WO2018227091A1 - Methods and compositions for identifying epitopes - Google Patents

Methods and compositions for identifying epitopes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018227091A1
WO2018227091A1 PCT/US2018/036663 US2018036663W WO2018227091A1 WO 2018227091 A1 WO2018227091 A1 WO 2018227091A1 US 2018036663 W US2018036663 W US 2018036663W WO 2018227091 A1 WO2018227091 A1 WO 2018227091A1
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Prior art keywords
cell
cells
antigen
apc
gzb
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PCT/US2018/036663
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2018227091A9 (en
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Mohammad HAJ DEZFULIAN
Stephen Elledge
Tomasz KULA
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The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc.
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Priority to EP18812782.3A priority Critical patent/EP3634992B1/de
Priority to CN201880051295.1A priority patent/CN110997711A/zh
Priority to US16/619,859 priority patent/US11834653B2/en
Priority to EP24166021.6A priority patent/EP4414704A3/de
Priority to AU2018279728A priority patent/AU2018279728B2/en
Priority to CA3066645A priority patent/CA3066645A1/en
Application filed by The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. filed Critical The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc.
Priority to JP2019567577A priority patent/JP7315478B2/ja
Publication of WO2018227091A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018227091A1/en
Publication of WO2018227091A9 publication Critical patent/WO2018227091A9/en
Priority to JP2023114885A priority patent/JP2023153809A/ja
Priority to AU2023248207A priority patent/AU2023248207A1/en
Priority to US18/493,211 priority patent/US20240318168A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C12N15/1034—Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries
    • C12N15/1037—Screening libraries presented on the surface of microorganisms, e.g. phage display, E. coli display
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/461—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
    • A61K39/4611—T-cells, e.g. tumor infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL], lymphokine-activated killer cells [LAK] or regulatory T cells [Treg]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/463—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by recombinant expression
    • A61K39/4632—T-cell receptors [TCR]; antibody T-cell receptor constructs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/464—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the antigen targeted or presented
    • A61K39/464838—Viral antigens
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
    • C12N5/0636—T lymphocytes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0693—Tumour cells; Cancer cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
    • C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
    • C40B20/00—Methods specially adapted for identifying library members
    • C40B20/04—Identifying library members by means of a tag, label, or other readable or detectable entity associated with the library members, e.g. decoding processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
    • C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
    • C40B40/00—Libraries per se, e.g. arrays, mixtures
    • C40B40/02—Libraries contained in or displayed by microorganisms, e.g. bacteria or animal cells; Libraries contained in or displayed by vectors, e.g. plasmids; Libraries containing only microorganisms or vectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
    • G01N33/5047—Cells of the immune system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2529/00—Culture process characterised by the use of electromagnetic stimulation
    • C12N2529/10—Stimulation by light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
    • G01N2333/914—Hydrolases (3)
    • G01N2333/948—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • G01N2333/95—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99)
    • G01N2333/964—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue
    • G01N2333/96425—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals
    • G01N2333/96427—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals in general
    • G01N2333/9643—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals in general with EC number
    • G01N2333/96433—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • G01N2333/96436—Granzymes

Definitions

  • Described herein are methods and reagents for identifying target antigens specific to T cells, such as cytotoxic T cells.
  • Immunotherapy approaches based on cell-mediated immune responses can be effective in treating diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases etc.
  • diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases etc.
  • antigens that are expressed by the disease-causing cells and play a role in modulating an immune response are challenging to identify. Accordingly, there is a need for methods for identifying target antigens specific to T cells so as to develop therapies and vaccines against the diseases.
  • APCs antigen presenting cells comprising a) an exogenous nucleic acid encoding one or more candidate antigens, wherein the one or more candidate antigens are expressed and presented with MHC class I or MHC class II molecules; b) a molecular reporter of Granzyme B (GzB) activity; and c) an exogenous inhibitor of caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD)-mediated DNA degradation, a CAD knockout, or a caspase knockout (e.g., caspase 3 knockout).
  • APCs antigen presenting cells
  • the exogenous nucleic acid is stably introduced into the genome of the APC, optionally via a lentiviral vector, a retroviral vector, or a transposon.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid is flanked on each side by predetermined primer recognition sequences.
  • the molecular reporter of GzB activity comprises a fusion polypeptide comprising a GzB cleavage site (VGPD, SEQ ID NO: 1) linked to a detection molecule, such as wherein the molecular reporter comprises a modified infrared fluorescent protein, a membrane tethered CRE recombinase, an antibody- based reporter of GzB activity, an ER retention-based reporter of GzB activity, a cell surface detectable-based reporter of GzB activity, or combinations thereof.
  • VGPD GzB cleavage site
  • the molecular reporter comprises a membrane tethered CRE recombinase
  • the APC further comprises an inverted CRE reporter flanked by LoxP sites, optionally wherein the exogenous nucleic acid is located proximal to a CRE activated primer recognition sequence.
  • the exogenous inhibitor of CAD-mediated DNA degradation is a nucleic acid encoding inhibitor of caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (ICAD) gene in expressible form; an inhibitory nucleic acid targeting CAD or caspase 3; a small molecule inhibitor of caspase 3; a chemical DNAse inhibitor; or a peptide or protein inhibitor of caspase 3, or the caspase knockout is a caspase 3 knockout.
  • ICAD caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease
  • the APC i) does not express an endogenous MHC molecule and is engineered to express an exogenous MHC molecule and/or ii) is selected from the group consisting of a K 562 cell, a HEK 293 cell, a HEK 293 T cell, a U20S cell, a MelJuso cell, a MDA-MB231 cell, a MCF7 cell, a NTERA2 cell, a LN229 cell, a dendritic cell, and a primary autologous B cell.
  • the candidate antigen is less than or equal to 8, 9, 10, 11, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, or 300 amino acids in length.
  • the candidate antigen is greater than 300 amino acids in length.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid encoding a candidate antigen is derived from an infectious organism or human DNA.
  • the human DNA is obtained from a cancer cell.
  • infectious organism is selected from the group consisting of a virus, a bacteria, a fungi, a protozoa, and a multicellular parasitic organism.
  • the exogenous nucleic acids are derived from an infectious agent or human DNA.
  • the library comprises from about 10 2 - to about 10 14 individual candidate antigens.
  • Described herein, in another aspect, is a molecular reporter of Granzyme B activity, comprising a fusion polypeptide comprising a GzB cleavage site (VGPD, SEQ ID NO: 1) linked to a detection molecule.
  • VGPD GzB cleavage site
  • the reporter does not include a pair of fluorochromes that form a FRET pair, or wherein one of the fluorophores is quenched; is not an intact fluorophore, e.g., is not a complete protein capable of fluorescing on its own; and/or is not a leuco dye, e.g., is not a dye that can switch between two chemical forms; one of which is colorless.
  • the detection molecule is an enzyme, a detectable label, an antibody-binding antigen, or an affinity tag.
  • the detectable label is detectable after GzB cleavage selected from the group consisting of an infrared fluorescent protein (IFP), a nucleic acid amplification target, a composition recognized by an antibody, a composition that is released from the ER, and a composition present at the cell surface.
  • GzB cleavage selected from the group consisting of an infrared fluorescent protein (IFP), a nucleic acid amplification target, a composition recognized by an antibody, a composition that is released from the ER, and a composition present at the cell surface.
  • the IFP comprises a N-fragment (N-IFP) and a C-fragment (C-IFP), functionally separated by the GzB cleavage site, and is further flanked by an N-fragment of green fluorescent protein (N-GFP) located N-terminally to the C-IFP, and a C-fragment of a green fluorescent protein (C-GFP) located C-terminally to the N-IFP, such that the N-GFP and C-GFP are constitutively active.
  • the enzyme is CRE recombinase
  • the fusion polypeptide comprises the CRE recombinase functionally linked to a plasma membrane attachment peptide separated by the GzB cleavage site.
  • the affinity tag is a Flag epitope, located C-terminal to the GzB cleavage site such that the epitope is only recognized by an Ml Flag antibody upon cleavage of the GzB site, and optionally further comprising GFP located C-terminal to the flag epitope.
  • the molecular reporter comprises an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal and an antibody-binding plasma membrane protein, wherein cleavage of the GzB site removes the ER retention signal, optionally wherein the antigen is CD40, CD4, CD 19, CD20, or a tagged proteins, optionally wherein the tag is a Myc tag, Flag tag, HA tag, or Histidine tag.
  • nucleic acid that encodes a molecular reporter described herein are provided.
  • a system for detection of granzyme B activity in an antigen presenting cell comprising a) a fusion polypeptide comprising a CRE recombinase functionally linked to a plasma membrane attachment peptide, wherein the CRE recombinase and membrane attachment peptide are separated by a GzB cleavage site; b) a reporter of CRE activity comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding GFP and RFP in head- to-head orientation flanked by LoxP sites; and/or c) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a candidate antigen in expressible form, located proximally to a CRE activated primer recognition sequence comprising an inactive primer flanked by LoxP sites, wherein CRE induced rearrangement of the LoxP sites produces a functional primer recognition
  • an antigen presenting cell comprising: i)an exogenous nucleic acid encoding a candidate antigen, wherein the candidate antigen is expressed and presented with MHC class I and/or MHC class II molecules to a cytotoxic lymphocyte and/or NK cell; ii) a molecular reporter of Granzyme B (GzB) activity described herein or a system for detecting granzyme B activity described herein; and iii) an inhibitor of CAD-mediated degradation; and b) a cytotoxic lymphocyte and/or NK cell.
  • APC antigen presenting cell
  • the inhibitor of CAD-mediated degradation is an exogenous inhibitor of CAD-mediated DNA degradation, a CAD knockout, or a caspase knockout (e.g., caspase 3 knockout), optionally wherein the caspase knockout is a caspase 3 knockout or wherein the exogenous inhibitor of CAD-mediated DNA degradation is a nucleic acid encoding inhibitor of caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (ICAD) gene in expressible form; an inhibitory nucleic acid targeting CAD or caspase 3; a small molecule inhibitor of caspase 3; or a peptide or protein inhibitor of caspase 3.
  • ICAD caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease
  • the antigen presenting cells are selected from the group consisting of a K 562 cell, a HEK 293 cell, a HEK 293 T cell, a U20S cell, MelJuso cell, a MDA-MB231 cell, a MCF7 cell, a NTERA2a cell, a dendritic cell, and a primary autologous B cell.
  • the cytotoxic lymphocyte are selected from the group consisting of cytotoxic CD4 T cells and cytotoxic CD8 T cells.
  • the cytotoxic lymphocytes and/or NK cells are modified to express an antigen receptor of interest.
  • the cytotoxic lymphocytes and/or NK cells are cytotoxic T cells and/or NK cells that have been modified to express a T cell receptor from a non-cytotoxic CD4 T cell.
  • a method for identifying an antigen that is recognized by a cytotoxic T cell and/or NK cell comprising a) contacting an antigen presenting cell (APC) or a library of APC, as described herein, with one or more cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and/or NK cells under conditions appropriate for antigen recognition; b) identifying APC(s) that express recognized antigen by assaying for granzyme B activity in the APC(s), wherein increased granzyme B activity, as compared to an appropriate control, indicates the APC expresses antigen that was recognized by the cytotoxic T cell and/or NK cell; and c) isolating nucleic acid that encodes the recognized antigen from the APC identified in
  • a method for identifying an antigen that is recognized by a cytotoxic T cell and/or NK cell comprising a) contacting an antigen presenting cell (APC) or a library of APCs, as described herein, with one or more CTLs under conditions appropriate for antigen recognition, wherein cleavage of the GzB site removes the ER retention signal and releases the plasma membrane protein from the ER for trafficking to the plasma membrane; b) isolating APC(s) that express recognized antigen by contacting the APCs with an antibody that binds the plasma membrane protein, and purifying the antibody-bound APCs; and c) isolating nucleic acid that encodes the recognized antigen from the APCs isolated in step b).
  • APC antigen presenting cell
  • the method further comprises sequencing the isolated nucleic acid.
  • the cytotoxic T cells and/or NK cells are obtained from a biological sample of a subject.
  • the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of blood, tumor, healthy tissue, ascites fluid, location of autoimmunity, tumor infiltrate, virus infection site, lesion, mouth mucosa, and skin.
  • the biological sample is obtained from a site of infection or autoimmune reactivity in the subject.
  • the cytotoxic T cells are CD4 or CD8 cells.
  • the cytotoxic T cells and/or NK cells are modified to express an antigen receptor of interest.
  • the cytotoxic T cells and/or NK cells have been modified to express a T cell receptor from a non- cytotoxic CD4 T cell.
  • the identifying step b) is through detection of a fluorescence signal in the APC that is increased by at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 1000-fold or more, relative to that of the control.
  • the step of identifying is performed using flow cytometry or affinity purification.
  • the step of identifying is performed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or affinity purification.
  • the step of isolation is performed by PCR amplification.
  • sequencing is performed by pyrosequencing or next-generation sequencing.
  • the library of APCs comprises at least 5,000 different candidate antigens.
  • isolated is meant a material that is free to varying degrees from components which normally accompany it as found in its native state.
  • isolated denotes a degree of separation from original source or surroundings. For example, an isolated cell can be removed from an animal and placed in a culture dish or another animal. Isolated is not necessarily being removed from all other cells.
  • isolated population refers to a population of cells that has been taken from its natural environment (e.g., in the body) and has been removed and separated from a mixed or heterogeneous population of cells (e.g., either in the process of removal from the natural environment, or subsequence to its removal, or a combination of both).
  • an isolated population is a substantially pure population of cells as compared to the heterogeneous population from which the cells were isolated or enriched from.
  • the isolated population is an isolated population of cells which is a substantially pure population of cells as compared to a heterogeneous population of cells comprising desired cells (e.g., cytotoxic lymphocytes) and contaminating cells.
  • desired cells e.g., cytotoxic lymphocytes
  • Such cells can be originally isolated from an adult or from an immature subject (e.g., ⁇ 18 years of age, or ⁇ 1 year of age, or ⁇ 1 month of age, or ⁇ 1 day from birth, or from an embryo or developing fetus).
