces aligned with respect to one or more axes of the air channel.

[0132] The generated thermal gradients are dependent in part on the loss of heat into the air stream. The air stream in the air channel may exhibit a velocity gradient as a function of distance from the channel wail and length down the channel. Since the amount of heat removed is a function of the local velocity of air in the air stream, the generated thermal gradients are functionally dependent on the airstream velocity profile.

[0133] Particles concentrated in the air stream may be detected, as shown in block 2525. In some implementations, particles may be detected by deflecting the particles with generated thermophoretic forces to direct particles in the air stream away from the interior region of the air channel and towards one or more particle detectors positioned on a wall of the air channel, where the particles may be collected on a surface of the particle detector and cause a change in a resonant frequency of the particle detector in response to the mass loading on the surface. In some implementations, the change in resonant frequency over a fixed time may be determined as an indication of the effective mass added onto tire surface of the particle detector. In some implementations of particular benefit in environments with a large particulate matter concentration, an adaptive cycle may be used that measures the time to deposit particulate matter on a resonant-based particle detector for a predetermined frequency shift. The system may use at least one processor and be under software control so that when the air particle density is high, the unit may sample less frequently in order to extend the lifetime of the sensor.

[0134] In some implementations, the thermal gradients in either the particle concentrator or the particle discriminator may be modulated by modulating the power to the associated heater elements. Modulation of the thermal gradients may spread out the deposition of particles on the particle detectors to avoid non-uniform deposition and to extend the lifetime of the particle detectors.

[0135] The detected particles in the air stream may be analyzed, as shown in block 2530. One or more algorithms may be applied to detect the frequency shift of the resonant particle detector and to compensate for temperature effects. The algorithm may apply calibration coefficients and various model parameters to determine an effective mass of the particles collected on the surface of the particle detector and to generate an aerosol mass concentration estimate for the sampled air. in some implementations, the aerosol mass concentration may be estimated for one or more selected particle size ranges.

[0136] Although the various blocks and steps described in the above process flow_'s and methods are intended to be representative, the steps and the order of the steps may be altered and still remain within the scope, spirit, and claims of this disclosure. Variations in the steps and the order of the steps may be made without loss of generality , such as performing one step before another or combining two or more steps into one step.

[0137] While various implementations have been described above, it should be understood that the implementations have been presented by way of example and not limitation. The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the implementations described above but should be defined in accordance with the following claims, subsequently submitted claims, and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A system for analyzing particles an air stream, the system comprising:

an inlet;

a particle concentrator, the particle concentrator having at least two heater elements disposed on opposite sides of an air channel that encompasses tire air stream, the heater elements configured to thermophoretically force particles away from a periphery of the air channel and towards an interior region of the air channel, the air channel fluidically coupled to the inlet; and

a particle discriminator, the particle discriminator having at least one heater element configured to thermophoretically force particles away from the interior region of the air channel and towards a peripheral region of the air channel, the particle discriminator fluidically coupled to the particle concentrator in a direction downstream from the particle concentrator;

wherein a cross-sectional geometry of said air channel changes within at least one of the inlet, the particle concentrator, and the particle discriminator.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the inlet includes a sheath air stage, the sheath air stage including a port for providing sample air, at least one sheath air inlet port for providing sheath air, and a sheath air combining region.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the sheath air and the sample air are combined in the sheath air combining region to form a combined air stream, wherein particles in the sample air are pre -concentrated in an interior region of the combined air stream.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the combined air stream is provided to the particle concentrator or to the particle discriminator.

5. The system of claim 2, wherein the sheath air stage includes a planar sheath air inlet port and a planar sheath air combining region.

6. The system of claim 2, wherein the inlet includes a tubular inlet section and wherein the sheath air stage includes a tubular sheath air section surrounding the tubular inlet section, said tubular sheath air section including the at least one sheath air inlet port and configured to combine the sheath air and the sample air in the sheath air combining region.

7. The system of claim 2, the inlet further comprising:

an airflow compression stage, the airflow compression stage positioned between the sheath air stage and the particle concentrator, the airflow compression stage having a varying air channel that narrow's as the air stream traverses the airflow⁷ compression stage.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the airflow compression stage narrow_'s the air stream to pre-concentrate particles within an interior region of the air stream.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the air channel within the particle concentrator widens to slow a local velocity of air and a local velocity of particles in the air stream.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein heater elements in the particle concentrator are configured to retain the particles in the interi or region of the air channel as the air channel widens.

11. The system of claim 1, further compri sing:

a centrifugal particle separator stage, the centrifugal particle separator stage having a curved air channel, the centrifugal particle separator stage positioned between the particle concentrator and the particle discriminator.

12. The system of claim 1 1 , wherein the centrifugal particle separator stage spatially separates heavier particles from lighter particles in the air stream as the particles in the air stream traverse the curved air channel.

13. The system of claim 11, wherein the particle discriminator includes a two-dimensional array of particle detectors configured to detect spatially separated particles from the centrifugal particle separator stage.

14. The system of claim 1 1, the particle discriminator further comprising: an airflow expansion stage, the airflow' expansion stage positioned between the centrifugal particle separator stage and the particle discriminator, the airflow expansion stage having a varying air channel that widens as the air stream traverses the airflow expansion stage.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein particles spatially separated in the centrifugal particle separator stage are further separated in the airflow expansion stage.

16. The system of claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional geometry of the am channel within the particle discriminator widens as the air stream traverses the particle discriminator.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein the air channel within the particle discriminator widens to slow a local velocity of air and a local velocity of particles in the air stream.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein heater elements in the particle discriminator are configured to retain the particles in the interior region of the air channel as the air channel widens.

19. The system of claim 1, wherein tire cross-sectional geometry of tire air channel within the particle discriminator narrow's as the air stream traverses the particle discriminator, thus producing a narrower region of said air channel.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein said narrower region of said an channel allows a higher thermal gradient and a larger thermophoretic force to be generated in said narrower region.