WO2019025174A1 - Field emission propulsion system and method for calibrating and operating a field emission propulsion system - Google Patents
Field emission propulsion system and method for calibrating and operating a field emission propulsion system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2019025174A1 WO2019025174A1 PCT/EP2018/069251 EP2018069251W WO2019025174A1 WO 2019025174 A1 WO2019025174 A1 WO 2019025174A1 EP 2018069251 W EP2018069251 W EP 2018069251W WO 2019025174 A1 WO2019025174 A1 WO 2019025174A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- field emission
- extractor
- ion
- emission drive
- current
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03H—PRODUCING A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03H1/00—Using plasma to produce a reactive propulsive thrust
- F03H1/0037—Electrostatic ion thrusters
- F03H1/005—Electrostatic ion thrusters using field emission, e.g. Field Emission Electric Propulsion [FEEP]
Definitions
- the invention relates to field emission drives for spacecraft. Furthermore, the present invention relates to methods for operating a field emission drive.
- each of the liquid metal ion emitters does not fire simultaneously and in an uncontrolled order.
- each of the liquid metal ion emitters has an individual emission behavior, so that the field arrangement of the liquid metal ion emitter generally sets an unpredictable thrust vector.
- a variable thrust range is to be achieved by several orders of magnitude. It is another object of the present invention to control the firing order and to compensate for a varying thrust vector or to allow active control of the thrust vector to allow controlled operation of the propulsion system.
- a spacecraft field emission drive system comprising:
- an engine assembly having a plurality of field emission drive units comprising an ion source having a plurality of ion emitters and extractor electrodes associated with the ion emitters, respectively, and arranged in a field array;
- Extractor electrodes are assigned to control these controlled by the control unit with an individual extractor electrode voltage.
- the above field emission drive system comprises a field array of a plurality of ion emitters, each associated with an extractor electrode.
- the ion emitter is connected to a common emitter voltage or a common Emitter voltage potential assignable, while the extractor electrodes are electrically isolated from each other and via Extratorelektrodenschreibs provoken with individually adjustable extractor electrode voltages or with individually adjustable
- Extractor electrode potentials can be controlled.
- control unit can be designed to set a field strength of an electric field between the ion emitters and the respectively associated extractor electrode to a specific extractor electrode voltage corresponding to a predetermined level of an ion current.
- the determined extractor electrode voltage for at least one specific drive unit is determined in a calibration method by measuring a current-voltage characteristic of the relevant drive unit by measuring an emitter current through the ion emitter with simultaneously deactivated remaining drive units at different voltage differences between extractor electrode and ion emitters and the extractor electrode voltage or the extractor electrode voltage. Potential is adjusted so that adjusts an emitter current that corresponds to the predetermined level of the ion current.
- the above calibration procedure provides for driving the extractor electrodes of the field emission drive units individually with varying voltage differences between the respective extractor electrode and the respective ion emitters and at the same time measuring a current flow from the emitter voltage source so as to measure a characteristic of the corresponding ion emitter.
- a voltage-dependent ion current can be determined for each ion emitter, so that a desired level of the ion current can be adjusted in a targeted manner by adjusting the relevant extractor electrode voltage or the relevant extractor electrode voltage potential.
- ion emitters in a field array can be occupied with the same emitter voltage (with the same emitter voltage potential) and the extractor electrodes associated with the ion emitters are individually driven to adjust the ion current of each individual ion emitter. Since the ion emitters are at the same voltage potential, they can be connected to the same emitter voltage source or to a common emitter voltage source
- the extractor electrode voltage sources for each of the extractor electrodes may be connected to each other with their positive potential terminal and to the ion emitters.
- the separate control of the extractor electrodes also allows a more precise adjustment of the thrust and the thrust direction of the
- a current measuring unit may be provided which is designed to measure an electric current from one of the ion emitters, from several of the ion emitters or from all ion emitters and / or into the extractor electrode.