  • substantially pure refers to a population of cells that is at least about 50%, 60%>, 70%, or 75%, preferably at least about 85%), more preferably at least about 90%, and most preferably at least about 95% pure, with respect to the cells making up a total cell population.
  • the terms "substantially pure” or “essentially purified”, with regard to a population of cells refers to a population of cells that contain fewer than about 20%, more preferably fewer than about 15%, 10%, 8%, 7%, most preferably fewer than about 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less than 1%, of contaminating cells.
  • An antigen presenting cell is any cell that can present antigen via MHC Class I and/or MHC Class II to an immune cell (e.g., a cytotoxic immune cell).
  • APC are also referred to herein as APC targets, target cells, or target APC.
  • APC used as described herein are modified to present a candidate antigen via expression of an exogenous nucleic acid stably inserted into the genome of the APC.
  • the APC are cells suitable for preparing libraries encoding candidate antigens as described herein (e.g., HEK293, HEK293T, U20S, K562, MelJuso, MDA-MB231, MCF7, NTERA2a, dendritic, and primary (autologous) B cells).
  • libraries encoding candidate antigens as described herein e.g., HEK293, HEK293T, U20S, K562, MelJuso, MDA-MB231, MCF7, NTERA2a, dendritic, and primary (autologous) B cells.
  • Non-human animals includes all vertebrates, including, without limitation, mammals (e.g., sheep, dog, cow, horses, chickens, rodent (mice, rat, rabbit, guinea pig), primate, canine, equine, bovine, feline, porcine) and non-mammals amphibians, reptiles, etc.
  • mammals e.g., sheep, dog, cow, horses, chickens, rodent (mice, rat, rabbit, guinea pig), primate, canine, equine, bovine, feline, porcine
  • non-mammals amphibians, reptiles etc.
  • Cells described herein can be in the context of or otherwise isolated from any such subject described herein.
  • Non-human primates are also possible sources.
  • APC and cytotoxic lymphocytes should be derived from the same species of subject.
  • the term "antigen” refers to a molecule capable of inducing an immune response in the host organism, and is specifically recognized by T cells.
  • the antigens are peptides.
  • candidate antigen refers to a peptide encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid introduced into the APC target intended for use in the screening methods described herein.
  • Libraries, as described herein, comprise target cells which include the introduced candidate antigens.
  • Exogenous refers to material originating external to or extrinsic to a cell (e.g., nucleic acid from outside a cell inserted into the cellular genome is considered exogenous nucleic acid).
  • nucleic acid refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, or analogs thereof, and may include naturally occurring nucleotides and/or modified nucleotides.
  • Polynucleotides may have any three-dimensional structure, and may perform any function, known or unknown.
  • Non-limiting examples of polynucleotides include a gene, a gene fragment, exons, introns, DNA, RNA, cDNA (complementary DNA), mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), shRNA (small hairpin RNA), snRNA (small nuclear RNA), snoRNA (short nucleolar RNA), miRNA (microRNA), genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, synthetic RNA, and/or tRNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of any sequence, control regions, isolated RNA of any sequence, nucleic acid probes, and primers.
  • the nucleic acid molecule may be linear or circular.
  • Vector refers to the vehicle by which a polynucleotide sequence (e.g. a foreign gene) can be introduced into a host cell, so as to transform the host and promote expression (e.g. transcription and translation) of the introduced sequence.
  • a polynucleotide sequence e.g. a foreign gene
  • promote expression e.g. transcription and translation
  • Each refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked.
  • Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous replication and/or expression of nucleic acids to which they are linked.
  • Vectors capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked are referred to herein as "expression vectors”.
  • Vectors include plasmids, phages, viruses, etc.
  • peptide refers to a polymeric form of amino acids of any length, which can include coded and non- coded amino acids, chemically or biochemically modified or derivatized amino acids, and polypeptides having modified peptide backbones.
  • fusion proteins including, but not limited to, fusion proteins with a heterologous amino acid sequence, fusions with heterologous and native leader sequences, with or without N-terminal methionine residues; immunologically tagged proteins; fusion proteins with detectable fusion partners, e.g., fusion proteins including as a fusion partner a fluorescent protein, ⁇ - galactosidase, luciferase, etc.; and the like.
  • a library of target APC comprise a plurality of peptides derived from any of, for example, pathogens, pathogen- infected cells, cancer cells, cells involved in (e.g., targeted in) autoimmune disease, and/or cells from healthy subjects, wherein the peptides are displayed on the surface of the target cell such that they are presented with MHC class I and/or MHC class II molecules.
  • T-cell and “T-lymphocyte” are interchangeable and used synonymously herein. Examples include but are not limited to naive T cells, central memory T cells, effector memory T cells, or combinations thereof.
  • transduction refers to the introduction of a foreign nucleic acid into a cell using a viral vector.
  • transfection refers to the introduction of a foreign nucleic acid into a cell using recombinant DNA technology.
  • transformation means the introduction of a "foreign” (i.e., extrinsic, exogenous, or extracellular) gene, DNA or RNA sequence to a host cell, so that the host cell will express the introduced gene or sequence to produce a desired substance, such as a protein or enzyme coded by the introduced gene or sequence.
  • a desired substance such as a protein or enzyme coded by the introduced gene or sequence.
  • the introduced gene or sequence may also be called a "cloned” or “foreign” gene or sequence, may include regulatory or control sequences, such as start, stop, promoter, signal, secretion, or other sequences used by a cell's genetic machinery.
  • the gene or sequence may include nonfunctional sequences or sequences with no known function.
  • a host cell that receives and expresses introduced DNA or RNA has been "transformed” and is a “transformant” or a "clone.”
  • the DNA or RNA introduced to a host cell can come from any source, including cells of the same genus or species as the host cell, or cells of a different genus or species.
  • detection molecule refers to a molecule capable of being detected, including, but not limited to, radioactive isotopes, fluorescers, chemiluminescers,
  • detectable moieties suitable for use as detection molecules include affinity tags and detectable labels. Examples of detectable labels are, without limitation, fluorescers, chemiluminescers, and chromophores.
  • fluorescer refers to a substance or a portion thereof which is capable of exhibiting fluorescence in the detectable range.
  • affinity tag is used herein to denote a peptide segment that can be attached to a target that can be detected using a molecule that binds the affinity tag and provides a detectable signal (e.g., a fluorescent compound or protein). In principal, any peptide or protein for which an antibody or other specific binding agent is available can be used as an affinity tag.
  • reaction mixture refers to a fluid medium in which the library of target cells comprising the candidate antigen is in contact with the biological sample comprising the cytotoxic lymphocytes.
  • This includes, for example, a reaction mixture in which a library of target cells comprising the candidate antigen is initially contacted with the biological sample comprising cytotoxic lymphocytes and any subsequent wash steps designed to remove nonspecific or low-affinity binding between the candidate antigens on the target cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes in the sample.
  • the stringency conditions of the reaction mixture can be modified so as to influence the formation of complexes between the candidate antigen and cytotoxic lymphocytes in the sample.
  • telomere binding refers to the ability of a first binding molecule or moiety to preferentially bind (covalently or non-covalently) to a second binding molecule or moiety relative to other molecules or moieties in a reaction mixture.
  • sample refers to a biological material which is isolated from its natural environment and contains immune cells (such as, for example, including cytotoxic lymphocytes).
  • a sample or a biological sample may comprise a tissue sample or a biological fluid sample.
  • a biological fluid includes, but is not limited to, blood, plasma, sputum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, lavages, and leukophoresis samples, for example.
  • pathogen refers to an organism, including a
  • pathogens include, but are not limited to bacteria, protozoa, fungi, nematodes, viroids and viruses, or any combination thereof, wherein each pathogen is capable, either by itself or in concert with another pathogen, of eliciting disease in vertebrates including but not limited to mammals, and including but not limited to humans.
  • pathogen also encompasses microorganisms which may not ordinarily be pathogenic in a non- immunocompromised host.
  • immune cell refers to the cells of the mammalian immune system including but not limited to antigen presenting cells, B-cells, basophils, cytotoxic T-cells, dendritic cells, eosinophils, granulocytes, helper T-cells, leukocytes, lymphocytes (e.g., cytotoxic lymphocytes), macrophages, mast cells, memory cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils, phagocytes, plasma cells and T-cells.
  • antigen presenting cells B-cells, basophils, cytotoxic T-cells, dendritic cells, eosinophils, granulocytes, helper T-cells, leukocytes, lymphocytes (e.g., cytotoxic lymphocytes), macrophages, mast cells, memory cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils, phagocytes, plasma cells and T-cells.
  • immune response refers to immunities including but not limited to innate immunity, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, immunity, inflammatory response, acquired (adaptive) immunity, autoimmunity, and/or overactive immunity.
  • mammal refers to any member of the class Mammalia, including, without limitation, humans and nonhuman primates such as chimpanzees and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses;
  • tumor refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues.
  • cancer and “cancerous” as used herein refer to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth.
  • examples of cancer include, but are not limited to B-cell lymphomas (Hodgkin lymphomas and/or non-Hodgkin lymphomas), brain tumor, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, cancer of the urinary tract, thyroid cancer, renal cancer, carcinoma, melanoma, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, and prostate cancer, including but not limited to androgen-dependent prostate cancer and androgen-independent prostate cancer.
  • B-cell lymphomas Hodgkin lymphomas and/or non-Hodgkin lymphomas
  • brain tumor breast cancer
  • colon cancer lung cancer
  • gastric cancer pancreatic cancer
  • cervical cancer ovarian cancer
  • liver cancer bladder cancer
  • cancer of the urinary tract thyroid cancer
  • renal cancer carcinoma
  • melanoma head and neck
  • An "appropriate control" as the term is used herein refers to a control reaction which is treated otherwise identically to an experimental reaction, with the exception of one or more critical factors.
  • a control can be a cell which is identical, but is not exposed to an activating molecule (e.g., an activating cytotoxic lymphocyte).
  • a control can be a cell which is exposed to an activating molecule but which lacks a reporter molecule (and can be otherwise identical to experimental cells).
  • An appropriate control is determined by the skilled practitioner.
  • Fig. 1 depicts an overview of an exemplary approach for systematic identification of T cell antigens.
  • Figs. 2A-2B depict exemplary positive controls for CTL-target interaction.
  • Fig. 2A shows that CTLs recognize and kill target cells pulsed with rV9 but not control peptide, as determined by 7-AAD staining.
  • Fig. 2B shows that expression of 56 amino acid pepdide (also referred to as a 56-mer) containing IV9 peptide from three different promoters leads to efficient antigen presentation and killing by IV9 CTLs, as measured by LDH release.
  • 56 amino acid pepdide also referred to as a 56-mer
  • FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary fluorogenic reporter of GzB activity.
  • GFP-labeled target cells expressing a fluorogenic GzB reporter were pulsed with a control peptide or the cognate rV9 peptide before co-culture with rV9 CTLs.
  • GzB activity is detected by measuring infrared fluorescent protein signal in the target cells.
  • Figs. 4A-4B depict a reconstruction experiment demonstrating enrichment of target cells displaying cognate antigen.
  • Fig. 4A shows a schematic of the reconstruction experiment.
  • Fig. 4B shows fold enrichment of target cells displaying cognate antigen when spiked in at various proportions into target cells displaying control antigen.
  • Figs. 5A-B depict detection of CTL antigen in a screen.
  • Fig. 5A shows a schematic of the screen.
  • Fig. 5B shows fold enrichment detected by qPCR of control (non-target) and cognate (target) peptides following screen relative to input library.
  • Repl and Rep2 are two independent biological replicates.
  • Figs. 6A-6B depict development of an exemplary Cre reporter of GzB activity.
  • Fig. 6A shows an antigen presenting cell (APC) expressing a DNA-encoded peptide presents epitopes derived from the peptide on MHC I molecules at its cell surface.
  • APC antigen presenting cell
  • TCR T cell receptor
  • the granzymes enter the APC and cleave a previously membrane-bound Cre recombinase.
  • the Cre recombinase reverses the orientation of a 3' primer site, allowing productive PCR amplification of the DNA encoding the peptide.
  • FIG. 6B shows the results of detection of Cre-mediated inversion (Cre activity) in target cells expressing membrane-tethered Cre and exposed to GzB delivered by NK cells.
  • the Cre activity was detected by qPCR using primers specific for the inverted reporter cassette.
  • the genomic DNA from NK-cell treated and control untreated cells was purified and the frequency of inversion was quantified by qPCR, normalized to the abundance of the reporter in each sample (quantified using inversion-independent qPCR primers).
  • Target cells expressing only the reporter for Cre activity did not demonstrate detectable Cre activity upon GzB delivery.
  • Figs. 7A-7B depict development of an exemplary antibody-based reporter of GzB activity.
  • Fig. 7A shows a schematic of the antibody-based reporter approach.
  • a reporter substrate contains the Flag epitope preceded by a GzB cleavage site. Following GzB cleavage, the Flag epitope is accessible for recognition by the Ml antibody that recognized the Flag epitope specifically at the N terminus of a protein.
  • Fig. 7B shows the results of Western blotting analyses using the Ml Flag antibody on cell lysates from target cells expressing the GzB reporter with and without delivery of GzB by NK cells. A dramatic increase in antibody target is observed in the presence of the reporter and following GzB delivery.
  • Fig. 8 is a graphical representation of results of the IV9 T cell screen. Each dot represents the fold-enrichment in each of two biological replicates for one peptide in the library. The dots identified by association with a numerical label are all of the peptides that contain the known target of the IV9 T cell.
  • Fig. 9 is a chart that lists the motifs discovered by analysis.
  • the IV9 epitope was identified by this motif analysis.
  • the top enriched motif identified by MEME analysis on the 100 most enriched peptides from the IV9 screen contains the exact IV9 epitope (ILKEPVHGV).
  • Fig. 10 shows the percentage of target cells that activated the GzB reporter in experiments that used the GzB reporter with a CD4 TCR.
  • Primary CD8+ T cells were modified by lentivirus to express either the Obi A.12 TCR or a control TCR.
  • the modified T cells were then mixed with target cells displaying the target antigen of the Obi A.12 TCR or mutant control antigens.
