WO2019028433A1

WO2019028433A1 - Method of making polyol compositions

Info

Publication number: WO2019028433A1
Application number: PCT/US2018/045274
Authority: WO
Inventors: Griffin TALAN; Robert POMEROY; Marissa TESSMAN; Michael Burkart
Original assignee: The Regents Of The University Of California
Priority date: 2017-08-03
Filing date: 2018-08-03
Publication date: 2019-02-07

Abstract

Disclosed herein, inter alia, are polyol and polyurethane compositions and method of making and using the same.

Description

METHOD OF MAKING POLYOL COMPOSITIONS

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/540,912, filed August 3, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. BACKGROUND

[0002] A large sector with potential for improvement is the polyurethane industry, which produces versatile polymers and foams for use in many commercial products. Production of these polymers is dependent on precursor polyols. Current production of industrial polyols is dominated by petroleum-derived polyethers, which is unsustainable and presents environmental hazards due to their poor degradation in the environment. Disclosed herein, inter alia, are solutions to these and other problems in the art. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0003] In an aspect is provided a polyol triglyceride having the formula:

[0004] R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently

or C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. L¹ is independently a bond or C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. X¹ is

independently

is independently a bond or an unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkylene. R¹⁶ is independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkyl. R²⁰ is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH,

-CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol z1 is an integer from 1 to 20. [0005] In an aspect is provided a polyurethane polymer having the formula:

(II). R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently

or C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. L¹ is independently a bond or unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkylene. L² is independently a bond or an unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkylene. R¹⁶ is independentl h dro en or an unsubstituted saturated ¹ is

independently

or wherein at least one X is .

R¹⁷ is independently

wherein each R^17A is independently an optionally different polyurethane moiety. L³ is a covalent linker. R²⁰ is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH,

-CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol z1 is an integer from 1 to 20.

[0006] In an aspect is provided a polyurethane polymer, including a polyurethane moiety having the formula: (VI). R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently

or C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. L¹ is a bond or C₁-C₅₀

unsubstituted saturated alkylene. L² is independently a bond or an unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkylene. R¹⁶ is hydrogen or an unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkyl. X¹ is independently

, wherein at least one X¹ is L¹⁷ is

independently , wherein the symbols

are points of attachment of O* to the remainder of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI) and O** to the remainder of the polyurethane polymer. In embodiments, the remainder of the polyurethane polymer is the remainder of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), i.e. a different X¹ on the same R¹³, R¹⁴, or R¹⁵ moiety. In embodiments, the remainder of the polyurethane polymer is the polymer of Formula (II). In embodiments, the remainder of the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating units are covalently bonded through L¹⁷ linkers between R¹³, R¹⁴, and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI). In embodiments, the repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI) are the same. In embodiments, the repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI) are different. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 2 to

1,000,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). L³ is a covalent linker. R²⁰ is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3,

CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol z1 is an integer from 1 to 20. [0007] In an aspect is provided a method of making a polyol triglyceride, the method including: i) mixing a peroxy acid and an unsaturated triglyceride in a reaction vessel, wherein the unsaturated triglyceride includes at least two points of unsaturation (e.g., at least one unsaturated bond), thereby forming an epoxide triglyceride, wherein the epoxide triglyceride includes an epoxide ring at the at least two points of unsaturation; and ii) mixing a nucleophilic acid with the epoxide triglyceride in the reaction vessel thereby forming a polyol triglyceride, wherein the polyol triglyceride includes a hydroxyl moiety and an nucleophilic acid moiety attached at adjacent carbon atoms of each of the epoxide rings. [0008] In an aspect is provided an article of manufacture including a polyurethane compound (e.g., a polyurethane compound or polyurethane polymer as described herein). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] FIG.1. The figure shows a one-pot polyol synthesis overview using in-situ Prilezhaev epoxidation with peroxyacid and subsequent ring opening. [0010] FIG.2. The figure shows Algae oil FAME GC chromatogram and peak table. [0011] FIG.3A-3H. The figures show FTIR scans of one-pot polyol synthesis progressions over time using various acids. Scans were compared to unreacted algae oil. A: acetic, B: formic, C: propionic, D: propionic/acetic, E: lactic, F: lactic/acetic, G: lactic/50% acetic, H: lactic/50% acetic with hexane distillation. [0012] FIGS.4A-4B. Example of an algae oil triglyceride undergoing epoxidation and ring opening through the nucleophilic attack of lactic acid. The reaction occurs over time in the single pot synthesis, with the epoxidized oil serving as a stable intermediate. FIG.4B depicts a lactic acid polyol. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] We have developed new one-pot methods for the conversion of algae oils into polyols. Here we outline the initial optimization of this procedure that employs small organic acids with hydrogen peroxide for a tandem epoxidation– ring opening that occurs in a single reaction sequence. We apply oils sourced from microalgae to provide a sustainable application of green chemistry for commercially relevant products. The methodology described herein is more rapid, less expensive, and uses less toxic reagents than previously reported methods for the conversion of triglycerides to polyol, providing a renewable source of urethane components. I. Definitions

[0014] The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within the chemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and formulae set forth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemical valency known in the chemical arts. [0015] Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemical formulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass the chemically identical substituents that would result from writing the structure from right to left, e.g., -CH2O- is equivalent to -OCH2-. [0016] The term“alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branched carbon chain (or carbon), or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include mono-, di- and multivalent radicals. The alkyl may include a designated number of carbons (e.g., C1-C10 means one to ten carbons). Alkyl is an uncyclized chain. Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, methyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2- propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers. An alkoxy is an alkyl attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen linker (-O-). An alkyl moiety may be an alkenyl moiety. An alkyl moiety may be an alkynyl moiety. An alkyl moiety may be fully saturated. An alkenyl may include more than one double bond and/or one or more triple bonds in addition to the one or more double bonds. An alkynyl may include more than one triple bond and/or one or more double bonds in addition to the one or more triple bonds. [0017] The term“alkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, - CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-. Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred herein. A“lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms. The term“alkenylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkene. [0018] The term“heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, or combinations thereof, including at least one carbon atom and at least one heteroatom (e.g., O, N, P, Si, and S), and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P) may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Heteroalkyl is an uncyclized chain. Examples include, but are not limited to: -CH2- CH2-O-CH3, -CH2-CH2-NH-CH3, -CH2-CH2-N(CH3)-CH3, -CH2-S-CH2-CH3, -CH2-S-CH2, - S(O)-CH₃, -CH₂-CH₂-S(O)₂-CH₃, -CH=CH-O-CH₃, -Si(CH₃)₃, -CH₂-CH=N-OCH₃, -CH=CH- N(CH3)-CH3, -O-CH3, -O-CH2-CH3, and -CN. Up to two or three heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, -CH2-NH-OCH3 and -CH2-O-Si(CH3)3. A heteroalkyl moiety may include one heteroatom (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include two optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include three optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include four optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include five optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). A heteroalkyl moiety may include up to 8 optionally different heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, S, Si, or P). The term“heteroalkenyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a heteroalkyl including at least one double bond. A heteroalkenyl may optionally include more than one double bond and/or one or more triple bonds in additional to the one or more double bonds. The term

“heteroalkynyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a heteroalkyl including at least one triple bond. A heteroalkynyl may optionally include more than one triple bond and/or one or more double bonds in additional to the one or more triple bonds. [0019] Similarly, the term“heteroalkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, -CH₂-CH₂-S-CH₂-CH₂- and -CH₂-S-CH₂-CH₂-NH-CH₂-. For heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy,

alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, the formula -C(O)2R'- represents both -C(O)2R'- and -R'C(O)2-. As described above, heteroalkyl groups, as used herein, include those groups that are attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom, such as - C(O)R', -C(O)NR', -NR'R'', -OR', -SR', and/or -SO2R'. Where“heteroalkyl” is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR'R'' or the like, it will be understood that the terms heteroalkyl and -NR'R'' are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to add clarity. Thus, the term“heteroalkyl” should not be interpreted herein as excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR'R'' or the like. [0020] The terms“cycloalkyl” and“heterocycloalkyl,” by themselves or in combination with other terms, mean, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of“alkyl” and“heteroalkyl,” respectively. Cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are not aromatic. Additionally, for

heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, 1-(1,2,5,6- tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1- piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like. A“cycloalkylene” and a“heterocycloalkylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, means a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl and

heterocycloalkyl, respectively. [0021] The terms“halo” or“halogen,” by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl” are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term “halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl” includes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like. [0022] The term“acyl” means, unless otherwise stated, -C(O)R where R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0023] The term“aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring or multiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) that are fused together (i.e., a fused ring aryl) or linked covalently. A fused ring aryl refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is an aryl ring. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain at least one heteroatom such as N, O, or S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized. Thus, the term“heteroaryl” includes fused ring heteroaryl groups (i.e., multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a heteroaromatic ring). A 5,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 5 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. Likewise, a 6,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. And a 6,5- fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 5 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Non- limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, purinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazoyl benzimidazolyl, benzofuran, isobenzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiophenyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolyl, 1- naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4- imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4- isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3- thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2- benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3- quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above noted aryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group of acceptable substituents described below. An“arylene” and a“heteroarylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, mean a divalent radical derived from an aryl and heteroaryl, respectively. A heteroaryl group substituent may be -O- bonded to a ring heteroatom nitrogen. [0024] Spirocyclic rings are two or more rings wherein adjacent rings are attached through a single atom. The individual rings within spirocyclic rings may be identical or different.

Individual rings in spirocyclic rings may be substituted or unsubstituted and may have different substituents from other individual rings within a set of spirocyclic rings. Possible substituents for individual rings within spirocyclic rings are the possible substituents for the same ring when not part of spirocyclic rings (e.g. substituents for cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl rings). Spirocylic rings may be substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene and individual rings within a spirocyclic ring group may be any of the immediately previous list, including having all rings of one type (e.g. all rings being substituted heterocycloalkylene wherein each ring may be the same or different substituted heterocycloalkylene). When referring to a spirocyclic ring system, heterocyclic spirocyclic rings means a spirocyclic rings wherein at least one ring is a heterocyclic ring and wherein each ring may be a different ring. When referring to a spirocyclic ring system, substituted spirocyclic rings means that at least one ring is substituted and each substituent may optionally be different. [0025] The symbol“ ” denotes the point of attachment of a chemical moiety to the remainder of a molecule or chemical formula. [0026] The term“oxo,” as used herein, means an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom. [0027] The term“alkylarylene” as an arylene moiety covalently bonded to an alkylene moiety (also referred to herein as an alkylene linker). In embodiments, the alkylarylene group has the formula:

[0028] An alkylarylene moiety may be substituted (e.g. with a substituent group) on the alkylene moiety or the arylene linker (e.g. at carbons 2, 3, 4, or 6) with halogen, oxo, -N₃, -CF₃, - CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CI₃, -CN, -CHO, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₂CH₃ -SO₃H, - OSO3H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 5 membered heteroalkyl). In embodiments, the alkylarylene is unsubstituted. [0029] Each of the above terms (e.g.,“alkyl,”“heteroalkyl,”“cycloalkyl,”“heterocycloalkyl,” “aryl,” and“heteroaryl”) includes both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type of radical are provided below. [0030] Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including those groups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,

heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl) can be one or more of a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to, -OR', =O, =NR', =N-OR', -NR'R'', -SR', -halogen, - SiR'R''R''', -OC(O)R', -C(O)R', -CO₂R', -CONR'R'', -OC(O)NR'R'', -NR''C(O)R', -NR'- C(O)NR''R''', -NR''C(O)2R', -NR-C(NR'R''R''')=NR'''', -NR-C(NR'R'')=NR''', -S(O)R', -S(O)2R', - S(O)₂NR'R'', -NRSO₂R',−NR'NR''R''',−ONR'R'',−NR'C(O)NR''NR'''R'''', -CN, -NO₂, - NR'SO2R'', -NR'C(O)R'', -NR'C(O)-OR'', -NR'OR'', in a number ranging from zero to (2m'+1), where m' is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R, R', R'', R''', and R'''' each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens), substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups. When a compound described herein includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R', R'', R''', and R'''' group when more than one of these groups is present. When R' and R'' are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, -NR'R'' includes, but is not limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl. From the above discussion of substituents, one of skill in the art will understand that the term“alkyl” is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., -CF3 and -CH2CF3) and acyl (e.g., -C(O)CH3, -C(O)CF3, -C(O)CH2OCH3, and the like). [0031] Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical, substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and are selected from, for example: -OR', -NR'R'', -SR', -halogen, - SiR'R''R''', -OC(O)R', -C(O)R', -CO2R', -CONR'R'', -OC(O)NR'R'', -NR''C(O)R', -NR'- C(O)NR''R''', -NR''C(O)₂R', -NR-C(NR'R''R''')=NR'''', -NR-C(NR'R'')=NR''', -S(O)R', -S(O)₂R', - S(O)2NR'R'', -NRSO2R',−NR'NR''R''',−ONR'R'',−NR'C(O)NR''NR'''R'''', -CN, -NO2, -R', -N3, - CH(Ph)₂, fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, -NR'SO₂R'', -NR'C(O)R'', -NR'C(O)- OR'', -NR'OR'', in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R', R'', R''', and R'''' are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. When a compound described herein includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R', R'', R''', and R'''' groups when more than one of these groups is present. [0032] Substituents for rings (e.g. cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene) may be depicted as substituents on the ring rather than on a specific atom of a ring (commonly referred to as a floating substituent). In such a case, the substituent may be attached to any of the ring atoms (obeying the rules of chemical valency) and in the case of fused rings or spirocyclic rings, a substituent depicted as associated with one member of the fused rings or spirocyclic rings (a floating substituent on a single ring), may be a substituent on any of the fused rings or spirocyclic rings (a floating substituent on multiple rings). When a substituent is attached to a ring, but not a specific atom (a floating substituent), and a subscript for the substituent is an integer greater than one, the multiple substituents may be on the same atom, same ring, different atoms, different fused rings, different spirocyclic rings, and each substituent may optionally be different. Where a point of attachment of a ring to the remainder of a molecule is not limited to a single atom (a floating substituent), the attachment point may be any atom of the ring and in the case of a fused ring or spirocyclic ring, any atom of any of the fused rings or spirocyclic rings while obeying the rules of chemical valency. Where a ring, fused rings, or spirocyclic rings contain one or more ring heteroatoms and the ring, fused rings, or spirocyclic rings are shown with one more floating substituents (including, but not limited to, points of attachment to the remainder of the molecule), the floating substituents may be bonded to the heteroatoms. Where the ring heteroatoms are shown bound to one or more hydrogens (e.g. a ring nitrogen with two bonds to ring atoms and a third bond to a hydrogen) in the structure or formula with the floating substituent, when the heteroatom is bonded to the floating substituent, the substituent will be understood to replace the hydrogen, while obeying the rules of chemical valency. [0033] Two or more substituents may optionally be joined to form aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl groups. Such so-called ring-forming substituents are typically, though not necessarily, found attached to a cyclic base structure. In one embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to adjacent members of the base structure. For example, two ring- forming substituents attached to adjacent members of a cyclic base structure create a fused ring structure. In another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to a single member of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to a single member of a cyclic base structure create a spirocyclic structure. In yet another embodiment, the ring- forming substituents are attached to non-adjacent members of the base structure. [0034] Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally form a ring of the formula -T-C(O)-(CRR')q-U-, wherein T and U are independently -NR-, -O-, - CRR'-, or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -A-(CH₂)_r-B-, wherein A and B are independently -CRR'-, -O-, -NR-, -S-, -S(O) -, - S(O)2-, -S(O)2NR'-, or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -(CRR')s-X'- (C''R''R''')d-, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X' is -O-, -NR'-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)₂-, or -S(O)₂NR'-. The substituents R, R', R'', and R''' are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0035] As used herein, the terms“heteroatom” or“ring heteroatom” are meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si). [0036] A“substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from the following moieties: (A) oxo, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, - SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,

−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -O CHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted

heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered

heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), and (B) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected from: (i) oxo, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,