- At least one of the extractor electrodes may be formed with two, three, four, or more than four extractor electrode segments electrically insulated from each other, which together form a particular annular extractor electrode, the extractor electrode voltage source being configured to provide the
- Extractor electrode segments with individual segment voltages to be provided so that in operation a predetermined direction of the emitted ion beam is set, and / or wherein separate segment voltage sources are provided for a plurality of extractor electrode segments to the extractor electrode segments with individual
- the extractor electrodes are each constructed from a plurality of electrically isolated from each other extractor electrode segments, which in turn can be driven with different segment voltages.
- Segment tensions are based on one to be created
- segment voltages can be separated by segment voltage sources, by voltage dividers, the segment voltages by division of the respective
- Extractor electrode associated extractor electrode voltage or be set by adjustable series resistors of the extractor electrode segments.
- a neutralizer may be provided to deliver an electron current of controllable strength.
- the ion source of the engine assembly may comprise a fuel tank for a liquid or liquefiable electrically conductive fuel, wherein the fuel at the tips of the ion emitter facing the respective extractor electrode is expelled for field ionization.
- the extractor electrodes are formed annularly with a central opening, which are arranged concentrically to an extension direction of the ion emitter.
- the extractor electrodes may be held by an extractor plate and electrically isolated from each other, wherein the extractor plate is formed in particular of non-conductive material.
- the extractor electrode voltage sources may each comprise an adjustable voltage divider to provide an adjustable extractor electrode voltage.
- Extractor electrodes fully or partially circumferentially having a projecting toward the ion emitter electrically conductive first shielding structure, and / or one, at least one or each of the extractor electrodes fully or partially circumferentially protruding from the ion emitter facing away from the direction electrically conductive second
- Shielding structure has.
- the above method is based on a field emission drive system with a common emitter electrode and separate extractor electrodes which can be separately driven with individual extractor potentials.
- Field emission drive system provided, wherein a field strength of an electric field between the ion emitters and the respectively associated extractor electrode for each of the plurality of field emission drive units is adjustable to an extractor electrode voltage corresponding to a predetermined ion current to be set, which is derived from a current-voltage characteristic of the field emission drive units and the
- predetermined ion current to be set of a respective one of the plurality
- measuring a current-voltage characteristic by measuring an emitter electric current through the ion emitter of the subject field emission drive unit with remaining field emission drive units simultaneously deactivated or at constant current at different extractor electrode voltages setting the extractor electrode voltages for each of the field emission drive units, respectively depending on the current-voltage characteristic and the predetermined ion current, so that adjusts an electrical emitter current of the respective field emission drive units, which corresponds to the predetermined ion current to be set.
- a field emission drive system wherein an electric field strength between the ion emitters and the respective associated extractor electrode for each of the plurality of field emission drive units is adjustable to an extractor electrode voltage corresponding to a given ion current to be set, resulting from a current-voltage characteristic of the field emission drive units and the field
- predetermined ion current to be set of a respective one of the plurality
- a predetermined thrust vector of the field emission drive system is adjusted by driving each of the field emission drive units with an individual extractor electrode voltage such that the predetermined thrust vector results as the sum of the ion currents from the field emission drive units.
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a field emission drive system with multiple drive units;
- Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of juxtaposed drive units;
- Figure 3 is a detailed cross-sectional view of a drive unit
- Figure 4 is an illustration of a possible arrangement of the drive units of the drive system of Figure 1;
- FIG. 5 shows a flowchart for illustrating a method for
- FIG. 6 shows an exemplary current-voltage characteristic of a drive unit
- FIG. 1 shows schematically the structure of a field emission drive system 1 with an engine assembly 2, a neutralizer 3 and a control unit 4.
- FIG. 2 shows a detailed view of a detail of the engine assembly 2.
- a heating unit 21 for an ion source 22 which includes a fuel tank 221 with fuel 223 and thus electrically and fluidly connected ion emitter 222.
