WO2018231272A1 - Super dielectric capacitor using scaffold dielectric - Google Patents
Super dielectric capacitor using scaffold dielectric Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018231272A1 WO2018231272A1 PCT/US2017/059451 US2017059451W WO2018231272A1 WO 2018231272 A1 WO2018231272 A1 WO 2018231272A1 US 2017059451 W US2017059451 W US 2017059451W WO 2018231272 A1 WO2018231272 A1 WO 2018231272A1
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/52—Separators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G4/002—Details
- H01G4/018—Dielectrics
- H01G4/02—Gas or vapour dielectrics
Definitions
- the disclosure is directed to a capacitor using a dielectric material having high dielectric constants.
- the capacitor comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and a scaffold dielectric between the first and second electrode, with the scaffold dielectric comprising a plurality of longitudinal channels and an ion-comprising liquid within each longitudinal channel.
- a capacitor comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a scaffold dielectric between the first and second electrode.
- the scaffold dielectric comprises an insulating material and a plurality of longitudinal channels extending through the insulating material generally from the first electrode to the second electrode.
- the scaffold dielectric further comprises a liquid within each longitudinal channel and contacting the first and second electrodes, with the liquid comprising cations and anions.
- the liquid has an ionic strength of at least 0.1 where the ionic strength is a function of the concentration of all cations and anions present.
- the liquid is a solution comprising a solvent and a solute with the solute having a molarity of at least 0.1 moles solute per liter of solvent, and in a further embodiment, the solute is a polar liquid having a dielectric constant of at least 5.
- the plurality of longitudinal channels is present within a specific volume of scaffold dielectric such that the specific volume has a solid volume fraction of less than 98%, typically less than 80%. Within the capacitor, the cations and anions in the confined liquid of the scaffold dielectric migrate within the ionic solution to create dipoles in response to an applied electric field.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the capacitor disclosed.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the scaffold dielectric.
- FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the scaffold dielectric.
- a capacitor comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a scaffold dielectric between the first and second electrode.
- the scaffold dielectric comprises an insulating material having a plurality of longitudinal channels extending through the insulating material between the first and second electrode, with the longitudinal channels filled with a liquid comprising cations and anions.
- both the insulating material and the liquid in each channel are in contact with the first electrode and second electrode, and the plurality of channels extending through the insulating material are typically present such that a volume of the scaffold dielectric comprising the insulating material, the plurality of channels, and the liquid has a solid volume fraction of less than about 98%, typically less than 80%.
- the liquid within the plurality of longitudinal channels has an ionic strength of at least 0.1 where the ionic strength is a function of the concentration of all cations and anions present in the ionic solution.
- the first and second electrode have a surface area ⁇ 10 m 2 /gm, in order to minimize interactions with the electrode and increase energy densities within the liquid. In operation and generally, capacitance results from the migrations of positive and negative ions in the confined liquid in response to an applied electric field.
- Capacitor 100 comprises a first electrode 101 and a second electrode 102 generally comprised of a conductive material.
- a scaffold dielectric generally indicated by 103 separates first electrode 101 and second electrode 102, with scaffold dielectric 103 comprising an insulating material 104, a plurality of longitudinal channels such as 105 and 106, and a liquid residing within each longitudinal channel such as 107.
- Scaffold dielectric 103 spans a distance t separating first electrode 101 and second electrode 102.
- FIG. 2 represents an alternate view of the scaffold dielectric in accordance with the indicated axes and illustrates scaffold dielectric 203 comprising insulating material 204 and a plurality of longitudinal channels such as 205 and 206, among other features to be discussed.
- Liquid 107 comprises ions, such as the cations + and anions - indicated within longitudinal channel 105.
- liquid 107 has an ionic strength of at least 0.1 where the ionic strength is a function of the concentration of all cations and anions present in liquid 107.
- liquid 107 comprises a solvent and a solute and the solute has a molarity of at least 0.1 moles solute per liter of solvent, and in a further embodiment, the solute is a polar liquid having a dielectric constant of at least 5.
- liquid 107 is an aqueous solution and the solute is a salt, an acid, or a base.
- the insulating material 104 typically has an electrical conductivity of less than about 10 s S/cm.
- the scaffold dielectric 103 of FIG. 1 differs significantly from typical dielectric materials.