−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr 3, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F , -N₃, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered

heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), and (ii) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected from: (a) oxo, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3 H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl), and (b) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected from: oxo, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2, −NHC(O)NHNH2,−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH,

-NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OC H2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C₁-C₄ alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered

heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0037] A“size-limited substituent” or“ size-limited substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a“substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. [0038] A“lower substituent” or“ lower substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a“substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C7 cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C10 aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl. [0039] In some embodiments, each substituted group described in the compounds herein is substituted with at least one substituent group. More specifically, in some embodiments, each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene described in the compounds herein are substituted with at least one substituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one lower substituent group. [0040] In other embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C10 aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene. [0041] In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C7 cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C8 alkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C7 cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments, the compound is a chemical species set forth in the Examples section, figures, or tables below. [0042] In embodiments, a substituted or unsubstituted moiety (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, and/or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene) is unsubstituted (e.g., is an unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted alkylene, unsubstituted heteroalkylene, unsubstituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, unsubstituted arylene, and/or unsubstituted heteroarylene, respectively). In embodiments, a substituted or unsubstituted moiety (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, and/or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene) is substituted (e.g., is a substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene, respectively). [0043] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene) is substituted with at least one substituent group, wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of substituent groups, each substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of substituent groups, each substituent group is different. [0044] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene) is substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group, wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of size-limited substituent groups, each size-limited substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of size-limited substituent groups, each size-limited substituent group is different. [0045] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene) is substituted with at least one lower substituent group, wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of lower substituent groups, each lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of lower substituent groups, each lower substituent group is different. [0046] In embodiments, a substituted moiety (e.g., substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene) is substituted with at least one substituent group, size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group; wherein if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size- limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group may optionally be different. In embodiments, if the substituted moiety is substituted with a plurality of groups selected from substituent groups, size-limited substituent groups, and lower substituent groups; each substituent group, size-limited substituent group, and/or lower substituent group is different. [0047] Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical or chiral centers) or double bonds; the enantiomers, racemates, diastereomers, tautomers, geometric isomers, stereoisometric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute

stereochemistry, as (R)-or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids, and individual isomers are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. The compounds of the present invention do not include those that are known in art to be too unstable to synthesize and/or isolate. The present invention is meant to include compounds in racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. [0048] As used herein, the term“isomers” refers to compounds having the same number and kind of atoms, and hence the same molecular weight, but differing in respect to the structural arrangement or configuration of the atoms. [0049] The term“tautomer,” as used herein, refers to one of two or more structural isomers which exist in equilibrium and which are readily converted from one isomeric form to another. [0050] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that certain compounds of this invention may exist in tautomeric forms, all such tautomeric forms of the compounds being within the scope of the invention. [0051] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. [0052] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. [0053] The compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (³H), iodine-125 (¹²⁵I), or carbon-14 (¹⁴C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. [0054] It should be noted that throughout the application that alternatives are written in Markush groups, for example, each amino acid position that contains more than one possible amino acid. It is specifically contemplated that each member of the Markush group should be considered separately, thereby comprising another embodiment, and the Markush group is not to be read as a single unit. [0055] “Analog,” or“analogue” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning within Chemistry and Biology and refers to a chemical compound that is structurally similar to another compound (i.e., a so-called“reference” compound) but differs in composition, e.g., in the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element, or in the presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of one functional group by another functional group, or the absolute stereochemistry of one or more chiral centers of the reference compound. Accordingly, an analog is a compound that is similar or comparable in function and appearance but not in structure or origin to a reference compound. [0056] The terms "a" or "an," as used in herein means one or more. In addition, the phrase "substituted with a[n]," as used herein, means the specified group may be substituted with one or more of any or all of the named substituents. For example, where a group, such as an alkyl or heteroaryl group, is "substituted with an unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl," the group may contain one or more unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyls, and/or one or more unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyls. [0057] Moreover, where a moiety is substituted with an R substituent, the group may be referred to as“R-substituted.” Where a moiety is R-substituted, the moiety is substituted with at least one R substituent and each R substituent is optionally different. Where a particular R group is present in the description of a chemical genus (such as Formula (I)), a Roman alphabetic symbol may be used to distinguish each appearance of that particular R group. For example, where multiple R¹³ substituents are present, each R¹³ substituent may be distinguished as R^13A, R^13B, R^13C, R^13D, etc., wherein each of R^13A, R^13B, R^13C, R^13D, etc. is defined within the scope of the definition of R¹³ and optionally differently. [0058] Descriptions of compounds of the present invention are limited by principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, where a group may be substituted by one or more of a number of substituents, such substitutions are selected so as to comply with principles of chemical bonding and to give compounds which are not inherently unstable and/or would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art as likely to be unstable under ambient conditions, such as aqueous, neutral, and several known physiological conditions. For example, a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a ring heteroatom in compliance with principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art thereby avoiding inherently unstable compounds. [0059] Thus, the compounds of the present invention may exist as salts, such as with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The present invention includes such salts. Non-limiting examples of such salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates,

methanesulfonates, nitrates, maleates, acetates, citrates, fumarates, proprionates, tartrates (e.g., (+)-tartrates, (-)-tartrates, or mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures), succinates, benzoates, and salts with amino acids such as glutamic acid, and quaternary ammonium salts (e.g. methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, and the like). These salts may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art. [0060] The neutral forms of the compounds are preferably regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compound may differ from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents. [0061] In addition to salt forms, the present invention provides compounds, which are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present invention. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein may be converted in vivo after administration. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment, such as, for example, when contacted with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent. [0062] Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. [0063] “Contacting” is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to the process of allowing at least two distinct species (e.g. chemical compounds including

biomolecules or cells) to become sufficiently proximal to react, interact or physically touch. It should be appreciated; however, the resulting reaction product can be produced directly from a reaction between the added reagents or from an intermediate from one or more of the added reagents that can be produced in the reaction mixture. [0064] The term“contacting” may include allowing two species to react, interact, or physically touch, wherein the two species may be a compound as described herein and a protein or enzyme. In some embodiments contacting includes allowing a compound described herein to interact with a protein or enzyme that is involved in a signaling pathway. [0065] The term“polymer” refers to a molecule including repeating subunits (e.g.,

polymerized monomers). For example, polymeric molecules may be based upon polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly[amino(1-oxo-1,6-hexanediyl)], poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyloxycarbonyl-1,4- phenylenecarbonyl), tetraethylene glycol (TEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(xylene), or poly(p-xylylene). See, for example,“Chemistry of Protein Conjugation and Cross-Linking” Shan S. Wong CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., USA, 1993;“BioConjugate Techniques” Greg T. Hermanson Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., USA, 1996;“Catalog of Polyethylene Glycol and Derivatives for Advanced PEGylation, 2004” Nektar Therapeutics Inc, Huntsville, Ala., USA, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. When their molecular weights are given, calculated or determined, they are stated as average values. These average molecular weights are based on either of two concepts: number average or weight average. Number average and weight average molecular weights cannot typically be used interchangeably. They are equivalent only when all molecular species are the same, as in the case of pure compounds. The terms“Number average molecular weight (Mn)” or“number average”is equals the sum of the number of molecules of each species, multiplied by the molecular weight of the corresponding species, all divided by the total number molecules. Mn is inversely proportional to the hydroxyl number. The term“Weight average molecular weight (Mw)” equals the sum of the weights of each species multiplied by the molecular weight of the corresponding species, all divided by the total polymer weight. [0066] The term“polymerizable monomer” is used in accordance with its meaning in the art of polymer chemistry and refers to a compound that may covalently bind chemically to other monomer molecules (such as other polymerizable monomers that are the same or different) to form a polymer. [0067] The term“branched polymer” is used in accordance with its meaning in the art of polymer chemistry and refers to a molecule including repeating subunits, wherein at least one repeating subunit (e.g., polymerizable monomer) is covalently bound to an additional subunit substituent (e.g., resulting from a reaction with a polymerizable monomer). For example a

branched polymer has the formula:

wherein‘A’ is the first repeating subunit and‘B’ is the second repeating subunit. In embodiments, the first repeating subunit (e.g., polyethylene glycol) is optionally different than the second repeating subunit (e.g., polymethylene glycol). [0068] The term“block copolymer” is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning and refers to two or more portions (e.g., blocks) of polymerized monomers linked by a covalent bond. In embodiments, a block copolymer is a repeating pattern of polymers. In embodiments, the block copolymer includes two or more monomers in a periodic (e.g., repeating pattern) sequence. For example, a diblock copolymer has the formula:–B-B-B-B-B-B–A-A-A-A-A–, where‘B’ is a first subunit and‘A’ is a second subunit covalently bound together. A triblock copolymer therefore is a copolymer with three distinct blocks, two of which may be the same (e.g.,–A-A- A-A-A–B-B-B-B-B-B–A-A-A-A-A–) or all three are different (e.g.,–A-A-A-A-A–B-B-B-B-B- B–C-C-C-C-C–) where‘A’ is a first subunit,‘B’ is a second subunit, and‘C’ is a third subunit, covalently bound together. [0069] The term“organic solvent” as used herein is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning in chemistry and refers to a solvent which includes carbon. Non-limiting examples of organic solvents include acetic acid, acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2- butanone, t-butyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, 1,2- dichloroethane, diethylene glycol, diethyl ether, diglyme (diethylene glycol , dimethyl ether), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (glyme, DME), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1,4-dioxane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethylene glycol, glycerin, heptane,

hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), hexamethylphosphorous, triamide (HMPT), hexane, methanol, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), methylene chloride, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), nitromethane, pentane, petroleum ether (ligroine), 1-propanol, 2-propanol, pyridine,

tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, triethyl amine, o-xylene, m-xylene, or p-xylene. In embodiments, the organic solvent is or includes chloroform, dichloromethane, methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, or dioxane. [0070] The term“triglyceride” is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning and refers to a glycerol ester conjugated to three independent alkyl moieties, corresponding to the formula:

The alkyl moieties may be optionally different. In embodiments, the alkyl moiety may be saturated. When the alkyl moiety is saturated, it may be abbreviated with a lipid number corresponding to the number of carbons present in the alkyl and the number of saturated bonds (e.g., double bonds), for example an alkyl moiety with 18 carbons and one saturated bond may be written as (18:1). In embodiments, the triglyceride includes an alkyl chain of 3 to 100 carbons. In embodiments, the triglyceride includes an alkyl chain of 5 to 50 carbons. In embodiments, the triglyceride includes an alkyl chain of 5 to 25 carbons. In embodiments, the triglyceride includes an alkyl chain of 8 to 25 carbons. Triglycerides may be include three saturated or unsaturated alkyl chains, and may be optionally substituted. [0071] The term“polyol triglyceride” refers to a triglyceride that includes one or more hydroxyl moieties. In embodiments, a polyol triglyceride includes a hydroxyl moiety and a nucleophilic acid moiety attached at adjacent carbon atoms of each of theepoxide rings. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is shown in formula (I). A polyol triglyceride may be quantified according to the hydroxyl content, reported as the hydroxyl number. The hydroxyl number (OH) is the number of milliweights of KOH which is chemically equivalent to the active functions per unit weight of the compound or polymer. When free acidity is measured in these units it is usually called acid number. [0072] The terms“peroxy acid”“peracid” or“peroxyacid” are used in accordance with their ordinary meaning and refers to a compound which includes an–OOH moiety. In embodiments, the peroxy acid is formed by mixing an organic acid (e.g., formic acid) and hydrogen peroxide. In embodiments, the peroxy acid is formed by mixing acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, thereby having the formula:

In embodiments, the peroxy acid is not capable of opening an epoxide ring. [0073] The term“unsaturated triglyceride” refers to a triglyceride that includes least two points of unsaturation (e.g., a triglyceride with an alkenylene moiety). [0074] The term“epoxide triglyceride” refers to a triglyceride that includes epoxide moiety on

the alkyl moiety of the triglyceride, e.g.,

. [0075] The term“nucleophilic acid” refers to compound which includes a carboxylic acid moiety at the terminus of the compound. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is an organic acid. A nucleophilic acid moiety is a monovalent form of a nucleophilic acid that is attached to the remainder of a compound. The nucleophilic acids described herein participate in an epoxide opening reaction. Non-limiting examples of nucleophilic acids include lactic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, mandeleic acid, 16-hydroxy palmitic acid,18-hydroxy stearic acid, 20-hydroxyarachidonic acid, ricinoleic acid, hydroxy butanoic acid, hydroxy pentanoic acid, hydroxy hexanoic acid, salicylic acid, beta hydroxy butyric acid, beta hydroxy beta methyl butyric acid, or carnitine. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is a primary alcohol. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is a secondary alcohol. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is a beta hydroxy acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is an omega hydroxy acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid has the formula:

, wherein R²⁰ is as described herein. [0076] The terms“α-hydroxy acid” or“alpha hydroxy acid” refers to a compound that consist of a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon. [0077] The terms“beta hydroxy acid” or“β-hydroxy acid” refers to a compound that contains a carboxylic acid functional group and hydroxy functional group separated by two carbon atoms. [0078] The term“omega hydroxy acid” or“ω-hydroxy acid” refers to an compound that consist of a Cn alkyl chain with a carboxyl group at position 1 and a hydroxyl at position n. [0079] The term“organic acid” is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning in chemistry and refers to an organic compound which includes a carboxylic acid moiety (e.g. at the terminus). Non-limiting examples of an organic acid include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, and carbonic acid. [0080] A“nucleophilic acid moiety” refers to a monovalent nucleophilic acid compound (e.g., wherein the hydrogen from the terminal carboxylic acid moiety is removed) covalently attached to the remainder of compound. In embodiments, a nucleophilic acid moiety has the structure:

, wherein R²⁰ is as described herein. For example, a nucleophilic acid moiety has

the structure:

, , , . [0081] The terms“polyurethane” and“polyurethane polymer” and the like is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning in the art and refers to a polymer which includes carbamate linkers. In embodiments, the polyurethane is synthesized according to the methods disclosed herein. The term“polyurethane moiety” is a monovalent polyurethane attached to the remainder of a compound, such as a polyurethane polymer. [0082] The term“react” is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning in chemistry and refers to a process that results in the formation and/or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms. In embodiments, two or more atoms are allowed to contact such that the atoms are sufficiently proximal to form a bond, break a bond, interact, and/or physically touch. [0083] The terms“bind” and“bound” as used herein is used in accordance with its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to the association between atoms or molecules. The association can be direct or indirect. For example, bound atoms or molecules may be direct, e.g., by covalent bond or linker (e.g. a first linker or second linker), or indirect, e.g., by non-covalent bond (e.g. electrostatic interactions (e.g. ionic bond, hydrogen bond, halogen bond), van der Waals interactions (e.g. dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, London dispersion), ring stacking (pi effects), hydrophobic interactions and the like). II. Compounds

[0084] In an aspect is provided a polyol triglyceride having the formula:

[0085] R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently

or C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl L¹ is independently a bond or C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. X¹ is

independently

. L² is independently a bond or an unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkylene. R¹⁶ is independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkyl. R²⁰ is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH,

-CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol z1 is an integer from 1 to 20. [0086] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has the formula:

(Ia), wherein R¹³, R¹⁵, L¹, X¹, L², z1, and R¹⁶ are as described herein, including embodiments. [0087] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has the formula:

(Ib), wherein R¹³, R¹⁴, L¹, X¹, L², z1, and R¹⁶ are as described herein, including embodiments. [0088] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has the formula:

(Ic), wherein R¹⁴, R¹⁵, L¹, X¹, L², z1, and R¹⁶ are as described herein, including embodiments.

[0089] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has the formula:

wherein each

are optionally different (e.g., the L¹, X¹, L², z1, and R¹⁶ are independently different).

[0090] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has the formula:

wherein each

are optionally the same (e.g., the L¹, X¹, L², z1, and R¹⁶ are independently the same).

