WO2018221557A1

WO2018221557A1 - Connection structure of flow path forming member

Info

Publication number: WO2018221557A1
Application number: PCT/JP2018/020674
Authority: WO
Inventors: 重樹加茂; 健二後藤
Original assignee: いすゞ自動車株式会社
Priority date: 2017-05-31
Filing date: 2018-05-30
Publication date: 2018-12-06
Also published as: PH12019502654A1; CN110691936B; MY202253A; JP6909433B2; JP2018204653A; CN110691936A

Abstract

A second connection unit is inserted from above into a first connection unit 34 that opens upwards. A protruding part 9 protrudes radially outwards from at least part of a center annular part 18. A housing 51 of a clamp 8 is provided at one end of a band 50 and contracts the band 50 by winding the other end of the band 50. The protruding part 9 has a region 28 positioned above the housing 51 in a state in which the first connection unit 34 is fastened from outside of the second connection unit by the clamp 8. Water flows along the outer surface of a second flow path forming member 6 downwards towards the housing 51, and the top surface of the housing upper region 28 is a guide surface 30 which changes the downward flow direction of the water such that the water flows to one side or both sides in the circumferential direction of the center annular part 18, which is spaced away from the housing 51.

Description

Connection structure of flow path forming member

The present disclosure relates to a connection structure for a flow path forming member.

Patent Document 1 discloses an intake duct for a cab-over type vehicle including a snorkel as an intake duct fixed to a rear wall of a cab and a rubber bellows-like upper elastic cylinder integrally coupled to a lower portion of the snorkel. Is described. The upper elastic cylinder is fastened and fixed at its upper end to the lower edge of the snorkel by a belt. Further, the structure in which the inner peripheral surface of the upper end portion of the upper elastic cylinder is inserted into the outer peripheral surface of the lower edge portion of the snorkel from below is shown.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 09-144615

In the structure described in Patent Document 1, the upper end of the upper elastic cylinder (first flow path forming member) is inserted from below into the outer peripheral surface of the lower edge of the snorkel (second flow path forming member). The second flow path forming member and the first flow path forming member are connected by tightening the upper end portion of the first flow path forming member with a belt (clamp). For this reason, there is a possibility that the water flowing down along the outer peripheral surface of the second flow path forming member gets on the housing of the clamp and the housing rusts.

Therefore, an object of the present disclosure is to provide a connection structure for a flow path forming member capable of suppressing rusting of the housing by making it difficult for water to splash on the housing.

In order to achieve the above object, the flow path forming member connection structure includes a first flow path forming member, a second flow path forming member, and a clamp. The first flow path forming member has an elastic cylindrical first connection portion that opens upward. The second flow path forming member has a cylindrical second connection portion inserted from above into the first connection portion, an intermediate annular portion above the second connection portion, and a diameter from at least a part of the intermediate annular portion. And a protruding portion protruding outward in the direction. The clamp includes a band extending annularly along the outer peripheral surface of the first connection portion, and a housing provided at one end of the band and winding the other end of the band to reduce the diameter of the band.
Here, the “elastic cylindrical first connection portion” means that the first connection portion is cylindrical and elastically deformable.

The projecting portion has a housing upper region located above the housing in a connected state in which the first connecting portion is clamped from the outside of the second connecting portion. The upper surface of the upper region of the housing changes the flow direction of the water flowing along the outer surface of the second flow path forming member toward the housing toward one side or both sides of the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion removed from the housing. It is a guide surface.

In the above configuration, in the connection state in which the first connection portion is clamped from the outside of the second connection portion, the protruding portion has a housing upper region positioned above the housing. The upper surface of the upper region of the housing changes the flow direction of the water flowing along the outer surface of the second flow path forming member toward the housing toward one side or both sides of the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion removed from the housing. Since it is a guide surface, it can be made difficult to splash water on a housing and the rusting of a housing can be suppressed.

Further, the guide surface may be an inclined surface inclined obliquely downward toward one side or both sides in the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion.