- typical dielectric materials generally increase the amount of electric charge stored on a capacitor by lowering the voltage associated with the number of charges. This results from the formation of dipoles in the dielectric that opposes the applied field, thus reducing the net field for any specific charge concentration on the electrode.
- capacitance is charge/voltage
- the lowering of the voltage for any given number of charges increases capacitance.
- these dipoles are generally a fraction of an angstrom (A) in length, meaning longer dipoles would reduce the net field to an even greater extent.
- the scaffold dielectric 103 of capacitor 100 comprising the plurality of longitudinal channels and filled with liquid 107 comprising cations and anions will have much larger dipoles than found in any solid, and hence will have better dielectrics than any solid or any pure liquid for which the dipole length is no greater than the length of the molecules that compose the liquid.
- capacitor 100 differs significantly from typical energy storage devices utilizing liquids as an inherent component.
- capacitors known generally as electrolytic capacitors generally utilize an oxide film as the dielectric with a liquid electrolyte serving as an extension of one electrode, and the liquid electrolyte is typically in contact with only the one electrode and the dielectric oxide layer, as opposed to both electrodes as in capacitor 100.
- electric double-layer capacitors rely on electrostatic storage achieved by separation of charge in a Helmholtz double layer at the interface between the surface of a conductor electrode and an electrolytic solution, with the two layers of ions at the interface acting like a dielectric in a conventional capacitor.
- the double layer thickness is generally a material property of the electrode, and correspondingly increases in capacitance generally require increases in the specific surface area of the electrode.
- Graphene having surface areas in excess of 1000 m 2 /gm are typically utilized in order to generate the double layer over a wide area.
- capacitor 100 utilizes electrode materials having specific surface areas less than about 10 m 2 /gm in order to minimize interactions with the electrode and increase energy densities within liquid 107.
- capacitor 100 differs significantly from devices such as those known generally as pseudo-capacitors and capacitor batteries, which rely on redox activity between an electrolyte and electrode, or an intercalaction/deintercalation process where electrolyte ions undergo reversible inclusion into electrode materials having layered structures.
- the positive and negative ions of liquid 107 in capacitor 100 do not comprise atoms or molecules of the majority materials comprising at least first electrode 101 or at least second electrode 102, and redox or intercalation processes remain substantially absent.
- insulating material 104 has a first side 108 and a second side 109, with first side 108 in contact with first electrode 101 and second side 109 in contact with second electrode 102 across the distance t.
- the plurality of longitudinal channels such as 105 and 106 extend from first side 108 to second side 109 of insulating material 104, such that each longitudinal channel forms a first aperture in first side 108 of insulating material 104 and a second aperture in second side 109 of insulating material 104.
- longitudinal channel 105 extends through insulating material 104 from first side 108 to second side 109 and comprises first aperture 110 in first side 108 and second aperture 111 in second side 109.
- FIG. 1 longitudinal channel 105 extends through insulating material 104 from first side 108 to second side 109 and comprises first aperture 110 in first side 108 and second aperture 111 in second side 109.
- the plurality of longitudinal channels comprises scaffold dielectric 104 such that a 1 cm 2 area of scaffold dielectric 103 comprising some portion of first side 108 includes at least 10 first apertures per cm 2 of area, and similarly such that a 1 cm 2 area of scaffold dielectric 103 comprising some portion of second side 109 includes at least 10 second apertures per cm 2 of area.
- the plurality of longitudinal channels comprises scaffold dielectric 103 such that insulating material 104 has a solid volume fraction of less than about 98%, and in a further embodiment, less than about 80%.
- capacitor 100 has a sufficient quantity of first apertures to generate a percent effective area of at least 10%, in some embodiments at least 30%, and in other embodiments at least 60%, where the percent effective area is the combined area in cm 2 of all first apertures in first side 108 over a 1 cm 2 area of first side 108, multiplied by 100%.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a volume of scaffold dielectric 303 bounded by points A,B,C,D,E,F,G, and H and in accordance with the axes shown.
- Scaffold dielectric 303 comprises insulating material 304 comprising first side 308 enclosed within the boundary A-B- C-D and second side 309 enclosed within the boundary E-F-G-H.
- Scaffold dielectric 303 further comprises a plurality of longitudinal channels, exemplified by longitudinal channel 305, which extends from first side 308 to second side 309.
