WO2019052608A1

WO2019052608A1 - Dummy for accident research and forensic science

Info

Publication number: WO2019052608A1
Application number: PCT/DE2018/100787
Authority: WO
Inventors: Peter Schimmelpfennig; Michael WEYDE
Original assignee: Crashtest-Service.Com Gmbh
Priority date: 2017-09-15
Filing date: 2018-09-14
Publication date: 2019-03-21

Abstract

The invention relates to a dummy (100) for accident research and forensic science, comprising an artificial skeleton formed from a plurality of interconnected bone elements, a plurality of which are surrounded by at least one tissue element and/or connected to a tissue element. At least one bone element is formed from a bone replacement substance comprising an epoxy resin mixed thoroughly with at least 20% of metal powder, and at least one tissue element is formed from a two-component silicone that cross-links at room temperature.

Description

Dummy for accident research and forensics

The invention relates to a dummy for accident research and forensics, with the features of the preamble of claim 1.

Such a dummy is a test dummy which is reproduced as biofidelistically as possible on a human body and which is used in particular for trauma research, for example for researching and reconstructing traffic accidents involving pedestrians.

In the automotive industry, when performing standardized crash tests, crash test dummies are placed in the vehicles to measure the impact of an accident on the occupants. These dummies, such as the "Hybrid III" type, which is required for crash tests and therefore widely used, are equipped with extensive sensors to measure accelerations or decelerations, but they are not in their external dimensions or in terms of mass and mass distribution to the human body A skeletal and tissue structure is completely absent, so that in view of significantly different properties of the body surface as well as the internal structure of the dummy no realistic experiments are possible if such a dummy would be used for testing outside a vehicle.

Also in forensics, there is a need for test dolls, z. For example, in order to reconstruct crimes of persons for the purpose of investigating crime and to determine whether a foreign influence was probable or not. Simple dolls that are made from Bags or bags exist and are filled to increase the weight of sand or water, have no realistic fall, flight and fall behavior.

Through the lecture of Dr. med. M. WEYDE: "Construction and testing of a pedestrian dummy for realistic vehicle damage in experimental simulations of cars vs. pedestrian collisions", held at TRANSCOM 2013, Zilina (SK) on 26.6.2013, is a human-like trained dummy known has a skeletal structure surrounded by silicone elements which serve as tissue elements. With this dummy, due to a size and mass distribution, which is already very similar to the human body, a comparable behavior can be achieved upon impact of the dummy on a vehicle and ejection from the vehicle. However, it has been shown that the injury patterns observed on the known dummies do not correlate with the injury patterns of the human body in a comparable real-accident situation. Because of the desired strong reference to the natural example of such test dummies are also referred to as "biofidelic" dummies.

The object of the present invention is thus to approximate the movement behavior of the dummy even more to the human body during the trial and in particular to approximate the skeletal injury pattern as far as the human body, that it can be checked whether an imitated in the experiment accident with the assumed real accident events or that an expected pattern of injury becomes predictable.

This object is achieved by a dummy having the features of claim 1.

Essential to the invention is the optimized material selection and composition for at least some of the bone elements that are assembled into a skeletal replica for the dummy.

The skeleton replica for the dummy comprises groups of bone elements, each of which is strongly modeled on the human model, without the individual bones represent detailed casts. Rather, each bone element is an individual constructional element, in terms of dimensions, geometric dimensions, positioning on the skeleton and the mechanical Resilience is similar to the natural model and in the overall concept of the skeleton allows similar movement patterns in accident testing.

With regard to the bone elements, a bone substitute material was selected according to the invention, which consists of a curable epoxy resin mixture containing as an additional component metal powder, which is homogeneous and finely distributed in the resin matrix. The metal powder is, in particular, aluminum powder having a particle size of less than or equal to 100 μm.

The epoxy-metal powder mixture may be poured into a casting mold where it is thermoset-cured so that more complex shapes are possible than with the prior-art wood-bone dumbbells. In contrast to wood, the cast epoxy-metal powder mixture results in a bone element with isotropic mechanical properties, i. H. the strength values are not force direction dependent; unlike wood, where the properties in the fiber direction differ significantly from those across.

The interference of metal powder achieves two major effects:

On the one hand, the resin structure is somewhat artificially embrittled by the embedded metal particles, thus reducing the tensile and flexural strength. Bone elements made of epoxy resin alone would be too strong in a cross-section of the bone elements adapted to the human model, so that accident-related injuries would not result in realistic injuries to the skeletal reconstruction of the dumbbell. In this context, it must also be considered that the human bone tissue is not homogeneous, but hard outer layers, the so-called substantia corticalis and spongy, microporous inner layers (substantia spongiosa) and in many bones has tubular cavities.

Surprisingly, by the inventive mixture of epoxy resin with metal powder, in particular aluminum powder, the mechanical properties are favorably influenced in such a way that the dimensioning of the individual components for the artificial skeleton can be made very similar to the respective human model and thus also on the limbs, in addition to the bone elements also include bands and tissue elements, similar masses and center of gravity results. The ductility of the invention simulated Bone elements is thus very similar to human bone with similar geometric dimensions, and correspondingly, a very similar fracture pattern on the dummy skeleton after a test is also shown. The course of fractures including the detachment of bone fragments is very similar to the dream effects in human bone. Density and mechanical strength also resemble the human model in comparable cross-sections.