  • Expressing the Obi A.12 TCR conferred specific recognition of the cognate MBP peptide in the context of MHC II that could be detected using the GzB reporter.
  • Fig. 11 is a linear schematic of the Gzb reporter that utilizes IFP.
  • the reporter contains part of the two halves of IFP split by a linker containing the GzB cleavage sequence.
  • the whole IFP cassette is itself flanked by a split-GFP.
  • Fig. 12 is a schematic of the mechanisms of reporter activation. Prior to
  • the reporter includes two halves of IFP that are kept from maturing by a linker sequence. Upon GzB cleavage, the linker is released and the halves of IFP can come together and form active, fluorescent IFP.
  • the split-GFP at the N- and C-termini of the construct provides constitutive GFP fluorescence and helps to stabilize the entire protein.
  • Fig. 13 shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:2) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO:33) sequence of an exemplary GzB IFP reporter
  • Fig. 14 shows qPCR primers designed to facilitate detection of the inversion event in a reporter cassette for the presence of Cre by qPCR rather than by fluorescent detection via the activation of GFP and loss of RFP.
  • Fig. 15 shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:3) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO:34) sequence of an exemplary reporter cassette for the presence of Cre that enables fluorescent detection of Cre activity via the activation of GFP and loss of RFP.
  • Fig. 16 shows the results of a CMV genome-wide screen with NLV2 TCR. Two thousand eight hundred and eight two 56 amino acid long peptides tiled every 28 amino acids across the CMV genome were encoded with two distinct DNA barcodes. Each dot on the scatter plot shows the performance of the two barcodes corresponding to one peptide sequence. The two dots in the upper right-hand corner identified by association with a numerical label are the only two epitopes in the library that contain the known target of the NLV2 TCR ( LVPMVATV (SEQ ID NO:4)).
  • Fig. 17 shows the results of a virome-wide screen with patient T cells.
  • Each dot on the scatter plot shows the performance of one peptide in each of two biological replicates of the screen.
  • the two dots identified by association with the numerical labels, "24741" and “24742,” are the only two epitopes in the library that contain the NLV epitope (NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID NO:4)).
  • the two dots identified by association with the numerical labels, "32255" and "32256,” encode overlapping 56-mers from the UL123 (IE1) protein that were targeted by 2% of the sample T cells shown in Fig. 18.
  • Fig. 18 shows validation of a novel epitope discovered in virome-wide screen.
  • HLA-A2 tetramers loaded with a negative control peptide, known pp65 NLV peptide, or newly discovered IE1 (UL123) peptide were used to stain the population of T cells used in the virome-wide screen.
  • 27.7% of the CD8-positive T cells in the input population recognized the NLV peptide, while 2.1% recognized the IE1 epitope.
  • FIG. 19 shows the results of a CMV genome-wide library vs. library screen using polyclonal memory T cells.
  • Memory T cells from a CMV-positive, HLA-A2 positive donor were used to screen a library of 2,882 56 amino acid long peptides tiled every 28 amino acids across the genome of CMV.
  • Each dot represents the performance of two independent DNA barcodes encoding a particular 56 amino acid peptides. Peptides with two overlapping 56 amino acid peptides that enriched are identified by association with a numerical label.
  • Fig. 20 shows the results of tiling mutagenesis characterization of TCR binding.
  • T cells expanded against the NLV epitope (NLVPMVATV (SEQ ID NO:4)) were screened against a comprehensive mutagenesis library of the NLV epitope and its adjacent two amino acids on each side.
  • Each box in the heatmap represents one mutant, with the shading and value indicating how well this mutant performed compared to the wild-type version of the epitope.
  • Fig. 21 shows that detection of TCR targets is improved with multiple rounds of screening.
  • Each dot represents the performance of two DNA barcodes for a given peptide after one round (left panel) or two rounds (right panel) of a screen with an IV9-specific TCR.
  • the six dots identified by association with a numerical label show the six peptides in the antigen library that were known targets of the TCR.
  • Fig. 22 shows signal to noise analysis results of tumor-specific TCR.
  • the NLV- specific CMV TCR (Viral TCR) and a MAGE-A3 tumor-specific TCR (not affinity enhanced, Tumor TCR) were introduced into donor CD8 T cells.
  • the recognition of MHC- matched cells in the absence (control) or presence (+ antigen) of cognate antigen was measured, and demonstrated comparable performance of the TCRs.
  • Fig. 23 shows that overexpression of mutant ICAD prevents DNA degradation during apoptosis.
  • Target cells without (Control) or with (ICAD) overexpression of mutant ICAD were treated with apoptosis-inducing agents, camptothecin and staurosporine.
  • Fig. 24 shows that expression of mutant ICAD enhances antigen cassette recovery in the screen setting.
  • the number of antigen cassettes recovered by sequencing was compared with the number of sorted cells to calculate the efficiency of antigen recovery.
  • Each bar shows the percent antigen recovery in one screen replicate performed in the absence (No ICAD) or presence (ICAD) of over-expressed mutant ICAD.
  • Fig. 25 shows the results of design and testing of an engineered protease reporter.
  • a reporter protein CD4 was fused to GFP and retained in the ER by addition of a C- terminal KKXX motif.
  • the expression of TEV protease results in increased surface expression of CD4 by cleaving the ER retention motif, as detected by staining with an anti-CD4 APC antibody.
  • An immune response is a complex process that involves several "molecular players.”
  • CTLs One of the fundamental parts of the immune response is recognition of epitopes/antigens by CTLs.
  • Epitopes are proteins or fragments of proteins presented on the cell membrane by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Large proteins can be broken down by specialized enzymes into hundreds of short peptide fragments, but only few of these fragments will elicit an immune response.
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • T cell e.g., cytotoxic T cell
  • an antigen such as an antigen presented by an APC
  • An antigen recognized by a given T cell is typically present at exceedingly low frequencies, such as at a frequency of 1 in 100,000 antigens or less.
  • target cell displaying a given antigen will encounter its cognate T cell, especially given the specificities of mixed T cell populations.
  • T cell receptor interactions with antigens and epitopes thereof have focused on individual or small numbers of pairs of interactions based on direct measurement of T cell responses due to the inability to detect such rare events among complex mixtures of T cell receptors and epitopes/antigens (e.g., physiologically relevant and/or genome scale analyses).
  • existing approaches focus on non-cell-based platforms, resulting in an inability to allow for the endogenous processing and loading of peptides onto MHC by antigen presenting cells.
  • target antigens identified by such non-cell-based platforms are less likely to actually be functionally displayed in vivo.
  • compositions and methods are provided herein using a combination of elements that allow for high-throughput discovery of antigens specific to T cells, such as cytotoxic T cells, to detect such rare interactions in a manner that identifies the interaction signals above background noise in a reproducible manner and in a manner that allows recovery of the presenting APC and antigen driving the interaction.
  • T cells such as cytotoxic T cells
  • compositions and methods are particularly useful because they overcome the problem of low throughput and biased T cell receptor-epitope/antigen discovery by allowing for sensitive and robust detection of T cell receptor-epitope/antigen interactions using complex antigen libraries at a high-throughput (e.g., genome-wide) scale and in a modular fashion.
  • high-throughput e.g., genome-wide
  • compositions and methods provided herein are useful to identify antigens recognized by cytotoxic lymphocytes by isolating the DNA from target APC presenting the candidate antigen using a marker/readout of recognized APC, thereby allowing for the identification of antigens that can activate the immune response from a wide variety of possible antigen fragments (e.g., a library of test antigens).
  • Genetic material is delivered into the APC (e.g., via viral vectors) to encode one or more candidate antigens for expression and presentation on MHC class I and/or MHC class II molecules.
  • a library of genetic material delivered into a plurality of APC results in a library of target APC.
  • the library can be screened to identify antigens that are productively recognized by cytotoxic lymphocytes by the methods described herein.
  • the APC or library of APC thereby comprise an exogenous nucleic acid encoding one or more candidate antigens expressed and presented with MHC Class I or MHC Class II molecules.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid can be stably introduced into the genome of the APC (e.g., via a vector, such as a viral vector, or a transposon).
  • the inserted exogenous nucleic acid has a predetermined primer recognition sequences both upstream and downstream (referred to herein as flanking primer recognition sequences). These sequences facilitate later identification of the recognized antigen from the APC.
  • the APC may further be modified to contain a molecular reporter that indicates antigen recognition by the cytotoxic lymphocyte.
  • Productive antigen recognition is identified, for example, by detection of an activity that results from antigen recognition rather than measuring responding T cells directly.
  • surrogate measures of cytotoxic T cell activity such as IFN- ⁇ secretion measured by ELISPOT, are typically used in the field to investigate T cell interactions.
  • these surrogate measures have uncertain relevance to the in vivo function of CTLs (Sekaly, JEM 205 (1): 7 (2008)) and do not directly identify TCR-epitopes/antigen binding.
  • modified APC described herein allow for identification of cytotoxic lymphocyte binding via detection of a reporter of productive antigen recognition caused by cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated modification of the APC, such as release of cytotoxic granules containing proteases like granzyme B (GzB). This occurs upon contact of the APC with cytotoxic lymphocytes expressing a T cell receptor capable of binding antigen presented by the APC and when contacted under conditions appropriate for antigen recognition. This also identifies functionally relevant T cell activity because the detected T cell modification of the APC involves induction of cytolysis.
  • a reporter of productive antigen recognition caused by cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated modification of the APC such as release of cytotoxic granules containing proteases like granzyme B (GzB).
  • GzB granzyme B
  • the GzB reporter is a fluorogenic reporter of GzB.
  • the GzB reporter does not produce an optically detectable signal, but provides a cell-surface signal that allows isolation of APCs that express an antigen recognized by a CTL, e.g., by affinity purification.
  • the detectable signal generated by the GzB reporter is used to enrich APC whose expressed antigen(s) are productively recognized by cytotoxic lymphocytes.
  • the marker of productive antigen recognition allows for an increased complexity of candidate antigens (i.e., the number of candidate antigens that can be included in the library where the single correct target of a T cell can successfully be identified) due to enhanced signal-to-noise.
  • the complexity of candidate antigens that can be assayed per 1 million target cells can be more than 5k (i.e., 5,000), 10k, 15k, 20k, 25k, 30k, 35k, 40k, 45k, 50k, 55k, 60k, 65k, 70k, 75k, 80k, 85k, 90k, 95k, 100k, 105k, 110k, 115k, 120k, 125k, 130k, 135k, 140k, 145k, 150k, 155k, 160k, 165k, 170k, 175k, 180k, 185k, 190k, 195k, 200k, 210k, 220k, 230k, 240k, 250k, 260k, 270k, 280k, 290k, 300k, 310k, 320k, 330k, 340k, 350k, 360k, 370k, 380k, 390k, 400k,
  • antigens that can be screened are on the order of lxlO 8 (i.e., hundreds of millions) to lxlO 9 or more.
  • the methods and compositions can also include APC that preferably also include an inhibitor of DNA degradation (e.g., caspase- activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD)-mediated DNA degradation) in order to increase the efficiency of antigen recovery.
  • APC that preferably also include an inhibitor of DNA degradation (e.g., caspase- activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD)-mediated DNA degradation) in order to increase the efficiency of antigen recovery.
  • CAD deoxyribonuclease
  • Antigen(s) recognized by CTL of interest can only be identified if they can be recovered from the modified APC marked by productive antigen recognition (e.g., obtaining the sequence of the exogenous nucleic acid encoding the cognate antigen bound by the T cell receptor).
  • productive antigen recognition e.g., obtaining the sequence of the exogenous nucleic acid encoding the cognate antigen bound by the T cell receptor.
  • cytolysis induced by the CTL initiates degradation of DNA that hinders
  • an inhibitor of DNA degradation without inclusion of an inhibitor of DNA degradation, approximately one single antigen from 100 modified APC marked by productive antigen recognition (i.e., antigens that 1 out of 100 modified APC had been presenting or 1% efficiency) can be identified.
  • an inhibitor of DNA degradation such as an inhibitor of CAD-mediated DNA degradation, increases the antigen recovery at least 5-fold (i.e., 5% efficiency) and can be at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or more, or any range in between, inclusive (e.g., 5%-50%)of antigen recovery.
  • the present methods can be used to attain greater than 5%, e.g., 50% or higher recovery (with 100% being the theoretical limit).
  • APCs modified as described herein, wherein the APCs comprise different exogenous nucleic acids encoding candidate antigens, such that the APCs collectively present a library of candidate antigens.
  • each APC contains and expresses a single nucleic acid, perhaps in multiple copies, to thereby present a single candidate antigen with MHC Class I and/or MHC Class II molecule.
  • each APC contains and expresses a handful of different nucleic acids expressing different candidate antigens, perhaps in multiple copies, to thereby present several candidate antigens (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more) with MHC Class I and/or MHC Class II molecules.
  • the APCs for the library are derived from the same cell type, (e.g., such that they were clonal prior to modification).
  • the library is made of a plurality of APCs that are an isolated population and/or are substantially pure population of cells.
  • suitable cells include, without limitation, a K 562 cell, a HEK 293 cell, a HEK 293 T cell, a U20S cell, MelJuso cell, a MDA-MB231 cell, a MCF7 cell, a NTERA2a cell, a dendritic cell, and a primary autologous B cell.
  • the APC is contacted by the cytotoxic lymphocyte, under conditions appropriate for antigen recognition.
  • a reaction sample comprising the APC targets are mixed with a biological sample comprising cytotoxic lymphocytes of interest and incubated to allow the recognition by the cytotoxic lymphocytes of any target cells displaying the cognate antigen(s).
  • the cytotoxic lymphocytes modify the target cell in a detectable manner (e.g., release their cytotoxic granules, which contain the serine protease Granzyme B (GzB), in order to initiate the killing process).
  • GzB serine protease Granzyme B
  • CTLs have long been understood to recognize cells that are infected by intracellular pathogens, and they are necessary for the control of many infectious diseases, including HIV. Aberrant CTL recognition of self-antigens, on the other hand, can cause autoimmune diseases including Type 1 Diabetes. Recent advances in tumor immunology have highlighted another important function of CTLs: their ability to recognize and clear tumors. This function serves as the foundation for promising immunotherapies such as adoptive T cell transfer and immune checkpoint blockade, which have resulted in the durable cure of a subset of patients with previously intractable cancers. A major ongoing challenge is the characterization of the antigens driving T cell activity in each of these contexts.