- the heating unit 21 serves to make the fuel in the fuel tank 221 in a liquid state and keep it liquid.
- the heating unit 21 is supplied with power via a heating controller 41 as part of the control unit 4 and can be temperature-controlled by this.
- the fuel tank 221 is formed of an electrically conductive material, such as tantalum, rhenium, tungsten, graphite or titanium.
- the ion emitters 222 are formed with a tip, in particular acicular, conically or pyramidally protruding, and have a device or configuration for surrounding the liquid electrically conductive fuel 223 from the fuel tank 221 for field ionization from the ion emitter 222 to promote.
- a fluid line 224 extending inside the tip can be provided, which is the liquid electrically conductive
- the ion emitters 222 may also be formed porous with a plurality of conduits, wherein the open porosity of the fuel 223 may be promoted to the top of the ion emitter 222.
- the ion emitters 222 may be, for example, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, titanium or others
- the fuel is guided by means of a capillary effect through the fluid lines 224 of the ion emitter 222.
- the material for the fuel is an electrically conductive liquid or a low-melting metal into consideration, such as. Gallium, indium, bismuth, lead, gold or the like.
- each of the ion emitters 222 Arranged over the tip of each of the ion emitters 222 is a respective extractor electrode 24 having a central opening 241 that is substantially coaxial with the tip of the ion emitter 222.
- the extractor electrodes 24 are preferably held by an extractor plate 25 and electrically isolated from each other, e.g. B. by a
- Extractor plate 25 made of non-conductive material.
- the fuel tank 221 is electrically connected to the ion emitters 222 and receives a high voltage potential from an emitter voltage supply source 42
- Emitter voltage supply source 42 may be adjustable and sets the emitter voltage or the emitter voltage potential to a predetermined value.
- the extractor electrodes 24 are each with a controllable
- Extractor electrode voltage source 43 individually connected, which forms part of the control unit 4.
- the extractor electrode voltage sources 43 are individually variably adjustable in order to be able to set an individual extractor electrode voltage and thus an individual electric field strength between the ion emitter 222 and the extractor electrode 24 for each of the drive units 23.
- Extractor electrode voltage sources 43 for each of the extractor electrodes 24, a common extractor electrode voltage source 43 may be provided, the
- different voltages for the extractor electrodes 24 can be adjusted by respectively associated voltage divider. Also other options, individual To be able to set extractor electrode voltages for the extractor electrodes 24 are conceivable.
- the control unit 4 is in particular designed to individually control the extractor electrode voltage or the extractor electrode potential of the extractor electrodes 24 so that the times of ignition and the levels of ion emission can be controlled from the individual correspondingly assigned ion emitters 222.
- individual ion emitters 222 can be switched on or off and different levels of emission currents can be controlled for each one of the ion emitters 222.
- the potential difference between the emitter voltage potential and the extractor voltage potential is usually several +1000 volts.
- the neutralizer 3 may be formed, for example, as a field emission electron source or thermal electron source in a conventional manner.
- the control unit 4 has for this purpose a neutralizer control device 45 which controls the drive and
- Power supply of the neutralizer 3 can make in a conventional manner, e.g. to keep the charge of the entire drive system 1 as neutral as possible.
- FIG. 4 shows an arrangement of extractor electrodes 24 in a plan view.
- the extractor electrodes 24 are arranged, for example, round and concentric with the ion emitter 222. At the center of the extractor electrodes 24 are approximately circular openings 241 concentric with the ion emitters 222 to discharge the ion beam from the ion emitter 222.
- the arrangement of the extractor electrodes 24 can be described as
- Field arrangement may be provided, wherein the extractor electrodes 24 are arranged in rows and are offset from each other in order to achieve the highest possible arrangement density.
- the extractor electrodes 24 are interconnected on the extractor plate 25 which hold the extractor electrodes 24 in position.
- the extractor plate 25 may be formed of electrically non-conductive material or the extractor electrodes 24 may be isolated on the
- Extractor plate 25 may be attached.