[0091] In an aspect is provided a polyurethane polymer having the formula:

(II). R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently

or C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. L¹ is independently a bond or unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkylene. L² is independently a bond or an unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkylen ¹⁶ is independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted saturated s

independently

or wherein at least one X is .

R¹⁷ is independently

, wherein each R^17A is independently an optionally different polyurethane moiety. L³ is a covalent linker. R²⁰ is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH,

-CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂, −NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol z1 is an integer from 1 to 20.

[0092] In embodiments, each R^17A is the same polyurethane moiety. In embodiments, each R^17A is a different polyurethane moiety. In embodiments, R^17A has the formula:

, wherein the symbol“

” is a point of

attachment to the oxygen atom adjacent to R^17A. In embodiments, R^17A has the formula:

wherein the symbol“

is a point of attachment to the oxygen atom adjacent to R^17A. In formula (IV) or formula (V), L¹ and R¹⁶ are as described herein. R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are as described herein, except that where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ include R^17A (i.e. a polyurethane moiety), the R^17A is referred to herein as R^17A’, which in turn may have a structure according to Formula (IV) or Formula (V) wherein the R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ moieties therein including and R^17A (i.e. a polyurethane moiety) are defined as including R^17A’’. Thus, the polyurethane moiety may contain repeating optionally different units of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 2 to 1,000,000 repeating units of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). [0093] In embodiments, R^17A is a different polyurethane moiety. In embodiments, R^17A is the same polyurethane moiety.

[0094] In embodiments, R^17A has the formula:

wherein the symbol“

” is a point of attachment to the oxygen atom adjacent to R^17A. In

embodiments, R^17A has the formula: wherein the

symbol“ ” is a point of attachment to the oxygen atom adjacent to R^17A. In embodiments,

R^17A has the formula:

wherein the symbol“ ” is a

point of attachment to the oxygen atom adjacent to R^17A.

[0095] In embodiments, R^17A has the formula:

wherein the symbol“ is a point of attachment to the oxygen atom adjacent to R^17A. In

embodiments, R^17A has the formula:

wherein the symbol“

” is a point of attachment to the oxygen atom adjacent to R^17A. In embodiments,

R^17A has the formula:

wherein the symbol“ ” is

a point of attachment to the oxygen atom adjacent to R^17A. [0096] In an aspect is provided a polyurethane polymer, including a polyurethane moiety having the formula:

(VI). R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently

or C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. L¹ is a bond or C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. L² is independently a bond or an unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkylene. R¹⁶ is hydrogen or an unsubstituted saturated C1-C5 ¹ is independently

or , wherein at least one X . L¹⁷ is

independently

wherein the symbols

1,000,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). L³ is a covalent linker. R²⁰ is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol z1 is an integer from 1 to 20

[0097] In embodiments, L¹⁷ has the formula:

embodiments, L¹⁷ has the formul

a: . In embodiments, L¹⁷ has the

In embodiments, L¹⁷ has the formula:

[0098] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating subunits are covalently bonded through a L¹⁷ linker between R¹³ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI), for example:

, wherein L¹, L¹⁷, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R²⁰ are as described herein. [0099] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating subunits are covalently bonded through a L¹⁷ linker between R¹³ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI), for example:

(VIb), wherein L¹, L³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R²⁰ are as described herein. Each instance of R¹⁴, R¹⁵, L¹, R²⁰ and R¹⁶ is independent (e.g., one instance of R²⁰ may be–CH3 and the other instance of R²⁰ may be–CH2CH3). It is understood additional L¹⁷ linker(s) may be present between R¹⁴ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties, though not explicitly illustrated above. In embodiments, additional L¹⁷ linker(s) between R¹⁴ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties are not present. In embodiments, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. [0100] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating subunits are covalently bonded through a L¹⁷ linker between R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI), for example:

(VId), wherein L¹, L³, R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁶ and R²⁰ are as described herein. Each instance of R¹³, R¹⁴, L¹, R²⁰ and R¹⁶ is independent (e.g., one instance of R²⁰ may be–CH3 and the other instance of R²⁰ may be–CH2CH3). It is understood additional L¹⁷ linker(s) may be present between R¹³ and/or R¹⁴ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties, though not explicitly illustrated above. In embodiments, additional L¹⁷ linker(s) between R¹³ and/or R¹⁴ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties are not present. In embodiments, R¹³ and R¹⁴ are C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. [0101] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating subunits are covalently bonded through a L¹⁷ linker between R¹⁴ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI), for example:

(VIf), wherein L¹, R¹³, R¹⁵, R¹⁶ and R²⁰ are as described herein. Each instance of R¹³, R¹⁵, L¹, R²⁰ and R¹⁶ is independent (e.g., one instance of R²⁰ may be–CH3 and the other instance of R²⁰ may be–CH2CH3). It is understood additional L¹⁷ linker(s) may be present between R¹³ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties, though not explicitly illustrated above. In embodiments, additional L¹⁷ linker(s) between R¹³ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties are not present. In embodiments, R¹³ and R¹⁵ are C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. [0102] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating subunits are covalently bonded through a L¹⁷ linker between R¹³ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI), for example:

(VIIIa), wherein it is understood additional L¹⁷ linker(s) may be present between R¹⁴ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties, though not explicitly illustrated above. In embodiments, additional L¹⁷ linker(s) between R¹⁴ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties are not present. [0103] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating subunits are covalently bonded through a L¹⁷ linker between R¹⁴ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI), for example:

(VIIIb), wherein it is understood additional L¹⁷ linker(s) may be present between R¹³ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties, though not explicitly illustrated above. In embodiments, additional L¹⁷ linker(s) between R¹³ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties are not present. [0104] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating subunits are covalently bonded through a L¹⁷ linker between R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI), for example:

(VIIIc), wherein it is understood additional L¹⁷ linker(s) may be present between R¹³ and/or R¹⁴ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties, though not explicitly illustrated above.. In embodiments, additional L¹⁷ linker(s) between R¹³ and/or R¹⁴ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties are not present. [0105] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating subunits are covalently bonded through a L¹⁷ linker between R¹³ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI), for example:

(VIIIa), wherein it is understood additional L¹⁷ linker(s) may be present between R¹⁴ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties, though not explicitly illustrated above. In embodiments, additional L¹⁷ linker(s) between R¹⁴ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties are not present. [0106] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating subunits are covalently bonded through a L¹⁷ linker between R¹⁴ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI), for example:

(VIIIb), wherein it is understood additional L¹⁷ linker(s) may be present between R¹³ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties, though not explicitly illustrated above. In embodiments, additional L¹⁷ linker(s) between R¹³ and/or R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties are not present. [0107] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI), wherein the repeating subunits are covalently bonded through a L¹⁷ linker between R¹⁵ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties of formula (VI), for example:

(VIIIc), wherein it is understood additional L¹⁷ linker(s) may be present between R¹³ and/or R¹⁴ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties, though not explicitly illustrated above.. In embodiments, additional L¹⁷ linker(s) between R¹³ and/or R¹⁴ moieties of adjacent polyurethane moieties are not present. [0108] In embodiments, there are about 1 to about 10,000 L¹⁷ linkers in the polyurethane polymer. In embodiments, there are about 100 to about 10,000 L¹⁷ linkers in the polyurethane polymer. In embodiments, there are about 500 to about 10,000 L¹⁷ linkers in the polyurethane polymer. In embodiments, there are about 500 to about 2,000 L¹⁷ linkers in the polyurethane polymer. In embodiments, there are about 500 to about 5,000 L¹⁷ linkers in the polyurethane polymer. bodiments R¹³ is

. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is

. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is . In embodiments, R¹³ is

¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is

¹³ and R¹⁵ are C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is and R¹⁴ and R¹³ are C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated

alkyl. [0110] In embodiments, the unsaturated triglyceride includes two points of unsaturation. In embodiments, the unsaturated triglyceride includes four points of unsaturation. In embodiments, the unsaturated triglyceride includes six points of unsaturation. In embodiments, the unsaturated triglyceride includes eight points of unsaturation. In embodiments, the unsaturated triglyceride includes ten points of unsaturation. In embodiments, the unsaturated triglyceride includes twelve points of unsaturation. In embodiments, the unsaturated triglyceride includes 14 points of unsaturation. In embodiments, the unsaturated triglyceride includes 16 points of unsaturation. In embodiments, the unsaturated triglyceride includes 18 points of unsaturation. In embodiments, the unsaturated triglyceride includes 20 points of unsaturation. [0111] In embodiments, R¹³ is C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C1- C₃₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C₆-C₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C₆-C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C₆-C₁₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C6-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C₁₀-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C₁₂-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. [0112] In embodiments, R¹³ is a C1 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C2 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C3 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₅

unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C6 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C7 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C8

unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C10 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C11 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C12 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁₅ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C16 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C17 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C18 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C19 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C20 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₂₁ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₂₂ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₂₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C24 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C25 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C26 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₂₇ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C28 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C29 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C30 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₁ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₂ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C33 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C34 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C35 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₆ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₇ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C39 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C40 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C41 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₄₂ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C43 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C44 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C45 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₄₆ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₄₇ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C48 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C49 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. [0113] In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C₁- C30 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C6-C8 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C₆-C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C₆-C₁₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C₆-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C10-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C12-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. [0114] In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C3 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C4 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C5

unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₆ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₇ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₈

unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C9 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C10 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C11 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C15 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C16 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C17 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C19 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C20 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C21 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₂ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C24 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C25 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C26 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₇ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C30 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C31 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C32 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₃₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C34 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C35 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C36 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₃₇ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₃₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C39 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C40 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C41 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₄₂ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₄₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₄₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C45 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C46 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C47 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₄₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C49 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. [0115] In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C₁- C30 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C6-C8 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C6-C12 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C6-C18 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C₆-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C₁₀-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C₁₂-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. [0116] In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C1 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C2 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₅

unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C6 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C7 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C8

unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C10 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C11 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C12 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₁₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₁₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C15 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C16 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C17 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₁₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₁₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₂₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C21 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C22 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C23 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C25 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C26 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C27 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₂₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₂₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C30 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C31 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C32 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₃₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₃₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₃₅ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C36 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C37 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C38 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₃₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C40 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C41 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C42 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₄₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₄₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C45 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C46 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C47 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₄₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₄₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. [0117] In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C1- C₃₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₆-C₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₆-C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₆-C₁₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C6-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C10-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C12-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. [0118] In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C1 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C2 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C3 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₅

unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C6 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C7 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C8

unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₁₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₁₁ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C12 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₁₃ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₁₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₁₅ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C16 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C17 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C18 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₁₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C21 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C22 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C23 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂₅ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂₆ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C27 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂₈ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₃₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C31 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C32 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C33 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₃₄ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₃₅ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C36 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C37 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C38 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₃₉ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄₁ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C42 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C43 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C44 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄₅ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄₆ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄₇ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C48 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C49 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is hydrogen. [0119] In embodiments, R¹³ is C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C1-C30 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C6-C8 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C₆-C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C6-C18 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C6-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C10-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is C₁₂-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. [0120] In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C2 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C3 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₅ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₆ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C7 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C8 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C9 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁₁ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C13 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C14 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁₅ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁₆ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁₇ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C18 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₁₉ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₂₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₂₁ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C22 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C23 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C24 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₂₅ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₂₆ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C27 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C28 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C29 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₁ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C33 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C34 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C35 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₆ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₇ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₃₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C39 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C40 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C41 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₄₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C43 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C44 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C45 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₄₆ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C₄₇ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C48 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C49 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹³ is a C50 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. [0121] In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C1-C30 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C6-C8 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C₆-C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C₆-C₁₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C₆-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C10-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is C12-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. [0122] In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₃ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C4 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C5 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₆ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₇ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C9 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁₁ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C13 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C14 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C15 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁₆ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₁₇ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C18 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C19 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C20 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₁ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₃ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C24 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C25 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C26 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₇ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₂₉ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C30 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C31 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C32 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₃₃ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C34 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C35 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C36 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₃₇ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₃₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C39 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C40 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C41 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₄₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₄₃ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₄₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C45 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C46 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C47 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C₄₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C49 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁴ is a C50 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. [0123] In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C1-C30 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C6-C8 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C6-C12 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C₆-C₁₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C₆-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C₁₀-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is C12-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. [0124] In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₁ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₃ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C4 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C5 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C6 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₇ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C9 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C10 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C11 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₁₃ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₁₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C15 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C16 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C17 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₁₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₁₉ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₂₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C21 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C22 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C23 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C25 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C26 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C27 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₂₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₂₉ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C30 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C31 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C32 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₃₃ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₃₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₃₅ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C36 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C37 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C38 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₃₉ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C40 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C41 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C42 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₄₃ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₄₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C45 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C46 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C47 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₄₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₄₉ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁵ is a C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. [0125] In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₁-C₃₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₆-C₈ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C6-C12 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C6-C18 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C6-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₁₀-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is C12-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. [0126] In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C1 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₃ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₅ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C6 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C7 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C8 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₉ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₁₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₁₁ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C12 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C13 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C14 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₁₅ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C16 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C17 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C18 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₁₉ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C21 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C22 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C23 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂₅ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₂₆ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C27 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C28 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C29 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₃₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C31 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C32 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C33 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₃₄ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₃₅ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C36 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C37 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C38 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₃₉ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄₁ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C42 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C43 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C44 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄₅ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C46 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C47 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C48 unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₄₉ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is a C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkenyl. [0127] In embodiments, L¹ is a C1-C20 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₁-C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₁-C₈ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₁-C₆ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a bond. [0128] In embodiments, L¹ is C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is C₁-C₃₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is C₆-C₈ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is C₆-C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is C6-C18 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is C6-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is C10-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is C₁₂-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. [0129] In embodiments, L¹ is a C1 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C2 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C3 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₄ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₅ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C6 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C7 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C8 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₉ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₁₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₁₁ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C12 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₁₃ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₁₄ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₁₅ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C16 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C17 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C18 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₁₉ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₂₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C21 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C22 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C23 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₂₅ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₂₆ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C27 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₂₈ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₂₉ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₃₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C31 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C32 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C33 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₃₄ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₃₅ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C36 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C37 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C38 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₃₉ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₄₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₄₁ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C42 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C43 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C44 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₄₅ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₄₆ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C₄₇ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C48 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C49 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L¹ is a C50 unsubstituted saturated alkylene.

[0130] In embodiments, X¹ is independentl

. In embodiments, X¹ is

independently

. In embodiments, X is independently . In

embodiments, X¹ is independently . In embodiments, X¹ is independently

.

