WO2019042475A1

WO2019042475A1 - Data transmission method and device

Info

Publication number: WO2019042475A1
Application number: PCT/CN2018/103997
Authority: WO
Inventors: 耿丹; 张伟良; 袁立权; 马壮
Original assignee: 中兴通讯股份有限公司
Priority date: 2017-09-04
Filing date: 2018-09-04
Publication date: 2019-03-07
Also published as: CN109428837B; CN109428837A

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a data transmission method and device. The method comprises: a sending terminal adding a second frame header among data transmitted on a plurality of channels; and transmitting, on the plurality of channels, data carrying the second frame header to a receiving terminal. The receiving terminal may recombine, according the second frame header, data segments following the second frame header.

Description

Data transmission method and device

Technical field

The present disclosure relates to, but is not limited to, the field of communications.

Background technique

In the related art, with the development of the network technology, a large amount of voice, data, video, and the like can be transmitted by using the network, so the bandwidth requirement is continuously improved, and a Passive Optical Network (PON) is here. A technique that arises from a demand.

In the related art, when data segmentation transmission is performed, the error that the segmentation frame header information cannot be recovered may cause a large amount of data loss, and there is no effective solution at present.

Summary of the invention

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a data transmission method, applied to a transmitting end, the method comprising: adding, by a transmitting end, a second frame header in the middle of data transmitted on a plurality of channels; and in the plurality of channels Transmitting data carrying the second frame header to the receiving end.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a data transmission method is further provided, which is applied to a receiving end, the method comprising: receiving, by a receiving end, data on multiple channels, wherein data in each channel carries a second a frame header; and reorganizing the data according to the second frame header.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is further provided a data transmission apparatus, applied to a transmitting end, the apparatus comprising: an adding module configured to add a second frame header in the middle of data transmitted on the plurality of channels; And a transmission module configured to transmit data carrying the second frame header to the receiving end on the plurality of channels.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is further provided a data transmission apparatus applied to a receiving end, the apparatus comprising: a receiving module configured to receive data on a plurality of channels, wherein data in each channel is intermediate Carrying a second frame header; and a reassembly module configured to reassemble the data according to the second frame header.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is also provided a data transmission system, comprising: a transmitting end configured to add a second frame header in the middle of data transmitted on the plurality of channels, and transmit on the plurality of channels Carrying data of the second frame header to the receiving end; and receiving end configured to receive data on the plurality of channels and to reassemble the data according to the second frame header.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is also provided a storage medium having stored thereon a computer program that executes a data transmission method according to the present disclosure when the processor runs the computer program.

DRAWINGS

The drawings described herein are intended to provide a further understanding of the disclosure, and are intended to be a In the drawing:

1 is a topological structural diagram of a PON system in the related art;

2 is a topological structural diagram of a wavelength division time division PON system in the related art;

3 is a flowchart of a data transmission method applied to a transmitting end according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

4 is a schematic diagram of an Ethernet frame structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

5 is a schematic diagram of arranging Ethernet frames into queues to form data according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

6 is a schematic diagram of a plurality of channels after inserting a first frame header in front of a data segment set, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

7 through 10 are schematic diagrams of inserting a second frame header in a plurality of channels, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Detailed ways

It should be noted that the technical solutions of the present disclosure may be applied to an optical network, including a transmitting end device and a receiving end device, and an optical line terminal (OLT) and an optical network unit (ONU). Transmitting devices and receiving devices.

1 is a topological view of a PON system in the related art.

As shown in Figure 1, the PON system usually consists of the OLT on the office side, the ONU on the user side, and the Optical Distribution Network (ODN). The point-to-multipoint network structure is usually adopted. The ODN consists of passive optical components such as single-mode fiber and optical splitters, optical connectors, and provides optical transmission media for the physical connection between the OLT and the ONU. In order to increase the line rate while saving fiber resources, data is simultaneously transmitted on multiple wavelengths in one fiber. The data of different ONUs on the same wavelength adopts time division multiplexing mode, and uplink uses time division multiplexing access mode. It is a Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) time division PON system.