- One, at least one or each of the extractor electrodes 24 has circumferentially on the ion emitter 222 protruding electrically conductive first shielding structure 242, which attaches the continuous coating of one of the ion emitters facing side of the extractor 25 with it
- Fuel material prevented by the principle of shading This prevents that during operation an electrically conductive path between the individual extractor electrodes 24 with each other and between them and the fuel tank 221 can form and thereby an electrical short circuit is formed.
- Extractor electrodes 24 have a circumferentially in the direction of the ion beam to be emitted, the extractor plate 25 protruding electrically conductive second shielding structure 245, the continuous coating of one of the ion emitters 222nd
- the second shielding structure 245 may be bead-shaped. This prevents an electrically conductive path between the individual extractor electrodes 24 from forming with one another and between them and the fuel tank 221 during operation, thereby producing an electrical short circuit.
- the extractor plate 25 between the extractor electrodes 24 may be labyrinthine or meandering. perpendicular to the surface direction of the extractor plate 25th
- a holder between the heating unit 21 and extractor plate 25 may have a corresponding labyrinth-like or meandering shape or shoulders, which also prevent a continuous coating by shading.
- an electrically conductive cover plate 27 may be mounted parallel to the extractor plate 25 on the side facing away from the ion emitter side of the extractor 25.
- the cover plate 27 has in particular circular openings 271, which in
- Extractor electrodes 24 are located and in particular have the same or larger dimensions (eg radii) than the extractor electrodes 25 in the surface direction of the extractor plate 25.
- the cover plate 27 may be electrically insulated from the extractor electrodes 24.
- the electrical insulation between the cover plate 27 and the extractor electrodes 24 can be ensured with an electrically insulating spacer 28, which has labyrinth or meandering structures to protect them in the long-term operation against a continuous conductive coating by deposition of fuel.
- the provision of a cover plate 27 is advantageous because by applying a Voltage potential can be prevented that located in the surrounding particles can reach the ion emitters 222. In addition, deposition of sputter particles or reflected fuel on top of the extractor plate 25 during prolonged use can be prevented.
- Voltage potential of the cover plate 27 prevents the measurement of an incorrect emitter current by such a secondary electron current.
- the control unit 4 further comprises a current measuring unit 44 for measuring a current flow in the extractor electrode voltage sources or from the neutralizer 3.
- Extractor electrode 24 by varying the extractor electrode voltage or the extractor electrode voltage potential or the voltage difference between the
- Extractor electrodes 24 and the associated ion emitters 222 are set by set the extractor electrode voltage. To set the extractor electrode voltage, a method is carried out, as shown in the flowchart of Figure 5.
- step S1 one of the drive units 23 is selected.
- step S2 a current-voltage characteristic is measured for the selected drive unit 23.
- the current-voltage characteristic gives a characteristic of a current flow over one
- Drive unit 23 sets. The measurement is carried out at deactivated or with constant (known) power operated (ie activated) remaining drive units 23 and using the current measuring unit 44, which measures the height of the ion current of all activated drive units 23 in this case.
- the measurement of the magnitude of the ion current is accomplished by measuring the electrical current from the emitter voltage supply source 42 and the electrical current flowing into the ion source, respectively.
- the ion current of the drive unit 23 to be measured corresponds essentially to the measured electrical current flowing into the ion source minus the known ion currents of the others
- Drive units 23 (i.e., with the remaining drive units 23 activated). If, in other words, the remaining drive units 23 are operated with a known current, then the ion current of the relevant drive unit 23 can be determined by subtracting the currents of the remaining drive units 23 from the detected current. If only the drive unit 23 to be measured is active for each measurement, the detected electric current corresponds to the ion current at the applied field strength or at the applied
- Extraktorelektrodenschreibspotenzial a current-voltage characteristic can be determined for each of the drive units 23.
- Such a current-voltage characteristic is shown by way of example in FIG.