- Each longitudinal channel comprises a first and second aperture on the respective sides, exemplified by first aperture 310 of longitudinal channel 305 on first side 308 and second aperture 311 of longitudinal channel 305 on second side 309. Additionally illustrated for reference is longitudinal channel 312 comprising first aperture 314 and second aperture 315, and longitudinal channel 313 comprising first aperture 316 and second aperture 317. The first and second apertures are in fluid communication with each other through the longitudinal channel. Further at FIG.
- the boundary A-B-C-D surrounds an area of scaffold dielectric 303 comprising at least some portion of first side 308 of insulating material 303
- the boundary E-F-G-H surrounds an additional area of scaffold dielectric 303 with the additional area comprising at least some portion of second side 309 of insulating material 303.
- a specific volume of scaffold dielectric 303 comprising some portion of first area 308, some portion of second area 309, and the plurality of longitudinal channels, is bounded by A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H.
- the plurality of longitudinal channels is present within a specific volume of scaffold dielectric 303 comprising some portion of first area 308, some portion of second area 309, and the plurality of longitudinal channels such the specific volume has a solid volume fraction of less than 98% .
- the solid volume fraction is equal to ( 1-VI/VD) X 100%, where V D is the specific volume of the scaffold dielectric such as that bounded by A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H, and Vi is the volume of insulating material within the specific volume such as A-B-C-D-E-F-G- H.
- the volume of scaffold dielectric 303 has a solid volume fraction of less than 90%, in other embodiments less than 80%, and in further embodiments less than 50%.
- the plurality of longitudinal channels are substantially parallel.
- substantially parallel means that every longitudinal channel has a longitudinal axis extending through its first aperture and second aperture, and that further there is a particular direction vector for which an angle between the particular direction vector and every longitudinal axis is less than less than 30 degrees, less than 15 degrees, or less than 5 degrees.
- longitudinal channel 312 has a longitudinal axis Li
- longitudinal channel 313 has a longitudinal axis L 2
- Li and L 2 are substantially parallel to the particular direction vector Vi.
- every longitudinal channel in the plurality has an analogous longitudinal axis and the angle between each longitudinal axes and the particular direction vector Vi is less than 30 degrees, less than 15 degrees, or less than 5 degrees.
- the boundary A-B-C-D of FIG. 3 surrounds a 1 cm 2 area of scaffold dielectric 303 with the 1 cm 2 area comprising at least a portion of first side 308 of insulating material 303, and the 1 cm 2 area comprises at least 10 first apertures.
- the boundary E-F-G-H surrounds an additional 1 cm 2 area of scaffold dielectric 303 with the additional 1 cm 2 area comprising at least a portion of second side 309 of insulating material 303, and the additional 1 cm 2 area comprises at least 10 second apertures.
- the liquid 107 within the pores of porous material 104 may be any liquid comprising ions.
- liquid 107 has an ionic strength of at least 0.1, where the ionic strength is a function of the concentration of all cations and anions present in liquid 107.
- the ions comprising liquid 107 comprise cations and anions and the cations have an ionic concentration of at least 0.1 moles per liter of liquid and the anions have an ionic concentration of at least 0.1 moles per liter of liquid. See IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book") (2 nd , 1997).
- liquid 107 is a solution comprising a solvent and a solute and the solute has a molarity of at least 0.1 moles solute per liter of solvent.
- the solute is a polar liquid having a dielectric constant of at least 5, preferably at least 15, and in a further embodiment the solute is a salt, acid, base, or mixtures thereof.
- salt includes nitrates, nitrides, carbides, alkali halides, metal halides and other crystal structures that dissolve in water to create dissolved ions.
- the solvent of liquid 107 is saturated with the solvent to at least a 1% saturation, and in other embodiments at least 10%.
- the solvent is water and liquid 107 is an aqueous solution.
- liquid 107 may comprise an organic solvent, containing an electrolyte selected from an acid, a base, and a neutral salt.
- liquid 107 may be a liquid such as those found in acid or base solutions, salt solutions, other electrolytic solutions or ionic liquids of any kind.
- the liquid comprising ions may be any liquid or mixture of liquids, solvents, solutes and the like which provide ions in a liquid as described. See e.g. Gandy et al., "Testing the Tube Super Dielectric Material Hypothesis: Increased Energy Density Using NaCl," J. Electron. Mater.
- the plurality of longitudinal channels may comprise any group of channels extending through the scaffold dielectric as described.
- the longitudinal channels may be present within insulating material 104 as result of a manufacture or fabrication, or may arise within insulating material 104 as a result of natural processes.