  • This technology can be directly applied to identify the targets of isolated T cell clones, as demonstrated herein. In addition, it can be used to identify the targets of TCRs of interest that are identified by DNA sequencing. The approach can be applied to TCRs coming from either CD4 or CD8 T cells. These TCR sequences can be synthesized and introduced into primary T cells that are subsequently screened in our platform. Notably, technologies for sequencing TCRs are improving dramatically and promise to uncover many other applications for this platform.
  • T cell clones or TCRs that are expanded within patients or conserved across patients with diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis, aplastic anemia, large granular lymphocytic leukemia, polymyositis, thyroiditis, and cardiomyopathy.
  • Existing methods to identify the antigens recognized by these T cells lack the throughput to enable unbiased antigen discovery, even in cases where the TCR sequence is known.
  • These T cells and/or TCRs can be used in the methods described herein to identify their target antigens. This will generate insights into disease pathogenesis, provide biomarkers, and open the door for targeted therapies to specifically suppress the pathogenic autoimmune reaction.
  • a major outstanding challenge in the field of cancer immunotherapy is to identify tumor antigens that can mediate productive anti-tumor immunity.
  • T cell clones from tumor infiltrates have been isolated and TCR sequencing of tumor infiltrates has demonstrated oligoclonal expansions of tumor-specific T cells.
  • Patient-specific neoantigen libraries can be generated containing the novel protein fragments arising from somatic mutations in patient tumors. Tumor-specific T cells can then be screened systematically for recognition of these neoepitopes and screened genome-wide for recognition of non-mutated tumor antigens.
  • the herein described technology can be applied to identify the specificities of mixed populations of T cells. This allows the characterization of protective or pathogenic T cell responses even in cases where specific clones or TCRs of interest have not yet been identified.
  • the platform can be applied to populations of T cells in each of the contexts described above. For example, it can be used to screen bulk T cells isolated from Type 1 Diabetes patients to identify the complete set of pancreatic autoantigens recognized by patient T cells. Similarly, polyclonal tumor infiltrating T cells can be screened to profile the scope of mutated and unmutated tumor antigens recognized in anti-tumor immunity.
  • T cells are thought to mediate protection to a wide range of infectious diseases. For example, there is a strong association between the MHC Class I allele HLA-B57 and elite control of HIV, implicating CD8 T cells and specific target antigens as likely determinants of viral control.
  • the technology disclosed herein can be used to systematically profile CTL specificity in patients with particular clinical outcomes, for example immunity to controlled malaria exposure or elite control of HIV, to identify correlates of protection and inform vaccine design.
  • the platform can also contribute to improved vaccine design by identifying the characteristics of effective T cell epitopes. While some algorithms exist for predicting the affinity of peptides for MHC molecules, there is no understanding of other characteristics that make particular peptides more likely to be productively recognized by T cells.
  • the herein disclosed technology enables the discovery of large numbers of T cell epitopes that are both productively displayed by target cells and recognized by patient T cells. These epitopes can be studied to reveal the properties of effective T cell epitopes. This knowledge can then be applied to generate optimized vaccines and T cell therapies in cancer and infectious diseases (e.g.HIV, cytomegalovirus infection, and malaria).
  • cancer and infectious diseases e.g.HIV, cytomegalovirus infection, and malaria.
  • the cytotoxic lymphocytes are cytotoxic T cells. These can be either CD4 or CD8.
  • the cytotoxic T cells can express their endogenous receptors, or may be modified to express an exogenous antigen receptor of interest.
  • the exogenous receptor is from a T cell that does not have cytotoxic activity (e.g., non-cytotoxic CD4 T cell).
  • the specificity of a T cell is contained in the sequence of its T cell receptor. It has been demonstrated that introducing the TCR from one T cell into another can retain the effector functions of the recipient cell while transferring the specificity of the new TCR. This is the basis of TCR therapeutics in general.
  • a TCR from a CD8 T cell can drive the effector functions of CD4 T cells when introduced into donor CD4 cells (Ghorashian et al, J Immunol, 194(3): 1080-1089 (2015)).
  • transferring the TCR from a CD4 T cell into donor CD8 cells can confer GzB-mediated cytotoxic activity towards antigens presented on MHC Class II and recognized by the CD4 TCR (see Figure 10 herein).
  • the exogenous T cell receptor is from a T helper (Thl or Th2) or a regulatory T cell.
  • Thl or Th2 T helper
  • Other types of cytotoxic cells can be used in the assays, such as natural killer cells, to identify factors those cells recognize.
  • the cytotoxic lymphocytes used in the method can be clonal or a mixed population.
  • natural killer (NK) cells that have been engineered to express a T cell receptor can be used.
  • the cytotoxic lymphocytes or NK cells can be obtained from a variety of sources. Typically the cytotoxic lymphocytes are obtained from a biological sample.
  • a "reaction sample” comprises a target cell or a library of target cells comprising candidate antigens.
  • the reaction sample can also comprise additional buffers, salts, osmotic agents, etc. to facilitate the formation of complexes between the candidate antigen on the surface of the target cell and the T cells in the sample of interest.
  • a “biological sample” refers to a fluid or tissue sample of interest that comprises cells of interest such as cytotoxic lymphocytes or antigen presenting cells.
  • the biological sample comprises cytotoxic T cell (CTLs) and/or Natural Killer cells.
  • CTLs cytotoxic T cell
  • a biological sample can be obtained from any organ or tissue in the individual, provided that the biological sample comprises cells of interest.
  • the organ or tissue can be healthy or can be diseased.
  • the biological sample is from a location of autoimmunity, a site of autoimmune reaction, a tumor infiltrate, a virus infection site, or a lesion.
  • a biological sample is treated to remove biological particulates or unwanted cells.
  • Methods for removing cells from a blood or other biological sample are well known in the art and can include e.g., centrifugation, ultrafiltration, immune selection, or sedimentation etc.
  • biological samples include a blood sample, a urine sample, a semen sample, a lymphatic fluid sample, a cerebrospinal fluid sample, a plasma sample, a serum sample, a pus sample, an amniotic fluid sample, a bodily fluid sample, a stool sample, a biopsy sample, a needle aspiration biopsy sample, a swab sample, a mouthwash sample, mouth mucosa sample, a cancer sample, a tumor sample, tumor infiltrate, a tissue sample (e.g., skin), a cell sample, a synovial fluid sample, or a combination of such samples.
  • a biological sample is blood or tissue biopsies (e.g. tumors, site of autoimmunity or other pathology).
  • the APC are engineered, such as by transfection or genetic modification, to express exogenous nucleic acid encoding the candidate antigen.
  • the APC may be further modified to downregulate and/or upregulate expression of compositions of interest, such as genes, proteins, chemical labels, exogenous nucleic acid encoding reporter molecules, and the like.
  • the APC may further be modified to contain a molecular reporter that indicates antigen recognition by the cytotoxic lymphocyte and/or NK cell.
  • Productive antigen recognition is identified, for example by detection of an activity that results from antigen recognition rather than measuring responding T cells directly.
  • a reporter of GzB activity is used, such as one or more GazB-based reporters described further herein.
  • the APC may further include an inhibitor of DNA degradation.
  • the inhibitor directly blocks DNA degradation by CAD.
  • GzB initiates caspase activation in target cells, which leads to internucleosomal degradation of genomic DNA by the caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD).
  • CAD caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease
  • This degradation of genomic DNA can be slowed or inhibited in a number of contemplated manners by providing an inhibitor of CAD-mediated DNA degradation.
  • the protein inhibitor of caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (ICAD) which blocks the degradation of DNA during apoptosis, can be used.
  • the cells can be modified to express a protein inhibitor of caspase-activated
  • ICAD deoxyribonuclease
  • the ICAD contains a mutation conferring resistance to caspase cleavage (e.g., D l 17E and/or D224E), otherwise referred to herein as a caspase resistant mutant (see Sakahira et a/. , Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Apr l ;388(l):91-9; Enari et a/., Nature. 1998 Jan 1 ; 391(6662):43-50; Sakahira et a/. , Nature. 1998 Jan
  • ICAD precursor also known as DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha or DFFA
  • GenBank accession number AAAA
  • DFFA DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha
  • NM_004401.2 (transcript variant 1) encoding NP_004392.1 (isoform 1); and NM_213566.1 (transcript variant 2) encoding NP 998731.1 (isoform 2).
  • An exemplary mature ICAD sequence is as follows; the residues at D l 17 and D224 are in upper case:
  • the cells can include a CAD knockout (e.g., disruption of the CAD gene using CRISPR; an exemplary reference gene sequence is at RefSeqGene NG_029098.1, Range 5001-17026) or knockdown (e.g., using an inhibitory nucleic acid such as shRNA, siRNA, LNA, or antisense).
  • CAD knockout e.g., disruption of the CAD gene using CRISPR; an exemplary reference gene sequence is at RefSeqGene NG_029098.1, Range 5001-1702
  • knockdown e.g., using an inhibitory nucleic acid such as shRNA, siRNA, LNA, or antisense.
  • Chemical or small molecule DNAse inhibitors can also be used, e.g., Mirin, a cell-permeable inhibitor of the MREl 1 nuclease, or intercalating dyes like ethidium bromide, that inhibit proteins that interact with nucleic acids.
  • Caspase inhibition can also be used to prevent cleavage of ICAD and resulting activation of CAD during apoptosis.
  • Caspase 3 initiates DNA degradation by cleaving DFF45 (DNA fragmentation factor-45)/ICAD (inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase) to release the active enzyme CAD (Wolf et al., J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 22;274(43):30651-6).
  • the cells can include a caspase 3 knockout (e.g., disruption of the caspase 3 gene using CRISPR; an exemplary reference gene sequence is at RefSeqGene ID NC 000004.12, Rangel 84627696-184649475 complement) or knockdown (e.g., using an inhibitory nucleic acid such as shRNA, siRNA, LNA, or antisense).
  • caspase 3 knockout e.g., disruption of the caspase 3 gene using CRISPR; an exemplary reference gene sequence is at RefSeqGene ID NC 000004.12, Rangel 84627696-184649475 complement
  • knockdown e.g., using an inhibitory nucleic acid such as shRNA, siRNA, LNA, or antisense.
  • Exemplary sequences for human caspase 3 are in GenBank at NM_004346.3 (transcript variant 1) encoding NP_004337.2 (caspase-3 isoform a preproprotein); other isoforms
  • caspase inhibitors can also be used (e.g., Z-VAD-FMK (Benzyl oxycarbonyl-Val-Ala- Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone); Z-DEVD-FMK; Ac-DEVD-CHO; Q-VD-Oph (Quinolyl- Val-Asp-OPh); M826 (Han et al, The Journal of Biological Chemistry (277):30128-30136 (2002)); N-Benzylisatin Sulfonamide Analogues as described in Chu et al, J. Med.
  • caspase 3 is the key caspase for this purpose and a report has been published indicating that CAD is not activated during apoptosis in the absence of Caspase 3 (Tang et a., J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 30;273(44):28549-52), and inhibitors of caspase 3 are exemplified, other reports have determined that other caspases can cleave ICAD.
  • inhibitors of other caspases can also be used, e.g., pan-caspase inhibitors, or inhibitors of executioner caspases (Caspase 6 or 7) or initiator caspases (Caspase 2, 8, 9, or 10).
  • the caspase inhibitor will inhibit caspase 3 and other caspases as well, e.g., caspase 6, 7, 2, 8, and/or 9.
  • vectors are used to introduce nucleic acid into a cell.
  • vectors useful for transferring (e.g., by transformation) exogenous genes into target mammalian cells are available for generating the APC and libraries described herein.
  • the vectors may be episomal, e.g., plasmids, virus derived vectors such cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, etc., or may be integrated into the target cell genome, through homologous recombination or random integration, e.g., retrovirus derived vectors such MMLV, HIV-1, ALV, etc.
  • Lentiviral vectors such as those based on HIV or FIV gag sequences can be used to transfect non-dividing cells, such as the resting phase of human stem cells (see Uchida et al.
  • combinations of retroviruses and an appropriate packaging cell line may also find use, where the capsid proteins will be functional for infecting the target cells.
  • the cells and virus will be incubated for at least about 24 hours in the culture medium. The cells are then allowed to grow in the culture medium for short intervals in some applications, e.g. 24-73 hours, or for at least two weeks, and may be allowed to grow for five weeks or more, before analysis.
  • Commonly used retroviral vectors are "defective", i.e. unable to produce viral proteins required for productive infection. Replication of the vector requires growth in the packaging cell line.
  • viral vectors or virus-associated vectors are known in the art. Such vectors can be used as carriers of a nucleic acid construct into the cell. Constructs may be integrated and packaged into non-replicating, defective viral genomes like adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), or herpes simplex virus (HSV) or others, including retroviral and lentiviral vectors, for infection or transduction into cells.
  • the vector may or may not be incorporated into the cells genome.
  • Viral vectors which may be used include but are not limited SIN lentiviral vectors, retroviral vectors, foamy virus vectors, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, hybrid vectors and/or plasmid transposons (for example sleeping beauty transposon system) or integrase based vector systems.
  • AAV adeno-associated virus
  • Other vectors that may be used in connection with alternate embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
  • the constructs may include viral sequences for transfection, if desired.
  • the construct may be incorporated into vectors capable of episomal replication, e.g., EPV and EBV vectors.
  • the inserted material of the vectors described herein may be operatively linked to an expression control sequence when the expression control sequence controls and regulates the transcription and translation of that polynucleotide sequence.
  • the term "operatively linked" includes having an appropriate start signal (e.g., ATG) in front of the polynucleotide sequence to be expressed, and maintaining the correct reading frame to permit expression of the polynucleotide sequence under the control of the expression control sequence, and production of the desired polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide sequence.
  • transcription of an inserted material is under the control of a promoter sequence (or other transcriptional regulatory sequence) which controls the expression of the recombinant gene in a cell- type in which expression is intended.
  • the inserted material can be under the control of transcriptional regulatory sequences which are the same or which are different from those sequences which control transcription of the naturally-occurring form of a protein.