[0131] In embodiments, X¹ is independentl

. In embodiments, X¹ is

independently

. In embodiments, X is independently . In

embodiments, X¹ is independently . [0132] In embodiments, R²⁰ is hydrogen, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3,

CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, or -N3. [0133] In embodiments, R²⁰ is halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, or -N3. [0134] In embodiments, R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted

heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1- C4 alkyl), R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0135] R²¹ is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, - SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, - OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, R²²-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), R²²-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R²²- substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), R²²-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered

heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R²²- substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or R²²-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). In embodiments, R²¹ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, - SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, - OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, or -N₃. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently oxo. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently halogen. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CCl3. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CBr3. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CI₃. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently CHCl₂. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CHBr2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CHF2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CHI2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CH2Cl. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CH₂Br. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CH₂F. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CH₂I. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CN. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OH. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -NH2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -CONH₂. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -NO₂. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -SH. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -SO3H. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -SO4H. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -SO2NH2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently−NHNH2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently−ONH2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently

−NHC(O)NHNH2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently−NHC(O)NH2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -NHSO2H. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -NHC(O)H. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -NHC(O)OH. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -NHOH. In

embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCCl₃. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCF₃. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCBr3. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCI3. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCHCl2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCHBr2. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCHI₂. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCHF₂. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCH2Cl. In embodiments, R²¹ is

independently -OCH2Br. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCH2I. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -OCH₂F. In embodiments, R²¹ is independently -N₃. [0136] R²² is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3,

CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, - SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2,−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, - OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, R²³-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), R²³-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R²³- substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), R²³-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered

heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R²³- substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or R²³-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0137] In embodiments, R²² is independently oxo,

halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CH I2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2, −NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCBr₃, -OCF₃, -OCI₃, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂F, -OCH₂I, - OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1- C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0138] R²³ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CH I₂, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂, −NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCBr₃, -OCF₃, -OCI₃, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂F, -OCH₂I, - OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1- C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0139] In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C₁-C₄ alkyl). [0140] In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C₁-C₄ alkyl). [0141] In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted C2 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or

unsubstituted C6 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted C7 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹- substituted methyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted C₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹- substituted C3 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹- substituted C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹- substituted C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted methyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C2 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C3 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₈ alkyl. [0142] In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C1 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C5 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C6 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C7 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C20 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C11 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C12 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C14 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C15 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C16 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C20 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C21 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C22 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C26 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C21 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C28 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C31 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C32 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C33 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C35 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C36 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C37 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₄₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C41 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C42 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C43 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₄₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₄₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C46 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C47 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C48 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₄₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a substituted or unsubstituted C50 alkyl. [0143] In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C1-C50 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₆-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₆-C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₆-C₁₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C6-C24 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C20- C₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁₂-C₂₄ alkyl. [0144] In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an

unsubstituted C2 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C3 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C5 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₇ alkyl. In

embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C8 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C9 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C20 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C11 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an

unsubstituted C₁₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C15 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C16 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C17 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C18 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an

unsubstituted C₂₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₂₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C22 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C23 alkyl. In

embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C24 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C25 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₂₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an

unsubstituted C21 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C28 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C29 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C30 alkyl. In

embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₃₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₃₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C33 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an

unsubstituted C34 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C35 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₃₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₃₇ alkyl. In

embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₃₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₃₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C40 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an

unsubstituted C41 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C42 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₄₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₄₄ alkyl. In

embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C45 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C46 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C47 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an

unsubstituted C₄₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₄₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C50 alkyl. [0145] In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C1-C50 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹- substituted C₁-C₃₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₆-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₆-C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₆-C₁₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C6-C24 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C20- C₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₁₂-C₂₄ alkyl. [0146] In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹- substituted C2 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C3 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C5 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C8 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C9 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C20 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C11 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹- substituted C₁₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₁₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C15 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C16 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C17 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C18 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₁₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₂₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₂₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹- substituted C22 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C23 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C24 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C25 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₂₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₂₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C28 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C29 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C30 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹- substituted C₃₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₃₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C33 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C34 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C35 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C36 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₃₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₃₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₃₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹- substituted C40 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C41 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C42 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C43 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₄₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₄₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C46 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C47 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C48 alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹- substituted C₄₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is a R²¹-substituted C₅₀ alkyl. [0147] In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl). [0148] In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl). [0149] In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered

heterocycloalkyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered

heterocycloalkyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl). [0150] In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl). [0151] In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is R²¹-substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0152] In embodiments, R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. [0153] In embodiments, z1 is an integer from 1 to 6. In embodiments, z1 is an integer from 1 to 3. In embodiments, z1 is 1. In embodiments, z1 is 2. In embodiments, z1 is 3. In

embodiments, z1 is 4. In embodiments, z1 is 5. In embodiments, z1 is 6. In embodiments, z1 is 7. In embodiments, z1 is 8. In embodiments, z1 is 9. In embodiments, z1 is 10. In

embodiments, z1 is 11. In embodiments, z1 is 12. In embodiments, z1 is 13. In embodiments, z1 is 14. In embodiments, z1 is 15. In embodiments, z1 is 16. In embodiments, z1 is 17. In embodiments, z1 is 18. In embodiments, z1 is 19. In embodiments, z1 is 20. [0154] In embodiments, L² is a bond. [0155] In embodiments, L² is C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is C1-C30 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is C6-C8 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is C6-C12 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is C₆-C₁₈ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is C₆-C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is C10-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is C12-C24 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. [0156] In embodiments, L² is a C₁ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C2 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C3 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C4 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C5 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₆ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C7 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C8 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₉ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₁₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₁₁ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C12 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C13 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C14 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₁₅ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C16 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C17 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C18 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₁₉ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₂₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C21 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C22 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C23 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₂₄ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₂₅ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₂₆ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C27 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C28 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C29 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₃₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C31 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C32 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C33 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₃₄ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₃₅ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C36 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C37 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C38 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₃₉ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₄₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₄₁ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C42 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C43 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C44 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₄₅ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C46 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C47 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C48 unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₄₉ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. In embodiments, L² is a C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene. [0157] In embodiments, R¹⁶ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C1- C₅₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C1-C6 alkyl. [0158] In embodiments, a polyurethane is formed by reacting a compound (e.g., a compound as described herein) with a compound having the formula: (III) in a

reaction vessel. L³ is a covalent linker. In embodiments, is Formula (III) is 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 1-isocyanato-3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI), or 4,4′-diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane, (H12MDI or hydrogenated MDI). [0159] In embodiments, L³ is a

bond, -S(O)2-, -NH-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -NHC(O)-, -NHC(O)NH-, -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. [0160] In embodiments, L³ is substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

[0161] In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., C1-C8 alkylene, C1- C₆ alkylene, or C₁-C₄ alkylene), R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkylene, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene), R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkylene, C3-C6 cycloalkylene, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkylene), R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene), R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C6-C10 arylene, C10 arylene, or phenylene), or R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene, 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene, or 5 to 6 membered heteroarylene). [0162] R²⁴ is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3,

CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, - SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2,−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, - OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ alkyl), R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R²⁵- substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R²⁵- substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or R²⁵-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, - SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2,−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, - OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, or -N₃. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently oxo. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently halogen. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CCl₃. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CBr3. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CI₃. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently CHCl₂. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CHBr₂. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CHF₂. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CHI2. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CH2Cl. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CH2Br. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CH2F. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CH₂I. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CN. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OH. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -NH2. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -CONH2. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -NO₂. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -SH. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -SO₃H. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -SO₄H. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -SO2NH2. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently−NHNH2. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently−ONH2. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently

−NHC(O)NHNH2. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently−NHC(O)NH2. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -NHSO2H. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -NHC(O)H. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -NHC(O)OH. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -NHOH. In

embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCCl₃. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCF₃. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCBr3. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCI3. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCHCl2. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCHBr2. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCHI₂. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCHF₂. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCH₂Cl. In embodiments, R²⁴ is

independently -OCH2Br. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCH2I. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R²⁴ is independently -N3. [0163] R²⁵ is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3,

CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, - SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2,−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, - OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ alkyl), R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R²⁶- substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered

heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R²⁶- substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or R²⁶-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0164] In embodiments, R²⁵ is independently oxo,

halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CH I₂, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂, −NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCBr₃, -OCF₃, -OCI₃, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂F, -OCH₂I, - OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHF₂, -OCHI₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁- C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0165] R²⁶ is independently oxo,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCBr₃, -OCF₃, -OCI₃, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂F, -OCH₂I, - OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHF₂, -OCHI₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁- C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0166] In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

, wherein R²⁰ is as described herein.

[0167] In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., C1-C8 alkylene, C1- C₆ alkylene, or C₁-C₄ alkylene). In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted alkylene (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkylene, C1-C6 alkylene, or C1-C4 alkylene). In embodiments, L³ is an unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., C1-C8 alkylene, C1-C6 alkylene, or C1-C4 alkylene). [0168] In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkylene, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene). In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkylene, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene). In embodiments, L³ is an unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, 2 to 6 membered

heteroalkylene, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene). [0169] In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkylene, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylene, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkylene). In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴- substituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylene, or C₅-C₆

cycloalkylene). In embodiments, L³ is an unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkylene, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylene, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkylene). [0170] In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene). In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene). In embodiments, L³ is an unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene). [0171] In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C6-C10 arylene, C10 arylene, or phenylene). In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted arylene (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ arylene, C₁₀ arylene, or phenylene). In embodiments, L³ is an unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C6-C10 arylene, C10 arylene, or phenylene). [0172] In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene, 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene, or 5 to 6 membered heteroarylene). In embodiments, L³ is R²⁴-substituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene, 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene, or 5 to 6 membered heteroarylene). In embodiments, L³ is an unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene, 5 to 9 membered

heteroarylene, or 5 to 6 membered heteroarylene). [0173] In embodiments, L³ has the formula–L^3A-L^3B-L^3C-. L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a bond, -S(O)₂-, -NH-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -NHC(O)-, -NHC(O)NH-, -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted

heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. [0174] In embodiments, L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. [0175] In embodiments, L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a bond, unsubstituted alkylene, unsubstituted heteroalkylene, unsubstituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted

heterocycloalkylene, unsubstituted arylene, or unsubstituted heteroarylene. [0176] In embodiments, L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted arylene. [0177] In embodiments, L^3A is substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

[0178] In embodiments, L^3A is R^24A-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkylene, C1-C6 alkylene, or C1-C4 alkylene), R^24A-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkylene, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene), R^24A-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylene, or C5-C6 cycloalkylene), R^24A-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene), R^24A-substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ arylene, C₁₀ arylene, or phenylene), or R^24A-substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene, 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene, or 5 to 6 membered heteroarylene). [0179] R^24A is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2,−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, - OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, R^25A-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₄ alkyl), R^25A-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R^25A- substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), R^25A-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered

heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R^25A-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or R^25A-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). In embodiments, R^24A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, - SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, - OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, or -N3. In embodiments, R^24A is independently oxo. In embodiments, R^24A is independently halogen. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CCl3. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CBr₃. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CF₃. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CI₃. In embodiments, R^24A is independently CHCl₂. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CHBr2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CHF2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CHI₂. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CH₂Cl. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CH2Br. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CH2F. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CH₂I. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CN. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OH. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -NH₂. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -CONH2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -NO2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -SH. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -SO₃H. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -SO₄H. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -SO2NH2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently−NHNH2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently−ONH2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently −NHC(O)NHNH2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently−NHC(O)NH2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -NHSO₂H. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -NHC(O)H. In

embodiments, R^24A is independently -NHC(O)OH. In embodiments, R^24A is

independently -NHOH. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCCl₃. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCF₃. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCBr₃. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCI3. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCHCl2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCHBr2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCHI2. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCHF₂. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCH₂Cl. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCH2Br. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCH2I. In

embodiments, R^24A is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R^24A is independently -N3. [0180] R^25A is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, - SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, - OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, R^26A-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), R^26A-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R^26A- substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), R^26A-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered

heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R^26A-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or R^26A-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0181] In embodiments, R^25A is independently oxo,

halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CH I2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2, −NHC(O)NHNH2,−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI3, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2F, -OCH2I, - OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1- C₄ alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0182] R^26A is independently oxo,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI3, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2F, -OCH2I, - OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1- C₄ alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0183] In embodiments, L^3B is substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

[0184] In embodiments, L^3B is R^24B-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkylene, C₁-C₆ alkylene, or C₁-C₄ alkylene), R^24B-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkylene, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene), R^24B-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylene, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkylene), R^24B-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene), R^24B-substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ arylene, C₁₀ arylene, or phenylene), or R^24B-substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene, 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene, or 5 to 6 membered heteroarylene). [0185] R^24B is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, - SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, - OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, R^25B-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), R^25B-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R^25B- substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), R^25B-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R^25B-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or R^25B-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). In embodiments, R^24B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, - SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2,−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, - OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, or -N₃. In embodiments, R^24B is independently oxo. In embodiments, R^24B is independently halogen. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CCl₃. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CBr3. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CF3. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CI₃. In embodiments, R^24B is independently CHCl₂. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CHBr₂. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CHF₂. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CHI2. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CH2Cl. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CH2Br. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CH2F. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CH₂I. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CN. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OH. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -NH2. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -CONH2. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -NO₂. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -SH. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -SO₃H. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -SO₄H. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -SO2NH2. In embodiments, R^24B is independently−NHNH2. In embodiments, R^24B is independently−ONH2. In embodiments, R^24B is independently −NHC(O)NHNH2. In embodiments, R^24B is independently−NHC(O)NH2. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -NHSO2H. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -NHC(O)H. In

embodiments, R^24B is independently -NHC(O)OH. In embodiments, R^24B is

independently -NHOH. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCCl₃. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCF3. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCBr3. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCI3. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCHCl2. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCHBr₂. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCHI₂. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCHF2. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCH2Cl. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCH2Br. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCH2I. In

embodiments, R^24B is independently -OCH₂F. In embodiments, R^24B is independently -N₃. [0186] R^25B is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI2, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,

−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, - OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, R^26B-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), R^26B-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R^26B- substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), R^26B-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R^26B-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or R^26B-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0187] In embodiments, R^25B is independently oxo,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI3, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2F, -OCH2I, - OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1- C₄ alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0188] R^26B is independently oxo,

halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CH I2, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2, −NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI3, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2F, -OCH2I, - OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHF₂, -OCHI₂, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁- C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0189] In embodiments, L^3C is substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

[0190] In embodiments, L^3C is R^24C-substituted or unsubstituted alkylene (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkylene, C1-C6 alkylene, or C1-C4 alkylene), R^24C-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkylene, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkylene), R^24C-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, C₃-C₆ cycloalkylene, or C5-C6 cycloalkylene), R^24C-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkylene), R^24C-substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ arylene, C₁₀ arylene, or phenylene), or R^24C-substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene, 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene, or 5 to 6 membered heteroarylene). [0191] R^24C is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI2, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH,

-SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2,

−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, R^25C- substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), R^25C-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R^25C-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), R^25C-substituted or unsubstituted

heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R^25C-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or R^25C-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). In embodiments, R^24C is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, - SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2,−NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, - OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, or -N3. In embodiments, R^24C is independently oxo. In embodiments, R^24C is independently halogen. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CCl₃. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CBr₃. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CF₃. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CI3. In embodiments, R^24C is independently CHCl2. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CHBr2. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CHF2. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CHI₂. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CH₂Cl. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CH2Br. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CH2F. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CH2I. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CN. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OH. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -NH₂. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -CONH₂. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -NO2. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -SH. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -SO₃H. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -SO₄H. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -SO₂NH₂. In embodiments, R^24C is independently−NHNH₂. In embodiments, R^24C is independently−ONH₂. In embodiments, R^24C is independently −NHC(O)NHNH₂. In embodiments, R^24C is independently−NHC(O)NH₂. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -NHSO₂H. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -NHC(O)H. In

embodiments, R^24C is independently -NHC(O)OH. In embodiments, R^24C is

independently -NHOH. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCCl3. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCF₃. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCBr₃. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCI₃. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCHCl₂. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCHBr2. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCHI2. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCHF2. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCH2Cl. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCH₂Br. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCH₂I. In

embodiments, R^24C is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R^24C is independently -N3. [0192] R^25C is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, CHCl2, -CHBr2,

-CHF₂, -CHI₂, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,

−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, R^26C- substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), R^26C-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R^26C-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), R^26C-substituted or unsubstituted

heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R^26C-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or R^26C-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0193] In embodiments, R^25C is independently oxo,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCBr3, -OCF3, -OCI3, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2F, -OCH2I, - OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1- C₄ alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0194] R^26C is independently oxo,

-NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCBr₃, -OCF₃, -OCI₃, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂F, -OCH₂I, - OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHF2, -OCHI2, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1- C₄ alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁₀ aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). In

embodiments, . In embodiments, R¹⁷ is

independently , wherein L^3A, R^24B, and L^3C are as described herein. The symbolz z24 is an integer from 0 to 4. In embodiments, z24 is 1.

[0195] In embodiments, R¹⁷ is independentl

embodiments, R¹⁷ is independently

. In embodiments, R¹⁷ is

ly

. In e or

. In embodiments, L . In embodiments, L³ is

. In embodiments, L is or . In

embodiments, L³ is .

[0196] In embodiments, the polyurethane moiety has the formula:

, wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independent and described herein, and L^3A and L^3C are described herein.

[0197] In embodiments, the polyurethane moiety has the formula:

, wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independent and described herein.

[0198] In embodiments, the polyurethane moiety has the formula:

, wherein R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independent and described herein.