2 is a topological structural diagram of a wavelength division time division PON system in the related art.

As shown in Figure 2, each OLT manages multiple groups of ONUs, and one OLT port manages a group of ONUs. On the same uplink wavelength and the same downlink wavelength, the upstream wavelengths of the uplink data sent by the ONUs are the same, and the downlink wavelengths of the downlink data are the same. The upstream wavelengths of the uplink data sent by the ONU group are different at different uplink and downlink wavelengths. And the downlink wavelength for receiving downlink data is also different.

In order to support the ONU to transmit data exceeding the single channel rate, the ONU can simultaneously transmit and receive data on multiple sets of wavelength channels, which requires the sender to segment the transmitted data and divide each piece of data into different channels, and Data is simultaneously transmitted on multiple channels, thereby enabling data transmission over a single channel rate. After the data is segmented, the receiving end needs to reorganize the data of the received segment. In order to prevent the data from being received by the receiving end, the transmitting end may add the header information to the beginning of a group of data transmitted on each channel. The header information can be used to delimit the data frame, identify the length of the data frame, and the location of the first segment of the data frame in the complete data frame. If the header information fails during transmission and the error cannot be corrected by the error correction code calculation, all data in the channel after the header and before the next frame header needs to be discarded. In addition, since the transmitting end segments the transmitted data and divides each piece of data into different channels, discarding data on one channel causes the data on other channels to fail to correctly recover the order of the segmented data, resulting in a large number of data lost.

The present disclosure provides the following solutions for the problem of large data loss due to the inability of the segment header information to be recovered due to the occurrence of fragmented header information during data segmentation.

In the embodiment of the present disclosure, a data transmission method running on the above network architecture is provided, and the method can be applied to a source device.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a data transmission method applied to a transmitting end according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 3, the data transmission method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include steps S302 and S304.

In step S302, the transmitting end adds a second frame header in the middle of data transmitted on the plurality of channels. The receiving end can reorganize the data according to the second frame header.

In step S304, data carrying the second frame header is transmitted to the receiving end on a plurality of channels.

The second frame header is used to indicate the location information of the data segment of the frame header in all the data segments, that is, the receiving end can recover the data segment after the second frame header according to the second frame header. With the above technical solution, when the first frame header before the data of each channel parses an error, the receiving end can reassemble the data by using the second frame header after the first frame header. Therefore, the receiving end can only recover the first frame header to the first frame. The data between the two frame headers avoids a large amount of data loss and improves the effectiveness of data transmission.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, before or after step S302, the first frame header may be added before the data on each channel. The receiving end can reorganize the data according to the first frame header.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, step S302 may include adding a second frame header on all channels before transmitting the Ethernet frame in the data.

An Ethernet frame header of data transmitted on one of the plurality of channels may be replaced with a second frame header, and a second frame header is added to the other of the plurality of channels. The Ethernet frame header can include a preamble and a frame header delimiter, see Figure 4.

4 is a schematic diagram of an Ethernet frame structure in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 4, the Ethernet frame includes a preamble, a frame delimiter, and the like. In general, the preamble and the frame first delimiter occupy a total of 8 octets (OCTET), the preamble occupies 7 octets, and the frame first delimiter occupies 1 octet. The Ethernet frame may also include a destination address, a source address, a frame length/type, a medium access control (MAC) client data, and a frame check sequence. Generally, the destination address occupies 6 octets, the source address occupies 6 octets, and the frame length/type occupies 2 octets.

