WO2018209990A1 - 一种基于3d打印技术的溶洞制备方法与装置 - Google Patents

一种基于3d打印技术的溶洞制备方法与装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018209990A1
WO2018209990A1 PCT/CN2018/072076 CN2018072076W WO2018209990A1 WO 2018209990 A1 WO2018209990 A1 WO 2018209990A1 CN 2018072076 W CN2018072076 W CN 2018072076W WO 2018209990 A1 WO2018209990 A1 WO 2018209990A1
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cave
sample
rock
alloy
karst
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
李术才
许振浩
高斌
王欣桐
王文扬
施雪松
黄鑫
潘东东
赵晓成
刘彤晖
林鹏
何树江
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Shandong University
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Shandong University
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Priority to US16/314,491 priority Critical patent/US11092524B2/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/44—Sample treatment involving radiation, e.g. heat
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
    • B28B1/14—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material by simple casting, the material being neither forcibly fed nor positively compacted
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
    • B28B11/24—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for curing, setting or hardening
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
    • B28B7/34—Moulds, cores, or mandrels of special material, e.g. destructible materials
    • B28B7/342—Moulds, cores, or mandrels of special material, e.g. destructible materials which are at least partially destroyed, e.g. broken, molten, before demoulding; Moulding surfaces or spaces shaped by, or in, the ground, or sand or soil, whether bound or not; Cores consisting at least mainly of sand or soil, whether bound or not
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D1/00—Investigation of foundation soil in situ
    • E02D1/02—Investigation of foundation soil in situ before construction work
    • E02D1/027—Investigation of foundation soil in situ before construction work by investigating properties relating to fluids in the soil, e.g. pore-water pressure, permeability
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/2806—Means for preparing replicas of specimens, e.g. for microscopal analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/36—Embedding or analogous mounting of samples
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V20/00—Geomodelling in general
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/36—Embedding or analogous mounting of samples
    • G01N2001/366—Moulds; Demoulding

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field related to civil engineering experiments, in particular to a method and a device for preparing a cavity based on a 3D printing technology.
  • the karst caves prepared in the experiment have inaccurate positioning of the karst cave, insufficient control of the size of the karst cave, and can not fully consider the spatial shape of the karst cave.
  • the karst cave is obtained by hollowing out after the formation of the rock test block, and the prepared karst cave and the naturally occurring Problems such as poor similarity of caves.
  • the present invention provides a method and a device for preparing a cavity based on a 3D printing technique.
  • a method for preparing a cavity based on 3D printing technology comprising the following steps:
  • the sample is cured together with the forming mold at room temperature until the similar material of the rock is hardened, the forming mold is removed, and the prepared sample containing the cave rock is subjected to constant temperature and humidity curing, and then baked or passed through the preheated electric heating in the alloy.
  • the wire is electrically heated to form a rock sample having a hollow cavity;
  • an alloy is synthesized using a low melting point metal.
  • the mixing ratio of the similar materials of the rock block is weighed and uniformly mixed, and the mixed material is layered into the sample mold, and in the process of pouring, the karst model is based on the position of the karst hole. Pre-buried into the mixed material, and reserved the flow guiding hole, the inside of the mold is coated with the release agent, and the vibration is formed.
  • the flow guiding hole is obtained by preliminarily burying a small low melting point alloy strip which is connected with the karst hole and the outside, and after the alloy strip is melted, the alloy melts and flows out to form a flow guiding hole.
  • the sample is cured together with the molding die at room temperature for a period of time until the similar material of the rock is hardened, the molding die is removed, and the prepared sample containing the cave rock is placed in a constant temperature and humidity curing box. set time.
  • the curing temperature is 20-25 ° C, and the relative humidity is maintained at 94% or more.
  • the molded test sample is baked or heated by the pre-made electric heating wire in the alloy, and the molten hole and the alloy strip made of the low-melting alloy are fully melted, and the test is performed during baking or electrification.