[0199] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is a compound made following a method described herein, including embodiments. [0200] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is a compound made following a method described herein, including embodiments. [0201] In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is calculated according to standard formulas known in the art, see for example Monument Chemical Terms and Formulas Used in Urethane Polymer Preparations, retrieved at

http://www.pmahome.org/files/5314/1460/1437/Urethane_terms_NEW.pdf, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 0.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 1.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 1.5 weight %. In

embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 2.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 2.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 3.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 3.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 4.0 weight %. In

embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 4.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 5.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 5.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 6.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 6.5 weight %. In

embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 7.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 7.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 8.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 8.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 9.0 weight %. In

embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 9.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 10.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 10.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 11.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 11.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 12.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 12.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 13.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 13.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 14.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 14.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 15.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 15.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 16.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 16.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 17.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 17.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 18.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 18.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 19.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 19.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 20.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 20.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 21.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 21.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 22.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 22.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 23.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 23.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 24.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 24.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 25.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 25.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 26.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 26.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 27.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 27.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 28.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 28.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 29.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 29.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 30.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 30.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 31.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 31.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 32.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 32.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 33.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 33.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 34.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 34.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 35.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 35.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 36.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 36.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 37.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 37.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 38.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 38.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 39.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 39.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 40.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 40.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 41.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 41.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 42.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 42.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 43.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 43.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 44.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 44.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 45.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 45.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 46.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 46.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 47.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 47.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 48.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 48.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 49.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 49.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 50.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 50.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 51.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 51.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 52.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 52.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 53.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 53.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 54.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 54.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 55.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 55.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 56.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 56.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 57.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 57.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 58.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 58.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 59.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 59.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 60.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 60.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 61.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 61.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 62.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 62.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 63.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 63.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 64.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 64.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 65.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 65.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 66.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 66.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 67.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 67.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 68.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 68.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 69.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 69.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 70.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 70.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 71.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 71.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 72.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 72.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 73.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 73.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 74.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 74.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 75.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 75.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 76.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 76.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 77.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 77.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 78.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 78.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 79.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 79.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 80.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 80.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 81.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 81.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 82.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 82.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 83.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 83.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 84.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 84.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 85.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 85.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 86.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 86.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 87.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 87.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 88.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 88.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 89.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 89.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 90.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 90.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 91.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 91.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 92.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 92.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 93.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 93.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 94.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 94.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 95.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 95.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 96.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 96.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 97.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 97.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 98.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 98.5 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 99.0 weight %. In embodiments, the isocyanate (NCO) content is about 99.5 weight %. [0202] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100 to 1,000,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100 to 500,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 1,000 to 1,000,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 500 to 1,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100 to 100,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100 to 200,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 1,000 to 10,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). [0203] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 10,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 20,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 30,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 40,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 50,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 60,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 70,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 80,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 90,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 110,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 120,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 130,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 140,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 150,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 160,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 170,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 180,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 190,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 200,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 210,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 220,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 230,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 240,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 250,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 260,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 270,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 280,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 290,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 300,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 310,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 320,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 330,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 340,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 350,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 360,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 370,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 380,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 390,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 400,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 410,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 420,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 430,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 440,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 450,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 460,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 470,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 480,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 490,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 500,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 510,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 520,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 530,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 540,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 550,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 560,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 570,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 580,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 590,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 600,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 610,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 620,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 630,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 640,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 650,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 660,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 670,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 680,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 690,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 700,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 710,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 720,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 730,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 740,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 750,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 760,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 770,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 780,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 790,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 800,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 810,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 820,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 830,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 840,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 850,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 860,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 870,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 880,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 890,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 900,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 910,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 920,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 930,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 940,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 950,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 960,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 970,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 980,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 990,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 1,000,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 1,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 2,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 3,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 4,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the

polyurethane polymer includes 5,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 6,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 7,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the

polyurethane polymer includes 8,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 9,000 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the

polyurethane polymer includes 200 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 300 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 400 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the

polyurethane polymer includes 500 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 600 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 700 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the

polyurethane polymer includes 800 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 900 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). [0204] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 2 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 3 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the

polyurethane polymer includes 4 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 5 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 6 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 7 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 8 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 9 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 10 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 11 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 12 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 13 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 14 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 15 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 16 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 17 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 18 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 19 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 20 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 21 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 22 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 23 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 24 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 25 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 26 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 27 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 28 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 29 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 30 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 31 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 32 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 33 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 34 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 35 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 36 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 37 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 38 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 39 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 40 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 41 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 42 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 43 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 44 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 45 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 46 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 47 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 48 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 49 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 50 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 51 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 52 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 53 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 54 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 55 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 56 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 57 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 58 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 59 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 60 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 61 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 62 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 63 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 64 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 65 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 66 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 67 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 68 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 69 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 70 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 71 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 72 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 73 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 74 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 75 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 76 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 77 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 78 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 79 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 80 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 81 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 82 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 83 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 84 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 85 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 86 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 87 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 88 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 89 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 90 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 91 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 92 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 93 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 94 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 95 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 96 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 97 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 98 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 99 repeating subunits of the polyurethane moiety of formula (VI). [0205] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100 to 1,000,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100 to 500,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 1,000 to 1,000,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 500 to 1,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100 to 100,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100 to 200,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 1,000 to 10,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). [0206] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 10,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 20,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 30,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 40,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 50,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 60,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 70,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 80,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 90,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 110,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 120,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 130,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 140,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 150,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 160,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 170,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 180,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 190,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 200,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 210,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 220,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 230,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 240,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 250,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 260,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 270,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 280,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 290,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 300,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 310,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 320,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 330,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 340,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 350,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 360,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 370,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 380,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 390,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 400,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 410,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 420,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 430,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 440,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 450,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 460,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 470,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 480,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 490,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 500,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 510,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 520,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 530,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 540,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 550,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 560,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 570,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 580,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 590,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 600,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 610,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 620,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 630,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 640,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 650,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 660,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 670,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 680,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 690,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 700,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 710,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 720,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 730,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 740,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 750,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 760,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 770,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 780,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 790,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 800,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 810,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 820,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 830,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 840,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 850,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 860,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 870,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 880,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 890,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 900,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 910,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 920,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 930,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 940,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 950,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 960,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 970,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 980,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 990,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 1,000,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 1,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 2,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 3,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 4,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 5,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 6,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 7,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 8,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 9,000 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 100 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 200 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 300 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 400 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 500 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 600 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 700 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 800 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 900 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). [0207] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 2 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 3 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 4 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 5 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 6 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 7 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 8 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 9 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 10 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 11 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 12 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 13 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 14 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 15 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 16 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 17 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 18 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 19 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 20 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 21 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 22 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 23 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 24 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 25 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 26 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 27 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 28 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 29 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 30 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 31 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 32 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 33 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 34 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 35 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 36 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 37 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 38 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 39 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 40 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 41 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 42 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 43 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 44 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 45 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 46 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 47 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 48 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 49 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 50 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 51 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 52 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 53 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 54 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 55 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 56 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 57 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 58 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 59 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 60 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 61 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 62 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 63 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 64 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 65 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 66 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 67 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 68 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 69 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 70 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 71 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 72 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 73 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 74 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 75 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 76 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 77 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 78 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 79 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 80 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 81 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 82 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 83 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 84 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 85 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 86 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 87 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 88 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 89 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 90 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 91 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 92 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 93 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 94 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 95 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 96 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 97 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 98 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes 99 repeating subunits of the R^17A substituent defined by Formula (IV) or Formula (V). [0208] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 50 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 10,000 g/mol. [0209] In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 50 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 1950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 2950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 3950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 4950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 5950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 6950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 7950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 8950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 9950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer is about 10,000 g/mol. [0210] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 50 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 10,000 g/mol. [0211] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 50 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 1950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 2950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 3950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 4950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 5950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 6950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 7950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 8950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9000 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9050 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9100 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9150 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9200 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9250 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9300 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9350 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9400 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9450 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9500 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9550 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9600 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9650 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9700 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9750 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9800 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9850 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9900 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 9950 g/mol. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride is about 10,000 g/mol. [0212] In embodiments the polyurethane polymer is a three dimensional polymer. [0213] In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 200 to 10,000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 500 to 5,000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1,000 to 10,000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 200 to 1,000. [0214] In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 50. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 150. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 250. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 350. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 450. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 550. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 650. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 750. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 850. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 900. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 950. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 900. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 1900. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 2000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 2100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 2200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 2300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 2400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 2500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 2600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 2700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 2800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 2900. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 3000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 3100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 3200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 3300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 3400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 3500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 3600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 3700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 3800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 3900. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 4000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 4100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 4200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 4300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 4400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 4500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 4600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 4700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 4800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 4900. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 5000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 5100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 5200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 5300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 5400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 5500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 5600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 5700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 5800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 5900. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 6000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 6100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 6200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 6300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 6400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 6500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 6600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 6700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 6800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 6900. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 7000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 7100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 7200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 7300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 7400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 7500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 7600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 7700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 7800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 7900. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 8000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 8100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 8200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 8300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 8400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 8500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 8600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 8700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 8800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 8900. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 9000. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 9100. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 9200. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 9300. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 9400. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 9500. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 9600. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 9700. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 9800. In embodiments, the number average of the polyurethane polymer is about 9900. [0215] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number of from about 10 to 1,000 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number of from about 10 to 500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number of from about 200 to 320. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number of from about 220 to 350. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number of from about 200, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 300, 305, 310, 315, 320, 325, 330, 335, 340, or 350, mg KOH/g. [0216] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 100 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 200 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 300 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 400 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 600 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 700 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 800 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 900 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 1000 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 1100 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 1200 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 1300 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 1400 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 1500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 1600 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 1700 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 1800 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 1900 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 2000 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 2100 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 2200 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 2300 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 2400 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 2500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 2600 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 2700 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 2800 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 2900 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 3000 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 3100 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 3200 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 3300 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 3400 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 3500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 3600 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 3700 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 3800 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 3900 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 4000 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 4100 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 4200 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 4300 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 4400 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 4500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 4600 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 4700 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 4800 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 4900 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 5000 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 5100 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 5200 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 5300 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 5400 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 5500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 5600 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 5700 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 5800 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 5900 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 6000 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 6100 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 6200 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 6300 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 6400 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 6500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 6600 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 6700 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 6800 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 6900 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 7000 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 7100 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 7200 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 7300 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 7400 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 7500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 7600 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 7700 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 7800 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 7900 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 8000 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 8100 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 8200 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 8300 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 8400 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 8500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 8600 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 8700 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 8800 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 8900 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 9000 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 9100 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 9200 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 9300 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 9400 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 9500 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 9600 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 9700 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 9800 mg KOH/g. In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride has a hydroxyl number about 9900 mg KOH/g. III. Methods

[0217] In an aspect is provided a method of making a polyol triglyceride, the method including: i) mixing a peroxy acid and an unsaturated triglyceride in a reaction vessel, wherein the unsaturated triglyceride includes at least two points of unsaturation (e.g., at least one

unsaturated bond, having the formula: thereby forming an epoxide triglyceride, wherein the epoxide triglyceride includes an epoxide ring at the at least two points of unsaturation (e.g., the reaction forming an epoxide ring off of the points of unsaturation , i.e. ); and ii) mixing a nucleophilic acid with the epoxide

triglyceride in the reaction vessel thereby forming a polyol triglyceride, wherein the polyol triglyceride includes a hydroxyl moiety and an nucleophilic acid moiety attached at adjacent

carbon atoms of each of the epoxide rings (e.g., the reaction forming

at the carbon

positions where the epoxide had formed, i.e.

). In

embodiments, the two points of unsaturation are reacted to form to an epoxide, which in turn is reacted to form to a hydroxyl moiety and a nucleophilic acid moiety, for example:

. In embodiments, two points of unsaturation refers to two adjacent unsaturated carbon atoms. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is not

In embodiments, the method includes a plurality of nucleophilic acids. In embodiments, the method of making is described herein (e.g., in the Examples section).

[0218] In embodiments, the peroxy acid has the formula:

. R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH,

-CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is not hydrogen. [0219] In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1- C₄ alkyl), R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5-C6 cycloalkyl), R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or R²⁷-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). [0220] R²⁷ is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, - SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, - OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl), unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, 2 to 6 membered heteroalkyl, or 2 to 4 membered heteroalkyl), unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, 3 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6 membered heterocycloalkyl), unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 aryl, C10 aryl, or phenyl), or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl, 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl, or 5 to 6 membered heteroaryl). In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently oxo, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, - SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂,−NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, - OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, or -N3. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently oxo. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently halogen. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CCl3. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CBr₃. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CF₃. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CI3. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently CHCl2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CHBr2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CHF2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CHI₂. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CH₂Cl. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CH₂Br. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CH₂F. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CH2I. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CN. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OH. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -NH₂. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -COOH. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -CONH2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -NO₂. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -SH. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -SO₃H. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -SO₄H. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -SO2NH2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently−NHNH2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently−ONH2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently −NHC(O)NHNH2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently−NHC(O)NH2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -NHSO2H. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -NHC(O)H. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -NHC(O)OH. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -NHOH. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCCl₃. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCF₃. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCBr₃. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCI₃. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCHCl2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCHBr2. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCHI₂. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCHF₂. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCH₂Cl. In embodiments, R²⁷ is

independently -OCH2Br. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCH2I. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -OCH2F. In embodiments, R²⁷ is independently -N3. [0221] In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In

embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. [0222] In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C1-C50 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is

independently substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C6-C18 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C6-C24 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C₁₀-C₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently substituted or unsubstituted C₁₂-C₂₄ alkyl. [0223] In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C1 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C2 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C5 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C6 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C9 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C13 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C14 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C16 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C17 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C18 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₁₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C20 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C21 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C25 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C26 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₂₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C28 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C29 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C30 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C32 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C33 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C37 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C38 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₃₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C40 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C41 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C42 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₄₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C44 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C45 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₄₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₄₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₄₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C49 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C₅₀ alkyl. [0224] In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C1-C50 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₆-C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₆-C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C6-C18 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C6-C24 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an

unsubstituted C₁₀-C₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₁₂-C₂₄ alkyl. [0225] In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C1 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C2 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an

unsubstituted C₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C5 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is

independently an unsubstituted C6 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an

unsubstituted C10 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C11 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₁₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C14 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C15 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C16 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an

unsubstituted C₁₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₁₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C19 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C20 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₂₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₂₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₂₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an

unsubstituted C24 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C25 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₂₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₂₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C28 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C29 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C30 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an

unsubstituted C₃₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₃₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C33 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C34 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₃₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₃₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₃₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an

unsubstituted C38 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C39 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C40 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₄₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₄₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₄₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C44 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an

unsubstituted C45 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C46 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C₄₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C48 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C49 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently an unsubstituted C50 alkyl. [0226] In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₁-C₅₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C1-C30 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C6-C8 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C6-C12 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₆-C₁₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₆-C₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C10-C24 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C12-C24 alkyl. [0227] In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C3 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C4 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C5 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₇ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C9 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C₁₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₁₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C13 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C₁₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₁₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₁₆ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C17 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C18 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C19 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₂₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C21 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C22 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C23 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₂₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C26 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C27 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C28 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₂₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C₃₀ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₃₁ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C32 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C33 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C₃₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₃₅ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C36 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C37 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C₃₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₃₉ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C40 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C41 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C₄₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₄₃ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₄₄ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C45 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷- substituted C46 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C47 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C₄₈ alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C49 alkyl. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is independently a R²⁷-substituted C50 alkyl. [0228] In embodiments, the peroxy acid is formed by mixing an organic acid and hydrogen peroxide. In embodiments, the peroxy acid is formed by mixing formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. In embodiments, the peroxy acid is formed by mixing acetic acid and hydrogen

peroxide. In embodiments, the peroxy acid is

[0229] In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid has the formula: ⁰ is

independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH,

-CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂, −NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0230] In embodiments, R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. In embodiments, R²⁰ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. [0231] In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is lactic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, or mandeleic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is lactic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is glycolic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is citric acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is tartaric acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is malic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is mandeleic acid. [0232] In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is salicylic acid, beta hydroxy butyric acid, beta hydroxy beta methyl butyric acid, or carnitine. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is salicylic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is beta hydroxy butyric acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is beta hydroxy beta methyl butyric acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is carnitine. [0233] In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is 16-hydroxy palmitic acid,18-hydroxy stearic acid, 20-hydroxyarachidonic acid, ricinoleic acid, hydroxy butanoic acid, hydroxy pentanoic acid, or hydroxy hexanoic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is 16-hydroxy palmitic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is 18-hydroxy stearic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is 20-hydroxyarachidonic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is ricinoleic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is hydroxy butanoic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is hydroxy pentanoic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is hydroxy hexanoic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is lactic acid. [0234] In embodiments, the method includes a combination of at least two nucleophilic acids. In embodiments, the method includes a combination of two nucleophilic acids. [0235] In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is formic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is a combination of acetic acid and formic acid, lactic acid, or propionic acid. In embodiments, the combination of nucleophilic acid is present at a ratio of nucleophilic acid A (e.g., propionic acid) to nucleophilic acid B (e.g., acetic acid) of about 1 to about 1. In embodiments, the combination of nucleophilic acid is present at a ratio of nucleophilic acid A (e.g., propionic acid) to nucleophilic acid B (e.g., acetic acid) of 1 to 1. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is a combination of acetic acid and formic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is a combination of acetic acid and lactic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is a combination of acetic acid and propionic acid. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid has a pH less than about 1. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid has a pH less than about 2. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid has a pH less than about 3. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid has a pH less than about 4. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid has a pH less than about 5. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid has a pH of about 2 to about 3. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid has a pH of about 2 to about 4. In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid has a pH of about 2 to about 5. [0236] In embodiments, the nucleophilic acid is lactic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, mandeleic acid, 16-hydroxy palmitic acid,18-hydroxy stearic acid, 20- hydroxyarachidonic acid, ricinoleic acid, hydroxy butanoic acid, hydroxy pentanoic acid, hydroxy hexanoic acid, salicylic acid, beta hydroxy butyric acid, beta hydroxy beta methyl butyric acid, or carnitine, or a combination thereof. [0237] In an aspect is provided a method of making a compound having the formula:

method including mixing an organic acid, hydrogen peroxide solution, and a triglyceride in a reaction vessel. R¹ is hydrogen,–OR^1A, or–OCOR^1A; R² is hydrogen,–OR^2A, or–OCOR^2A; R³ is hydrogen,–OR^3A, or–OCOR^3A; R⁴ is hydrogen,–OR^4A, or–OCOR^4A; R⁵ is hydrogen,–OR^5A, or–OCOR^5A; R⁶ is hydrogen,–OR^6A, or–OCOR^6A; R⁷ is hydrogen,–OR^7A, or–OCOR^7A; R⁸ is hydrogen,–OR^8A, or–OCOR^8A; R⁹ is hydrogen,–OR^9A, or–OCOR^9A; R¹⁰ is hydrogen,–OR^10A, or–OCOR^10A; R¹¹ is hydrogen,–OR^11A, or–OCOR^11A; R¹² is hydrogen,–OR^12A, or–OCOR^12A; R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently

hydrogen, -CX₃, -CN, -COOH, -CONH₂, -CHX₂, -CH₂X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; X is halogen; and n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently an integer from 0 to 20. R¹ and R² may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R³ and R⁴ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R⁵ and R⁶ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R⁶ and R⁷ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R⁹ and R¹⁰ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R¹¹ and R¹² may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.

[0238] In another aspect is provided a compound having the formula:

hydrogen,–OR^1A, or–OCOR^1A; R² is hydrogen,–OR^2A, or–OCOR^2A; R³ is hydrogen,–OR^3A, or–OCOR^3A; R⁴ is hydrogen,–OR^4A, or–OCOR^4A; R⁵ is hydrogen,–OR^5A, or–OCOR^5A; R⁶ is hydrogen,–OR^6A, or–OCOR^6A; R⁷ is hydrogen,–OR^7A, or–OCOR^7A; R⁸ is hydrogen,–OR^8A, or–OCOR^8A; R⁹ is hydrogen,–OR^9A, or–OCOR^9A; R¹⁰ is hydrogen,–OR^10A, or–OCOR^10A; R¹¹ is hydrogen,–OR^11A, or–OCOR^11A; R¹² is hydrogen,–OR^12A, or–OCOR^12A; R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently

hydrogen, -CX3, -CN, -COOH, -CONH2, -CHX2, -CH2X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; X is halogen; and n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are

independently an integer from 0 to 20. R¹ and R² may optionally be joined to form an

unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R² and R³ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R³ and R⁴ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R⁵ and R⁶ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R⁶ and R⁷ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R⁹ and R¹⁰ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. R¹¹ and R¹² may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. [0239] In embodiments, the hydrogen peroxide solution is aqueous hydrogen peroxide. In embodiments, the hydrogen peroxide solution includes hydrogen peroxide (i.e. H2O2) in a 30% (w/w) water solution. [0240] In embodiments, the triglyceride includes a saturated alkyl moiety, corresponding to the lipid number (18:1). In embodiments, the lipid number is (18:0). In embodiments, the lipid number is (18:1). In embodiments, the lipid number is (18:2). In embodiments, the lipid number is (18:3). [0241] In embodiments, the organic acid is formic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, the organic acid is a combination of acetic acid and formic acid, lactic acid, or propionic acid. In embodiments, the combination of organic acid is present at a ratio of organic acid A (e.g., propionic acid) to organic acid B (e.g., acetic acid) of about 1 to about 1. In embodiments, the combination of organic acid is present at a ratio of organic acid A (e.g., propionic acid) to organic acid B (e.g., acetic acid) of 1 to 1. In

embodiments, the organic acid is a combination of acetic acid and formic acid. In embodiments, the organic acid is a combination of acetic acid and lactic acid. In embodiments, the organic acid is a combination of acetic acid and propionic acid. In embodiments, the organic acid has a pH less than about 1. In embodiments, the organic acid has a pH less than about 2. In embodiments, the organic acid has a pH less than about 3. In embodiments, the organic acid has a pH less than about 4. In embodiments, the organic acid has a pH less than about 5. In embodiments, the organic acid has a pH of about 2 to about 3. In embodiments, the organic acid has a pH of about 2 to about 4. In embodiments, the organic acid has a pH of about 2 to about 5. [0242] In embodiments, the method further includes distillation (e.g., hexane distillation). In embodiments, the method further includes distilling the organic component prior to mixing. In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

, wherein R², R³, ¹⁰, and R¹¹ are

independently hydrogen, -OH,

, , , or . [0244] In embodiments, the compound has the formula:

, wherein -OR^2A, - ^3A, -OR^10A, and -

OR^11A are independently -OH,

, , , or . [0245] In embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R² is hydrogen. In embodiments, R³ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁴ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁷ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹¹ is hydrogen. In embodiments, R¹² is hydrogen. [0246] In embodiments, R¹ is -OH. In embodiments, R² is -OH. In embodiments, R³ is -OH. In embodiments, R⁴ is -OH. In embodiments, R⁵ is -OH. In embodiments, R⁶ is -OH. In embodiments, R⁷ is -OH. In embodiments, R⁸ is -OH. In embodiments, R⁹ is -OH. In embodiments, R¹⁰ is -OH. In embodiments, R¹¹ is -OH. In embodiments, R¹² is -OH. [0247] In embodiments, R¹ is . In embodiments, R¹ is

. In embodiments, R¹ is

. In embodiments, R is .

[0248] In embodiments, R² is

. In embodiments, R is . In embodiments, R² is

. In embodiments, R is .

[0249] In embodiments, R³ is

. In embodiments, R is . In embodiments, R³ is

. In embodiments, R³ is .

[0250] In embodiments, R⁴ is

. In embodiments, R is . In embodiments, R⁴ is

. In embodiments, R is .

[0251] In embodiments, R⁵ is

. In embodiments, R⁵ is . In embodiments, R⁵ is

. In embodiments, R is .

[0252] In embodiments, R⁶ is

. In embodiments, R⁶ is . In embodiments, R⁶ is

. In embodiments, R is . [0253] In embodiments, R⁷ is . In embodiments, R⁷ is

. In embodiments, R⁷ is

. In embodiments, R⁷ is .

[0254] In embodiments, R⁸ is

. In embodiments, R is . In embodiments, R⁸ is

. In embodiments, R is .

[0255] In embodiments, R⁹ is

. In embodiments, R is . In embodiments, R⁹ is

. In embodiments, R⁹ is .

[0256] In embodiments, R¹⁰ is

. In embodiments, R is . In embodiments, R¹⁰ is

. In embodiments, R ⁰ is .

[0257] In embodiments, R¹¹ is

. In embodiments, R is . In embodiments, R¹¹ is

. In embodiments, R is .

[0258] In embodiments, R¹² is

. In embodiments, R is . In embodiments, R¹² is

. In embodiments, R is . [0259] In embodiments, R¹ and R² may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted oxiranyl. R² and R³ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted oxiranyl. R³ and R⁴ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted oxiranyl. R⁵ and R⁶ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted oxiranyl. R⁶ and R⁷ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted oxiranyl. R⁷ and R⁸ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted oxiranyl. R⁹ and R¹⁰ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted oxiranyl. R¹¹ and R¹² may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted oxiranyl. [0260] In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [0261] In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) alkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are

independently unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁- C₄, or C₁-C₂). In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted alkyl (e.g., C1-C8, C1-C6, C1-C4, or C1-C2). In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., C₁-C₈, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₄, or C₁-C₂). [0262] In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group)

heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). In embodiments, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently an unsubstituted heteroalkyl (e.g., 2 to 8 membered, 2 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 2 to 3 membered, or 4 to 5 membered). [0263] In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently an unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆). In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅- C6). In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently unsubstituted cycloalkyl (e.g., C₃-C₈, C₃-C₆, C₄-C₆, or C₅-C₆). [0264] In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., 3 to 8 membered, 3 to 6 membered, 4 to 6 membered, 4 to 5 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0265] In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) aryl. In embodiments, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently an unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6-C10 or phenyl). In

embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are

independently substituted aryl (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ or phenyl). In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently an unsubstituted aryl (e.g., C6- C10 or phenyl). [0266] In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted (e.g., substituted with a substituent group, a size-limited substituent group, or lower substituent group) heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently an unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently substituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). In embodiments, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently an unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., 5 to 10 membered, 5 to 9 membered, or 5 to 6 membered). [0267] In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently hydrogen. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently C1-C6 alkyl substituted with–OH. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently C₁-C₄ alkyl substituted with–OH. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently C1-C3 alkyl substituted with–OH. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently C1-C2 alkyl substituted with–OH. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are

independently C6 alkyl substituted with–OH. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently C5 alkyl substituted with–OH. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are

independently C₄ alkyl substituted with–OH. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently C3 alkyl substituted with–OH. In embodiments, R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently C₂ alkyl substituted with–OH. [0268] In embodiments, the polyol triglyceride includes a monovalent propanoic acid moiety, monovalent butanoic acid moiety, monovalent pentanoic acid moiety, monovalent hexanoic acid moiety, monovalent heptanoic acid moiety, monovalent octanoic acid moiety, monovalent nonanoic acid moiety, monovalent decanoic acid moiety, monovalent undecanoic acid moiety, monovalent dodecanoic acid moiety, monovalent tridecanoic acid moiety, monovalent tetradecanoic acid moiety, monovalent pentadecanoic acid moiety, monovalent hexadecanoic acid moiety, monovalent heptadecanoic acid moiety, monovalent octadecanoic acid moiety, monovalent nonadecanoic acid moiety, monovalent eicosanoic acid moiety, monovalent heneicosanoic acid moiety, monovalent docosanoic acid moiety, monovalent tricosanoic acid moiety, monovalent tetracosanoic acid moiety, monovalent pentacosanoic acid moiety, monovalent hexacosanoic acid moiety, monovalent heptacosanoic acid moiety, monovalent octacosanoic acid moiety, monovalent nonacosanoic acid moiety, monovalent triacontanoic acid moiety, monovalent henatriacontanoic acid moiety, monovalent dotriacontanoic acid moiety, monovalent tritriacontanoic acid moiety, monovalent tetratriacontanoic acid moiety, monovalent pentatriacontanoic acid moiety, monovalent hexatriacontanoic acid moiety, monovalent heptatriacontanoic acid moiety, monovalent octatriacontanoic acid moiety, monovalent α- linolenic acid moiety, monovalent stearidonic acid moiety, monovalent eicosapentaenoic acid moiety, monovalent docosahexaenoic acid moiety, monovalent linoleic acid moiety, monovalent γ-linolenic acid moiety, monovalent dihomo-γ-linolenic acid moiety, monovalent arachidonic acid moiety, monovalent docosatetraenoic acid moiety, monovalent , monovalent palmitoleic acid moiety, monovalent vaccenic acid moiety, monovalent paullinic acid moiety, monovalent , monovalent oleic acid moiety, monovalent elaidic acid moiety, monovalent gondoic acid moiety, monovalent erucic acid moiety, monovalent nervonic acid moiety, or a monovalent mead acid moiety. [0269] In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently an integer from 0 to 10. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 0. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 1. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 2. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 3. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 4. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 5. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 6. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 7. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 8. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 9. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 10. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 11. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 12. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 13. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 14. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 15. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 16. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 17. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 18. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 19. In embodiments, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently 20. [0270] In embodiments the reaction vessel contains an additional solvent (e.g., organic solvent, water). In embodiments the reaction vessel contains water. In embodiments, the method is completed in one step. In embodiments, the method is completed in one reaction vessel. In embodiments the triglyceride is harvested from algae (e.g., microalgae). In embodiments, the method includes the reaction occurring in one reaction vessel, with no intervening washing, isolating, or purifing steps (e.g., between step i) and step ii) of the method described herein). In embodiments, the method does not include a filtration (e.g., between step i) and step ii)). In embodiments, the method does not include a wash (e.g., between step i) and step ii)). [0271] In embodiments, the method includes adding a catalyst to the reaction vessel. In embodiments, the method includes adding triethylenediamine (TEDA, also called DABCO, 1,4- diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), or bis-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether to the reaction vessel. [0272] In an aspect is provided a method of making a polyurethane polymer, the method including mixing in a reaction vessed a polyol triglyceride (e.g., a polyol triglyceride as described herein) with a compound having the formula: (III); wherein, L³ is a covalent linker. IV. Articles of Manufacture

[0273] In an aspect is provided an article of manufacture including a polyurethane polymer (e.g., a polyurethane polymer as described herein). In embodiments, the polyurethane polymer includes a polyurethane moiety, the polyurethane moiety having the formula:

(II). R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently

or C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl. L¹ is independently a bond or unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkylene. L² is independently a bond or an unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkylen R¹⁶ is independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted saturated s

independently

or wherein at least one X is .