In the above configuration, the guide surface is an inclined surface that is inclined obliquely downward toward one or both sides in the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion. For this reason, the water flowing down along the outer surface of the second flow path forming member toward the housing is guided obliquely downward along the inclination of the guide surface. Accordingly, it is possible to more reliably suppress water splashing on the housing.

Further, the cross-sectional shape of the intermediate annular portion may be an oval shape in which one end and the other end of a pair of opposing linear portions are continuous via a pair of curved linear portions. The housing upper region projects radially outward from one of the pair of linear portions. The guide surface has a left inclined surface inclined obliquely downward toward the left side in the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion and a right inclined surface inclined obliquely downward toward the right side in the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion, The lower left end of the left inclined surface extends to the vicinity of the left end of the one linear portion, and the lower right end of the right inclined surface extends to the vicinity of the right end of the one linear portion.

In the above structure, the guide surface includes a left inclined surface inclined obliquely downward toward the left side in the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion and a right inclined surface inclined obliquely downward toward the right side in the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion. Have. For this reason, the water flowing down along the outer surface of the second flow path forming member toward the housing is guided obliquely downward along the left and right inclinations of the guide surface. Accordingly, it is possible to more reliably suppress water splashing on the housing.

The upper region of the housing protrudes radially outward from one of the pair of linear portions having an oval cross-sectional shape of the intermediate annular portion, and the lower left end of the left inclined surface extends to the vicinity of the left end of the one linear portion. The right lower end of the right inclined surface extends to the vicinity of the right end of one linear portion. For this reason, of the water flowing down along the outer surface of the second flow path forming member, the water flowing down toward the first connection portion below the linear portion where the clamping force by the clamp is reduced is clamped by the clamp. It is possible to guide to the first connecting portion below the curved linear portion where the force is increased. Therefore, it is possible to suppress water splashing on the first connecting portion below the linear portion where the tightening force by the clamp is low, and it is possible to suppress water from entering the flow path forming member.

According to the present disclosure, rusting of the housing can be suppressed by making it difficult for the housing to be splashed with water.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a vehicle having a flow path forming member connection structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 2 is a front view showing the intake pipe. FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a main part of the intake duct of FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along arrows IV-IV in FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VV in FIG. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a modification of the protruding portion. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing a modification of another protrusion.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In each figure, FR indicates the front of the vehicle, UP indicates the upper side, and IN indicates the inner side in the vehicle width direction. Moreover, in the following description, the left-right direction means the left-right direction with the vehicle facing forward.

As shown in FIG. 1, the connection structure of the flow path forming member according to the present embodiment is applied to the connection of an intake pipe (flow path forming member) 3 through which the sucked air flows to the air cleaner 4. A vehicle 1 including an intake pipe 3 is a tractor 1 that pulls a trailer (not shown), and a cab 2 is positioned above the front part of a pair of left and right side members (not shown) that extend across the front and rear of the tractor 1. To do. The cab 2 is supported so that the front end side of the cab 2 can be tilted around a tilt axis (not shown) with respect to the chassis side. Supported. An engine (not shown) is located at the center in the vehicle width direction below the cab 2. Above the rear part of the side member, a coupler 5 serving as a connecting device for connecting the trailer to the tractor 1 is located. The intake pipe 3 is a duct through which intake air to the engine flows, and is disposed behind the outer end portion on the right side in the vehicle width direction of the rear surface 2a of the cab 2 and extends vertically along the rear surface 2a of the cab 2 And is fixed to the rear surface 2a of the cab 2 and includes a vertical duct (second flow path forming member) 6, a bellows-like duct (first flow path forming member) 7, and a clamp 8.

As shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, the vertical duct 6 is a resin duct, and is an internal flow path (described later) extending continuously from the upper outer intake port 20 and the rear intake port 21 to the lower end opening 23 at the lower end. A duct main body 10 that partitions an upper end flow path 15, an intermediate flow path 16, and a lower end flow path 17), and a resonator section 11 that is partitioned by a rib 33 with respect to the duct main body 10. . The vertical duct 6 is formed with a small thickness in the front-rear direction so as not to protrude greatly behind the cab 2.