- step S3 it is checked whether all drive units 23 have been measured. If this is the case (alternative: yes), the method is continued with step S4, otherwise it jumps back to step S1 and measures a next not yet measured drive unit 23. In this way, a current-voltage characteristic is recorded for each of the drive units 23.
- step S4 the extractor electrode voltages are adjusted so as to set, for each of the drive units 23, a field strength corresponding to a desired intensity of the ion current.
- the extractor electrodes 24 may be segmented, with extractor electrode segments 243 e.g. are electrically isolated from each other by spacing, and when assembled, form the circular extractor electrode 24.
- extractor electrode segments 243 There are possibilities of arranging the extractor electrode segments 243 according to the embodiments of FIGS. 7a to 7c, wherein the extractor electrodes 24 are divided into four equal extractor electrode segments 243 (FIG. 7a), two equal extractor electrode segments 243 (FIG. 7b) and three
- Extractor electrode segments 243 are segmented.
- Segment voltages at the individual extractor electrode segments 243 a Extractor electrode 24 can be an asymmetry of the ion beam emitted from the ion emitter 222, ie a slope of the ion beam with respect to the
- Extractor electrode voltages are performed on each of the extractor electrode segments.
- each of the extractor electrode segments 243 can be provided with a separate possibility of current measurement. While each of the drive units 23 are successively measured to determine the current-voltage characteristic so that an ion beam is formed, at one or more particular extractor electrode voltages, a parasitic current is passed through each of
- Extractor electrode segments 243 measured.
- Extractor electrode segment 243 which deflects the ion beam most in its direction and which is correspondingly arranged closest to the ion beam. Starting from the desired extractor electrode voltage (or from the desired field strength), the individual segment voltages can now be adjusted.
- the direction of the ion beam can be varied. For example, by iteratively adjusting the segment voltages at the portion of the extractor electrode segments 243, the direction of the ion beam may be aligned with a desired direction, particularly the direction parallel to the array direction between ion emitter 222 and extractor electrode 24.
- a desired direction particularly the direction parallel to the array direction between ion emitter 222 and extractor electrode 24.
- Manufacturing tolerances of the drive unit 23 can be compensated.
- all segment voltages can be adjusted by the
- Extractor electrode voltage can be varied so that the mean of the individual
- segment voltages or the direction of the ion beam can be carried out in particular by means of voltage dividers, the segment voltage in question being generated from the extractor electrode voltage.
- segment voltages can be controlled by voltage dividers, also adjustable
- Voltage dividers are generated by the extractor electrode voltage source. It is also a separate control with individual voltage sources for each
- Extractor electrode segments 243a measured, so by adjusting an adjustable electrical Vorwiderstandes or by adjusting an adjustable voltage divider, the corresponding segment voltage can be reduced from the extractor electrode voltage, so as to achieve a higher attraction of the fuel ions of the ion beam through the remaining extractor electrode segments 243. Thereby, the ion beam is directed away from the respective extractor electrode segment 243a, as it is attracted more by the remaining extractor electrode segments 243.
- a calibration of the respective drive unit 23 can be carried out. In this way, component tolerances of the extractor electrode 24 and alignment errors can be compensated, and the precision in fabrication and assembly of the extractor electrode segments 243 and the ion emitter 222 can be reduced.
- the ion currents of the individual drive units 23 are determined according to a thrust vector control by specifying a thrust vector.
- the individual ion currents are respectively set by specifying a corresponding extractor electrode voltage resulting from the current / voltage characteristic, so that in addition to one resulting from the sum of the ion beams
- Total thrust strength is also exerted a predetermined moment on the field emission drive system, resulting from the arrangement of the individual drive units and the respective shear forces resulting from the respective ion beams.