On the other hand, a likewise very significant effect of the mixed-in metal powder for the invention lies in the fact that the dummy according to the invention can be examined in a computer tomograph or a classical X-ray machine, wherein the additional special selection of a silicone material for the fabric elements according to the invention leads to them being problem-free can be irradiated through the imaging and a clear image of the underlying hidden bone elements is visible. The incorporation of uniformly distributed in the resin matrix powder, in particular aluminum powder, in a volume mixing ratio of about 2: 1 results in that the X-radiation is not completely absorbed by the bone element according to the invention, so that not completely bright surfaces arise in the X-ray image, such as For solid metal, but also graded shades of gray are visible. Even the fractures resulting from the accident tests on the skeleton of the dumbbell are easily recognizable with the medical imaging procedures.

The invention thus provides a dummy which is suitable in particular for X-ray examinations and which can be examined after completion of an accident test without any prior dismantling in a computer tomograph. The course of the fracture and the position of fractured bone elements are very close to the human model and allow the reconstruction of accidents to provide a statement as to whether the parameters adopted for the experiment were realistic and actually depict the real accident.

For realistic traumatization of the dummies, in addition to selecting the material for the bone elements, it is also important to select the material for the tissue elements that simulate the human tissue and completely or partially surround or rest on the bone elements. Because these are both to be elastically deformable to a degree as the human body, but also be plastically deformable on the other hand, because human tissue is viscoelastic, that is, shows only a very limited extent a really elastic behavior in the sense that sets a restoring spring force, and after a strain that exceeds about 2%, sets a plastic deformation.

For this purpose, according to the invention, silicone compounds of the RTV type are used for the fabric elements, ie 2-component mixtures which cure at room temperature and vulcanize at room temperature.

The fabric elements are preferably made of a silicone compound whose hardness is after a setting time of 24 hours and at a test temperature of 23 ° C after the suitable for very soft elastomers scale "Shore 00" 55 ± 4 ShOO.

It is also essential that the tissue elements present in the dummy according to the invention have mechanical properties independent of the storage time and that no post-curing or embrittlement processes take place during the intended storage and service life.

The compounds used are so elastic that even pronounced undercuts can be produced and demolded. Preferably, therefore, similar silicone compounds are prepared as for the production of the fabric elements also for the production of the molds, in which the liquid epoxy-metal powder mixture is poured to form the bone elements. Depending on whether or not undercuts have to be demolded, more or less hard silicone rubbers are used for mold making. The hardness in the molds is preferably between 4 Shore A and 25 Shore A.

A variety of fabric elements are summarized in a set of fabric elements. Due to the subdivided fabric elements, the assembly is much easier. All fabric elements are optimized for easy plug-in mounting so they are easy to connect to the associated components of the skeleton.

By replacing the tissue element set - with the same skeletal size - different types of stature or gender can be mapped.

The shoulder-tissue element extends into the chest area and is preferably bisected into a rear and a front element, on the one hand the assembly on the other hand to make an adjustment to the female anatomy by replacing the front part of the element can.

Between the two sub-elements of the shoulder tissue element, the collarbone elements remain free, so are not covered by the tissue elements, but only later of serving as a skin substitute wetsuit. Thus, the clavicle elements are heavily exposed as in humans.

An adaptation of the skeletal size can preferably be achieved in the dummy very simply by varying the number of vertebral bodies in the spine unit.

Preferably, the bone elements which simulate the outer extremities of the human on the dummy, ie upper and lower legs and upper and lower arm, each formed so that the bone element has an elongated stem area, which can be significantly widened at one end to Example form a joint half. At the other end, however, preferably fixedly mounted widening is provided and the bone element runs with a constant or with a tapered cross-section.

The open, preferably undercut-free end of the bone element is inserted into a socket another skeleton component such as a condyle and connected to it or it is butt-butt screwed with another bone element. This results in the particular advantage in the assembly of the dummy that the long handle of the club-like bone element can be inserted through a narrow cavity in an associated tissue element. It is thus hardly required clearance between cavity boundary and bone element. The tissue element thus fits tightly against the portion of the bone component.

In addition, there are advantages in the production, because for a realistic as possible training of the tailed joint half, the parting plane of a casting tool can be placed to the joint to allow a complex shape there, without on the removal of the stem area, which is free of undercuts, consideration must be taken.

The free end of the stem on the bone element is then preferably inserted into a receptacle on another joint element, so that the typical Bone shape of the large bones on the extremities with the two thickened ends yields. The connection between the stem of the bone element and the joint element is preferably carried out by crosswise arranged, pin-shaped elements. In particular, in order not to hinder the X-ray imaging described above, it is intended to use non-metallic pins.

Alternatively, although radial projections may be present; In this case, however, has an associated receiving socket on the counterpart but slit-shaped recesses, so that the stem area can be inserted into the receiving socket.