The duct body 10 includes a duct upper end 12, a duct middle portion 13, and a duct lower end 14. The duct upper end portion 12 has an outer intake port 20 that opens toward the outer side in the vehicle width direction and a rear intake port 21 that opens toward the rear, and the inner side in the vehicle width direction from the outer intake port 20 and the rear intake port 21. And the upper end flow path 15 is defined inside. The duct intermediate portion 13 has an upper end opening (not shown) that communicates with the duct upper end portion 12 at the upper portion on the outer side in the vehicle width direction, extends in the vertical direction, and intakes air from the upper end flow channel 15 of the duct upper end portion 12. An intermediate channel 16 that guides downward is partitioned inside. The duct lower end portion 14 includes a duct annular portion 18 (intermediate annular portion) extending downward from the lower end of the duct intermediate portion 13 and a duct connecting portion (second connecting portion) 19 provided with a lower end opening 23 opened downward. The lower end flow channel 17 that guides the intake air from the intermediate flow channel 16 of the duct intermediate portion 13 to the lower end opening 23 is partitioned inside. The duct annular portion 18 and the duct connecting portion 19 are a pair of front and rear linear portions 24 facing each other, and a pair of left and right curved linear portions 25 that connect one end and the other end of the front and rear linear portions 24. The duct annular portion 18 is provided with a protruding portion 9 over the entire circumference. A flange portion 26 protruding outward in the radial direction is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the lower end portion of the duct connection portion 19. A bellows-like duct 7 continuing to the air cleaner 4 below the cab 2 is connected to the lower end opening 23.

As shown in FIGS. 3 to 5, the projecting portion 9 is provided over the entire circumference of the duct annular portion 18 of the vertical duct 6, and the bellows-shaped duct 7 is fastened to the vertical duct 6 by a clamp 8 described later. The band upper region 27 located in the rear linear portion 24b and the left and right curved linear portions 25 and the housing upper region 28 located in the front linear portion 24a are integrated with each other in the duct connected state. Have. On the outer peripheral surface of the band upper region 27, an inversely tapered inclined surface 29 that is inclined outward in the radial direction is formed.

The housing upper region 28 protrudes forward from the front linear portion 24a. On the upper surface of the housing upper region 28, the flow direction of water flowing along the outer surface of the vertical duct 6 toward the housing 51 of the clamp 8 to be described later is changed to both sides in the circumferential direction of the duct annular portion 18 removed from the housing 51. A guide surface 30 is provided. The guide surface 30 includes a left inclined guide surface 30a that is inclined obliquely downward to the left toward the left side in the circumferential direction of the duct annular portion 18 and a duct annular portion so that a portion corresponding to the upper portion of the housing 51 in the duct connection state becomes a vertex. 18 and a right inclined guide surface 30b inclined obliquely downward to the right toward the right side in the circumferential direction. The lower left end of the left inclined guide surface 30a extends to the vicinity of the right end of the inclined surface 29a of the left curved linear portion 25a, and the lower right end of the right inclined guide surface 30b is the inclined surface 29b of the right curved linear portion 25b. It extends to the vicinity of the left end of. The guide surface 30 extends without being inclined with respect to the radial direction, and the water flowing along the outer surface of the vertical duct 6 toward the housing 51 is caused by the left inclined guide surface 30a and the right inclined guide surface 30b. The left curved linear portion 25a is guided to the vicinity of the right end of the inclined surface 29a and the right curved linear portion 25b to the vicinity of the left end of the inclined surface 29b.

The resonator unit 11 is formed in a container shape in which a resonator space (not shown) is partitioned and the portions other than the internal opening 32 are sealed. The resonator unit 11 is located on the outer side in the vehicle width direction of the duct intermediate portion 13 of the duct main body portion 10 and below the duct upper end portion 12. The intermediate passage 16 of the duct intermediate portion 13 and the resonator space of the resonator portion 11 are partitioned by ribs 33 that extend across the vehicle width direction, and communicate with each other through internal openings 32 formed in the ribs 33. The resonator unit 11 reduces the sound pressure of the intake sound when the intake air flows through the vertical duct 6 by a resonance action.