  • the sample guiding hole recovers the alloy material which flows out after the melting of the cavity, and obtains a rock test piece having a hollow cave.
  • the preparation method of the mud-like particle cavity is that after the setting process of the cavity process to be printed is completed, the portion formed by printing has an opening through which the filling material is poured into the cavity, and after the filling is completed, the filling is continued. Print until the cave print is complete and the fill is sealed in the cave.
  • the specific method for preparing the water-filled cave is to fill the karst cave through the diversion hole after the preparation of the cave-containing rock mass, and adjust the water injection pressure according to the experiment to obtain water filling with different water pressures. Cave.
  • a preparation apparatus using the above method comprising an oven, the bottom end of the oven is provided with an alloy recovery member, and the outside of the oven is provided with a constant temperature and humidity protection box and a water injection pressure device.
  • the invention ensures the natural similarity of the karst model, and is convenient for adjusting the shape, size and filling degree of the karst to conform to the actual engineering rock body condition;
  • the invention can simulate the initial shape of various karst caves of different shapes and sizes, and has the advantages of wide application range;
  • the invention can be widely applied to research on geological disasters containing karst caves in the fields of hydropower, transportation, mining, etc., and has wide application range;
  • the invention is environmentally friendly and non-polluting, and the karst-forming material can be recycled and used for the next time;
  • the invention adopts 3D printing to prepare samples, which simplifies the production steps, saves time and labor, and greatly reduces the cost.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for fabricating a model containing a cavern
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view of the baking and guiding device of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view showing the preparation of a water-filled cave
  • the present application proposes a different type of karst preparation method based on 3D printing technology, which is obtained by hollowing out, and the prepared karst is inferior to the naturally occurring karst.
  • a low melting point alloy is prepared and used as a raw material for printing a molten cave.
  • proportioning material composition includes standard sand and water , silicon powder, cement and water reducer.
  • the molded test sample is placed in an oven at a temperature higher than 100 ° C and a constant temperature for 5 hours or more, and the molten cavity made of the low melting point alloy is sufficiently melted.
  • the diversion holes can be used as water injection holes to flush into the caves, or high-pressure water pumps can be used to continuously fill the caves with water through the diversion holes to form high-pressure water-rich caves.
  • the method specifically includes:
  • a low melting point alloy for use as a raw material for printing karst caves.
  • the specific method is as follows: a low melting point alloy is generally synthesized from low melting point metals such as Sn, Pb, Bi, Cd, etc.
  • test requirements determine the size of the sample, based on the three-dimensional scanning results of the cave, according to the geometric similarity ratio, draw the three-dimensional cave digital model required for the experiment in advance in the three-dimensional mapping software. And enter the 3D digital model into the 3D printer.
  • the karst model can be drawn using CAD, SolidWorks and other software.
  • the printed karst can be an internal hollow with certain deformation resistance.
  • the shell-like body can also be filled with gravel-like particles inside if necessary.
  • the composition of the proportioning material includes standard sand, water, Silicon powder, cement and water reducer.
  • the specific ratio is configured according to the actual rock properties of the project under study.
  • the mixture of similar materials of the rock block is loaded into the forming mold and vibrated and formed.
  • the specific method is as follows: the mixing ratio of the similar materials of the rock block is weighed and mixed uniformly, and the mixed material is layered and poured into the sample mold, During the pouring process, the karst model is pre-buried into the mixed material according to the location of the karst cave, and a small flow guiding hole is reserved, and the detaching agent is applied inside the mold to form a vibrating body. The guiding hole is pre-buried well. A small low-melting alloy strip connected with the cave and the outside, after the alloy strip is melted, the alloy melts out to form a diversion hole, as shown in Fig. 2.
  • the method of constant temperature and humidity maintenance sample is as follows: After the sample is cured with the molding die at room temperature for 30 hours, the similar material of the rock is hardened, the forming mold is removed, and the prepared sample containing the cave rock is placed at a constant temperature.