It is also advantageous if at the extremities traction cables or straps are guided along the outer sides and over the entire length of the arm or leg. These extend along the bone elements. Here, the invention provides two groups of ropes or straps that are used together or alternatively. Both groups each extend closely along the bone elements or through internal cavities therein and / or are guided with them through cavities within the tissue elements.

A further advantageous embodiment of the knee joints of the dummy with inner and outer bands, which are preferably formed of braided, textile bands. The two joint elements of adjacent bone elements lie in front of each other. In their form, they are modeled on the human body so far that the same possibilities of movement arise but also limitations as in the human model. For example, the bone elements of the thigh and lower leg can be adjusted in one direction against each other and occupy an acute angle, but can not be pivoted in the other direction beyond a stretched position. The lateral guidance in the joint takes place by textile tapes glued on the outside. The further movement is influenced by 2 additional textile bands, which are suspended with a loop at one end to pin elements in the joint parts and are glued with their other end to the adjacent joint element.

The dummy according to the invention preferably has an elastic support at least in the torso region at all connection points of bone elements. Chip-shaped rib members are bolted to a sternum member, again preferably using non-metallic screws. At the The screw joint is covered with silicone discs on both sides so that the rib arches remain movable with each other and with respect to the sternum.

A preferred embodiment of the invention also provides a special shoulder construction of the dummy. Here, two elongated guide recesses are formed on a sternum element, which are straight or curved slots. Bone elements representing the clavicles are slidably guided at their inner attachment point in said recesses and are hinged at their other end to a shoulder joint. The guidance of the collarbone heads in the slot-shaped recesses allows the shoulders to rotate forward, which also leads to a realistic movement sequence, for example, when the dummy bounces on the ground after a collision with a vehicle.

In the dummy according to the invention, all bone elements and tissue elements are detachably connected to each other. Thus, the dummy is completely disassembled after trial and evaluation and can be quickly and inexpensively rebuilt by replacing damaged elements.

Large bone elements, in particular the pelvic bone element, are preferably formed from a plurality of individual parts which are rigidly but detachably connected to one another. So z. B. a very often damaged in the experiments with the dummy one-sided pelvic shovel.

A first set of ropes or straps are used to secure limbs that may have been torn off during an accident. It is a safety measure for the experimental setup or for any spectators located nearby and prevents a total loss for the demolished items. These safety devices are not intended to hinder the movement of the skeleton as far as it still corresponds to normal human movement patterns. Therefore, they pull very loose from the shoulder over the arm to the hand or from the pelvic bone element and / or the spinal unit on the leg to the foot. These bands are tightened only after a separation of parts of the dummy during the accident and thus effective.

The other group of ropes or straps simulates the tendons and ligaments present on the human body and accordingly restricts the mobility of individual skeletal parts to each other for natural movement possibilities. These straps are performed accordingly tight and z. B. held with clamps directly on the outside of the bone elements.

Hereinafter, an embodiment of a dummy will be explained with reference to the drawings. The figures show in detail:

Figure 1, 2 each show a dummy in rear view.

3 shows a dummy in side view;

Fig. 4 shows a skeleton of the dummy in rear view

5 shows the skeleton in side view;

6 shows a forearm bone element in a perspective view;

Figure 7 shows the mounting of a forearm in a schematic, side view.

Fig. 8 shows a shoulder group in front view;

9 shows the shoulder group in sectional view;

10A shows a thorax group in perspective view;

Fig. 10B parts of a spine group in a perspective view;

Fig. 1 1 shoulder and neck spine in side view; and

Fig. 12 is a pool group from the front.

FIG. 1 shows a view of a dumbbell 100 from behind. This is almost completely finished, ie an inner, supporting skeleton structure is mounted and made of soft silicone fabric elements are placed on it. It is still missing a coating that simulates human skin tissue. For this purpose, the dummy shown in Figure 1 is dressed with a neoprene suit, which is coated with a latex paint.

FIG. 1 serves to name the most important assemblies:

Feet 1 and hands 3 are each designed as a complete assembly, but are not further subdivided in itself, d. H. Hand and foot bones are not simulated, as this would be very complex due to the number of tiny bones elements, but is initially of no importance for traffic accident research.

The head 2 is formed by an inner filling made of silicone, a skull replica of the bone substitute substance and a head skin made of silicone. The foot 1 is connected to a lower leg 21, which is connected via a knee joint 22 with a thigh 23. Lower leg 20, knee joint 22 and thigh 23 are part of a leg group 20, which interacts functionally as in the human model and can be pre-assembled at the dummy 100 as an assembly.

The two leg groups 20 are connected to a pool group 30. This is connected to a fuselage group 40 via an internal spinal column group 50, of which only an outwardly projecting hook for the suspension of the dumbbell 100 is visible in pendulum tests.

In addition, a shoulder group 60 is connected to the spine group 50.

On both sides of the shoulder group 60 join arm groups 70, which are each pre-assembled and each containing an upper arm 73, an elbow joint 72 and a lower arm 71. This is the hand 3 is set.

Each of the abovementioned assemblies consists of an inner skeletal assembly with bone and cartilage imitations and ligaments and soft silicone tissue elements surrounding the bone elements and simulating human muscle and adipose tissue.