The intake air sucked from the outer intake port 20 and the rear intake port 21 flows through the upper end flow channel 15 of the duct upper end portion 12, the intermediate flow channel 16 of the duct intermediate portion 13, and the lower end flow channel 17 of the duct lower end portion 14. Then, it is guided to the bellows duct 7 side.

The bellows-shaped duct 7 has a long cylindrical upper end connection portion (first connection portion) 34 in which an upper end opening 37 that opens upward and a lower cylindrical opening (not shown) that opens downward are formed. And a bellows-like duct line 39 that extends in the vertical direction and through which intake air flows, has a bellows-like bellows part 36 positioned between the top-end connection part 34 and the bottom-end connection part 35. Is partitioned. The bellows-like duct 7 is made of resin or rubber having flexibility. The inner peripheral surface of the upper end connection portion 34 has an inner peripheral surface that is slightly larger than the oval shape of the outer peripheral surface of the duct connection portion 19 of the vertical duct 6.

The duct connection portion 19 of the vertical duct 6 is connected to the upper end opening 37 of the upper end connection portion 34. The lower end opening of the lower end connecting portion 35 communicates with the chassis-side air cleaner 4 in the non-tilt state, air outside the vehicle compartment is sucked by the air cleaner 4 through the vertical duct 6, and in the tilted state, it is separated from the air cleaner 4 side. The vertical duct 6 is inserted into the inner peripheral surface of the upper end connection portion 34 until the upper end surface of the upper end connection portion 34 of the bellows-like duct 7 contacts the lower surface of the protruding portion 9 of the vertical duct 6. A positioning groove 40 with which the flange portion 26 of the duct lower end portion 14 of the duct 6 is engaged is formed. A clamp arrangement groove 41 in which a clamp 8 described later is arranged is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the upper end connection portion 34. The groove width of the clamp placement groove 41 is slightly wider than the width of the band 50 of the clamp 8.

The inner diameter of the upper end connection portion 34 in the vehicle width direction (the distance from the inner peripheral surface on the left side in the vehicle width direction of the upper end connection portion 34 to the inner peripheral surface on the right side in the vehicle width direction of the upper end connection portion 34) The outer diameter in the vehicle width direction of the duct connecting portion 19 (the distance from the inner peripheral surface on the left side in the vehicle width direction of the duct connecting portion 19 to the inner peripheral surface on the right side in the vehicle width direction of the opposite duct connecting portion 19) The inner diameter of the upper end connecting portion 34 in the front-rear direction (the distance from the inner peripheral surface in front of the upper end connecting portion 34 to the inner peripheral surface in the rear of the opposing upper end connecting portion 34) is the duct connecting portion of the vertical duct 6 19 is set slightly larger than the outer diameter in the front-rear direction (the distance from the inner peripheral surface in front of the duct connecting portion 19 to the inner peripheral surface in the rear of the facing duct connecting portion 19).

The clamp 8 is arranged in a clamp arrangement groove 41 formed on the outer peripheral surface of the upper end connection portion 34 of the bellows-like duct 7, and includes a band 50 and a housing 51. The housing 51 includes a housing main body 53 in which a band insertion hole (not shown) through which the band 50 passes is formed so as to penetrate in the circumferential direction, and a tightening bolt 54 that winds up the band 50 inserted through the band insertion hole. And have. The band 50 is a band-shaped member extending from one circumferential edge of the housing 51, and a tip edge thereof is inserted into the band insertion hole from the other circumferential end of the housing 51 to become an annular shape. The length of the long side of the band 50 is set longer than the length of the outer periphery of the bellows duct 7, and the ring-shaped inner diameter formed by the band 50 in the initial state is larger than the outer diameter of the upper end connection portion 34 of the bellows-shaped duct 7. large. The ring shape formed by the band 50 is reduced in diameter from the initial state by rotating the tightening bolt 54 in the tightening direction and winding the band 50 from the other end side to the one end side of the band insertion hole. .

Next, an operation when the bellows duct 7 is connected to the vertical duct 6 by being clamped by the clamp 8 will be described.