The second frame header may include at least one of the following information: a frame first delimiter; position information of the first data segment in the second data frame after all the data segments; the second frame header and the second frame header The length value of the data transmitted to the receiving end; and the identity information value of the receiving end.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is also provided a data transmission method applied to a receiving end, comprising the steps of: receiving, by a receiving end, data on a plurality of channels, wherein data on each channel carries a second frame header ; and reorganize the data according to the second frame header.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, in a case where the first frame header exists before the data of each channel, the receiving end preferentially reorganizes the data according to the first frame header.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, in a case where the receiving end correctly parses the first frame header on each channel, the receiving end further performs one of the following steps: deleting the second frame header after the first frame header on all channels; Substituting a second frame header after the first frame header on one of the plurality of channels with a corresponding Ethernet frame header, and deleting the first frame header on the other of the plurality of channels Two frame headers; and replacing a plurality of consecutive second frame headers after the first frame header with an Ethernet frame header.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, in a case where a receiving end misinterprets a first frame header before data of at least one of the plurality of channels, a second frame header and the plurality of channels according to the at least one channel The first frame header or the second frame header of the other channels in the recombination data, and perform one of the following operations: deleting the second frame header after the first frame header on all channels; one of the plurality of channels Substituting the second frame header after the first frame header with the corresponding Ethernet frame header, and deleting the second frame header after the first frame header on the other of the plurality of channels; and the first frame A plurality of consecutive second frame headers after the header are replaced with Ethernet frame headers.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, step S302 may include: the transmitting end determines M channels (M is a positive integer) for transmitting data to the receiving end; and allocates a plurality of data segments of the data on the M channels, wherein the data is determined by one or Multiple Ethernet frames are formed, and each Ethernet frame is divided into multiple data segments; a preamble and/or a frame delimiter of the Ethernet frame on the M channels are detected, and the preamble and/or are detected Or the frame first delimiter, the preamble and/or the frame first delimiter are replaced with the second frame header; the (M-1) data segments following the data segment position of the second frame header are on the corresponding channel A data segment is postponed backward, and a second frame header is inserted before the (M-1) data segments; and the processed data is transmitted on the M channels.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the first frame header may be inserted before all the data segments to be transmitted on each channel, wherein the first frame header may include at least one of the following information: a frame header delimiter; The position information of the first data segment in all data segments; the length value of the data transmitted to the receiving end after the first frame header; and the identity information value of the receiving end.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a manner of allocating a plurality of data segments on the M channels may be: allocating the [[K-1]×M+N] data for the Nth channel (1≤N≤M) Segment, where K is a natural number, that is, the data segment is numbered at the position of the Nth channel.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, data consists of one or more Ethernet frames, and a plurality of Ethernet frames may be queued, wherein the plurality of Ethernet frames have the same logical link identification.

The transmitting end can be an OLT, the receiving end can be an ONU (or the transmitting end can be an ONU, and the receiving end can be an OLT), and the M channels can be channels supported by the ONU.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the receiving end may receive a plurality of data segments carrying the second frame header transmitted by the transmitting end on the M channels, and recombine the plurality of data segments according to the second frame header.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the data received by the receiving end on each channel may include a first frame header, in which case the receiving end may reassemble the data according to the first frame header.

After reassembling the data, the receiving end may replace the consecutively arranged second frame header with the preamble and/or the frame first delimiter of the corresponding Ethernet frame.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, when it is determined that there is an unrecoverable error in the first frame header in the data transmitted on a certain channel, the receiving end discards the first frame header to the first second frame header of the channel. Inter-data, and according to the plurality of data segments after the first second frame header is reorganized.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, when it is determined that there is an unrecoverable error in the second frame header, the receiving end reassembles all the data segments according to the first frame header.

Different first frame headers (also referred to as frame headers 1) or second frame headers (also referred to as frame headers 2) in the transmission data in the plurality of channels carry different information, which respectively correspond to respective locations, ie, The frame header 1 carried by the transmission data in different channels is different, and all the frame headers 2 are also the same.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the OLT may include multiple ports, each port corresponding to one wavelength channel, each channel uses one downlink wavelength and one uplink wavelength, and one OLT port on each channel manages a group of ONUs, the group The ONU uses the time division multiplexing access mode to transmit uplink data, and different groups of ONUs on different wavelength channels use WDM to transmit data. An ONU can support multiple wavelength channels to simultaneously transmit and receive data. The present disclosure solves the problem of data loss on the current channel and other channels caused by an error that the header information before the segment data group transmitted on each channel cannot be recovered in the above architecture.