  • the promoter sequence is recognized by the synthetic machinery of the cell, or introduced synthetic machinery, required for initiating transcription of a specific gene.
  • the promoter sequence may be a "tissue-specific promoter,” which means a nucleic acid sequence that serves as a promoter, i.e., regulates expression of a selected nucleic acid sequence operably linked to the promoter, and which affects expression of the selected nucleic acid sequence in specific cells.
  • tissue-specific promoter means a nucleic acid sequence that serves as a promoter, i.e., regulates expression of a selected nucleic acid sequence operably linked to the promoter, and which affects expression of the selected nucleic acid sequence in specific cells.
  • the term also covers so-called “leaky” promoters, which regulate expression of a selected nucleic acid primarily in one tissue, but cause expression in other tissues as well.
  • the cell types of the APC are not particularly limited.
  • the basic requirement is that the APC are able to endogenously process and present antigens on MHC I ⁇ e.g., including proteasome expression, TAP transporter expression, and proper folding and trafficking of MHC molecules). It is believed that this is true for almost all human cells and other mammalian cells.
  • the present system can also be used with single-chain MHC -peptide fusions (Yu et ah, Immunol 168(7): 3145-3149 (2002)) that bypass the need for endogenous antigen processing. However, this would require increased library sizes and may lose information on whether peptides would be endogenously represented.
  • APC should also have the ability to efficiently introduce exogenous DNA into the cells, e.g., by lentiviral/retroviral transduction or transfection, methods for which are well-known in the art.
  • APC are those in which the IFP protein is able to mature and fluoresce.
  • the cells express sufficient levels of biliverdin, which is a critical co-factor for IFP maturation in these cell lines.
  • Biliverdin can also be supplemented exogenously ⁇ e.g., by increasing expression of endogenous biliverdin, or by adding biliverdin to the cells) to enable additional cells to be used.
  • Cells suitable for IFP reporter-based expression are well-known in the art and include, without limitation, HEK 293T, MelJuso, MDA-MB231, MCF7, and NTERA2. It has been reported in the literature to also function in LN229 cells, primary neurons, and hepatocytes (Yu et al, Nature Communications 5:3626 (2014)).
  • supplemental biliverdin can be used as needed. Bilverdin can be supplied to cells as needed using well-known methods in the art.
  • the APCs of the compositions and methods described herein are MHC-deficient, i.e., do not express endogenous MHC.
  • This allows the profiling of T cell responses restricted to specifically chosen MHC alleles that are engineered to be expressed by the APC. For example, introducing a single MHC alleles ensures that any responses detected are presented on this one allele; thus the results can be interpreted without the need for any further deconvolution. Such a result is not easily obtained if the set of endogenous MHC alleles is present.
  • This also allows the possibility of re-use of the same target cells to profile T cells from different patients or with different MHC alleles by introducing in the new MHC of interest. It has also be determined herein that doing so also reduces background killing activity due to T cells recognizing other antigens.
  • the level of MHC expression on the target cells affects the background rate of T cell activation.
  • K 562 cell, a HEK 293 cell, a HEK 293 T cell, a U20S cell, MelJuso cell, a MDA-MB231 cell, a MCF7 cell, a NTERA2a cell, a dendritic cell, and a primary autologous B cell is used.
  • compositions and methods described herein can be applied to T cells, NK cells, and any other cells that deliver a protease upon cell recognition.
  • the experiments detailed in the Examples section herein demonstrate the feasibility of the methods to identify CD8+ T cell antigens and factors that confer recognition by Natural Killer cells.
  • CD4+ T cell antigens can be characterized by directly screening cytotoxic CD4 T cells or by introducing the TCRs from non-toxic CD4 T cells into cytotoxic CTL (e.g., CD8 T cells), possibly with the co-expression of CD4.
  • the target cells further comprise one or more reporter constructs useful in identification of an activated APC, such as those described herein.
  • the reporter is sensitive to Granzyme B activity.
  • the APC target cells further comprise an inhibitor of CAD-mediated DNA degradation. Numerous representative examples are described herein.
  • the target cells further comprise an exogenous inhibitor of the caspases activated by GzB so as to inhibit degradation of genomic DNA, or a CAD or caspase knockout, such as those described herein.
  • the caspase- activated DNAse (CAD) which is activated by GzB is inhibited by inhibitor of caspase- activated deoxyribonuclease (ICAD) or a mutant thereof.
  • the ICAD mutation is D l 17E, wherein the aspartic acid at position 1 17 is substituted with a glumatic acid.
  • the ICAD further comprises the mutation is D224E, wherein the aspartic acid at position 224 is substituted with a glumatic acid.
  • the isoform of ICAD has the sequence disclosed in GenBank Accession Number O00273-2. Other isoforms of ICAD will also produce acceptable results in the compositions and methods described herein.
  • the exogenous inhibitor is wild type.
  • the candidate antigens are encoded by genomic DNA.
  • the genomic DNA may be isolated from a subject (e.g., human) or from infectious organisms or combinations thereof.
  • the subject is healthy.
  • the subject has a disease.
  • the infectious organisms are pathogens, including but not limited to bacteria, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and multicellular parasitic organisms.
  • the plurality of candidate antigens from which the library is generated represents a substantially complete set of antigens from the genome of a healthy subject or a subject with a disease (for example, diseases including but not limited to cancer, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease etc.)
  • the plurality of candidate antigens represents a substantially complete set of peptides from a pathogen or group of pathogens, viruses, bacteria, or fungi (e.g., all pathogenic viruses, bacteria or fungi).
  • antigen libraries can be used, such as, without limitation, open reading frame (ORF) collections, genome-wide peptide libraries, and application- specific custom libraries.
  • ORF open reading frame
  • genome-wide detection of candidate antigens is used.
  • the library is a human genome-wide peptide library, such as one that tiles the human proteome (e.g., one that comprises 259,345 peptides that tile across the entire human proteome in 90 amino acid fragments with 45 amino acid overlap).
  • the library is a virome-wide library, such as one that tiles the virome (e.g., one that comprises 93,904 peptides that tile across the proteomes of all viruses annotated to infect humans in 56 amino acid fragments with 28 amino acid overlap).
  • the library is a CMV genome-wide peptide library, such as one that tiles the CMV proteome (e.g., one that comprises 5764 peptides that tile across all confirmed and predicted human cytomegalovirus proteins in 56 amino acid fragments with 28 amino acid overlap).
  • the antigen will most often be encoded at single copy at the DNA level. It will be produced, processed, and presented on MHC, typically at tens to thousands of molecules per cell. Even single peptides on the surface of the cell can however be productively recognized by cytotoxic lymphocytes, and so the system is functional for even very low copies of surface expressed antigen.
  • the libraries of target cells comprising candidate antigens comprise about 10 2 to about 10 14 target cells.
  • each target cell encodes a unique candidate antigen.
  • a target cell can encode more than one unique candidate antigen, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, or more, or any range in between, inclusive (e.g., 5-10) candidate antigens per cell.
  • the methods can include performing a second round of the screen with just one antigen per cell (preferably re-cloned antigens from the first pass).
  • the library comprises any one or more of about lxlO 2 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 3 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 4 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 5 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 6 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 7 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 8 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 9 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 10 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 11 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 12 to about 10 14 target cells, about lxlO 13 to about 10 14 target cells, or about lxlO 14 target cells.
  • the target cell libraries described herein provide at least about 10 2 to about 10 14 candidate antigens, wherein a sufficient amount of target cells comprise a unique candidate antigen for effective library screening.
  • a sufficient amount of target cells comprise a unique candidate antigen for effective library screening.
  • each target cell comprises about 10 2 to about 10 14 molecules of the candidate antigen.
  • each target cell comprises about lxlO 2 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen, about lxlO 3 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen, about lxlO 4 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen, about lxlO 5 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen, about lxlO 6 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen, about lxlO 7 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen, about lxlO 8 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen, about lxlO 9 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen, about lxlO 10 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen, about lxlO 11 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen, about lxlO 12 to about 10 14 copies of the candidate antigen
  • the candidate antigens are encoded by nucleic acids that are about 21 to about 150 nucleotides in length.
  • the candidate antigens are encoded by nucleic acids that are about 24 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 30 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 40 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 50 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 60 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 70 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 80 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 90 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 100 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 1 10 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 120 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 130 to about 150 nucleotides in length, about 140 to about 150 nucleotides in length or about 150 nucleotides in length.
  • the candidate antigens displayed on the surface of target cells are at least 8, 9, 10, or 1 1 amino acids long; in other embodiments the candidate antigens are at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450 amino acids or more in length.
  • longer antigens e.g., hundreds of amino acids
  • the candidate antigens are complete ORFs (e.g., hundreds of amino acids in length).
  • the full-length candidate antigens are not necessarily completely displayed on the surface of the APC. Instead, such antigens are expressed by the cells and endogenously processed into shorter peptides that are displayed on the cell surface. Identification of an APC having a nucleic acid encoding such a long candidate antigen could then be followed by further screening of various fragments of the identified candidate.
  • the candidate antigens bind to the lymphocyte with a Kd of from about lfM to about ⁇ , about IpM to about ⁇ , about lOOnM to about ⁇ , about ⁇ ⁇ to about ⁇ , about ⁇ ⁇ to about ⁇ , about IpM to about lOOnM, about IpM to about lOnM, about IpM to about 5nM.
  • the candidate antigens bind to the lymphocyte with a Kd of 1 mM.
  • Candidate antigens are expressed in a library of APC for presentation on MHC Class I or Class II molecules to cytotoxic lymphocytes.
  • This library is then mixed with a sample of cytotoxic lymphocytes ⁇ e.g., CTLs) of interest, under conditions suitable for recognition of any target cells displaying their cognate antigen such as in a reaction mixture.
  • the lymphocytes initiate the killing process of the target cell ⁇ e.g., for CTLs release their cytotoxic granules, which contain the serine protease Granzyme B (GzB)).
  • GzB serine protease Granzyme B
  • a reporter of the initiated killing process in the target cell ⁇ e.g., intracellular GzB activity
  • the nucleic acid encoding the antigen that was displayed and recognized is then identified ⁇ e.g., by PCR amplification and Next Generation Sequencing).
  • the methods include (i) preparing a library of target cells as described herein, (ii) contacting the library of target cells with a biological sample comprising cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), (iii) isolating the target cells bound to the CTL, wherein the binding of the candidate antigen on the target cell results in a desired property and (iv) isolating DNA from the isolated target cells comprising the antigen that specifically bound to the CTL and produced the desired effect.
  • CTLs cytotoxic T cells
  • the methods further comprise enriching (for example, via PCR amplification) and identifying (for example, via sequencing) the candidate antigen specific to the CTL in the sample.
  • the methods for screening as described herein are iterative. In this way, a candidate antigen specific for the target CTL may be identified.
  • desired property includes but is not limited to any one or more of a physically detectable change, a chemically detectable change, an optically detectable change or combinations thereof.
  • the desired property may be a target-binding activity or a target-binding induced activity, e.g., a catalytic activity or a modified catalytic activity; inhibition activity, activation activity, or a modification of an inhibition activity or activation activity; structure switching activity or a modification of a structure switching activity; or cooperative activity.
  • GzB protease activity is used as a marker of the recognized APC.
  • GzB is a cytotoxic protease secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes into the recognized APC. GzB triggers caspase activation and apoptosis in the APC.
  • GzB released into target cells during cytolytic killing leads to complete proteolysis of the GzB targets, indicating robust enzymatic activity to serve as the basis of a reporter.
  • a molecular reporter of GzB activity such as those described herein. Such reporters of GzB are typically not activated by general apoptosis pathways.
  • Other markers of the recognized APC can be used, such as other proteases secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Granzymes A, K, M) or other enzymes or proteases such as TEV protease engineered into T cells to be secreted into target cells.
  • Reporter molecules described herein can be used to indicate increased Granzyme B activity.
  • the method includes a step of quantitating a signal from the detectable label of the reporter molecule.
  • the method includes a step of enriching a population of the target cells based on the quantitated signal.
  • the method includes a step of introducing one or more mutations into one or more candidate antigen having the desired property.
  • the method includes iteratively repeating one or more of the contacting, isolating and identifying steps described above.
  • the method may include, for example, a total of 1, 2, 3, 4 or more rounds of screening.
  • Granzyme B is a protease that is secreted by CTLs into target cells. GzB cleaves a set of substrates, including effector caspases and downstream caspase substrates, to trigger apoptosis in the target cell.
  • the reporter comprises a fusion polypeptide comprising a GzB cleavage site (e.g., VGPD, SEQ ID NO: 1) linked to a detection molecule.
  • a GzB cleavage site e.g., VGPD, SEQ ID NO: 1
  • detection molecule is a molecule liberated by cleavage of the Gzb cleavage site, having an activity such as enzymatic activity, binding activity, or light emission. Once activated by cleavage, the activity can be detected by an assay such as those described herein (e.g., detection of a detectable label, detection of an enzyme activity such as CRE, or detection of an affinity tag).
  • GzB prefers substrates containing P4 to PI amino acids Ile/Val, Glu/Met/Gln, Pro/Xaa, with an aspartic acid N- terminal to the proteolytic cleavage.
  • Non-charged amino acids are preferred at PI ', and Ser, Ala, or Gly are preferred at P2'.
  • the GzB cleavage sequence used is one that is cleaved by GzB, but not by caspases, e.g., VGPD (SEQ ID NO: l; Choi and Mitchison, PNAS, 110(16): 6488-6493 (2013).
  • GzB cleavage sequences are used, e.g., IETD (SEQ ID NO:6) as described in Casciola-Rosen et al, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(7):4545-4552(2007).
  • the reporter provides a detectable signal, such as a fluorescent signal, only after GzB-mediated cleavage of the reporter. This allows for the isolation of cells that have been recognized by a CTL and received GzB.
  • the detection molecule is an Infrared Fluorescent Protein (IFP).
  • IFP comprises a N-fragment (N-IFP) and a C-fragment (C- IFP), functionally separated by the GzB cleavage site, and is further flanked by an N- fragment of green fluorescent protein (N-GFP) located N-terminally to the C-IFP, and a C- fragment of a green fluorescent protein (C-GFP) located C-terminally to the N-IFP, such that the N-GFP and C-GFP form a constitutively active (fluorescent) molecule.
