WO2018213277A1 - Dioxyde de carbone supercritique pour fracturation et récupération d'hydrocarbures - Google Patents

Dioxyde de carbone supercritique pour fracturation et récupération d'hydrocarbures Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018213277A1
WO2018213277A1 PCT/US2018/032715 US2018032715W WO2018213277A1 WO 2018213277 A1 WO2018213277 A1 WO 2018213277A1 US 2018032715 W US2018032715 W US 2018032715W WO 2018213277 A1 WO2018213277 A1 WO 2018213277A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
shale
hydrocarbon
well
gas
fracking
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Application number
PCT/US2018/032715
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English (en)
Inventor
Christopher Willson
Gerard Sean Mcgrady
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C-Questration, Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by C-Questration, Llc filed Critical C-Questration, Llc
Priority to CA3067538A priority Critical patent/CA3067538A1/fr
Publication of WO2018213277A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018213277A1/fr
Priority to US16/686,058 priority patent/US20200308947A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
    • E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
    • E21B43/2605—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures using gas or liquefied gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
    • C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/80—Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B41/00—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00
    • E21B41/005—Waste disposal systems
    • E21B41/0057—Disposal of a fluid by injection into a subterranean formation
    • E21B41/0064—Carbon dioxide sequestration
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/54—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using solvents, e.g. supercritical solvents or ionic liquids

Definitions

  • the invention relates to manipulation of hydrocarbons in general and particularly to a system and method that employs carbon dioxide as a working fluid.
  • the current fracking process is applied in a slightly different manner by oil and gas field service providers as each provider has custom built equipment and variations of chemical blends as determined by both the geo-mechanical nature of the well and the development history within the company.
  • the conventional sequence of operation is first drilling to reach a zone believed to contain gas or oil, fracking the zone, and producing the gas or oil. As the production of gas or oil decays over time, the well may require additional fracking periods to allow the rate of production to be improved.
  • the fracking process requires high pressure, which uses a lot of horsepower to drive the fluid down more than a mile into the well. There is also required science to calculate the mixtures of the fracking fluid chemicals, water, and sand required to fracture the shale within the pay zone. As one equipment provider has stated, "the more horsepower I can deliver to the well, the happier the well stimulation operator will be.” To accomplish this goal, a missile (a manifold containing a low pressure loading side and a high pressure delivery side, around which the operation centers) is placed over the well. On one side are attached 5 to 6 semi-trailer trucks containing pressure pumps to deliver the maximum available pumping horsepower. On the other side are positioned sand, water, and chemical trucks to deliver these materials.
  • a hydration truck which is used to blend the chemicals with the water to form a gel which is then mixed with the sand.
  • the gelling process allows for a much higher quantity of sand to be fed downhole.
  • the sand/gel blender delivers the mixture of sand, water, and chemicals to the low pressure side of the missile. The missile is then pressurized and released downhole where it can crack the rock open leaving the sand behind to prop the fissure open allowing for the gas or oil production once the fracking process is completed.
  • the liquid pumped into the rock is mixed with chemicals and one or more forms of "proppant," commonly sand.
  • Proppant particles are trapped in cracks generated by fracking and help “prop” them open, facilitating the continued flow of gas through the fractures.
  • operators have experimented with various combinations and concentrations of gels, proppants, and water (and sometimes foam), often varying the technique for different formations.
  • the nature of the fracking fluid and proppant is generally tailored to the particular geological formation being fracked. For the types of shale gas formations of concern here, the fracking mixture tends to be at least about 98% to 99% water and sand, with the remainder comprising any of a number of substances.
  • These substances can include "friction reducing” agents such as polyacrylamides, biocides such as methanol to kill bacteria, “scale inhibitors” such as hydrochloric acid, and various other materials such as guar gum, borate salts, and isopropanol that can help optimize any of a variety of fracking fluid properties such as viscosity and the ability to carry and release proppant.