5 is a schematic diagram of arranging Ethernet frames into queues to compose data in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 5, the transmitting end arranges the Ethernet frames with the same logical link identifier sent to the receiving end into a queue.

The transmitting end replaces the preamble and/or the frame first delimiter in each Ethernet frame with M frame headers 2 (ie, the second frame header), where M is the number of channels supported by the ONU. The frame header 2 may include: a frame first delimiter; position information of the first data segment in the data segment after the frame header 2; a length value of the data sent to the receiving end after the frame header 2 and after the frame header 2; And the identity information value of the receiving end (for example, a logical link identifier value or ONU identification information). Frame header 2 is the header information generated by replacing the preamble and/or the frame first delimiter.

The Ethernet frame containing the frame header 2 is divided into a plurality of data segments, for example, 8 bytes is used as a data segment, and the first data segment is placed on the first channel supported by the ONU, and the second data is The segment is placed on the second channel supported by the ONU, the third data segment is placed on the third channel supported by the ONU, and the fourth data segment is placed on the fourth channel supported by the ONU, ..., The nth data segment is placed on the first channel supported by the ONU, and the n+1th data segment is placed on the second channel supported by the ONU, and the n+2 data segment is placed in the third supported by the ONU. On the channel, the n+3th data segment is placed on the fourth channel supported by the ONU. Each channel is assigned a set of data segments, each of which is a type 2 header or a portion of the Ethernet frame.

6 is a schematic diagram of multiple channels after a first frame header is inserted in front of a data segment set, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 6, the transmitting end inserts the data segment set on each channel in front of the frame header 1 (ie, the first frame header). The frame header 1 may include: a frame first delimiter; position information of the first data segment in the data segment after the frame header 1; a length value of the data sent to the receiving end after the frame header 1; and an identity information value of the receiving end ( For example, logical link identification value or ONU identification information). Frame header 1 is the header information inserted in front of the data segment set.

As shown in FIG. 7, it is assumed that the data segment 9 of FIG. 6 is an Ethernet frame header, which is replaced with a second frame header, and the second frame header is inserted before the data segments 10, 11, 12, respectively, and the data segments 10, 11 , 12 and the data segments after them are postponed.

As shown in FIG. 8, it is assumed that the data segment 10 in FIG. 6 is an Ethernet frame header, which is replaced with a second frame header, and a second frame header, a data segment 11, is inserted before the data segments 11, 12, and 13, respectively. 12, 13 and the data segments after them are postponed.

As shown in FIG. 9, it is assumed that the data segment 11 in FIG. 6 is an Ethernet frame header, which is replaced with a second frame header, and a second frame header, a data segment 12, is inserted before the data segments 12, 13, and 14, respectively. 13, 14 and the data segments after them are postponed.

As shown in FIG. 10, it is assumed that the data segment 12 in FIG. 6 is an Ethernet frame header, which is replaced with a second frame header, and a second frame header, a data segment 13, is inserted before the data segments 13, 14, 15 respectively. 14, 15 and the data segments after them are postponed.

After receiving the data sent by the transmitting end on multiple channels, the receiving end reassembles all the data segments according to the sequence number information in the frame header 1 and sequentially aligns the frame headers 2 (for example, if the ONU supports 4 channels, There will be 4 consecutive headers 2) replaced by a preamble and/or a frame delimiter.

If an unrecoverable error occurs in a frame header 1 of the received data, the receiving end discards the data between the frame header 1 and the first frame header 2 on the channel, and parses the first frame on the channel. The information of the first 2 obtains the byte length information of all the data groups after the header 2 of the frame, thereby obtaining all the data groups after the header 2 of the frame.

If an unrecoverable error occurs in a frame header 2 of the received data, the receiving end may obtain the byte length information of all the data groups after the frame header 1 according to the frame header 1 to obtain all the data groups after the frame header 1 .