  • N-GFP N-fragment
  • C- IFP C-fragment
  • FIG. 11 and 12 are diagrams that illustrate the reporter and mechanism by which it functions.
  • Fig. 13 is the nucleic acid and encoded amino acid sequence of the reporter construct.
  • the inactive IFP in our reporter is itself fused to a split-GFP (Fig. 11).
  • the split-GFP is constitutively fluorescent and provides a marker of the presence of the reporter. It also acts to stabilize the IFP both before and after activating cleavage. However, the GFP itself is not cleaved and is not responsive to the presence of GzB.
  • This inactive IFP was generated by splitting wild-type IFP, inverting the N- and C- terminal halves, and separating the N- and C-terminal halves with a linker, as described by To et al.
  • the linker keeps the two halves of the protein from properly folding into an active, fluorescent IFP. However, upon cleavage of the linker region, the halves of IFP are able to come together and mature, resulting in a protein that is fluorescent.
  • GzB is the external protease that is delivered by CTLs and can activate the reporter by cleaving a linker separating parts of an inactive IFP protein.
  • the GFP in the reporter is not cleaved and provides a constitutive fluorescent signal.
  • the reporter does not include a pair of fluorochromes that form a FRET pair, or wherein one of the fluorophores is quenched.
  • GzB reporters serve the purpose of allowing for the detection of GzB activity in target cells that have been productively recognized by a CTL.
  • These reporters can be used independently or in combination with the fluorogenic protease reporter described above to isolate target cells recognized by CTLs.
  • a small 16 aa peptide (GFPl 1) from GFP or mCHerry can be used to activate a GFP or mCHerry lacking the peptide. That peptide is fused to a protein where it was inactive, but activated when liberated by Granzyme cleavage. See, e.g., Kamiyama et al, Nat Commun. 2016; 7: 11046.
  • the molecular reporter is an affinity tag (e.g., a flag epitope). Detection is based on staining for an antibody target that is only revealed following GzB cleavage of a reporter that serves as a substrate for GzB.
  • the affinity tag can be located C-terminal to the GzB cleavage site such that the tag is only functional (e.g., Flag epitope recognized by an Ml flag antibody) upon cleavage of the GzB site.
  • the internal tag e.g., Flag epitope
  • the internal tag Prior to cleavage, the internal tag (e.g., Flag epitope) is not recognized by the Ml Flag antibody, which only recognizes N-terminal Flag epitopes.
  • the tag is exposed at the N-terminus of the C-terminal cleavage fragment and can be stained using an appropriate binding partner (e.g., the Ml antibody).
  • the molecular reporter further has a GFP located proximally to the internal tag.
  • the GFP is located C-terminal to the tag.
  • the molecular reporter is a plasma membrane protein linked to an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence with a linker comprising a GzB cleavage site. When intact, the reporter is retained in the ER.
  • Cleavage of the linker results in release of the ER retention sequence, and trafficking of the protein to the plasma membrane, where the protein can be recognized by an extracellularly applied antibody (or antigen-binding fragment thereof).
  • This antibody can be used to isolate or purify the APCs that express a recognized epitope.
  • This approach converted a proteolytic signal into the accessibility of an epitope, e.g., presence of a reporter protein on the cell surface.
  • the antigen becomes accessible to an antibody or other binding moiety by virtue of granzyme cleavage either because it generates a unique binding site or changes its location (cellular, or in a protein).
  • binding protein that becomes capable of binding
  • an interacting pair of proteins can be used wherein one of them is fused to a protein that interferes with the association.
  • Granzyme cleavage of the blocking segment would allow the protein to be detected by its binding partner.
  • Nucleic acid aptamers can also be used in place of antibodies.
  • any reporter protein that is not endogenously present on the cell surface can be used, including CD4, CD 19, CD20, CD40, or tagged versions of other proteins such as, but not limited to, a Myc tag, a Flag tag, an HA tag, and a histidine tag). See, e.g., Kimple, M.E., Brill, A.L., Pasker, R.L. (2013) Overview of Affinity Tags for Protein Purification. Curr Protoc Protein Sci. 73 : Unit-9.9.
  • the detection molecule is an enzyme.
  • the fusion polypeptide comprises the enzyme (e.g., CRE recombinase) functionally linked to a plasma membrane attachment peptide (e.g.,
  • MGVKVLF ALICIA VAEAS SGS SGDYKDDDDKPVQPMALIVLG GVAGLLLFIGLGIFFCVRCRHRRRQ (SEQ ID NO: 7)) such that upon expression the fusion protein, the protein is found only at the plasma membrane of the expressing cell.
  • the enzyme and the membrane attachment protein are separated by the GzB cleavage site such that upon cleavage, the enzyme is released from the plasma membrane.
  • Cre recombinase protease reporter described in the Examples section herein.
  • the Cre recombinase is inactive when tethered to the membrane by the membrane attachment peptide, but is activated by GzB cleavage which releases the Cre to enter the nucleus and activate a reporter of the Cre activity therein.
  • the reporter within the APC nucleus utilizes the Cre-mediated recombination of a LoxP reporter to indicate activity.
  • Cre activity is detected through the activation of a cellular reporter. In this approach, Cre activity in recognized target cells turns on a reporter gene (GFP, puromycin, etc.) that enables the isolation of cells, for example by FACS or with an antibiotic selection. Then the genomic DNA from just these cells can be isolated.
  • the GFP/RFP inversion cassette is an example of a cellular reporter that creates a fluorescent signal in response to Cre activity.
  • the recombination of the Lox P reporter generates a primer configuration that allows for PCR amplification of the antigen cassette in the recognized cell.
  • the antigens that are productively recognized can be identified by Illumina sequencing of the PCR product from target cells after treatment with cytotoxic cells. This approach is diagrammed in Fig. 6A.
  • Other useful enzymes for use as detection molecules in the compositions and methods herein are TEV protease, and transcription factors.
  • the membrane attachment signal peptide is
  • the systems can utilize two separate reporting constructs that interact to indicate Granzyme B activity.
  • the systems preferably contain a fusion polypeptide comprising a CRE recombinase linked to a plasma membrane attachment peptide, described herein, where the CRE recombinase and membrane attachment peptide are separated by a GzB cleavage site.
  • the systems can further contain a reporter of CRE activity as described herein.
  • the reporter of CRE activity can be a nucleic acid sequence encoding GFP and RFP in head to head orientation flanked by LoxP sites.
  • the system may alternatively or further contain a nucleic acid sequence encoding a candidate antigen in expressible form, located proximally to a CRE activated primer recognition sequence comprising an inactive primer flanked by LoxP sites, wherein CRE induced rearrangement of the LoxP sites produces a functional primer recognition sequence.
  • This CRE-mediated inversion event can be directly detected in the genomic DNA by PCR and sequencing. For this approach, a Cre-mediated inversion event can create the proper primer orientation to enable PCR amplification of the antigen- presenting cassette.
  • the genomic DNA from all of the target cells can be extracted and PCR from this bulk gDNA will amplify the antigen-presentation cassettes only from the target cells that received GzB, activated Cre, and inverted the primer surrounding the antigen-presentation cassette.
  • This approach was used with qPCR to quantify the frequency of the inversion event in the proof-of-concept experiment of Fig. 6. These two approaches can be used independently or in combination.
  • Suitable detection molecules which may be incorporated into the reporter molecules described herein include, without limitation, radioactive isotopes, fluorescers, chemiluminescers, chromophores, enzymes, enzyme substrates, enzyme cofactors, enzyme inhibitors, dyes, metal ions, metal sols.
  • Any fluorescent polypeptide (also referred to herein as a fluorescent label) may be suitable for use as a detectable label.
  • a suitable fluorescent polypeptide will be one that will readily provide a detectable signal that can be assessed qualitatively (positive/negative) and quantitatively (comparative degree of fluorescence).
  • Exemplary fluorescent polypeptides include, but are not limited to, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), GFP, mRFP, RFP(tdimer2), HCRED, etc., or any mutant (e.g., fluorescent proteins modified to provide for enhanced fluorescence or a shifted emission spectrum), analog, or derivative thereof.
  • YFP yellow fluorescent protein
  • CFP cyan fluorescent protein
  • FFP cyan fluorescent protein
  • GFP cyan fluorescent protein
  • mRFP cyan fluorescent protein
  • RFP(tdimer2) HCRED
  • any mutant e.g., fluorescent proteins modified to provide for enhanced fluorescence or a shifted emission spectrum
  • suitable fluorescent polypeptides as well as specific examples of those listed herein, are provided in the art and are well-known.
  • Biotin-based labels also find use in the methods disclosed herein.
  • Biotinylation of target molecules is well known, for example, a large number of biotinylation agents are known, including amine-reactive and thiol-reactive agents, for the biotinylation of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids; see, e.g., chapter 4, Molecular Probes Catalog, Haugland, 6th Ed. 1996, hereby incorporated by reference.
  • a biotinylated substrate can be detected by binding of a detectably labeled biotin binding partner, such as avidin or streptavidin.
  • haptenylation reagents are also known.
  • affinity tags suitable for use include, but are not limited to, a monocytic adaptor protein (MONA) binding peptide, a T7 binding peptide, a streptavidin binding peptide, a polyhistidine tract, protein A (Nilsson et al, EMBO J. 4: 1075 (1985); Nilsson et al, Methods Enzymol .198:3 (1991)), glutathione S transferase (Smith and
  • the systems contain an antigen presenting cell, or a plurality of antigen presenting cells, containing an exogenous nucleic acid encoding a candidate antigen, wherein the candidate antigen is expressed and presented with MHC class I and/or MHC class II molecules to cytotoxic lymphocytes, as described herein.
  • the systems further contain a molecular reporter of Granzyme B activity as described herein, or a system for detecting granzyme B activity, as described herein.
  • the systems further contain a cytotoxic lymphocyte, as described herein.
  • the antigen presenting cells of the systems further comprise an inhibitor of CAD-mediated DNA degradation, such as an ICAD gene in expressible form.
  • Isolating and/or sorting as described herein may be conducted using a variety of methods and/or devices known in the art, e.g., flow cytometry (e.g., fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) or Ramen flow cytometry), fluorescence microscopy, optical tweezers, micro-pipettes, affinity purification, and microfluidic magnetic separation devices and methods.
  • flow cytometry e.g., fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) or Ramen flow cytometry
  • fluorescence microscopy e.g., fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) or Ramen flow cytometry
  • FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
  • Ramen flow cytometry Ramen flow cytometry
  • the target cells when target cells comprising the candidate antigens specifically bind their cognate T cells, the target cells will emit an infrared fluorescent signal (for example, from the activated IFP-GFP fusion protein encoded by the target cells).
  • FACS may be used to sort the bound cells from the unbound cells based on the infrared fluorescent signal.
  • One or more sort gates or threshold levels may be utilized in connection with one or more detection molecules to provide quantitative sorting over a wide range of target cell-T cell interactions.
  • the screening stringency may be quantitatively controlled, e.g., by modulating the target concentration and setting the position of the sort gates.
  • the sort gates and/or stringency conditions may be adjusted to select for antigens having a desired affinity or desired affinity range for the target. In some cases, it may be desirable to isolate the highest affinity antigens from a particular library of candidate antigens sequences. However, in other cases candidate antigens falling within a particular range of binding affinities may be isolated.
  • Cells identified as having recognized antigen can be processed to isolate the exogenous nucleic acid.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid is isolated by PCR amplification using known primer sequences (e.g., known from the transfection of the nucleic acid into the APC).
  • RT-PCR can be used to amplify the transcribed form of the antigen cassette. If the antigen is expressed episomally (as part of a viral genome or plasmid), the episomal DNA can be captured as a way of isolating the antigen-presenting cassette. Determination of the specific recognized antigen therein can be accomplished by use of high-throughput systems such as DNA sequencing.
  • DNA sequencing techniques are known in the art, including fluorescence-based sequencing methodologies (See, e.g., Birren et al, Genome Analysis: Analyzing DNA, 1, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).
  • automated sequencing techniques understood in the art are utilized.
  • the high- throughput systems described herein use methods that provide parallel sequencing of partitioned amplicons (e.g., PCT Publ. No. WO 2006/084132).
  • DNA sequencing is achieved by parallel oligonucleotide extension (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
  • NGS Next-generation sequencing
  • Amplification- requiring methods include pyrosequencing commercialized by Roche as the 454 technology platforms (e.g., GS 20 and GS FLX), the Solexa platform commercialized by ILLUMINATM, and the Supported Oligonucleotide Ligation and DetectionTM (SOLiD) platform
  • 454 technology platforms e.g., GS 20 and GS FLX
  • Solexa platform commercialized by ILLUMINATM
  • SOLiD Supported Oligonucleotide Ligation and DetectionTM
  • Non-amplification approaches also known as single-molecule sequencing, are exemplified by the HELISCOPETM platform
  • template DNA is fragmented, end-repaired, ligated to adaptors, and clonally amplified in-situ by capturing single template molecules with beads bearing oligonucleotides complementary to the adaptors.
  • Each bead bearing a single template type is
  • emulsion PCR a technique referred to as emulsion PCR.
  • the emulsion is disrupted after amplification and beads are deposited into individual wells of a picotitre plate functioning as a flow cell during the sequencing reactions.
  • iterative introduction of each of the four dNTP reagents occurs in the flow cell in the presence of sequencing enzymes and luminescent reporter such as luciferase.
  • luminescent reporter such as luciferase.
  • the resulting production of ATP causes a burst of luminescence within the well, which is recorded using a CCD camera. It is possible to achieve read lengths greater than or equal to 400 bases, and 10 6 sequence reads can be achieved, resulting in up to 500 million base pairs (Mb) of sequence.
  • sequencing data are produced in the form of shorter-length reads.
  • single-stranded fragmented DNA is end-repaired to generate 5'-phosphorylated blunt ends, followed by Kl enow-mediated addition of a single A base to the 3' end of the fragments.
  • A-addition facilitates addition of T-overhang adaptor oligonucleotides, which are subsequently used to capture the template-adaptor molecules on the surface of a flow cell that is studded with oligonucleotide anchors.