R¹⁷ is independently

wherein each R^17A is independently an optionally different polyurethane moiety. L³ is a covalent linker. R²⁰ is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH,

-CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂, −NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. The symbol z1 is an integer from 1 to 20. [0274] In embodiments, the article further includes ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO or BDO), 1,6-hexanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol or hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether (HQEE). [0275] In embodiments, the article is a flip-flop or a surfboard. In embodiments, the article is a flip-flop. In embodiments, the article is a surfboard. [0276] In embodiments, the article is foam seating, rigid foam insulation panels, microcellular foam seals and gaskets, durable elastomeric wheels and tires (e.g., roller coaster, escalator, shopping cart, elevator, and skateboard wheels), automotive suspension bushings, electrical potting compounds, high performance adhesives, surface coatings and surface sealants, synthetic fibers, carpet underlay, or a hose. EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1: ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF POLYOLS FROM ALGAE OIL FOR SUSTAINABLE POLYURETHANES

[0277] Current global trends of climate change caused by carbon emissions from fossil fuels are encouraging many chemical industries to investigate more sustainable manufacturing processes, especially industries that rely heavily on petroleum products.¹ A large sector with potential for improvement is the polyurethane (PU) industry, which produces versatile polymers and foams for use in many commercial products, from foams to thermoplastics. PU foams are employed in a wide variety of industrial applications, including, but not limited to their use in flexible cushions, elastomers, coatings, and insulation.² Production of these polymers is dependent on precursor“polyols”, or long-chain hydrocarbons with hydroxyl groups along the carbon backbone. These polyols are condensed with di- or poly-isocyanates to produce PU foam, and varying the identity of these basic monomers provides the broad variety of PU products. Current production of industrial polyols is dominated by petroleum-derived polyethers, which are unsustainable and present environmental hazards due to their poor degradation in the environment.³ The fact that the global PU market depends on a continuously dwindling petroleum supply also begets the impetus to search for renewable PU sources. [0278] Numerous plant-based oils, or triglycerides (TG), have been researched over the past 15 to 20 years for their viability as petroleum polyester PU replacements. Multiple polyol syntheses have been established from vegetable oils, including transesterification of the triglycerides (TG) in oil with high OH functionality, low molecular weight molecules, hydroformylation, ozonolysis, and epoxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbon bonds with subsequent ring-opening in a two-step synthesis.⁴ This last mechanism requires unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic acids (C18:3), which can be found in many natural oils. In this study, we focus on improving this synthesis using oil harvested from microalgae rather than vegetable oils. There are several advantages to sourcing oil from microalgae. Algae can produce approximately 7,000 L of oil per acre per year, making algae 3 to 39 times more prolific than common oil crops.⁵ Additionally, algae can be cultivated on non-arable land so that its production does not compete with resources otherwise allocated for food. We chose to use very high oleic (VHO) algae oil from Terra Via, sourced from microalgae grown in fermentation tanks and fed on locally-sourced sugar cane, as the high oleic acid content of the starting material increased the probability of a more uniform polyol product. For example of a triglyceride with two oleic acid (C18:1) chains and one palmitic acid (C18:0) chain, is the most abundant TG in VHO algae oil. [0279] Monteavaro et al. has also shown that polyols can be produced from plant-based oils via epoxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbon bonds.⁶ In these reactions, TG is commonly epoxidized with a peroxyacid, followed by ring opening with an appropriate nucleophile.⁷ While organic acids have been used to prepare peroxyacids with hydrogen peroxide for this

epoxidation,⁸ and organic alcohols have been demonstrated in epoxide ring opening,^9,10 these two concepts have not previously been combined into a simplified, one-step method, as shown in FIG.1. [0280] In an effort to develop methods for algae-sourced TG, we desired a rapid process that could be performed on a variety of scales and with a minimum number of steps. Here we show how small carboxylic acids and hydrogen peroxide can be used for a tandem epoxidation—ring opening in a one-pot protocol that provides polyols appropriate for the preparation of rigid polyurethanes. Using algae TG, we evaluate a panel of organic acids (Table 1) for suitability in this procedure, with an emphasis on identification of viable products. Table 1. Carboxylic acids used to form polyols and their corresponding

pKas.

EXAMPLE 2: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION

[0281] Each organic acid was used in otherwise identical one-pot syntheses with VHO algae oil. The purpose of testing each acid under the same thermal conditions was to investigate the role of pKa, acid chain length, and acid substituents in epoxide and polyol formation. It was hypothesized that a decrease in carboxylic acid pKa served as the primary facilitator of epoxidation and ring opening, thus leading to polyol. [0282] A sample of algae oil was first subjected to derivatization and GCMS analysis to confirm the high oleic fatty acid content (C18:1), where the double bond in each chain served as an epoxidation site. During the one-pot reaction, samples were analysed by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to develop a timescale comparison. The major components in each reaction product were then identified by Orbitrap liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (Orbitrap LC-MS). [0283] Four additional one-pot syntheses were performed using combinations of organic acid and acetic acid, which has been shown to promote epoxide formation.⁶ Two of these syntheses involved the combination of propionic or lactic acid and acetic acid at a 1:1 acetic acid to double bond molar equivalency to study the effect of a strong epoxidizing agent on the reaction rate and subsequent product. Two additional studies were performed using lactic acid and 50% less acetic acid to evaluate the effect of acetic acid concentration on reaction rate and ring opening. One of these preparations also included a hexane distillation to azeotropically remove water added as part of the 30% hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid after the epoxidation step had occurred. Hexane was chosen as a solvent for its ability to form a positive azeotrope with both water and acetic acid. [0284] GCMS was performed to analyse the fatty acid content of the oil used in all polyol syntheses. According to the product data sheet, the VHO algae oil we used approximately 88% oleic acid substituents. By using VHO algae oil we hoped to decrease the molecular weight distribution of our polyol by maximizing the percentage of TG that was monodisperse, able to be functionalized, and easily identified. Although the oil’s polydispersity was not able to be tested directly using the common technique of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), precise knowledge of the most abundant fatty acids assisted in the identification of multi-chain glyceride-based polyols using Orbitrap LC-MS. [0285] During derivitization, acid-catalysed transesterification of algae oil occurred at the glycerol backbone, forming three fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and one glycerol for each molecule of oil. Silylation converted any alcohol groups present to trialkylsilyl derivatives, allowing them to be volatilized more easily for GC separation. Results for the algae oil GCMS analysis can be seen in Figure 2 and Table 2. [0286] Table 2. Data corresponding to Figure 2.

[0287] GC analysis of the algae oil FAMEs totalled 83.45% by combining the relative percentages of the oleic and monooleoylglycerol derivatives, identifying 95% of oleic components noted on the Soleum VHO data sheet.¹⁰ Other unsaturated components, 11- eicosenoic acid and 9-hexadecenoic acid, totalled a mere 1.29% of the total FA content. This allowed for a more accurate interpretation of Orbitrap peaks, as the high oleic content and low percentage of other unsaturated FA noticeable via GCMS confirmed that the guaranteed percentage of triolein, a monodisperse TG consisting of three oleic acid chains, was least 11% of the total TG content. [0288] Each reaction product was investigated on the FTIR for either the formation of a polyol, as indicated by the appearance of an OH peak at 3400 cm-1, or the appearance of an epoxide, as indicated by the peak at 830 cm-1. The disappearance of the C=C peak at 3000 cm-1 implied either reaction. As the FTIR can only differentiate between functional groups, epoxidation and ring opening reaction completions were able to be estimated, but the

contribution of each reactant in the mixture could not be seen. [0289] Based on observation of the three major peaks in each reaction’s FTIR spectrum, the acetic acid formed an epoxide (with possibly some polyol formation as seen by a small OH peak), while the formic acid formed a polyol. A comparison of the lactic acid and the lactic/acetic acid demonstrated that little epoxidation occurred without the presence of acetic acid. In the lactic acid spectrum, the C=C peak was present and the epoxide peak was absent, whereas in the lactic/acetic acid spectrum, both peaks were absent and a strong OH peak had appeared. The propionic acid and propionic/acetic acid both formed polyols as seen by the OH peaks in both spectra, although the fingerprint regions were noticeably different, hinting towards acetic acid’s participation in ring opening as well as epoxidation. Each reaction timescale can be seen in Figure 3 A-H, and the products are summarized in Table 3. Table 3. Summary of FTIR peaks present in each polyol synthesis.

[0290] Under identical thermal conditions, formic acid, propionic acid, and to a lesser extent, acetic acid, formed at least some polyol after 3 hours, while lactic acid, with a pKa between that of formic and acetic acid, did not form an epoxide at all. Among the reactions involving carboxylic acids with only carbon chain length differences, the reaction rate decreased according to the following order: formic acid, propionic acid, and then acetic acid. As formic acid reacted significantly faster than both acetic and propionic acid, it can be assumed that a lower pKa influences ring opening. That being said, the difference in pKa between acetic and propionic acid was most likely not significant enough to be a determining factor (ΔpKa = 0.12), supported by a lack of correlation. [0291] Additionally, the presence of a substituent to the organic acid chain seemed to halt epoxide formation, despite having a lower pKa. This was demonstrated in the comparison between propionic and lactic acid, which differ only by the presence of a hydroxyl group alpha to the carbonyl. Lactic acid has a lower pKa than propionic acid, but no reaction was apparent on the FTIR spectrum. The hydroxyl group may prevent the formation of peroxyacids or undergo intramolecular hydrogen bonding with the peroxy-hydrogen, stabilizing the unreactive conformer and preventing Prilezhaev epoxidation. These comparisons demonstrate that pKa should not be used as the sole criteria when selecting organic acids for a one-pot polyol synthesis; carbon chain length and substituents should be taken into account. [0292] The presence of acetic acid in the one-pot procedure increased reaction rate in the propionic acid reaction and promoted epoxidation in the lactic acid reaction, allowing polyol synthesis to occur as well. In FIG.3D, the propionic/acetic reaction completed polyol formation in just 3 hours, compared to 4 to 5 hours when the acetic acid was not present. The increase in reaction rate was likely due to the addition of a more efficient epoxidizing agent. In the case of the lactic/acetic acid reaction, acetic acid promoted epoxidation when the lactic acid could not, a trend clearly seen in the contrast between the OH peaks in Figure 3-E and 3-F. Once the oil was epoxidized, lactic acid was able to open the ring at a faster rate than acetic acid, resulting in completed polyol after 6 hours. [0293] While the FTIR spectrometer confirmed the presence of epoxidation and OH groups, the Orbitrap LC-MS spectra were analyzed to accurately identify the TAG-derived polyols and, more specifically, the substituents added across each oleic olefin during synthesis. It was assumed that a majority of the TAG-derived polyol products contained three C18 chains with one functionalized double bond, due to the abundance of oleic acid seen in the GCMS analysis of the VHO algae oil. Using this assumption, identification was achievable in most cases, as all empirical formulae predicted from the m/z ratios fell within 3 ppm of the identified molecular ions. The exact concentrations of each peak were not known, but each sample was compared internally through relative peak abundance. The Orbitrap LC-MS peaks summarized in Table 4 are identified using abbreviations to represent each substituent present on a single TG chain. Rough substituent percentages were calculated from the identified major peaks. Note that as these calculations do not span the entire m/z range; they can only serve as an approximate guideline for reactivity and not as quantitative determinations. [0294] Table 4. Orbitrap LC-MS peaks for each polyol. Identified substituents attached to each fatty acid chain (e.g., alkyl of the triglyceride) are abbreviated as D, F, E, O, A, P, & L stand for dihydroxyl, formic, oleic, acetic, propionic, and lactic acid ester.

[0295] As seen in Table 4, the formic, propionic, and acetic polyol spectra contained a combination of predictable peaks. Dihydroxyl and acid esters appeared as the major substituents in the formic and propionic acid TG products due to competing carboxylic acid and water ring- opening reactions. In the formic reaction, dihydroxyl, formic, and epoxide substituents comprised 61, 31, and 8% of the top four peaks, respectively. The top four identifiable propionic reaction peaks consisted of 36% dihydroxyl and 64% propionic substituents. This indicates that the formic acid may have been acidic enough to allow non-specific ring opening to occur, as opposed to the less acidic and therefore more selective propionic acid. A vast majority of the acetic acid TG product consisted of epoxides, also strongly confirmed via FTIR. [0296] The superior sensitivity of the Orbitrap LC-MS, however, was able to provide additional insight into the lactic reaction conditions, as the FTIR spectrum of which showed no appreciable epoxidation or polyol formation. Here, the lactic acid clearly initiated partial epoxidation after 6 hours, though no ring opening occurred with either lactic acid or water, demonstrating that lactic epoxidation and ring-opening has the potential to occur, though seemingly more slowly than expected under the given thermal parameters. One of the major peaks at 966.79435 Da was not able to be identified, as it did not match any predicted TG-based empirical formula to within 3 ppm. We suspect that this ion represents partial fragmentation of the TG or an epoxide side reaction. [0297] With the addition of acetic acid as an epoxidizing agent in the propionic/acetic reaction, both of the acids and water competed to open the epoxide ring, as shown by the identification of a relatively equal amount of propionic ester, acetic ester, and dihydroxyl substituents (33%, 28%, and 39% respectively). This may explain the different fingerprint regions present in the matching FTIR spectra. [0298] The lactic/acetic polyol product contained a combination of dihydroxyl, lactic ester, acetic ester, and epoxide substituents. Based on the substituent percentages of the top peaks (50% epoxide, 25% acetic ester, 12% lactic ester and dihydroxyl), the reaction was only 50% completed after 6 hours. Of the completed TG polyols, the acetic ester was synthesized roughly twice as fast than the lactic ester or dihydroxyl products. [0299] With regard to the two additional lactic/acetic acid syntheses, both produced a few peaks identified as a combination of lactic and acetic ester products, but also significant side products that were not able to be identified based on their m/z ratios. EXAMPLE 3: EXPERIMENTAL CONCLUSIONS

[0300] Among the short chain aliphatic carboxylic acids, it was observed that formation of an algal oil polyol through in-situ Prilezhaev epoxidation and ring opening that can efficiently produce polyols in a one-pot strategy. Between formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid, polyol formation increased with decreasing pKa, whereas other characteristics dominated among acids with similar pKas. Lactic acid, which contains an α-hydroxyl group, prevented

epoxidation. However, it was found that the addition of acetic acid to the lactic acid reaction, as well as those reactions involving carboxylic acids with higher pKa’s, both increased the rate of polyol synthesis and acetic ester formation. EXAMPLE 4: METHODS

[0301] One-pot methods using four different carboxylic acids in VHO algal oil were compared to one-pot syntheses in which acetic acid was added to supplement the carboxylic acid reaction by forming epoxides in-situ. [0302] Stoichiometric equivalents of VHO algae oil and one of the organic acids featured in Table 1 were vigorously stirred until a consistent vortex was maintained, and preheated to 75 °C in a reflux apparatus. In the organic/acetic reactions, glacial acetic acid was added in a 1:1 acetic acid to double bond ratio. Upon reaching thermal equilibrium, hydrogen peroxide was added dropwise for 30 minutes. Once the hydrogen peroxide had been added, the reaction was left to stir and heat for 6-12 hours, during which 3-5 mL samples with roughly equal volumes of aqueous and organic mixtures were extracted via pipet every hour. The samples were transferred to 10 mL vials and cooled in an ice bath. Reaction progression was accompanied by a whitening of the solution and an increase in viscosity. Each molar equivalency reaction was stopped after 6 hours, and the 50% acetic reactions were stopped after 12 hours due to resource constraints. [0303] To each cooled sample vial, MTBE was added to decrease the product’s viscosity, and the mixture was neutralized with a warm, saturated sodium bicarbonate solution until the top layer tested neutral to slightly basic with pH paper. After removing as much of the bottom layer as possible, neutralized polyol was heated at 55 °C to remove the MTBE, and then at 110 °C until the sample stopped bubbling to remove trace water. The bulk product was left to stir without heat overnight before being neutralized in a separatory funnel using the same method. [0304] Each neutralized timescale sample was scanned 20 times at a 1 cm-1 resolution on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum X FTIR spectrometer with a 1 mm ZnSe attenuated total reflectance (ATR) cell to test for reaction completion, which was qualitatively observed after the OH peak at 3400 cm-1 stopped growing. [0305] 10 g of oil and 12.6 g of 0.37 mol/kg sulfuric acid in methanol were refluxed at variable temperatures between 25 and 115°C for over 48 hours. The product was neutralized with sodium bicarbonate dissolved in methanol. A 0.1 g sample was then transferred to a GCMS vial, combined with 0.05 g of a 1 g/L solution of 1,2,4-butanetriol in pyridine as an internal standard, and derivatized with 0.1 g of N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). After waiting 20 minutes for derivatization completion, the sample was diluted to 1.5 mL with pentane and analysed on an Agilent 7820A/5975 GC/MS using a 25 m x 320 um x 1 um BP55%phenyl dimethyl polysiloxane column with a split ratio of 25:1 and the inlet temperature at 250 °C. The oven temperature was held at 100 °C for 4 minutes, then increased to 200 °C at 10 °C/min and held for 5 minutes, followed by an increase to 200 °C at 5 °C/min and a hold for 15 minutes. [0306] The completed, neutralized formic, lactic, acetic, propionic, acetic/lactic, and acetic/propionic polyols were saturated in acetonitrile. Using flow injection analysis with a heated electrospray ionization source (FIA-HESI), samples were injected directly into a Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Elite Hybrid Ion Trap-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. The solvent system was 5 mM ammonium acetate in acetonitrile with a flow rate of 0.1 mL/min. The samples were detected using a +eV full scan between 150 and 2000 m/z. The high resolution enabled identification of the m/z peaks with the highest relative abundance to within 3 ppm. Table 4 shows the structures of the oleic acid 9-10 carbon substituents most likely to be identified. [0307] It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