  • the curing in the constant humidity curing box is 30 days, the curing temperature is 22 ° C, and the relative humidity is more than 94%.
  • the formed test sample is placed in an oven at a temperature higher than 100 ° C and a constant temperature for 5 hours or more, and the karst hole and the alloy strip made of the low melting point alloy are fully melted, and the flow guiding hole of the sample is baked or electrified.
  • the lower part is connected with a tray for recovering the alloy material flowing out after the melting hole is melted. After the alloy material has completely flowed out, a hollow cave is formed inside the rock test block.
  • the specific method is as follows: in the third step, the karst is printed, and when printing to two-thirds, an opening is formed in the upper part, and the filling is poured into the smelting hole through the opening, and the filling is completed. After that, continue printing until the cave print is complete so that the fill is sealed in the cave.
  • the karst is formed in step 7, the low-alloy material melts into a liquid state and flows out of the rock body through the diversion hole. The solid gravel and the shale filling cannot flow out through the small diversion hole, and are left in the formed cavity. In the cavity, a filling type cavity is formed.
  • the specific method is as follows: after the preparation of the cavern-containing rock mass is completed, the high-pressure water pump is used to inject water into the cave through the diversion hole, and the water injection pressure can be adjusted according to the experimental requirements, and water filling with different water pressures can be obtained. Cave.

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Abstract

一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞(5)制备方法与装置，其中制备方法包括以下步骤：（1）根据试验要求，确定试样的大小，以溶洞(5)三维扫描结果为依据，构建三维溶洞(5)数字模型，利用合金进行3D打印，形成溶洞(5)的初步试样；（2）配比方案，按照配比方案岩块相似材料混合物；（3）将混合物倒入试样模具内，在倒入过程中，根据溶洞(5)存在的位置将溶洞(5)模型预先埋入到混合材料中；（4）将试样连同成型模具在室温下养护，直到岩石相似材料硬化，将成型模具拆除，将制成的含溶洞(5)岩石试样(2)进行恒温恒湿养护后进行烘烤或通过其合金中内置的电热丝通电加热，形成具有中空溶洞(5)的岩石试样(2)；（5）向中空溶洞(5)内填充不同的充填物，形成不同类型的溶洞(5)试样。

Description

一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法与装置 技术领域
本发明涉及土木工程实验相关技术领域，具体涉及一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法与装置。
背景技术
随着国内外铁路公路建设的迫切需求，越来越多的铁路公路在我国西南地区修建。我国西南地区分布着广泛的岩溶，因此溶洞成为铁路公路工程修建过程中常见的地质灾害。岩体中溶洞的存在破坏了岩体自身的完整性和连续性，致使岩体的强度大大降低。同时，由于溶洞的几何形状、充填性质与空间展布规律的不同，导致了岩体的强度、应力分布、变形特性存在明显的差异性。因此，亟需开展、加强有关溶洞赋存岩体力学性质及其破坏机理的基础研究工作。目前国内外学者对于溶洞等地质灾害的数值模拟已经较为深入，但对于溶洞所做的实验研究还较少，这是由于溶洞作为一种特殊的结构，常常发育为不规则形状，有的内部还充填一定的物质，目前还没有比较完备的制作方法。