  • the anchor is used as a PCR primer, but because of the length of the template and its proximity to other nearby anchor oligonucleotides, extension by PCR results in the "arching over" of the molecule to hybridize with an adjacent anchor oligonucleotide to form a bridge structure on the surface of the flow cell.
  • These loops of DNA are denatured and cleaved. Forward strands are then sequenced with reversible dye terminators.
  • sequence of incorporated nucleotides is determined by detection of post-incorporation fluorescence, with each fluor and block removed prior to the next cycle of dNTP addition. Sequence read length ranges from 36 nucleotides to over 50 nucleotides, with overall output exceeding 1 billion nucleotide pairs per analytical run.
  • Sequencing nucleic acid molecules using SOLIDTM technology also involves fragmentation of the template, ligation to oligonucleotide adaptors, attachment to beads, and clonal amplification by emulsion PCR. Following this, beads bearing template are immobilized on a derivatized surface of a glass flow-cell, and a primer complementary to the adaptor oligonucleotide is annealed.
  • interrogation probes have 16 possible combinations of the two bases at the 3' end of each probe, and one of four fluors at the 5' end. Fluor color, and thus identity of each probe, corresponds to specified color-space coding schemes. Multiple rounds (usually 7) of probe annealing, ligation, and fluor detection are followed by denaturation, and then a second round of sequencing using a primer that is offset by one base relative to the initial primer. In this manner, the template sequence can be computationally re-constructed, and template bases are interrogated twice, resulting in increased accuracy. Sequence read length averages 35 nucleotides, and overall output exceeds 4 billion bases per sequencing run.
  • nanopore sequencing is employed (see, e.g., Astier et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006 Feb. 8; 128(5)1705-10).
  • the theory behind nanopore sequencing has to do with what occurs when a nanopore is immersed in a conducting fluid and a potential (voltage) is applied across it. Under these conditions a slight electric current due to conduction of ions through the nanopore can be observed, and the amount of current is exceedingly sensitive to the size of the nanopore.
  • a nucleic acid passes through the nanopore, this causes a change in the magnitude of the current through the nanopore that is distinct for each of the four bases, thereby allowing the sequence of the DNA molecule to be determined.
  • HELISCOPETM by HELICOS BIOSCIENCESTM is employed (Voelkerding et al., Clinical Chem., 55. 641-658, 2009; MacLean et al, Nature Rev. Microbial, 7:287-296; U.S. Pat. No. 7, 169,560; U.S. Pat. No. 7,282,337; U.S. Pat. No. 7,482,120; U.S. Pat. No. 7,501,245; U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,395; U.S. Pat. No. 6,911,345; U.S. Pat. No. 7,501,245).
  • Template DNA is fragmented and polyadenylated at the 3' end, with the final adenosine bearing a fluorescent label.
  • Denatured polyadenylated template fragments are ligated to poly(dT) oligonucleotides on the surface of a flow cell.
  • Initial physical locations of captured template molecules are recorded by a CCD camera, and then label is cleaved and washed away. Sequencing is achieved by addition of polymerase and serial addition of fluorescently-labeled dNTP reagents. Incorporation events result in fluor signal
  • Sequence read length ranges from 25-50 nucleotides, with overall output exceeding 1 billion nucleotide pairs per analytical run.
  • the Ion Torrent technology is a method of DNA sequencing based on the detection of hydrogen ions that are released during the polymerization of DNA (see, e.g., Science 327(5970): 1190 (2010); U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. Nos. 20090026082, 20090127589, 20100301398, 20100197507, 20100188073, and 20100137143).
  • a microwell contains a template DNA strand to be sequenced. Beneath the layer of microwells is a hypersensitive ISFET ion sensor. All layers are contained within a CMOS semiconductor chip, similar to that used in the electronics industry.
  • a hydrogen ion is released, which triggers a hypersensitive ion sensor.
  • a hydrogen ion is released, which triggers a hypersensitive ion sensor.
  • multiple dNTP molecules will be incorporated in a single cycle. This leads to a corresponding number of released hydrogens and a proportionally higher electronic signal.
  • This technology differs from other sequencing technologies in that no modified nucleotides or optics are used.
  • the per base accuracy of the Ion Torrent sequencer is about 99.6% for 50 base reads, with -100 Mb generated per run. The read-length is 100 base pairs.
  • the accuracy for homopolymer repeats of 5 repeats in length is -98%.
  • Another exemplary nucleic acid sequencing approach that can be adapted for use with the methods described herein was developed by STRATOS GENOMICS, Inc. and involves the use of XPANDOMERSTM.
  • This sequencing process typically includes providing a daughter strand produced by a template-directed synthesis.
  • the daughter strand generally includes a plurality of subunits coupled in a sequence corresponding to a contiguous nucleotide sequence of all or a portion of a target nucleic acid in which the individual subunits comprise a tether, at least one probe or nucleobase residue, and at least one selectively cleavable bond.
  • the selectively cleavable bond(s) is/are cleaved to yield an XPANDOMERTM of a length longer than the plurality of the subunits of the daughter strand.
  • the XPANDOMERTM typically includes the tethers and reporter elements for parsing genetic information in a sequence corresponding to the contiguous nucleotide sequence of all or a portion of the target nucleic acid. Reporter elements of the XPANDOMERTM are then detected. Additional details relating to XPANDOMERTM-based approaches are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 20090035777, entitled "HIGH THROUGHPUT NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCING BY EXPANSION," filed Jun. 19, 2008, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
  • Other emerging single molecule sequencing methods include real-time sequencing by synthesis using a VISIGENTM platform (Voelkerding et al, Clinical Chem., 55: 641-58, 2009; U.S. Pat. No. 7,329,492; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/671,956; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/781, 166) in which immobilized, primed DNA template is subjected to strand extension using a fluorescently-modified polymerase and florescent acceptor molecules, resulting in detectible fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) upon nucleotide addition.
  • FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer
  • compositions, methods, and respective component(s) thereof are essential, yet open to the inclusion of unspecified elements, essential or not ("comprising).
  • other elements to be included in the description of the composition, method or respective component thereof are limited to those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) thereof ("consisting essentially of). This applies equally to steps within a described method as well as compositions and components therein.
  • the compositions, methods, and respective components thereof, described herein are intended to be exclusive of any element not deemed an essential element to the component, composition or method
  • a clonal T cell recognizing the IV9 epitope (aa 309-317 of HIV Pol,
  • ILKEPVHGV was kindly provided by Bruce Walker.
  • T cells were cultured in RPMI with 10% FBS (Gibco), 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco), and 50U/ml human recombinant IL-2 (Roche).
  • T cells were expanded by culturing 1E6 T cells with 20E6 irradiated (50Gy) allogeneic PMBCs in the presence of anti-CD3 (OKT3, 0. lug/ml).
  • NK cells were purified from donor blood using the RosetteSep NK cell purification kit (StemCell) and activated for 24h in lOOU/ml IL-2 in RPMI and 10% FBS.
  • CIR-HL A- A2 target cells were labeled with CFSE (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol and pulsed with lOug/ml IV9 peptide (NeoBioLab) or a control peptide (NeoBioLab) for lhr. Cells were washed 3x with PBS. 5E4 target cells were plated per well in a 96-well plate and mixed with a 10-fold excess of IV9 T cells, spun down at 300g for 2min and incubated at 37C for 4h. Cells were resuspended by pipetting and incubated with 7-AAD (BD Biosciences) at a 1 :20 dilution for lOmin.
  • 7-AAD BD Biosciences
  • Target cells were identified by CFSE staining (FITC) and dead cells were detected in the PerCP-Cy5.5 channel (BD FACSAriaTM II).
  • FITC CFSE staining
  • BD FACSAriaTM II PerCP-Cy5.5 channel
  • LDH assay the supernatant after 4h incubation was collected and processed according to the manufacturer's protocol (Pierce).
  • the fluorogenic GzB reporter was generated by replacing the TEV cleavage site in the iTEV-HOl vector (To et al. PNAS 112(11): 3338-3343 (2015)) with the GzB cleavage sequence (VGPDFGR (SEQ ID NO:9), Choi, P.J. and Mitchison, T.J. (2013) PNAS 110(15): 6488-6493).
  • the new reporter was cloned into the pHAGE TRex hygromycin lentiviral expression vector and transduced into HEK293T cells at an MOI of ⁇ 1. Cells were selected with 200ug/ml hygromycin for 4d. Target cells were distinguished from T cells based on GFP signal and activation of the reporter was detected by an increase in fluorescence in the APC-Cy7 channel (BD FACSAriTMa II).
  • a construct was generated that encoded a membrane-tethered Cre fusion containing a signal peptide (M ALP VT ALLLPL ALLLH A ARP S Q (SEQ ID NO: 8)), a flag tag (DYKDDDDK (SEQ ID NO: 10)), the CD 8 transmembrane domain, the GzB cleavage site (VGPDFGR (SEQ ID NO:9)), and Cre recombinase.
  • This construct was synthesized (IDT) and cloned into the pENTR vector (Therm oFisher) and then into the lentiviral pHAGE CMV hygro destination vector and introduced into K562 target cells by lentiviral transduction.
  • a vector As a reporter of Cre activity, a vector was used that contained GFP and RFP in a head-to-head orientation flanked by loxP sites. This is a reporter cassette for the presence of Cre that enables fluorescent detection of Cre activity via the activation of GFP and loss of RFP.
  • qPCR primers (diagrammed in Fig. 14, sequence shown in Fig. 15) were designed that allowed detection of this same inversion event by qPCR rather than by fluorescent detection.
  • This reporter cassette was cloned into a pHAGE CMV lentiviral vector and introduced into reporter cells by lentiviral transduction (hygromycin selection 4d at
  • the caspase-resistant Dl 17E ICAD gene was introduced into the target cells by lentiviral transduction (blasticidin seletion 5d at 40ug/ml).
  • the target cells were mixed with a 2: 1 excess of activated primary NK cells for 4h.
  • Genomic DNA was purified using the GeneJETTM purification kit and the inversion of the Cre reporter was quantified by quantitation of the PCR amplification product by qPCR using inversion-specific primers.
  • the inversion cassette itself contained RFP and GFP for fluorescent detection of Cre activity in other contexts, but the fluorescent signals were not used at all in this experiment. The signal was normalized to a set of primers that quantified the reporter cassette regardless of orientation.
  • HEK293T cells were transfected with the expression vector or a control empty vector and then co-cultured with primary NK cells for 2h. Cell lysates were harvested and run on a 4-12% Bis-Tris gel and blotted with the Ml anti-Flag antibody (Sigma Aldrich).
  • the alpha and beta chains of the OBla.12 TCR (specific for the MBP peptide) separated by a P2A sequence were cloned into the pHAGE EFla-PGK-Zsg vector.
  • the alpha and beta chains of a TCR targeting the IV9 peptide were cloned into the same vector.
  • Primary CD8 T cells re-stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 magnetic beads (Invitrogen) were transduced with lentivirus expressing the OB la.12 or control TCR. After 5d, Zsg-positive T cells were sorted by FACS.
  • OB la.12 or control T cells were co-cultured with HEK293T cells expressing the fluorogenic GzB reporter alone or with a single-chain MHC II construct with the MBP peptide or mutants of the MBP peptide. Activation of the GzB reporter was detected after 4h by FACS.
  • HEK293T cells expressing the fluorogenic GzB reporter were transduced with lentivirus to express this IV9 epitope or with a control lentivirus (MOI ⁇ 1) and selected with lug/ml puromycin for 3 days.
  • Cells expressing the IV9 construct were labeled with CellTraceTM Violet cell dye according to manufacturer's protocol (Invitrogen) and mixed with unlabeled control cells at various ratios and plated in 96-well plates. After 12h of growth, a 10: 1 ratio of IV9 T cells was added and the cells were co-cultured for 4h. The cells were resuspended by pipetting and analyzed by flow cytometry (BD FACSAriaTM II) for GFP, APC-Cy7, and DAPI (violet dye).
  • a library of 2494 oligos encoding 56aa fragments tiling across the complete proteomes of 10 HIV strains was synthesized (Agilent).
  • the library was amplified using the following primers:
  • HIV lib F 5' ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaagcaggctcaAGAATTCTCCGTGGC (SEQ ID NO: 13) HIV lib R 5' ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggtcagctagttaCACTCGAGAGCTCAC (SEQ ID NO: 14)
  • the library was then cloned into the pHAGE CMV N-FlagHA IRES puro destination vector using LR clonase.
  • Two replicates of 30E6 target cells (HEK293T expressing GzB reporter and ICAD) were transduced with the HIV peptide library at an MOI -0.2 and selected for 3d with lug/ml puromycin. 3E6 target cells from each replicate were co-cultured with 10E6 activated IV9 T cells for 12h.
  • NLV2 TCR (Schub et al., J Immunol, 183 :6819-6830 (2009)) was synthesized as a gBlock fragment (IDT), cloned into the pHAGE EFla Zsg DEST lentiviral vector, packaged into lentivims, and transduced into primary CD8 T cells.
  • IDT gBlock fragment
  • a library of 5,784 oligos encoding the complete proteome of the CMV Merlin strain in duplicate was synthesized on a releasable microarray (Twist Biosciences), cloned into the pHAGE CMV NFlagHA puro DEST lentiviral vector, packaged into lentivims, and transduced into HLA-A2 target cells (MHC Null HEK293T/dmICAD-bsd/iGzB-hyg/HLA- A2) at an MOI of around 0.5 (selected with lug/ml puromycin for 3d).
  • This screen was performed as the IV9 T cell screen described above with the following modifications. Briefly, pp65-specific primary T cells were kindly provided by Kim Lyerly.
  • the VirScan library (Xu et al. Science, 348 (6239), aaa0698 (2015)) was cloned into the pHAGE CMV NFlagHA puro DEST lentiviral vector, packaged into lentivirus, and transduced into HLA-A2 target cells (MHC Null HEK293T/dmICAD-bsd/iGzB-hyg/HLA- A2) at an MOI of around 0.5 (selected with lug/ml puromycin for 3d).
  • This screen was performed as the CMV sublibrary screen described above with the following modifications.