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a delimited frame header (ie, a second frame header) is inserted in the middle of the segmented data, and may be segmented when an error occurs in the first frame header preceding the segment data group on one channel. The second frame header inserted in the middle of the data group recovers the following data to reduce the amount of discarded data, improving system reliability and transmission efficiency.

Through the description of the above embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that the method according to the above embodiments can be implemented by means of software plus a necessary general hardware platform, and of course, by hardware. Based on such understanding, the technical solution of the present disclosure may be embodied in the form of a computer software product, which may be stored in a storage medium (such as a ROM/RAM, a magnetic disk, an optical disk), and includes a plurality of instructions for making a A terminal device (which may be a cell phone, a computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) performs the methods of various embodiments of the present disclosure.

The embodiment of the present disclosure further provides a data transmission apparatus, which is used to implement the foregoing embodiments of the data transmission methods, and has not been described again. The term "module" as used hereinafter may implement a combination of software and/or hardware of a predetermined function. Although the devices described in the following embodiments are preferably implemented in software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware, is also possible and contemplated.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is further provided a data transmission apparatus applied to a transmitting end, comprising: an adding module configured to add a second frame header in the middle of data transmitted on the plurality of channels; and a transmission module And configured to transmit data carrying the second frame header to the receiving end on the plurality of channels.

It should be appreciated that the method steps performed by the transmitting end in the various embodiments described above can all be performed by the data transmitting apparatus described above for the transmitting end.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is further provided a data transmission apparatus applied to a receiving end, comprising: a receiving module configured to receive data on a plurality of channels, wherein the data on each channel carries a second a frame header; and a reassembly module configured to recombine the data according to the second frame header.

It should be appreciated that the method steps performed by the receiving end in the various embodiments described above can all be performed by the data transmission apparatus described above for the receiving end.

It should be noted that each of the above modules may be implemented by software or hardware, and the above modules are located in the same processor, or the above modules are respectively located in different processors in any combination.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is also provided a storage medium having stored thereon a computer program that executes a data transmission method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure when the processor runs the computer program.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various modules or steps of the present disclosure described above can be implemented with a general-purpose computing device that can be centralized on a single computing device or distributed across a network of multiple computing devices. Furthermore, the various modules or steps may be implemented by program code executable by the computing device, such that they may be stored in the storage device for execution by the computing device and, in some cases, may be different from the order herein. The steps shown or described are performed, or they are separately fabricated into individual integrated circuit modules, or a plurality of modules or steps thereof are fabricated as a single integrated circuit module. As such, the disclosure is not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software.

The above description is only for the embodiments of the present disclosure, and is not intended to limit the disclosure, and various changes and modifications may be made to the present disclosure. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

A data transmission method is applied to a transmitting end, and the method includes:

The sender adds a second frame header to the data transmitted on the plurality of channels;

Transmitting data carrying the second frame header to the receiving end on the plurality of channels.
The data transmission method according to claim 1, wherein before or after the step of adding a second frame header to the data transmitted by the transmitting end on the plurality of channels, the method further comprises:

The first frame header is added before the data on each channel.
The data transmission method according to claim 2, wherein the step of adding a second frame header to the data transmitted by the transmitting end on the plurality of channels comprises:

The second frame header is added on all channels before the Ethernet frame in the data is transmitted.
The data transmission method according to claim 2, wherein the step of adding the second frame header to the data transmitted by the transmitting end on the plurality of channels comprises:

An Ethernet frame header of data transmitted on one of the plurality of channels is replaced with the second frame header, and the second frame header is added to other of the plurality of channels.
The data transmission method according to claim 1, wherein said second frame header includes at least one of the following information:

Frame first delimiter;

Position information of the first data segment after the second frame header in all data segments;

a length value of data transmitted to the receiving end after the second frame header and after the second frame header; and

The identity information value of the receiving end.
A data transmission method is applied to a receiving end, and the method includes:

The receiving end receives data on multiple channels, wherein the data on each channel carries a second frame header;

Reconstructing the data according to the second frame header.
The data transmission method according to claim 6, wherein, in the case where the first frame header exists before the data of each channel, the method further includes:

The receiving end preferentially reorganizes the data according to the first frame header.
The data transmission method according to claim 7, wherein in the case where the receiving end correctly parses the first frame header on each of the plurality of channels, the receiving end further performs the following steps one:

Deleting the second frame header after the first frame header on all channels;

Substituting the second frame header after the first frame header on one of the plurality of channels with a corresponding Ethernet frame header, and deleting the other of the plurality of channels The second frame header after the first frame header;

And replacing a plurality of consecutive second frame headers after the first frame header with an Ethernet frame header.
The data transmission method according to claim 7, wherein, in the case where the receiving end erroneously parses the first frame header before data of at least one of the plurality of channels, according to the plurality of channels Recombining the data in the second frame header of the at least one channel and the first frame header or the second frame header of the other of the plurality of channels, and performing one of the following steps:

Deleting the second frame header after the first frame header on all channels;

Substituting the second frame header after the first frame header on one of the plurality of channels with a corresponding Ethernet frame header, and deleting the other of the plurality of channels The second frame header after the first frame header;

And replacing a plurality of consecutive second frame headers after the first frame header with an Ethernet frame header.
A data transmission device is applied to a transmitting end, and the device includes:

Adding a module configured to add a second frame header between data transmitted on the plurality of channels;

And a transmission module configured to transmit data carrying the second frame header to the receiving end on the plurality of channels.
The data transmission device of claim 10, wherein the adding module is further configured to add a first frame header before data on each channel.
The data transmission device of claim 11, wherein the adding module is configured to add the second frame header on all channels before transmitting an Ethernet frame in the data.
The data transmission device according to claim 11, wherein said adding module is configured to replace an Ethernet frame header of data transmitted on one of said plurality of channels with said second frame header, and The second frame header is added to the other of the plurality of channels.
The data transmission device according to claim 10, wherein said second frame header comprises at least one of the following information:

Frame first delimiter;

Position information of the first data segment after the second frame header in all data segments;

a length value of data transmitted to the receiving end after the second frame header and after the second frame header; and

The identity information value of the receiving end.
A data transmission device is applied to a receiving end, and the device includes:

a receiving module configured to receive data on a plurality of channels, wherein the data on each channel carries a second frame header;

And a reassembly module configured to reassemble the data according to the second frame header.
The data transmission apparatus according to claim 15, wherein, in the case where the first frame header exists before the data of each channel, the recombining module is configured to preferentially reorganize the data according to the first frame header.
The data transmission device according to claim 16, wherein, in the case of correctly parsing said first frame header on each of said plurality of channels, said recombining module is further configured to perform one of the following steps :

Deleting the second frame header after the first frame header on all channels;

Substituting the second frame header after the first frame header on one of the plurality of channels with a corresponding Ethernet frame header, and deleting the other of the plurality of channels The second frame header after the first frame header;

And replacing a plurality of consecutive second frame headers after the first frame header with an Ethernet frame header.
The data transmission device according to claim 16, wherein, in the case of erroneously parsing said first frame header before data of said at least one of said plurality of channels, said recombining module is configured to The second frame header of the at least one channel of the channels and the first frame header or the second frame header of the other of the plurality of channels recombine the data and perform one of the following steps:

Deleting the second frame header after the first frame header on all channels;

Substituting the second frame header after the first frame header on one of the plurality of channels with a corresponding Ethernet frame header, and deleting the other of the plurality of channels The second frame header after the first frame header;

And replacing a plurality of consecutive second frame headers after the first frame header with an Ethernet frame header.
A data transmission system comprising:

a transmitting end configured to add a second frame header in the middle of data transmitted on the plurality of channels, and transmit data carrying the second frame header to the receiving end on the plurality of channels;

a receiving end configured to receive the data on the plurality of channels and to reassemble the data in accordance with the second frame header.
A storage medium having stored thereon a computer program that, when the processor runs the computer program, performs the data transmission method according to any one of claims 1 to 9.