- each longitudinal channel in the plurality has a first aperture and second aperture, with the first aperture in fluid communication with the second aperture.
- the plurality of longitudinal channels may comprise first and second apertures having any mean diameter, such that the first and second apertures may be characterized as micropores (diameter ⁇ 2nm), mesopores (2 nm ⁇ diameter ⁇ 50 nm), macropores (diameter > 50 nm), or some combination.
- the mean diameter is less than 1 mm, and may be greater than, equal to, or less than the distance t of FIG. 1.
- the mean pore diameter may be known as a result of a specific manufacture, for example, use of a punch press or like device having a punch of a specific diameter, or may otherwise be determined using means known in the art such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, bubble point methods, mercury porosimetry, thermoporometry, permporometry,
- Insulating material 104 may be any material having a plurality of longitudinal pores where ion-containing liquid may reside.
- insulating material 104 comprises a constituent material having a conductivity less than 10 s S/cm.
- the constituent material comprises at least 5 wt.%, at least 50 wt.%, at least 70 wt.%, or at least 90 wt.% of insulating material 104.
- "constituent material” may describe a material of singular composition or a combination of materials having different compositions.
- insulating material 104 has a conductivity less than 10 s S/cm. In some embodiment,
- insulating material 104 comprises a polymer material having the characteristics as disclosed herein.
- polymer means a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers.
- Exemplary polymers include those known as Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polystyrene (PS), Nylon, nylon 6, nylon 6,6, Teflon (Polytetrafluoroethylene), Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU), and others.
- insulating material 104 comprises an oxide such as alumina, silica, titania, magnesia, and other metal oxides.
- porous material 104 may comprise any material having characteristics as disclosed herein, including fabrics, fibers, sponges, polymer materials such as nylon, and other materials. Liquid may be placed in the plurality of
- longitudinal channels using any effective means known in the art, including brushing, spraying, direct immersion, various pressure and vacuum methods, and others.
- First electrode 101 and second electrode 102 may be any conducting material.
- first electrode 101 and second electrode 102 comprise a conductive material having conductivity greater than 10 3 S/cm.
- first electrode 101 comprises a first conductive material having conductivity greater than 10 3 S/cm and the first conductive material comprises at least 50 weight percent (wt.%), at least 70 wt.%, or at least 90 wt.% of first electrode 101
- second electrode 102 comprises a second conductive material having a conductivity greater than 10 3 S/cm and the second conductive material comprises at least 5 wt.%, at least 50 wt.%, at least 70 wt.%, or at least 90 wt.% of second electrode 102.
- first electrode 101 and second electrode 102 have a conductivity greater than 10 3 S/cm.
- first electrode 101, second electrode 102, and scaffold dielectric 103 may be planar, curved, or some combination, and capacitor 100 may have any shape including spiral wound or parallel plate provided the requirements of this disclosure are met.
- capacitor 100 differs significantly from typical devices utilizing liquids as energy storage or delivery components.
- capacitor 100 utilizes an ionic solution in contact with both first electrode 101 and second electrode 102.
- capacitor 100 generally relies on large induced electric dipoles formed within liquid 107 residing within the longitudinal channels in order to enable maximum energy densities and dielectric values, as opposed to separation of charge in a Helmholtz double layer at an electrode/electrolyte interface.
- capacitor 100 utilizes electrode materials having specific surface areas less than about 10 m 2 /gm in order to minimize interactions with the electrode and increase energy densities within liquid 107.
- Capacitor 100 also has a substantial absence of
- electrochemical activity among the ions of liquid 107, first electrode 101, and second electrode 102 differs significantly from devices that rely on redox or other electrochemical activity between an electrolyte and electrode.
- the redox potentials among the components are sufficiently similar such that first electrode 101 has a first redox potential E under standard conditions, the positive ion of liquid 107 has a positive ion redox potential E+ under standard conditions, and the negative ion of liquid 107 has a negative ion redox potential E under standard conditions, and an absolute value of E+ divided by E is greater than 0.9, in some embodiments greater than 0.95, and in other embodiments greater than 0.99.
- second electrode 102 has a second redox potential E under standard conditions, and an absolute value of E+ divided by E is greater than 0.9, in some embodiments greater than 0.95, and in other embodiments greater than 0.99. In other embodiments, an absolute value of E divided by E is greater than 0.9, in some embodiments greater than 0.95, and in other embodiments greater than 0.99, and in other embodiments, an absolute value of E divided by E is greater than 0.9, in some embodiments greater than 0.95, and in other embodiments greater than 0.99.