  • “friction reducing” agents such as polyacrylamides, biocides such as methanol to kill bacteria, “scale inhibitors” such as hydrochloric acid, and various other materials such as guar gum, borate salts, and isopropanol that can help optimize any of a variety of fracking fluid properties such as viscosity and the ability to carry and release proppant.
  • Proppants can also be varied in terms of grain size, shape, coating, or source.
  • the goal of the chemicals is to help hold the sand in the place and to assist in adding "punch” to the fluid as it hits the shale.
  • this process is one of brute force against the shale which is repeated over and over until the fracking step is completed.
  • a typical well can have 20 to 25 stages along the horizontal which need to be fracked. This means the process of blending, pressurizing, and cracking can last 20 to 25 hours, approximately one hour per stage needed to be fracked. During the course of this operation, hundreds of operational parameters are measured and adjusted to optimize the operation. For each stage the process and mixtures of chemicals, water, and sand are optimized. Once the process is completed, the flow is reversed and the downward pressure removed from the well. The fracking equipment is removed from the site and the well is set up for production. Within a couple of days, the release of all the pressure pushed down well will be fully reversed and gas production will begin and continue for some time.
  • a typical well can consume 2 to 10 million gallons of water (approximately
  • the composition comprises liquid carbon dioxide which has been thickened by the addition of a small amount of a copolymer which is the reaction product of liquid carbon dioxide and an alkene oxide, preferably propylene oxide.
  • a copolymer which is the reaction product of liquid carbon dioxide and an alkene oxide, preferably propylene oxide.
  • the use of the copolymer thickener provides a CO2 fracturing fluid which may be pumped at a high rate, will not readily boil or foam, will carry a propping agent and will completely degrade within the formation.
  • fracturing fluid consisting of an emulsion having a continuous phase of a liquified gas, a discontinuous phase of a hydrocarbon, and a surfactant soluble in the two phases.
  • the surfactant is preferably a hydrofluoroether.
  • January 30, 1979 which is said to disclose a method of forming fractures and placing proppants therein, which comprises creating a foam having a down-well Mitchell quality of from about 0.53 to 0.99 and passing that foam down the well in admixture with a particulate proppant in an amount of up to three pounds of proppant per gallon of foam, then decreasing the gas volume in said foam, whereby the proppant carrying medium being passed down the well changes from a foam to a liquid.
  • the proppant concentration is decreased as -the change occurs from foam to liquid so that the proppant material will not deposit out prematurely in the well.
  • the proppant to fluid ratio is gradually increased and the fracture of the formation is continued with liquid and proppant.
  • the liquid is capable of carrying an amount of proppant greater than that which could be carried by the foam, namely from four to ten pounds per U. S. gallon.
  • CO2 for the fracturing of gas and oil shales and uplifting of the natural gas or oil released
  • CO2 has been treated as a direct replacement for other media, primarily water.
  • Alavalapatic, Science Direct, 2009) show that the cracking of Kerogen can be completed under low pressure exposure to CO2.
  • a 1986 study shows these effects on shales that are not traditionally considered oil or gas bearing due to the young age of the shales.
  • the ability to release gas and oil from younger, shallower shales can open up new sites and larger quantities of natural resources for extraction.
  • a process which can focus on these young shales may be unique only in the application to shale which was not thought to be accessible.
  • the process uses the supercritical fluid as a solvent to break down the shale and release the gas and oil trapped in the shale and between shale layers.
  • the shale that is not broken down with the supercritical fluid becomes a powder which acts as a proppant within the opening fissures in the shale and helps in the release of gas and oil trapped within the shale.
  • the proppant that is generated in situ by the extraction of gas and oil from a shale, including a green shale, or young shale is then employed as a proppant. No proppant is provided as particulates introduced from an external source into the well.
  • the invention features a method of producing a hydrocarbon from a hydrocarbon-bearing deposit, comprising the steps of: drilling a well into the hydrocarbon-bearing deposit; fracking the hydrocarbon-bearing deposit using CO2 in the form of supercritical CO2 as the fracking fluid, the fracking fluid lacking any water or particulates added from a source external to the well; and producing a hydrocarbon product from the well, the hydrocarbon product having a form selected from the group consisting of liquid form and gaseous form.