When connecting the bellows-like duct 7 to the vertical duct 6, first, the clamp 8 is attached to the bellows-like duct 7. When attaching the clamp 8 to the bellows-like duct 7, the upper end connection portion 34 of the bellows-like duct 7 is inserted into the ring-shaped inner side of the band 50 in the initial state, and the band 50 is inserted into the outer periphery of the clamp arrangement groove 41 of the upper end connection portion 34. Place on the surface. Next, the duct connection part 19 of the vertical duct 6 is inserted into the upper end opening 37 of the upper connection part 34 of the bellows-like duct 7. The vertical duct 6 is inserted to a position where the upper end surface of the upper end connection portion 34 of the bellows-like duct 7 contacts the lower surface of the protruding portion 9 of the vertical duct 6. The inner circumference of the upper end connection portion 34 of the bellows-like duct 7 in a state where the vertical duct 6 is inserted until the upper end surface of the upper end connection portion 34 of the bellows-like duct 7 contacts the lower surface of the projecting portion 9 of the vertical duct 6. The upper surface of the flange portion 26 of the duct lower end portion 14 of the vertical duct 6 comes into contact with the upper surface of the positioning groove 40 formed on the surface. The contact position of the bellows-shaped duct 7 with respect to the vertical duct 6 is determined by the contact between the upper end surface of the upper end connection portion 34 and the lower surface of the protruding portion 9 and the upper surface of the positioning groove 40 and the upper surface of the flange portion 26. Positioned. Finally, by rotating the fastening bolt 54 of the housing 51 in the fastening direction, the band 50 is wound from the other end side to the one end side, and the ring shape of the band 50 is reduced in diameter from the initial state. By reducing the diameter of the ring shape of the band 50, the inner peripheral surface of the band 50 is fastened to the outer peripheral surface of the upper end connection portion 34 of the bellows-shaped duct 7 positioned at the connection position, and the bellows-shaped duct 7 is tightened by tightening the clamp 8. Fastened to the vertical duct 6.

In the connection structure of the flow path forming member configured as described above, in the duct connection state in which the upper end connection portion 34 of the bellows-shaped duct 7 is tightened by the clamp 8 from the outside of the duct lower end portion 14 of the vertical duct 6, The part 9 has a housing upper region 28 located above the housing 51. The upper surface of the housing upper region 28 is a guide surface that changes the flow direction of water flowing along the outer surface of the vertical duct 6 toward the housing 51 toward both sides in the circumferential direction of the duct annular portion 18 that is removed from the housing 51. Since it is 30, it can be made difficult to splash water on the housing 51, and the rusting of the housing 51 can be suppressed.

The guide surface 30 has left and right inclined surfaces 29 that are inclined obliquely downward toward both sides of the duct annular portion 18 in the circumferential direction. For this reason, the water flowing down along the outer surface of the vertical duct 6 toward the housing 51 is guided obliquely downward along the left and right inclinations of the guide surface 30. Accordingly, it is possible to more reliably suppress water splashing on the housing 51.

In addition, the housing upper region 28 projects radially outward from the front straight portion 24a having an oval cross-sectional shape of the duct annular portion 18, and the lower left end of the left inclined surface 29a is near the left end of the front straight portion 24a. The right lower end of the right inclined surface 29b extends to the vicinity of the right end of the front linear portion 24a. For this reason, of the water flowing down along the outer surface of the vertical duct 6, the water flowing down toward the upper end connection portion 34 below the linear portion 24 where the clamping force by the clamp 8 is reduced is clamped by the clamp 8. It can guide to the upper end connection part 34 below the curved linear part 25 where force becomes high. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress water splashing into the upper end connection portion 34 below the linear portion 24 where the clamping force by the clamp 8 is low, and water entry into the intake pipe 3 can be suppressed.

In addition, in this embodiment, although the structure where the bellows-like bellows part 36 is provided between the upper end connection part 34 and the lower end connection part 35 of the bellows-like duct 7 is illustrated, it is not limited to this. A long cylindrical cylindrical portion may be provided.