FIG. 2 shows the same dummy 100 in the same view as FIG. 1, wherein the individual fabric elements of a fabric element set 90 which surround the internal skeleton structure of the dummy 100 are designated herein. In the illustrated preferred embodiment of a fabric element set 90 for the dummy 100, only a single lower leg fabric element 91 is provided on the lower leg 21. This has a tubular inner cavity. At the same time, the bone elements according to the invention are formed at least with a non-undercut stem area, so that not only the production by casting the silicone compound in a mold and the subsequent demolding are made easier, but also a quick assembly is possible because of the stem area through the cavity inserted in the fabric element 91 and can be secured from the opposite side.

Among other things, because of the large length of the thigh 23 there are two fabric elements 93.1, 93.2 provided, the individual can be mounted. The upper thigh tissue element 93.2 closes with its upper end at 45 ° to a pelvic tissue element 94.1. Due to the oblique parting plane, the leg group 20 is rotatable in the hip joint. In the area of the pelvis, a second, left pelvic tissue element 94.2 is provided in addition to the right pelvic tissue element 94.1. The pelvic tissue elements 94.1, 94.2 are pushed laterally due to the complex internal structure of the pelvis and then connected together by a circumferentially strained band. For this purpose, the two fabric elements 94.1, 94.2 in the upper region have a constriction 94.3, in which a tension belt or an adhesive tape can be inserted without anything protruding beyond the outer contour of the dumbbell. Such a circumferential groove is also provided with several other fabric elements of the fabric element set 90. Should z. B. difficulties in mounting in the plug method, especially in the trunk area, so the very soft silicone existing individual parts of the fabric element set 90 can be cut with a knife on one side to the inner cavity. The cut-up fabric element is so easily deformable that it can be unfolded and wrapped around the inner skeleton structure. The cut line is then held together over said straps or adhesive strips until the dummy 100 is coated with the wetsuit and the latex layer.

Above the two pelvic tissue elements 94.1, 94.2, an outer trunk tissue element 95 connects. In addition, an invisible inner trunk tissue element is provided. For the division there are on the one hand manufacturing reasons, since a single compact hull fabric element too large masses and too large wall thicknesses would entail and hardening of the two-component silicone would therefore take too long. Second, the inner trunk tissue element simulates the organs within the thorax and the outer trunk tissue element 95 simulates the muscle and fat layers above the ribs.

Above, a shoulder tissue element 96 connects, which also has a neck extension 96.1, on which the head 2 is mounted. The shoulder fabric element 96 does not extend laterally across the width of the body panel 95, but still remains somewhat behind it. An upper upper arm tissue element 97.1 is provided on the upper arm 73, which likewise does not completely surround the area of the shoulder. The gap formed between the shoulder fabric member 96 and the upper upper arm fabric member 97.1 serves to provide very good mobility of the arms 70 and not to hinder them by the fabric members. As on the thigh, the tissue elements on the upper arm 73 are divided into two parts. In addition to the already mentioned upper upper arm tissue element 97.1, which partially covers the shoulder group 60, a lower upper arm tissue element 97.2 connects, which receives the upper arm bone element in itself. At the transition between the lower humeral tissue element 97.2 and a forearm tissue element 98 again gaps remain to obtain the mobility of the elbow joint 72.

FIG. 3 shows the fabric element set 90 or the dummy 100 in a lateral view from the right. Here, in particular, the clearances between a lower leg tissue element 91 and a lower thigh tissue element 93. 1 become clear, which release the knee joint 22. Recognizable here is also a band 322, which runs laterally over the knee joint 22 away. The upper thigh tissue element 93.2 joins gap-free. Also between the pelvic tissue element 94.1, the outer trunk tissue element 95 and the shoulder tissue element 96, no gaps are provided so that the result is a uniform upper body. The upper upper arm tissue element 97.1 and the lower upper arm tissue element 97.2 also complement each other without gaps. The side view of FIG. 3 again clearly shows the recesses in the lower upper arm tissue element 97. 2 and in the lower arm tissue element 98 in the region of the elbow joint 72.

FIG. 4 shows a skeleton 200 of the dummy 100, wherein feet 1 and hands 3 are also attached to complete, although these are in the case of the invention Dummy have no internal bone elements and can be formed independently of the preferred according to the invention choice of material for the other bone elements and tissue elements. For example, they may be formed entirely from a silicone material that has a somewhat greater hardness than the elements of the fabric element set 90.

A skeletal leg group 220 each includes a lower leg bone member 221, a knee joint 222, and a femoral member 223. The femoral member 223 faithfully includes only a pedicel portion in the human model, whereas the lower leg bone member 221 may have two pedicle portions to simulate calf and tibia.

Stem portions are cylindrical, tubular or other shaped cross-sectional portions on a dummy bone member having either a constant cross-section or a tapered cross-section from a thickened bone head to the other end and having no larger, outwardly projecting protrusions or undercuts could hinder the passage of such a stem portion through the tube channel in a tissue element.