- Capacitor 100 also generally experiences an absence of positive or negative ions undergoing reversible inclusions into electrode materials through intercalaction/deintercalation processes.
- the positive ions and negative ions of liquid 107 are not ions of an atom or molecule comprising the first conductive material comprising first electrode 101, and in other embodiments, the positive ions and negative ions of liquid 107 are not ions of an atom or molecule comprising the second conductive material comprising second electrode 102.
- the same conductive material is used for both electrodes and, at all stages of charge and discharge, the electrodes remain substantially identical to each other.
- the disclosure further provides a method of supplying power to a load using the capacitor disclosed.
- the method comprises applying a first voltage to the first electrode and a second voltage to the second electrode, where a difference between the second voltage and the first voltage is less than a breakdown voltage of the liquid comprising the scaffold dielectric, and generating a charged capacitor.
- the method further comprises electrically connecting the charged capacitor to the load and discharging the charged capacitor to the load, thereby supplying power to the load.
- the disclosure additionally comprises a method of making the capacitor disclosed.
- the method comprises contacting the liquid comprising ions and the first side of the insulating material for a sufficient time to allow some portion of the liquid comprising ions to enter and fill the plurality of longitudinal channels between the first aperture and the second aperture of every longitudinal channel.
- the method further comprises contacting the first side of the insulating material and the first electrode, contacting the second side of the insulating material and the second electrode, and contacting the liquid comprising ions within each longitudinal channel with the first electrode and second electrode, in order to place the first and second side of the insulating material in contact with the first and second electrode respectively, and in order to place the liquid comprising ions in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode, as disclosed.
- the method further comprises utilizing a particular material for the insulating material where the particular material comprises constituent material having a conductivity less than 10 s S/cm, and utilizing a particular liquid for the liquid where the particular liquid has an ionic strength of at least 0.1.
- contacting the liquid and the first side of the insulating material may be accomplished using any effective means known in the art, including brushing, spraying, direct immersion, various pressure and vacuum methods, and others. Description of a Specific Embodiment
- a capacitor with energy density of ⁇ 75 J/cm 3 of dielectric material was made using a unique form of super dielectric material.
- the novel super dielectric herein called D-l, consisted of a piece of hydrophobic polypropylene plastic sheet (Celgard PP1516), 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 16 micron (thickness), into which 325 holes (-50 holes/cm 2 ) were through punched with a pin of diameter 0.6 mm, then smeared with a solution of 30wt% NaCl in distilled, de-ionized water. Excess water was physically forced off the dielectric, and the wetted dielectric sheet placed between two carbon electrodes for constant current capacitor testing using a commercial galvanastat. It was found that the capacitor thus constructed, operated between 2.3 and 0 volts, showed virtually no change in behavior over 30 cycles using charge and discharge times of about 300 seconds.
- a third capacitor (D-3) was made using an identical dielectric but with -10 holes/cm 2 , a fourth with -15 holes/cm 2 , and a further with -25 holes/cm 2 .
- the outcome of this study is significant as it suggests an inexpensive, simple design for high energy density capacitors. That is, it is easy to imagine a simple process for commercial production of the dielectric materials from punched plastic sheets. Indeed, plastic sheet is very inexpensive, punching holes in thin plastic sheet easily and inexpensively organized (e.g. rapidly passing sheet between rotating cylinders containing properly positioned pins), and soaking with 'salt water' also remarkably inexpensive.
- the energy density measured in this 'first effort' is more than double the value available in the current commercial supercapacitor market.
- Commercial processes could be designed to yield far higher energy density via optimization of the salt solution employed, including organic electrolytes, the hole density, the number of holes, the thickness of the plastic, the identity of the plastic, etc.
- liquid 107 further comprises a porous material such as fumed silica with some portion of the liquid 107 residing within the pores of the porous material.
- the porous material may substantially be an agglomerate comprising consolidated material existing as a relatively rigid, macroscopic body whose dimensions exceed those of the pores by many orders of magnitude, or alternatively may be an aggregate comprising unconsolidated, nonrigid, loosely packed assemblages of individual particles. Additionally, when such particles are present, the particles themselves may be nonporous and surrounded by a network of interparticle voids, or the particles themselves may be significantly porous and porous material may comprise both internal voids and interparticle voids.