  • Memory T cells were purified from donor #224 PBMCs (76E6 starting cells, Astarte Biologicals) and expanded as described before.
  • pp65-specific primary T cells were kindly provided by Kim Lyerly.
  • a library of 3,376 oligos (CTL mut library) encoding the complete set of single amino acid mutants of four T cell epitopes (including the pp65 epitope: LVPMVATV) in duplicate was synthesized on a releasable microarray (Twist Biosciences), cloned into the pHAGE CMV NFlagHA puro DEST lentiviral vector, packaged into lentivirus, and transduced into HLA-A2 target cells (MHC Null HEK293T/dmICAD-bsd/iGzB-hyg/HLA- A2) at an MOI of around 0.2 (selected with lug/ml puromycin for 3d).
  • the PCR1 product from each of the three screen replicates was cloned back into the pHAGE CMV NFlagHA puro DEST vector, packaged into lentivirus, and transduced into HLA-A2 target cells at an MOI of around 0.2.
  • One replicate of 5E6 target cells expressing each of the three re-cloned libraries was co- cultured with 25E6 "HA" T cells for lOh, after which IFP-positive target cells were sorted (FacsAriaTM II) and processed as described above. Following sequencing and read alignment, the abundance of recovered peptides after one and two rounds of selection were compared to the pre-selected input library.
  • MHC -matched target cells expressing iGzB reporter
  • T cell antigen pulsed peptide, lOug/ml final
  • Reporter activation was determined in each condition by flow cytometry and the ratio of the background activation (absence of pulsed antigen) and on-target activation (presence of pulsed antigen) was calculated.
  • the optimal T cell:target cell ratio was selected for the library screen.
  • target cells were transduced with lentiviral libraries at a Multiplicity of Infection (MO I) of 0.2-0.5.
  • samples were sequenced to a depth of at least 2x the number of sorted cells (i.e., 200,000 reads for a sample where 100,000 cells were sorted by FACS).
  • target cells are stained with CellTraceTM Violet dye (Invitrogen) prior to co-culture with T cells.
  • CellTraceTM Violet dye Invitrogen
  • Example 1 Compositions and methods for identifying T cell antigens from a complex library by high throughput sequencing
  • compositions and methods for comprehensive, genome-wide identification of the target antigens of T cells uses lentiviral delivery of candidate antigens for presentation on MHC Class I molecules in target cells.
  • This library of target cells is then mixed with a sample of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) of interest, and the CTLs are given time to recognize any target cells displaying their cognate antigen.
  • CTLs cytotoxic T lymphocytes
  • the CTLs release their cytotoxic granules, which contain the serine protease Granzyme B (GzB), in order to initiate the killing process.
  • GzB serine protease Granzyme B
  • a reporter of intracellular GzB activity is used to isolate genomic DNA from the recognized target cells.
  • PCR amplification and next generation sequencing (NGS) enable comprehensive identification of the antigens these cells had displayed. This provides a quantitative, sequencing readout of the antigens recognized by the input population of CTLs. This approach is illustrated in Fig. 1.
  • Candidate antigens that are genetically encoded can be efficiently presented on MHC I molecules by target cells, which enables the generation of a target cell library.
  • a test was performed to determine whether single copy lentiviral expression of a 56 amino acid fragment of HIV pol that contains the cognate IV9 sequence allows for efficient processing and presentation of the IV9 peptide. It was observed that expression of this fragment was sufficient to confer recognition of target cells by the IV9 CTLs, as determined by an LDH- release cytotoxicity assay (Fig. 2B). This demonstrated the feasibility of the generation of the target cell library.
  • GzB protease activity is used as a readout/marker of recognized target cells.
  • GzB is a cytotoxic protease secreted by CTLs into recognized target cells that triggers caspase activation and apoptosis. Reporters of GzB are not activated by general apoptosis pathways, meaning that only target cells killed by CTLs are isolated. This reduces the antigen- independent background noise in the methods described herein.
  • Target cells expressing the GzB reporter and displaying the IV9 peptide were labeled with a violet cell stain. These cells were then mixed with unstained target cells that also expressed the GzB reporter but displayed a control peptide. Various ratios of IV9-displaying to control cells were used to simulate antigen libraries of increasing complexity. The mixed cells were co- cultured with the IV9 CTLs and target cells that had activated the GzB reporter were isolated. The violet stain was used to calculate the enrichment of target cells displaying the IV9 peptide among all target cells that had activated the GzB reporter. This experiment is illustrated in Fig. 4A.
  • the final step towards applying this approach is to enable the recovery of intact antigen library from the genomic DNA of recognized target cells.
  • GzB initiates caspase activation in target cells, which leads to internucleosomal degradation of genomic DNA by the caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD).
  • CAD is normally inactivated by the protein inhibitor of CAD (ICAD), which is a caspase substrate, but overexpression of caspase-resistant (Dl 17E) ICAD has been shown to block the degradation of DNA during apoptosis (Sakahira et al, Nature. 1 :391(6662):96-9. 1998).
  • Target cells that had been modified to express the caspase-resistant Dl 17E ICAD gene by lentiviral transduction and selection were used. The results obtained demonstrate that this strategy allows for the recovery of intact genomic DNA from apoptotic cells.
  • PCR was performed to amplify the antigen cassette from the genomic DNA of the input and sorted cells and qPCR to quantify the enrichment of select peptides in the sorted cells. This experiment is illustrated in Fig. 5 A and the results are shown in Fig. 5B. A significant and reproducible enrichment of the peptide encoding the IV9 CTL antigen was observed, while a control antigen was not enriched significantly. This demonstrates that the platform can be used to screen complex antigen libraries for the targets of CTLs and that these targets can be detected
  • Example 2 Identification of a T cell antigen from a complex library by high throughput sequencing
  • a reconstruction screen for targets of the T cell clone of interest was performed.
  • a library encoding 2,494 peptide fragments tiling across the complete proteomes of ten HIV strains in 56 amino acid steps was generated.
  • This library was cloned into a lentiviral vector and introduced into target cells expressing our GzB reporter and mutant ICAD with mutations Dl 17E and D224E.
  • the library of target cells was then co-cultured with the IV9 CTL clone overnight and target cells that activated the GzB reporter were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • Fig. 8 plots the fold-enrichment after sorting for each peptide in our library, across two biological replicates of this experiment.
  • the peptides plotted with numerical annotation contain the known target epitope of the IV9 CTL clone that was used. The strongest and most reproducible enrichments are for peptides that contain the IV9 epitope, and there is at least moderate enrichment of almost every such peptide.
  • unbiased motif analysis of the most enriched peptides in the screen revealed the precise IV9 epitope as the top recurring motif (Fig. 9). Together, these data demonstrate that the compositions and methods can be used to accurately identify T cell targets from highly complex antigen pools.
  • Steps have also been taken to demonstrate that the approach can be used to identify the targets of CD4 T cells or other T cells that do not themselves have cytotoxic activity.
  • This can be achieved by introducing a T cell receptor (TCR) of interest into primary cytotoxic CD8 T cells.
  • TCR T cell receptor
  • the cytotoxic T cells are then redirected to recognize and kill target cells of the introduced TCR.
  • Target cells recognized by the TCR of interest can then be identified using a reporter of GzB as described herein.
  • GzB-based reporters allowing for the detection of GzB activity in target cells that have been productively recognized by a CTL are contemplated.
  • several alternative reporters of GzB activity have been generated. These reporters can be used independently or in combination with the fluorogenic protease reporter described above to isolate target cells recognized by CTLs.
  • one method for detection of GzB activity was developed that uses an inactive, membrane-tethered Cre recombinase that is activated by GzB cleavage of its tether. This releases the Cre to enter the nucleus and activate a reporter in response to T cell recognition. Cre-mediated recombination of a LoxP reporter generates a primer
  • the antigens that are productively recognized can be identified by Illumina sequencing of the PCR product from target cells after treatment with cytotoxic cells. This approach is diagrammed in Fig. 6A.
  • Target cells were modified to express: 1) membrane-tethered Cre recombinase with a GzB cleavage sequence on the tether, 2) a reporter cassette that contains two loxP sites that can be inverted by Cre recombinase, and 3) the Dl 17E mutant form of ICAD to preserve genomic DNA during apoptosis.
  • the introduction of GzB into these target cells by Natural Killer cells led to the cleavage of Cre recombinase and an approximately 3 -fold increase in reporter inversion, as detected by qPCR (Fig. 6B).
  • This reporter would similarly work for cytotoxic T cells, which use the same perforin- and granzyme-mediated mechanism of cytolysis as NK cells. This demonstrates the feasibility of using Cre recombination to detect GzB activity and highlights our ability to recover intact DNA from cells targeted for killing.
  • the granzyme reporter unlike a caspase reporter, is not activated during caspase- mediated apoptosis, and has a lower level of background activation (an approximately 3 -fold reduced background without affecting positive signal) in the context of our T cell killing assay.
  • Another approach developed for detecting GzB activity is based on staining (intracellular or extracellular, depending on whether the reporter is expressed in the cytoplasm or targeted to the membrane) for an antibody target that is only revealed following GzB cleavage of a reporter that serves as a substrate for GzB.
  • the reporter contains a Flag epitope directly preceded by a GzB cleavage motif.
  • the internal Flag epitope Prior to cleavage, the internal Flag epitope is not recognized by the Ml Flag antibody, which only recognizes N-terminal Flag epitopes. However, following GzB cleavage, the Flag epitope is exposed at the N-terminus of the C-terminal cleavage fragment and can be stained using the Ml antibody. This approach is illustrated in Fig. 7A.
  • Still another reporter of GzB activity in target cells is based on a a reporter protein that is sequestered inside the cell with an ER retention motif. Upon GzB cleavage of the ER retention motif, the reporter protein can be released and detected, such as by transit to the cell surface, where it can be used for isolation of target cells.
  • CD4 was used as the reporter protein, which included a TEV cleavage site before the ER retention motif.
  • KKXX motif For ER retention, a C-terminal KKXX motif, wherein X is any amino acid, e.g., KKYL (SEQ ID NO: 17), was used that has been previously reported to sequester proteins in the ER (see Nilsson et al, Cell, 58 (4): 707-718 (1989)).
  • the reporter was fused to GFP in order to track the expression of the reporter.
  • the entire construct and sequence is presented below. Co-expression of TEV with the construct resulted in a significant increase in CD4 on the cell surface (Fig. 25).
  • compositions and methods described were performed. These screens demonstrated that the compositions and methods identify the correct target antigens of previously characterized TCRs, and, importantly, discovers novel, biologically meaningful antigens of T cell populations at genome-wide scale.
  • TCR that recognizes the NLV epitope of CMV PP65 was synthesized.
  • This TCR was introduced into primary donor CD8 T cells by lentiviral transduction, and these cells were used to screen a library of 2882 candidate 56-mers tiling across the CMV genome.
  • the only two 56 amino acid peptides in the library that contain the NLV epitope were the top two scoring peptides in the library, enriching 7- to 20-fold (Fig. 16 and Table 1).
  • no other peptides reproducibly enriched over 4-fold.
  • One of the enriched epitopes was the known immunodominant PP65 epitope, which was validated was recognized by 0.3% of the T cells. The remaining five identified epitopes had not been previously reported. This experiment demonstrated that novel T cell targets of polyclonal T cells can be identified at genome scale in a library vs. library setting.
  • VSSYQASCWKDGVLDAVWRVQG SEQ ID NO:23
  • Table 3 shows six sets of overlapping 56-mers that reproducibly enriched in the screen described in Figure 19. In 6/6 cases, there is a high-affinity predicted HLA-A2 binding epitope found in the 28 aa overlap region (bold). By contrast, only 10% of 28 mers are expected to have a high-affinity HLA-A2 binding epitope. Epitope 1336-1337 is a well- established immunodominant epitope, while the remaining five epitopes have not been previously reported.
  • the platform allows for the successive enrichment of target epitopes through multiple rounds of screening.
  • a gene encoding a TCR that recognizes the IV9 epitope of HIV polymerase was synthesized and was introduced into primary donor CD8 T cells by lentiviral transduction. The resulting cells were used to screen a library of 1,247 candidate 56-mers tiling across the genome of ten strains of HIV.
  • the isolated antigens were amplified and re-cloned into the lentivirus expression vector. They were then introduced into target cells by viral transduction. The screen was repeated with the same IV9 T cells. Increased enrichment of the known targets of the IV9 TCR was observed with the second round of selection (Fig. 21). Therefore, the platform can be used in multiple rounds of selection to improve the performance of antigen identification.
  • a key challenge in granzyme-based detection of T cell activity is that granzyme initiates apoptosis upon entry into target cells, including the hallmark intranucleosomal degradation of genomic DNA by the nuclease CAD.
  • CAD Prior to apoptosis, CAD is kept inactive by its inhibitor protein ICAD.
  • ICAD is a direct caspase substrate that is degraded during apoptosis, freeing CAD to degrade DNA.
  • the platform allows for the recovery of intact antigen cassette DNA from cells that have received granzyme.
  • the DNA degradation that occurs during early apoptosis limits the ability to identify the antigens that had driven T cell recognition.
  • this challenge can be overcome by inhibiting CAD-mediated DNA degradation. For example, it has been determining that over- expressing a mutant, caspase-resistant version of the ICAD protein in target cells prevents CAD nuclease activity after granzyme delivery. It was verified that overexpression of this mutant ICAD prevents genomic DNA laddering following the induction of apoptosis (Fig. 23).
  • Inhibiting CAD-mediated DNA degradation to recover antigen information was determined to be important in the screen setting.
  • the efficiency of antigen recovery in the context of separate screens that had been performed with or without ICAD overexpression was calculated. Briefly, the observed distribution of reads per antigen to the expected Poisson distribution of cell number counts was mapped, and the fit was used to estimate the total number of cells characterized in each screen replicate. This number of cells recovered by sequencing was then compared to the known number of cells isolated by FACS to determine the net efficiency of antigen recovery. Across six replicates of screens conducted in the absence of ICAD, antigen information was recovered from only 1-2% of the sorted cells (Fig. 24).
  • mutant ICAD enables an approximately ten-fold improvement in assay performance and enables the screening of significantly more complex antigen libraries.

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