A bipartition is also provided in a forearm bone member 271, which is shown enlarged in FIG. The forearm bone element 271 is connected to upper arm bone elements 273, 274 via an elbow joint 272 as shown in FIG. these elements form the skeletal arm group 270.

The skeletal arm group 270 in turn is connected to a complex skeletal shoulder group 260, which will be explained in more detail below. A shoulder central element 261, which is central to the skeletal shoulder group 260, connects to a spinal column assembly 250 and the thoracic cage assembly 240, which in turn is attached thereto. The spine column group 250 is also connected to a pool group 230.

As a comparison of a human skeleton with the image of the dummy skeleton 200 in Figure 4 shows, almost all skeletal components of the skeleton 200 are closely modeled on the human model. However, there are limitations. For example, ball joints of the human skeleton are not technical Ball-and-socket joint comparable because in humans the ball head and the socket represent only one bearing point on which they rest on one another, but in which the ball head is not held positively in the socket. This requires additional ligaments and tendons. The shape of the bones, joint area, ligaments and vision naturally restrict man's mobility to certain movement possibilities. Therefore, the skeleton 200 of the dumbbell 100 according to the invention also comprises a plurality of traction ropes or bands, which at the same time bring about the cohesion of the articulated skeletal components, but also allow mobility in the joints, which is similar to that in humans pronounced. The bands of the dummy 100 may also be elastic.

In the thorax unit 240, a simplification has been made in comparison to the natural model that only four rib members 241 are provided in the skeleton 200 of the dummy 100, and these also have the same geometry for reasons of simplicity and cost. However, the vertical positioning of the four exemplarily provided rib members 241 is chosen such that the lower ribs on the rib cage which are most at risk in the event of an accident and which are scarcely shielded from the shoulder girdle, are also present on the dummy 100. The individual rib elements 241 of the thorax group 240 are dimensioned such that their stress and fracture behavior when using the material composition according to the invention of epoxy resin with finely dispersed aluminum powder, that of human bone is approximated. An exact match between the model and the real role model is neither easy to implement nor necessary for the purposes of the Dummys 100. In addition, it should be noted that the strength of human bones is very individual and, above all, decreases due to aging.

To simulate the ribs, the skeleton 200 has rib members 241 on both sides as half-arches connected at one end to the spinal column assembly 250 and at the other end to a sternum plate 242. The connection of the rib elements 241 takes place by screwing, with elastomeric elements interposed therebetween, so that no completely rigid, but rather a skeletal structure which can be moved in many ways arises. Another departure from the human skeleton is the formation of the skeletal shoulder group 260. In humans, the bony structure of the shoulder girdle and shoulder consists of the heads of the humerus, shoulder blades, and clavicles, which articulate the scapula and sternum. The shoulder blade carries the pan of the shoulder joint. Since the shoulder area in the mobility is highly dependent on the surrounding muscles and the connection of the shoulder blades to the trunk takes place almost exclusively on muscle trains, a constructive imitation is very expensive.

To simplify the skeletal construction, dummy 100 replaces the shoulder blade and instead inserts a shoulder intermediate joint between the upper arm joint and the shoulder center, which realizes important movements of the dummy shoulder girdle, supports the acetabulum for the humerus, and ties the collarbone. The dummy according to the invention therefore has a special skeleton shoulder group 260, which will be explained in more detail below with reference to Figures 8 and 9.

FIG. 5 shows the skeleton 200 in a lateral view. In particular, the complex course of the various ligaments, which are guided over the joints in such a way that a lifelike mobility of the limbs is achieved and, on the other hand, unnatural movement patterns are avoided, becomes visible.

In the region of the leg 20, a band 323 (see also FIG. 4) extends from the upper region of the femur element 223 via a connecting sleeve on a femoral neck bone element 224, then runs laterally on the surface of the femur element 223 via the knee joint 222 and the lower leg bone element 221 a lower attachment point in the area of an ankle. Similarly, another band 324 is initially laterally inward on the femur member 2223 along and from the knee joint 22 across the back of the lower leg bone member 221 to the ankle.

In the skeletal arm group 270, a front band 371 and a back band 372 are provided, each extending between the shoulder and wrist along the respective front and back sides of the skeletal arm group 270, respectively. Additionally, securing steel ropes may be provided, or securing straps not needed in connection with simulating human skeletal motility, but securing the individual limbs of the dumbbell 100 and avoiding their complete separation from the trunk during an attempt.

The shoulder central element 261 not only connects the shoulders to the spinal column group 250, but by an appropriate design of its upper side also predetermines an inclination of a cervical spine section 253 which adjoins above.

Since the dummy 100 has no pretension as a passive test element, which would be comparable to a muscle tone, and since a great many connections of bone elements on the skeleton 200 are deliberately elastic and / or articulated in order not to restrict movements, the dummy 100 can not stand on its own , For the implementation of pedestrian accident tests, he is therefore hung on a rope 4. A hook or loop element 259 serves to attach the rope 4 to the dummy 100.

FIG. 6 shows the forearm bone element 271, which is described here by way of example for the bone elements of the extremities provided in the dummy 100 according to the invention. Like all other bone elements of the dumbbell 100, the forearm bone member 271 is designed to approximate the human model on the one hand, but is also a technical design element optimized from the model, which by no means is merely a casting of a natural one Bone with artificial materials should represent. Rather, the design element in the overall context of the skeleton 200 should allow for strengths, mass points and mobilities similar to the human model.