- the porous material may comprise a wide distribution of pore sizes, and include micropores (diameter ⁇ 2nm), mesopores (2 nm ⁇ diameter ⁇ 50 nm), macropores (diameter > 50 nm), and combinations thereof.
- the porous material comprises an insulating material having a conductivity less than 10 s S/cm.
- the insulating material comprises at least 5 wt.%, at least 50 wt.%, at least 70 wt.%, or at least 90 wt.% of the porous material.
- "insulating material” may describe a material of singular composition or a combination of materials having different compositions.
- the porous material has a specific surface area greater than 0.5 m 2 of surface/gram, and in other embodiments when the porous material is an aggregate as discussed above, individual particles comprising the aggregate have a specific surface area greater than 0.5 m 2 of surface/gram.
- the pores of the porous material have a radius between 1-10,000A, and in other embodiments have a mean pore diameter between 1- 20,000A, and in other embodiments have a mean pore diameter between 1-200,000A. In certain embodiments when individual particles comprise an aggregate, the individual particles have a mean pore diameter between 1-200,000A.
- liquid 107 may be located in the pores of the porous material using any means known in the art.
- the porous material and liquid 107 may be mixed by hand or otherwise to create a spreadable paste with little to substantially no free water (incipient wetness).
- "Paste” as used herein refers to a thick, soft moist substance, having little to substantially no free water.
- Other methodologies may be employed as known in the art, including incipient wetness impregnation, direct immersion, capillary impregnation, diffusional impregnation, pressure or vacuum impregnation, and others.
- the paste may be applied to the scaffold dielectric in any manner sufficient to fill the
- a capacitor having a first electrode, a second electrode, and a scaffold dielectric between the first and second electrode, where the scaffold dielectric comprises an insulating material with a plurality of longitudinal channels filled with a liquid comprising cations and anions.
- the insulating material and the liquid in each channel are in contact with the first electrode and second electrode and the plurality of channels extends through the insulating material from the first side to the second side.
- the plurality of longitudinal channels are typically present such that a specific volume of the scaffold dielectric has a solid volume fraction of less than about 98%, typically less than 80%.
- the liquid within the plurality of longitudinal channels has an ionic strength of at least 0.1 where the ionic strength is a function of the concentration of all cations and anions present in the liquid.
- capacitance results from the migrations of positive and negative ions in the confined liquid in response to an applied electric field. Additionally disclosed is a method of supplying power to a load using the capacitor, and a method of making the capacitor.
- Table 1 Measured Energy Density and Discharge Time.
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Citations (5)
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US20090052110A1 (en) * | 2007-08-20 | 2009-02-26 | Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd. | Capacitor having microstructures |
US20090214942A1 (en) * | 2008-02-22 | 2009-08-27 | Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc. | Oriented nanotube electrodes for lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors |
US20100300893A1 (en) * | 2004-03-05 | 2010-12-02 | Board Of Regents Of University Of Texas System | Material and device properties modification by electrochemical charge injection in the absence of contacting electrolyte for either local spatial or final states |
US20130273261A1 (en) * | 2011-09-30 | 2013-10-17 | Donald S. Gardner | Method of increasing an energy density and an achievable power output of an energy storage device |
US20140016245A1 (en) * | 2011-03-23 | 2014-01-16 | Empire Technology Development Llc | Capacitor with parallel nanotubes |
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- 2018-05-08 WO PCT/US2017/059451 patent/WO2018231272A1/en active Application Filing
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US20100300893A1 (en) * | 2004-03-05 | 2010-12-02 | Board Of Regents Of University Of Texas System | Material and device properties modification by electrochemical charge injection in the absence of contacting electrolyte for either local spatial or final states |
US20090052110A1 (en) * | 2007-08-20 | 2009-02-26 | Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd. | Capacitor having microstructures |
US20090214942A1 (en) * | 2008-02-22 | 2009-08-27 | Alliance For Sustainable Energy, Llc. | Oriented nanotube electrodes for lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors |
US20140016245A1 (en) * | 2011-03-23 | 2014-01-16 | Empire Technology Development Llc | Capacitor with parallel nanotubes |
US20130273261A1 (en) * | 2011-09-30 | 2013-10-17 | Donald S. Gardner | Method of increasing an energy density and an achievable power output of an energy storage device |
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