  • the method further comprises the step of sequestering at least some of the CO2 in the well.
  • the method further comprises the step of sequestering at least some of the CO2 in a different well.
  • the hydrocarbon-bearing deposit is green shale.
  • the hydrocarbon-bearing deposit is young shale.
  • the fracking fluid is introduced using low pressure.
  • FIG. 1 through FIG. 6 appear as FIG. 1 through FIG. 6, respectively, in US
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the hydraulic fracturing system combining proppants with liquid CO2.
  • FIG. 2 (Prior Art) is a pressure-temperature plot for CO2 in the region of interest with respect to the method of well fracturing illustrated in FIG.
  • FIG. 3 (Prior Art) is a sectional view taken along the longitudinal axis of the proppant tank illustrated schematically in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4 (Prior Art) is a partially sectional view of the proppant tank of FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 5 (Prior Art) is a more detailed view of the tank of FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • FIG. 6 (Prior Art) is a block diagram of a hydraulic fracturing system.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a well fracturing system employing the fracturing fluid of the invention, which Figure appears in US Patent No.
  • hydrocarbons from shales by injection of the CO2 into the ground while in a supercritical state.
  • the CO2 acts as a chemical solvent and breaks the shale releasing the gas and/or oil.
  • some portion of the CO2 will bond with the shale and be left in the ground. Optimizing this process in such as manner as to leave a large quantity of CO2 in the ground as a sequestration of the gas would be environmentally advantageous.
  • Kerogen is a mixture of organic chemical compounds that make up a portion of the organic matter in sedimentary rocks. It is insoluble in normal organic solvents because of the high molecular weight (upwards of 1,000 daltons or 1000 Da; l Da :::: 1 atomic mass unit) of its component compounds. The soluble portion is known as bitumen.
  • bitumen When heated to the right temperatures in the Earth's crust, (oil window c. 50-150 °C, gas window c. 150-200 °C, both depending on how quickly the source rock is heated) some types of kerogen release crude oil or natural gas, collectively known as hydrocarbons (fossil fuels). When such kerogens are present in high concentration in rocks such as shale, they form possible source rocks. Shales rich in kerogens that have not been heated to a warmer temperature to release their
  • hydrocarbons may form oil shale deposits.
  • the method of the invention acts chemically on the shale and breaks down the kerogen. This releases bound hydrocarbons and fractures the shale allowing the release of trapped gas and oil.
  • the method can act in the same manner on less mature shales, easier to access shales, shales which currently are not gas or oil bearing with traditional methods, and currently inaccessible shales without the use of hazardous chemical additives. The net result is a low cost, widely adaptable method of gas extraction and recovery which has a lower impact on the environment.
  • scC0 2 as a working fluid, including very low surface tension; tunable density; and total irascibility with CH 4 , to penetrate tight gas-bearing shales and entrain/remove the trapped CH 4 .
  • the CO2/CH4 mixture thus produced is expected be separated and the C0 2 recycled for further extraction.
  • No proppant is expected be used as the reaction between the scC0 2 and the shale would resul t in fracturing of the shale into a powder, which itself is expected to assist in propping the fracture open and near the source reaction (injection point) so as to transform the entire region into a powder through which the gases could pass.
  • a well which uses this process is expected not to experience a significant change in well pressure during or after the stimulation event. This significantly reduces the potential for a seismic event associated with the use of the process. In addition, without a drop in production over time, the well would be expected to have a longer useful lifespan and result in significantly higher yields.
  • This method which utilizes supercritical carbon dioxide as a chemical solvent for cracking the shale and extraction of the natural gas is a water-free gas recovery process. It changes the tight structure of the shale into a fine powder, which results in facile release of the natural gas from the shale. This conversion of shale to powder has been observed in laboratory experiments. Hence, it allows for the user to tap into less mature and currently inaccessible shales without the use of water or chemical additives, while utilizing typical wellhead development methods and typical methods for hydraulic fluid fracturing techniques. The net result is expected to be a low cost, widely adaptable method of gas extraction and recovery which significantly reduces the impact on the environment. This method is expected to provide solutions to the recovery of natural gas from some of the more inaccessible or more naturally fractured gas fields.