Two cylindrical stem portions 271.1, 271.2 simulate fibula and tibial bone and are connected to each other via a spreading head portion 271.6. Both handle sections 271.1, 271.2 contain bores 271.3, 271.4, which are provided on inserted dowels, threaded sleeves or otherwise for receiving screws, so that a screw with a wrist element is possible. A joint receptacle 271.5 is provided for receiving a cylindrical axis at the elbow joint 272. Figure 7 shows, representative of the assembly of the other extremities, the possible insertion of a forearm 71 according to the invention. The forearm bone element 271 is inserted with its stem sections 271.1, 271.2 into an inner channel 98.1 of the forearm tissue element 98. From the other side, a wrist element 74 is inserted into the channel 98.1, leaving enough space to pass through the bands 371, 372 (see FIG. 5) not shown here. By screwing the wrist element 276 with the stem sections 271.1, 271.2, the forearm bone element 271 is completed and fixed within the forearm tissue element 98. Through the illustrated plug-in assembly, the respective bone elements can be easily and quickly connected to the associated tissue elements. Dismantling is also easily possible to make an accurate analysis of the damage to the bone elements after performing an experiment and can easily replace damaged parts in the subsequent rebuilding of the dummies.

FIG. 8 shows the shoulder group 260 with parts of the upper arm 73 in a perspective view from the outside in front. Essential here is the shoulder central element 261, which carries both the left and the right shoulder, as well as part of the spinal column group. At the top, the connection with a cervical spine portion 253 (see FIG. 5) is provided; downwards, the main section of the Wrbel column group 250 connects.

At the shoulders, a ball joint receptacle 262.4 is formed on the outside. The upper arm is formed from a humerus element 273.1, of which only the stem region 273.1 is visible here, and a humerus head element 274. The connection is made by inserting the end of the stem region 273.1 into a receiving tube section 274.1. The end of the receiving tube portion 274.1 is slotted. Projections 273.3 on the outer circumference of the stem end 273.1 are inserted into the slots, so that the upper arm is secured against rotation to the upper arm joint head element 274. Via a hose clamp 275, the sections of the receiving tube section 274.1. pressed against the stem end 273.1. In addition, it is positively prevented that the humerus 273.1 can be pulled down, since the projections 273.3 can not be pulled out of the slot recesses as long as the clamp 275 is applied. Particularly important in the design of the shoulder group 260 is in particular the subdivision of each shoulder into at least two mutually movable shoulder half elements 262.1, 262.2 and the coupling with the shoulder central element 261 via a respective collarbone element 264, which is movably connected to the other parts. This allows the outer part of the shoulder, as in humans, can be rotated by a small angle forward. In the dummy 100 according to the invention, the shoulder rotation is achieved by the two mutually separate shoulder half elements 262.1, 262.2, between which a lenticular, elastic shoulder intermediate joint 263 is arranged. The spherical segment-convexly curved surfaces of the shoulder intermediate joint 263 bear on corresponding spherical-segment-shaped, concave surfaces on the inner sides of the shoulder half-elements 262.1, 262.2, so that mobility in different directions is provided. From an outer attachment point on the second shoulder half element 262.2, the collarbone element 264 extends to a collarbone connection plate 265, which is connected via a horizontal pivot bearing 265.2 to the shoulder central element 261. The collarbone element 264 is screwed at its two attachment points 264.1, 264.2 respectively via an inserted therebetween elastomeric sleeve, so that there is already a basic mobility in each connection point. In particular, the collarbone 264 with its attachment point 264.2 is only loosely fastened in the oblong hole 265.1 of the collarbone connection plate 265, so that the attachment point 264.2 is displaceable therein. If a force is now exerted on the shoulder joint from behind, as indicated by the block arrow on the top right, the outer shoulder half element 262.2 can easily be rotated relative to the inner shoulder half element 26.1. In this case, the attachment point 264.2 of the collarbone 164 moves in the slot 265.1 inward.

In FIG. 9, the skeletal shoulder group 260 is shown from the same viewing direction as in FIG. 8 in a sectional view. The cohesion of the shoulder half elements 262.1, 262.2, interposed between the elastic shoulder intermediate joints 263 and the Oberarmgelenkkopfelements 274 carried by a steel cable 266 with end-mounted clamping elements. The steel cable 266 extends through an internal channel in the interior of the shoulder half-element 262.1, then through a channel in the shoulder intermediate joint 263, through a further bore in the outer shoulder half-element 262.2 and through a bore in the humerus head element 274. The channel in the shoulder intermediate joint 263 is on both sides funnel-shaped extended so that the mobility of the shoulder is not limited by the inner steel cable 266.