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP18742465.0A EP3662160B1 (en) | 2017-07-31 | 2018-07-16 | Field emission thruster and method for calibration and operation of a field emission thruster |
CA3071022A CA3071022A1 (en) | 2017-07-31 | 2018-07-16 | Field emission propulsion system and method for calibrating and operating a field emission propulsion system |
DK18742465.0T DK3662160T3 (en) | 2017-07-31 | 2018-07-16 | FIELD EMISSION PROGRESS SYSTEM AND PROCEDURE FOR CALIBRATION AND OPERATION OF A FIELD EMISSION PROGRESS SYSTEM |
LTEP18742465.0T LT3662160T (en) | 2017-07-31 | 2018-07-16 | Field emission thruster and method for calibration and operation of a field emission thruster |
JP2020505447A JP7171699B2 (en) | 2017-07-31 | 2018-07-16 | Field emission propulsion system and method of calibration and operation thereof |
AU2018312508A AU2018312508B2 (en) | 2017-07-31 | 2018-07-16 | Field emission propulsion system and method for calibrating and operating a field emission propulsion system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102017117316.1A DE102017117316B4 (en) | 2017-07-31 | 2017-07-31 | Field emission drive system and method for calibrating and operating a field emission drive system |
DE102017117316.1 | 2017-07-31 |
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WO2019025174A1 true WO2019025174A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 |
WO2019025174A8 WO2019025174A8 (en) | 2019-04-18 |
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PCT/EP2018/069251 WO2019025174A1 (en) | 2017-07-31 | 2018-07-16 | Field emission propulsion system and method for calibrating and operating a field emission propulsion system |
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EP (1) | EP3662160B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP7171699B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2018312508B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3071022A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102017117316B4 (en) |
DK (1) | DK3662160T3 (en) |
LT (1) | LT3662160T (en) |
WO (1) | WO2019025174A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
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CN115355145A (en) * | 2022-07-25 | 2022-11-18 | 北京控制工程研究所 | micro-Newton-grade variable thruster based on gas field ionization enhancement |
US11905936B2 (en) | 2018-08-02 | 2024-02-20 | Enpulsion Gmbh | Ion thruster for thrust vectored propulsion of a spacecraft |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102022103408B4 (en) | 2022-02-14 | 2024-02-08 | Technische Universität Dresden, Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts | Electron emitters for space applications |
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- 2018-07-16 AU AU2018312508A patent/AU2018312508B2/en active Active
- 2018-07-16 EP EP18742465.0A patent/EP3662160B1/en active Active
- 2018-07-16 DK DK18742465.0T patent/DK3662160T3/en active
- 2018-07-16 LT LTEP18742465.0T patent/LT3662160T/en unknown
- 2018-07-16 CA CA3071022A patent/CA3071022A1/en active Pending
- 2018-07-16 JP JP2020505447A patent/JP7171699B2/en active Active
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11905936B2 (en) | 2018-08-02 | 2024-02-20 | Enpulsion Gmbh | Ion thruster for thrust vectored propulsion of a spacecraft |
EP3604805B1 (en) * | 2018-08-02 | 2024-04-24 | ENPULSION GmbH | Ion thruster for thrust vectored propulsion of a spacecraft |
CN115355145A (en) * | 2022-07-25 | 2022-11-18 | 北京控制工程研究所 | micro-Newton-grade variable thruster based on gas field ionization enhancement |
CN115355145B (en) * | 2022-07-25 | 2024-05-14 | 北京控制工程研究所 | Micro-bovine-grade variable thruster based on gas field ionization enhancement |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2019025174A8 (en) | 2019-04-18 |
JP2020532671A (en) | 2020-11-12 |
DE102017117316B4 (en) | 2020-04-02 |
DE102017117316A1 (en) | 2019-01-31 |
AU2018312508A1 (en) | 2020-01-30 |
LT3662160T (en) | 2021-09-27 |
AU2018312508B2 (en) | 2024-05-23 |
JP7171699B2 (en) | 2022-11-15 |
CA3071022A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 |
EP3662160A1 (en) | 2020-06-10 |
DK3662160T3 (en) | 2021-08-23 |
EP3662160B1 (en) | 2021-05-26 |
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