  • the process presented here is a simple and efficient procedure for recovery of natural gas from shales: 1. without the use of water; 2. without the use of chemicals that can be harmful to the ground water; and 3. using a method that will remove the threat of seismic effects of the natural gas recovery caused by traditional and widely used methods. As such, three of the largest obstacles of environmental concern are addressed by this process. It will not use water or cause contamination of groundwater, it will not cause seismic activity, sinkholes, or earthquakes, and it doesn't utilize hazardous chemicals.
  • the working fluid is carbon dioxide (CO2) is a supercritical state (supercritical CO2 or scCO).
  • the scCO may have chemicals admixed therein, which chemicals, such as a hydrocarbon (for example methane, CH 4 ) are dissolved in the scCO.
  • Admixed chemicals that can in different embodiments can include non-polar chemicals such as CH 4 , polar chemicals such as methanol, or ethanol, and/or organic chemicals (e.g., methane, methanol).
  • non-polar chemicals such as CH 4
  • polar chemicals such as methanol, or ethanol
  • organic chemicals e.g., methane, methanol
  • groundwater e.g., water present in the location that the well is drilled or within the fracked region of interest
  • the scCO amounts to at least 70% of the working fluid.
  • the scCO amounts to at least 75% of the working fluid. In other embodiments, the scCO amounts to at least 80% of the working fluid. In other embodiments, the scCO amounts to at least 85% of the working fluid. In other embodiments, the scCO amounts to at least 90% of the working fluid. In other embodiments, the scCO amounts to at least 95% of the working fluid. In other embodiments, the scCO amounts to at least 96% of the working fluid. In other embodiments, the scCO amounts to at least 97% of the working fluid. In other embodiments, the scCO amounts to at least 98% of the working fluid. In other embodiments, the scCO amounts to at least 99% of the working fluid.
  • the method is expected to provide the ability to sequester CO2 as well.
  • the carbon dioxide may be left in the kerogen. It also could be reinjected in the well in a continuous cycle of extraction.
  • the process can be managed as a continuous process with a configuration where a relief is opened which allows the natural gas and the expanding CO2 to escape to the surface through the well and then the CO2 can be separated from the natural gas for reuse or for storage in the shale bed.
  • one can use a design with the relief in the form of a point down the fracture from the injection point and forming a collection point. The sequestration can be performed either within the same well or to a second well.
  • One possible advantage is to leave as much CO2 as possible in the well during and following well stimulation.
  • the traditional uses of natural gas and oil result in the production of CO2.
  • One possible means of mitigating the effects of production of CO2 is to inject it into the ground for storage, typically referred to as sequestration of the CO2.
  • SCFs supercritical fluids
  • CO2 is most frequently used in supercritical processes because of its low cost and convenient critical conditions, with a critical temperature and pressure of 304.2 and 72.8 atm, respectively).
  • Supercritical (“sc”) CO2 has also displaced halogenated and aromatic solvents in several industrial processes as an environmentally benign substitute.
  • SCFs, and in particular scC0 2 reduce drastically the viscosity of heavy hydrocarbons or condensed phases, making them, particularly effective in extracting organic components from oil shale. Mobility of the hydrocarbon phase is significantly increased because the surface tension of the hydrocarbon phase decreases drastically with the amount of dissolved supercritical fluid, which enables SCF mixtures to move freely in the small pores and microstructures that exist in oil shale formations.
  • the SCCO2 is able to enter the small pore openings in the shale (due to the specific properties of the liquid) and it can also react with the kerogen through absorption allowing some of the kerogen to be broken down and to release natural gas. This action is the initial opening of the shale and the start of the fracture. As the pressure drops, the solution formed between the reacting kerogen and the CO2 rapidly expands leaving gas and a fine participate of the solids from the kerogen.