REFERENCES

[0308] 1. Pfister, D. P., Xia, Y. & Larock, R. C. (2011), Recent Advances in Vegetable Oil- Based Polyurethanes. ChemSusChem.4, 703–717.2. Ionescu, M. (2005). Chemistry and Technology of Polyols for Polyurethanes. Shawbury, Shrewbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom: Rapra Technology.3. Howard, G. T. (2012). Polyurethane Degredation. In Singh, S. N. Editor (Eds.), Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics, (371-394). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.4. Petrovic, Z. S., (2008) Polyurethanes from Vegetable Oils, Polymer Reviews, 48:1, 109-155.5 Riesing, T. F. (2005). Cultivating algae for liquid fuel production. Global Energy

Network Institute.6. Monteavaro, L. L., da Silva, E. O., & Costa, A. O. (2005). Polyurethane Networks from Formiated Soy Polyols: Synthesis and Mechanical Characterization. JAOCS, 82, No.5, 365-371.7. Lligadas, G., Ronda. J. C., Galià, M., & Cádiz, V. (2010). Oleic and

Undecylenic Acids as Renewable Feedstocks in the Synthesis of Polyols and Polyurethanes. Polymers, 2, 440-453.8. Abdullin, M. I., Basyrov, A. A., Kukovinets, O. S., Glazyrin, A. B., & Khamidullina, G. I. (2013). Polym. Sci. Ser. B 55: 349.9. Kazemizadeh, Ali Reza, & Ramazani, Ali. (2009). Passerini multicomponent reaction of indane-1,2,3-trione: an efficient route for the one-pot synthesis of sterically congested 2,2-disubstituted indane-1,3-dione derivatives. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 20(2), 309-312. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103- 50532009000200016.10. Miao, S., Zhang, S., Su, Z. & Wang, P. (2010), A novel vegetable oil– lactate hybrid monomer for synthesis of high-T_g polyurethanes. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem., 48: 243–250.11. Soluem High Oleic Oils (2016, May 15). Product Data Sheet from Terra Via. Document Number: C-Q-00245-S01. www.TerraVia.com. Embodiments

[0309] Embodiment P1. A method of making a compound having the formula:

said method comprising mixing an organic acid, hydrogen peroxide solution, and a triglyceride in a reaction vessel;

wherein

R¹ is hydrogen,–OR^1A, or–OCOR^1A;

R² is hydrogen,–OR^2A, or–OCOR^2A;

R³ is hydrogen,–OR^3A, or–OCOR^3A;

R⁴ is hydrogen,–OR^4A, or–OCOR^4A;

R⁵ is hydrogen,–OR^5A, or–OCOR^5A;

R⁶ is hydrogen,–OR^6A, or–OCOR^6A;

R⁷ is hydrogen,–OR^7A, or–OCOR^7A;

R⁸ is hydrogen,–OR^8A, or–OCOR^8A;

R⁹ is hydrogen,–OR^9A, or–OCOR^9A;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen,–OR^10A, or–OCOR^10A;

R¹¹ is hydrogen,–OR^11A, or–OCOR^11A;

R¹² is hydrogen,–OR^12A, or–OCOR^12A; R^1A, R^2A, R^3A, R^4A, R^5A, R^6A, R^7A, R^8A, R^9A, R^10A, R^11A, and R^12A are independently hydrogen, -CX₃, -CN, -COOH, -CONH₂, -CHX₂, -CH₂X, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R¹ and R² may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R² and R³ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R³ and R⁴ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R⁵ and R⁶ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R⁶ and R⁷ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R⁷ and R⁸ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R⁹ and R¹⁰ may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R¹¹ and R¹² may optionally be joined to form an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; X is halogen;

and n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, n10, n11, and n12 are independently an integer from 0 to 20.

[0310] Embodiment P2. The method of embodiment P1, wherein the organic acid is formic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, or a combination thereof. [0311] Embodiment P3. The method of embodiment P1, wherein the organic acid is a combination of acetic acid and formic acid, lactic acid, or propionic acid. [0312] Embodiment P4. The method of any one of embodiments P1 to P3, wherein the compound has the formula:

are independently hydrogen, -

, , or .

ADDITIONAL EMBODIMENTS

[0313] Embodiment 1. A method of making a polyol triglyceride, said method comprising: i) mixing a peroxy acid and an unsaturated triglyceride in a reaction vessel, wherein said unsaturated triglyceride comprises at least two points of unsaturation, thereby forming an epoxide triglyceride, wherein said epoxide triglyceride comprises an epoxide ring at said at least two points of unsaturation; and ii) mixing a nucleophilic acid with said epoxide triglyceride in said reaction vessel thereby forming a polyol triglyceride, wherein said polyol triglyceride comprises a hydroxyl moiety and a nucleophilic acid moiety attached at adjacent carbon atoms of each of said epoxide rings, wherein the nucleophilic acid is not

[0314] Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the peroxy acid has the formula:

, wherein, R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen,

halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3, CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, - CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH,

-CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0315] Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 2, wherein R¹⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. [0316] Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 2, wherein R¹⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl. [0317] Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 2, wherein R¹⁰ is an unsubstituted C1- C₁₂ alkyl. [0318] Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 2, wherein R¹⁰ is unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. [0319] Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the peroxy acid is formed by mixing an organic acid and hydrogen peroxide. [0320] Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the peroxy acid is formed by mixing formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. [0321] Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the nucleophilic acid has the formula:

wherein,

R²⁰ is independently halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂, −NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

[0322] Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 9, wherein R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. [0323] Embodiment 11. The method of embodiment 9, wherein R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. [0324] Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 9, wherein R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁- C12 alkyl. [0325] Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 9, wherein R²⁰ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. [0326] Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the nucleophilic acid is lactic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, or mandeleic acid. [0327] Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the nucleophilic acid is salicylic acid, beta hydroxy butyric acid, beta hydroxy beta methyl butyric acid, or carnitine. [0328] Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the nucleophilic acid is 16- hydroxy palmitic acid, 18-hydroxy stearic acid, 20-hydroxyarachidonic acid, ricinoleic acid, hydroxy butanoic acid, hydroxy pentanoic acid, or hydroxy hexanoic acid. [0329] Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 9, wherein the nucleophilic acid is lactic acid. [0330] Embodiment 18. A polyol triglyceride made following the method of embodiment 1. [0331] Embodiment 19. A polyol triglyceride having the formula:

wherein, R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently

or C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl;

L¹ is independently unsubstituted saturated alkylene;

X¹ is independently

;

L² is independently a bond or an unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkylene;

R¹⁶ is independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkyl;

R²⁰ is independently halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3,

CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂, −NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and

z1 is an integer from 1 to 20. [0332] Embodiment 20. The polyol triglyceride of embodiment 19, wherein R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

[0333] Embodiment 21. The polyol triglyceride of embodiment 19, wherein R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl.

[0334] Embodiment 22. The polyol triglyceride of embodiment 19, wherein R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

[0335] Embodiment 23. The polyol triglyceride of embodiment 19, wherein R²⁰ is unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl.

[0336] Embodiment 24. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 23, wherein z1 is an integer from 1 to 6.

[0337] Embodiment 25. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 23, wherein z1 is an integer from 1 to 3.

[0338] Embodiment 26. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 23, wherein z1 is 1.

[0339] Embodiment 27. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 23, wherein z1 is 2.

[0340] Embodiment 28. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 27, wherein L² is a bond.

[0341] Embodiment 29. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 28, wherein L¹ is a C1-C20 unsubstituted saturated alkylene.

[0342] Embodiment 30. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 28, wherein L¹ is a C₁-C₁₂ unsubstituted saturated alkylene.

[0343] Embodiment 31. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 28, wherein L¹ is a C1-C8 unsubstituted saturated alkylene.

[0344] Embodiment 32. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 28, wherein L¹ is a C₁-C₆ unsubstituted saturated alkylene.

[0345] Embodiment 33. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 32, wherein R¹⁶ is hydrogen. [0346] Embodiment 34. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 32, wherein R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkyl. [0347] Embodiment 35. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 32, wherein R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C1-C24 alkyl. [0348] Embodiment 36. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 32, wherein R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. [0349] Embodiment 37. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 32, wherein R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C1-C8 alkyl. [0350] Embodiment 38. The polyol triglyceride of any one of embodiments 19 to 32, wherein R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C1-C6 alkyl. [0351] Embodiment 39. A polyurethane formed by reacting the compound of embodiment 19 with a compound having the formula: (III);

wherein,

L³ is a covalent linker.

[0352] Embodiment 40. A polyurethane polymer having the formula:

R

¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently or C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl; L¹ is independently a bond or unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkylene; L² is independently a bond or an unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkylene; R¹⁶ is independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkyl; ¹ is independently

or , wherein at least one

R¹⁷ is independently

R^17A is independently an optionally different polyurethane moiety; L³ is a covalent linker; R²⁰ is independently halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3,

CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂, −NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and z1 is an integer from 1 to 20. [0353] Embodiment 41. The polyurethane of embodiment 40, wherein L³ is substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. [0354] Embodiment 42. The polyurethane of embodiment 40, wherein L³ has the formula– L^3A-L^3B-L^3C-; wherein L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a

bond, -S(O)2-, -NH-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -NHC(O)-, -NHC(O)NH-, -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. [0355] Embodiment 43. The polyurethane polymer of embodiment 40, wherein L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. [0356] Embodiment 44. The polyurethane polymer of embodiment 40, wherein L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a bond, unsubstituted alkylene, unsubstituted heteroalkylene, unsubstituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, unsubstituted arylene, or unsubstituted heteroarylene. [0357] Embodiment 45. The polyurethane polymer of embodiment 40, wherein L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted arylene. [0358] Embodiment 46. The polyurethane of embodiment 40, wherein L³ is

[0359] Embodiment 47. An article of manufacture comprising the polyurethane polymer of embodiment 40. [0360] Embodiment 48. The article of embodiment 47, wherein the article is a flip-flop or a surfboard.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A method of making a polyol triglyceride, said method comprising: i) mixing a peroxy acid and an unsaturated triglyceride in a reaction vessel, wherein said unsaturated triglyceride comprises at least two points of unsaturation, thereby forming an epoxide triglyceride, wherein said epoxide triglyceride comprises an epoxide ring at said at least two points of unsaturation; and ii) mixing a nucleophilic acid with said epoxide triglyceride in said reaction vessel thereby forming a polyol triglyceride, wherein said polyol triglyceride comprises a hydroxyl moiety and a nucleophilic acid moiety attached at adjacent carbon atoms of each of said epoxide rings, wherein the nucleophilic acid is not .

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the peroxy acid has the formula:

,

wherein,

R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃, CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl2, -OCHBr2, -OCHI2, -OCHF2, -OCH2Cl, -OCH2Br, -OCH2I, -OCH2F, -N3, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein R¹⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein R¹⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein R¹⁰ is an unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein R¹⁰ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the peroxy acid is formed by mixing an organic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the peroxy acid is formed by mixing formic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleophilic acid has the formula:

,

wherein,

R²⁰ is independently halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

10. The method of claim 9, wherein R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein R²⁰ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleophilic acid is lactic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, or mandeleic acid.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleophilic acid is salicylic acid, beta hydroxy butyric acid, beta hydroxy beta methyl butyric acid, or carnitine.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleophilic acid is 16-hydroxy palmitic acid,18-hydroxy stearic acid, 20-hydroxyarachidonic acid, ricinoleic acid, hydroxy butanoic acid, hydroxy pentanoic acid, or hydroxy hexanoic acid.

17. The method of claim 9, wherein the nucleophilic acid is lactic acid.

18. A polyol triglyceride made following the method of claim 1.

19. A polyol triglyceride having the formula:

O O

4

R¹³ O O R¹ O O R¹⁵ (I),

wherein, R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently or C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkyl;

L¹ is independently a bond or C₁-C₅₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene;

X¹ is independently ;

R²⁰ is independently halogen, -CCl3, -CBr3, -CF3, -CI3,

CHCl2, -CHBr2, -CHF2, -CHI2, -CH2Cl, -CH2Br, -CH2F, -CH2I, -CN, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH₂, -NO₂, -SH, -SO₃H, -SO₄H, -SO₂NH₂,−NHNH₂,−ONH₂,−NHC(O)NHNH₂, −NHC(O)NH₂, -NHSO₂H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl₃, -OCF₃, -OCBr₃, -OCI₃, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and

z1 is an integer from 1 to 20.

20. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

21. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein R²⁰ is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl.

22. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein R²⁰ is an unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl.

23. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein R²⁰ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl.

24. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein z1 is an integer from 1 to 6.

25. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein z1 is an integer from 1 to 3.

26. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein z1 is 1.

27. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein z1 is 2.

28. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein L² is a bond.

29. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein L¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted saturated alkylene.

30. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein L¹ is a C1-C12 unsubstituted saturated alkylene.

31. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein L¹ is a C1-C8 unsubstituted saturated alkylene.

32. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein L¹ is a C₁-C₆ unsubstituted saturated alkylene.

33. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein R¹⁶ is hydrogen.

34. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkyl.

35. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₂₄ alkyl.

36. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C1-C12 alkyl.

37. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₈ alkyl.

38. The polyol triglyceride of claim 19, wherein R¹⁶ is unsubstituted saturated C1-C6 alkyl.

39. A polyurethane formed by reacting the compound of claim 19 with a compound having the formula:

(III);

wherein,

L³ is a covalent linker.

40. A polyurethane polymer having the formula: O O R¹³ O O R¹⁴ O O R¹⁵ (II);

R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are each independently or C1-C50 unsubstituted saturated alkyl; L¹ is independently a bond or unsubstituted saturated C₁-C₅₀ alkylene; L² is independently a bond or an unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkylene; R¹⁶ is independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted saturated C1-C50 alkyl;

X¹ is independently or , wherein at least one

X¹ is ;

R¹⁷ is independently ; R^17A is independently an optionally different polyurethane moiety; L³ is a covalent linker; R²⁰ is independently halogen, -CCl₃, -CBr₃, -CF₃, -CI₃,

CHCl₂, -CHBr₂, -CHF₂, -CHI₂, -CH₂Cl, -CH₂Br, -CH₂F, -CH₂I, -CN, -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, -CONH2, -NO2, -SH, -SO3H, -SO4H, -SO2NH2,−NHNH2,−ONH2,−NHC(O)NHNH2, −NHC(O)NH2, -NHSO2H, -NHC(O)H, -NHC(O)OH, -NHOH, -OCCl3, -OCF3, -OCBr3, -OCI3, -OCHCl₂, -OCHBr₂, -OCHI₂, -OCHF₂, -OCH₂Cl, -OCH₂Br, -OCH₂I, -OCH₂F, -N₃, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and z1 is an integer from 1 to 20.

41. The polyurethane polymer of claim 40, wherein L³ is substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

42. The polyurethane polymer of claim 40, wherein L³ has the formula–L^3A- L^3B-L^3C-; wherein

L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a

bond, -S(O)₂-, -NH-, -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -NHC(O)-, -NHC(O)NH-, -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

43. The polyurethane polymer of claim 40, wherein L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

44. The polyurethane polymer of claim 40, wherein L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a bond, unsubstituted alkylene, unsubstituted heteroalkylene, unsubstituted cycloalkylene, unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, unsubstituted arylene, or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

45. The polyurethane polymer of claim 40, wherein L^3A, L^3B, and L^3C are each independently a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted arylene.

46. The polyurethane polymer of claim 40, wherein L³ is

or .

47. An article of manufacture comprising the polyurethane polymer of claim 40.

48. The article of claim 47, wherein the article is a flip-flop or a surfboard.