FIG. 10A shows a portion of the spinal column assembly 250 having a plurality of vertebral bodies 251 and associated rib members 241, through which a thorax group 240 is formed. The rib members 241 are, as the clavicle elements 264 (see Figure 8) also provided at their ends with a rubber bushing which receives and guides a screw, so that no rigid, but a movable connection is achieved. The vertebral bodies 251 have projections with a threaded bore for connection to the rear ends of the rib members 241. The other ends of the rib members 241 are connected to a sternum plate member 242. This in turn is connected with its overhead axis via the collarbloc connection plate 265 with the shoulder central element 261 (see Figure 8).

FIG. 10B shows an exploded view of two vertebral body elements 251 with an intervertebral disk element 252 made of a silicone material arranged therebetween. The Wrbelkörperelemente 251, however, consist of the bone substitute according to the invention. The Wrbelkörperelemente have a total of four outwardly facing extensions, with the front aligned flanges 251.4 have vertical through holes, for example, for attachment of sensor units, and the rearwardly disposed flanges 251.5 frontally each have a threaded bore, to which the rib members 241 are screwed. All flanges 251.4, 251.5 have protruding hooks 251.3 on both sides, so that a total of four belt guides arise between adjacent flanges, which run along the vertebral bodies 251 and the elastomeric intervertebral disk elements 252 positioned therebetween.

FIG. 11 shows the area of the shoulder group 260 and the neck spine 253 from the side. The cervical spine 253 is formed by three vertebral body elements 251 with intervertebral disk elements 252 interposed therebetween. The vertebral body members are formed the same as in the main portion of the spine column group. The disc elements 252 are also geometrically equal, but are formed of a somewhat softer silicone material. On each side a band 254 is guided over the cervical spine 253, which extends between an attachment point on the shoulder central element 261 to a head connection element 255 extends. The head connection element 255 forms the upper end of the neck spine 253 and at the same time an abutment for the guided through the entire spine group steel cable which exits there with a threaded sleeve 256 and is biased by threaded nuts 257. Mounting holes 258 serve to attach the head 2.

FIG. 12 shows the skeletal pool group 230 as part of the pool group 30 (see FIG. 1). The replica of the pelvic bone includes a central plate 231 that provides various attachment options for the spine unit 250 and ligaments of the two leg assemblies 20. Each side of a pelvic blade element 232 is screwed to the central plate 231. The expansions of the pelvic blade elements 232 are similar to those of the human pelvic bone, as the pelvic bone is an exposed site in many accidents, especially in a side impact on a pedestrian which is particularly well reproducible using a dumbbell 100 of the present invention.

The femur elements 223 also consist of the bone substitute substance according to the invention and have a similar construction to the humeral bone elements explained in connection with FIG. The actual thigh bone element is visible here only with a part of the upwardly directed stem portion 223.1. A femoral neck bone member 224 has a receiving socket into which the stem portion 223.1 is inserted and fixed therein by at least one transversely inserted screw.

Above the receiving socket 224.1, the actual femoral neck bone element 224 connects, which has a ball head 224.3 towards its angled end and engages in a corresponding ball joint socket on the pelvic blade elements 232. A band 330 having two annular ends and extending between the two ball joint cups secures the two ball heads 224.3.

At the top of the central plate 231, a plurality of fasteners for the total of four bands 253 are attached, which surround the vertebral body elements 251 on all sides. The guidance of the front band 253 between the hook-shaped projections 251.3 of the lowermost vertebral body 251 is clearly recognizable. The vertebral column group 250 is placed on the central plate 231 via a lower disc element 252. Below the central plate 231, an eyebolt 234 and two threaded nuts 235 are visible. These are screwed onto a threaded bolt which forms the end of a steel cable which extends from the pool group 230 through the spine group 250 to the head 3.

About the threaded bolt and the nuts 35, the steel cable can be biased. This leads to a bias of the elastomeric disc elements 252 and accordingly to a lighter or stronger flexibility of the spine, whereby different muscle stresses can be simulated. Thus, while the inboard steel cord prevents vertebral body members 251 from lifting off the disc members 252 and allowing the spinal column assembly 250 to be biased, the outboard four ligaments 253 serve to limit the possible pathways of the spine to the side and forward and backward.

The eyebolt 234 is used to connect other straps that extend along the leg assembly 20 to the ankle and also limit the mobility of the various elements in the leg group on the natural movement possibilities.

Finally, a preferred assembly method for the dummy 100 is described:

Wrbel body 251 and intervertebral disk elements 252 are alternately beaded onto a steel cable to form the main section of the group of vertebrae. After reaching the desired length of the lower main portion of the spine column, the shoulder central element 261 is inserted, and further vertebral bodies 251 and spinal disc elements 252 are inserted therearound to form the cervical spine portion. The upper end forms a head connection element. The provided with a threaded sleeve lower end of the steel cable is fixed to the central plate 231 of the pool group 230. The straps 263 for fixing the spine are attached to the central plate 231 and threaded into the webbing receivers on the outer circumference of the Wrbel body elements 251. The upper end 256 of the steel cable, which is also provided with a threaded sleeve, is fixed to the head connection element 255. The femoral neck bone element 224 are inserted with their ball heads 224.3 in the sockets 233 of the pool group 230. The ligaments 321, 322 for the leg group are fixed in the pool group 230

The two pelvic tissue elements 94.1, 94.2 are attached to the side of the skeleton pool group 230 and held together by a revolving Velcro.