In addition, the left inclined guide surface 30a that is inclined obliquely downward to the left toward the left side in the circumferential direction of the duct annular portion 18 and the periphery of the duct annular portion 18 so that the portion corresponding to the upper side of the housing 51 in the duct connected state becomes the apex. The structure in which the guide surface 30 having the right inclined guide surface 30b inclined obliquely downward to the right in the direction is provided on the upper surface of the housing upper region 28 is illustrated, but is not limited thereto. . For example, as shown in FIG. 6, a guide surface 61 that is inclined outward in the radial direction and extends in the circumferential direction of the duct annular portion 18 projects forward from a linear portion 24 a in front of the duct annular portion 18. The structure provided in the upper surface of the housing upper area | region 60 may be sufficient. Further, as shown in FIG. 7, the duct annular portion 18 is protruded from the linear portion 24a in front of the duct annular portion 18 in a flat plate shape so that a portion corresponding to the upper portion of the housing 51 in the duct connected state becomes a vertex. A structure may be provided in which a guide surface 63 extending in the circumferential direction of the duct annular portion 18 without being inclined with respect to the radial direction is provided on the upper surface of the housing upper region 62 that is inclined toward both sides in the direction.

In the present embodiment, the connection structure of the flow path forming member is applied to the connection of the intake pipe 3 that distributes the air sucked from the outer intake port 20 and the rear intake port 21 to the air cleaner 4, but is not limited thereto. It is not something. For example, you may apply to the connection of exhaust piping.

As mentioned above, although this indication was demonstrated based on the said embodiment, this indication is not limited to the content of the said embodiment, Of course, it can change suitably in the range which does not deviate from this indication. That is, it is needless to say that other embodiments, examples, operational techniques, and the like made by those skilled in the art based on this embodiment are all included in the scope of the present disclosure.

This application is based on a Japanese patent application filed on May 31, 2017 (Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-108837), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The connection structure of the flow path forming member of the present disclosure can be widely used for trucks and other vehicles.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Vehicle 2 Cab 2a Cab rear surface 3 Air intake piping (flow path formation member)
6 Vertical duct (second flow path forming member)
7 Bellows-shaped duct (first flow path forming member)
8 Clamp 9 Protruding portion 10 Duct body portion 12 Duct upper end portion 13 Duct intermediate portion 14 Duct lower end portion 18 Duct annular portion (intermediate annular portion)
19 Duct connection (second connection)
20 Outer air inlet 21 Rear air inlet 24 Linear portion 24a Front linear portion 25 Curved linear portion 27 Band

upper region

28, 60, 62 Housing upper region 29

Inclined surface

30, 61, 63 Guide surface 34 Upper end connection portion ( First connection part)
35 Lower end connection part 36 Bellows part 50 Band 51 Housing

Claims

A first flow path forming member having an elastic cylindrical first connection portion opening upward;
A cylindrical second connection portion inserted from above into the first connection portion, an intermediate annular portion above the second connection portion, and a radially outward projection from at least a portion of the intermediate annular portion A second flow path forming member having a projecting portion;
A clamp having a band extending annularly along the outer peripheral surface of the first connection portion, and a housing provided at one end of the band and winding the other end of the band to reduce the diameter of the band. ,
The projecting portion has a housing upper region located above the housing in a connected state in which the first connecting portion is tightened by the clamp from the outside of the second connecting portion,
The upper surface of the upper region of the housing has a flow direction of water flowing along the outer surface of the second flow path forming member toward the housing, and one or both sides in the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion removed from the housing It is a guide surface that changes toward
Connection structure of flow path forming member.
The flow path forming member connection structure according to claim 1,
The guide surface is an inclined surface that is inclined obliquely downward toward one or both sides in the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion.
Connection structure of flow path forming member.
The flow path forming member connection structure according to claim 1,
The cross-sectional shape of the intermediate annular portion is an ellipse in which one end and the other end of a pair of opposing linear portions are continuous via a pair of curved linear portions,
The housing upper region protrudes radially outward from one of the pair of linear portions,
The guide surface includes a left inclined surface inclined obliquely downward toward the left side in the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion and a right inclined surface inclined obliquely downward toward the right side in the circumferential direction of the intermediate annular portion. And the lower left end of the left inclined surface extends to the vicinity of the left end of the one linear portion, and the lower right end of the right inclined surface extends to the vicinity of the right end of the one linear portion. ,
Connection structure of flow path forming member.