  • the CO2 and a fraction of miscible products from the reaction with the kerogen are expected to convert from a supercritical "fluid" to a vapor, with significant expansion.
  • This vapor is expected to continue to expand with decreasing confining pressure as it moves into the fracture.
  • Flow velocities of the CO2 from the surface to downhole are expected toincrease accordingly as the pumps work to maintain pressure.
  • Any mud, shale, powders, or other supercritical fluid in the well is expected to be pushed quickly into the fracture, leaving little hydrostatic pressure to resist influx of CO2 into the fracture areas. The result is expected to be that more supercritical CO2 flows into the fracture, expanding as it does so.
  • the shale By having CO2 enter the small pore structure and then rapidly expanding, the shale is expected to be fractured. More gas is expected to be pushed down the well to maintain pressure as monitored on the surface and the process may be repeated further expanding the fracture. It is expected that this process can be maintained as a slow and steady process at pressures around 1500-2000 psia or more violently and more like the traditional process at pressures around 10,000 to 12,000 psia.
  • the scC0 2 can also carry a catalyst or co-solvent to allow for a reaction with the kerogen which will break down the kerogen and produce additional natural gas from the reservoir.
  • CO2 used in the fracking can be recaptured and some level of the CO2 will be left in the ground.
  • the method encourages the formation of more complex micro-fractures, which can connect many more natural fractures greatly, increasing maximally the fractures conductivity.
  • the energy provided by CO2 results in the elimination of all residual liquid left in the formation from the fracturing fluid.
  • More shales can be utilized for production, opening up new sites and larger volumes of hydrocarbons.
  • FIG. 1 through FIG. 7 are presented to show that the mechanical systems that can be used to perform fracking are known. It is believed that the methods of the present invention can be performed using similar equipment in the above ground portion of the system.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de production d'un hydrocarbure à partir d'un gisement d'hydrocarbures dans un puits fracturé à l'aide de CO2 sous forme supercritique comme fluide de fracturation. Le fluide de fracturation ne comprend pas d'eau ou de matières particulaires introduites à partir d'une source externe au puits. Dans certains cas, le CO2 peut être séquestré. Dans certains cas, le dépôt d'hydrocarbures est de l'argile verte ou de l'argile d'âge récent.
PCT/US2018/032715 2017-05-15 2018-05-15 Dioxyde de carbone supercritique pour fracturation et récupération d'hydrocarbures WO2018213277A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA3067538A CA3067538A1 (fr) 2017-05-15 2018-05-15 Dioxyde de carbone supercritique pour fracturation et recuperation d'hydrocarbures
US16/686,058 US20200308947A1 (en) 2017-05-15 2019-11-15 Supercritical carbon dioxide for fracking and hydrocarbon recovery

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US201762506600P 2017-05-15 2017-05-15
US62/506,600 2017-05-15

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CN110792426A (zh) * 2019-10-09 2020-02-14 大港油田集团有限责任公司 一种可视化动态裂缝自支撑压裂工艺研究实验装置
CN111911124A (zh) * 2020-08-26 2020-11-10 中国石油大学(北京) 投球式聚能压裂工具

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CN111257540B (zh) * 2020-02-27 2022-06-17 中国石油大学(华东) 一种评价超临界co2全周期压裂蓄能返排效果的实验方法及装置
CN114737936B (zh) * 2022-04-29 2024-06-11 四川昊晟鑫诚能源科技有限公司 一种超临界co2一体化开发中低成熟页岩油装置及方法
US11732326B1 (en) 2023-02-08 2023-08-22 Extractive Metallurgy Consultancy, LLC Extraction of lithium from mudstone and sequestration of carbon dioxide

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CN110792426A (zh) * 2019-10-09 2020-02-14 大港油田集团有限责任公司 一种可视化动态裂缝自支撑压裂工艺研究实验装置
CN111911124A (zh) * 2020-08-26 2020-11-10 中国石油大学(北京) 投球式聚能压裂工具

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