The inner trunk tissue element is inserted, thereby enclosing parts of the spinal column group. Subsequently, the rib members 241 are wrapped around the inner trunk tissue member and screwed to the vertebral bodies 251 and the sternum plate member 252. Between the shoulder central element 261 and the sternum plate element 252, the collarbone connection plate 265 is inserted. The thorax group 240 is thus fully assembled. Subsequently, the outer trunk tissue member 95 is slipped over the thorax group 240.

The skeletal shoulder group 260 is completed. The arm assemblies 70 are attached, with at least the humerus head members 274 inserted into the ball joint receptacle 262.4. The arm groups 70 can already be completely pre-assembled. The bands provided for the arm groups 70 are guided over the outside of the shoulders and fastened to the shoulder central element 261

One half of the shoulder tissue element is attached from behind to the skeleton shoulder group 260, the other from the front.

The head 2 is placed on the head connection element at the top of the spinal column group.

The leg groups 20 are assembled. Initially, only the leg skeleton group 220 is prepared. The ligaments attached to the pelvic group 230 are inserted through the lower femoral tissue element 93.1. The femur member 223 is inserted through the hollow channel in the femoral tissue member 93. 1 in which the ligaments are already located, and is connected to the femoral neck bone member 224. The upper thigh tissue element 93.2 is opened at a lateral cut and pushed from the side. The ligaments are attached to the lower leg bone member 221 and the lower leg tissue member 91 is slipped onto the lower leg bone member 221 from below.

The foot 1 is mounted on the lower leg bone element 221.

The surface of the fabric elements is coated with a friction reducing agent such as vaseline or wrapped with plastic film.

Finally, a wetsuit is mounted on the dummy and this is provided with a bright latex paint, which simulates the upper skin layer and can be visible through its bright color resulting from the tests grinding marks.

Claims

claims:

A dummy (100) for accident research and forensics comprising an artificial skeleton (200) formed from a plurality of interconnected bone elements, several of which are surrounded by at least one tissue element (91, .. 98) and / or with a tissue element (91, .. 98), wherein at least one bone element is formed from a bone substitute substance which comprises an epoxy resin,

characterized in that the epoxy resin is mixed with at least 20% metal powder and that at least one fabric element (91, .. 98) of a fabric element set (90) for the dummy is formed from a two-component silicone crosslinking at room temperature,

2. Dummy (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that the bone substitute substance contains epoxy resin and metal powder in the volume ratio 2: 1.

3. Dummy (100) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that at least one fabric element (91, .. 98) is formed from a two-component silicone, which after vulcanization for at least 24 hours and at a test temperature of 23 ° C a hardness of 55 ± 5 Shore-00 owns.

4. Dummy (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that at least one fabric element (91, .. 98) is formed from a two-component silicone, which after vulcanization for at least 24 hours and at a test temperature of 23 ° C. has a hardness of 2 to 10 Shore-A.

5. Dummy (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least the lower and upper arm bone elements (221, 223) and the lower leg and femur elements (271, 273) of a skeleton (200) of the dummy (100) from the Consist of bone substitute substance.

6. dummy (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the bone elements (271, 273, 221, 223) of the lower and / or the upper extremities each have at least one stem portion (223.1, 271.1, 271.2), the only at one end a molded, thickened Has hinge piece and with its other end in a receiving socket (224.1, 274.1) on a further bone element (224, 274) is detachably inserted and / or connected via its frontal end with a further bone element (276).

Dummy (100) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the skeleton (200) comprises at least:

a spinal column assembly (250) formed of a plurality of vertebral body members (251) and elastomeric disc members (252) interposed therebetween having a lower major portion, a shoulder central portion (261), and an upper cervical spine portion (253) a skeletal shoulder group (260) defining the shoulder central portion (261 ) and on both sides in each case subsequent shoulder elements comprises, at whose outer ends in each case a ball joint receptacle (262.4) is formed, in which Oberarmgelenkkopfelemente 274 of a skeletal arm group (270) are articulated;

a pelvic group (230) with double-sided sockets (233) in which a femoral neck bone element (224) of a skeletal leg group (220) is articulated.

The dummy (100) of claim 7, characterized in that the thorax group (240) comprises a plurality of rib arcs (241) extending between the vertebral body members (251) and a sternum member (242).

Dummy (100) according to claim 7 or 8, characterized

that the shoulder group (260) comprises on each side two shoulder half-elements (262.1, 262.2), between which an elastic shoulder intermediate joint (263) is arranged;

in that a collarbone element (264) extends from an attachment point (264.1) on the outer shoulder half element (262.2) to an attachment point (264.2) on a collarbone connection plate (265), the attachment point (264.2) being in a slot (265.1) or an arcuate one Guide track in the collarbone connection plate (265) is slidably mounted.

10. dummy (100) according to any one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that at least one pull rope through the vertebral body elements (251), the interposed inserted elastomeric disc elements (252) and through the shoulder central element (261) or along it and that the pull rope fixed at bearing points on the neck and the pelvic floor (230) and can be prestressed between the bearing points.