目前实验中制备的溶洞存在着对溶洞位置定位不精确、溶洞大小的精度控制不足、不能充分考虑溶洞的空间形状、溶洞是岩石试块形成后通过掏空处理得到，制备的溶洞与天然存在的溶洞相似性较差等问题。
在模型试验中对充填性质的溶洞还没有比较好的制作方法，因此迫切需要一种比较完备的制备含有溶洞岩体试样的方法。
发明内容
本发明为了解决上述问题，提出了一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法与装置。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法，包括以下步骤:
(1)根据试验要求，确定试样的大小，以溶洞三维扫描结果为依据，构建三维溶洞数字模型，利用合金进行3D打印，形成溶洞的初步试样；
(2)根据岩块试样与模型的几何相似比、强度相似比以及弹性模量相似比，确定岩块模型的骨料、胶结材料的配比方案，按照配比方案岩块相似材料混合物；
(3)将混合物倒入试样模具内，在倒入过程中，根据溶洞存在的位置将溶洞模型预先埋入到混合材料中；
(4)将试样连同成型模具在室温下养护，直到岩石相似材料硬化，将成型模具拆除，将制成的含溶洞岩石试样进行恒温恒湿养护后进行烘烤或通过合金内预制的电热丝通电加热，形成具有中空溶洞的岩石试样；
(5)向中空溶洞内填充不同的充填物，形成不同类型的溶洞试样。
所述步骤(1)中，利用低熔点金属合成合金。
所述步骤(3)中，对岩块相似材料的配合比进行称量并拌合均匀，将混合材料分层倒入试样模具内，在倒入过程中，根据溶洞存在的位置将溶洞模型预先埋入到混合材料中，并预留导流孔，模具内部涂抹脱离剂，振捣成型。
所述步骤(3)中，导流孔通过预先埋设好的与溶洞和外界联通的细小的低熔点合金条得到，合金条融化后，合金熔融物流出形成导流孔。
所述步骤(4)中，将试样连同成型模具在室温下养护一段时间直至岩石相似材料硬化，将成型模具拆除，将制成的含溶洞岩石试样放在恒温恒湿养护箱中养护设定时间。
所述步骤(4)中，养护温度为20-25℃，养护相对湿度94％以上。
所述步骤(4)中，将成型的试验试样进行烘烤或通过合金中预制的电热丝通电加热，充分将低熔点合金制成的溶洞和合金条融化，烘烤时或通电时利用试样的导流孔回收溶洞融化后流出的合金材料，得到具有一中空溶洞的岩石试块。
所述步骤(5)中，泥状颗粒溶洞的制备方法为待打印溶洞过程完成设定部分后，打印形成的部分具有一个开口，通过此开口向溶洞内倒入充填物，充填完成后，继续打印，直至溶洞打印完成，充填物被密封的溶洞之中。
所述步骤(5)中，充水溶洞的制备具体方法为在含溶洞岩体制备完成之后，通过导流孔向溶洞内注水，根据实验需要自行调节注水压力，以获得不同水压的充水溶洞。
一种利用上述方法的制备装置，包括烘箱，所述烘箱的底端设置有合金回收部件，所述烘箱的外侧配置有恒温恒湿养护箱和注水加压装置。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果为：
(1)本发明保证了溶洞模型的天然相似性，便于调节溶洞的形状、大小充填程度等，以符合实际工程岩体的情况；
(2)本发明可针对不同形状、不同尺寸的各种溶洞的初始形态的模拟，具备应用范围广泛的优点；
(3)本发明可广泛应用于水电、交通、矿山等领域的含溶洞地质灾害的研究，应用范围广泛；
(4)本发明环保无污染，溶洞生成材料可以回收后下次利用；
(5)本发明采用3D打印制备试样，简化了制作步骤，省时省力，极大的降低了成本。
附图说明
构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本申请的进一步理解，本申请的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本申请，并不构成对本申请的不当限定。
图1是含溶洞岩体模型制作方法流程示意图；
图2是本发明中烘烤导流装置示意图；
图3是充水溶洞的制备示意图；
其中1.烘箱；2.岩石试样；3.低熔点合金回收器；4.导流孔；5.溶洞；6.隧道；7.注水加压装置。
具体实施方式：
下面结合附图与实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
应该指出，以下详细说明都是例示性的，旨在对本申请提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明，本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本申请所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
需要注意的是，这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式，而非意图限制根据本申请的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的，除非上下文另外明确指出，否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式，此外，还应当理解的是，当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时，其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、 组件和/或它们的组合。
正如背景技术所介绍的，现有技术中存在目前实验中制备的溶洞存在着对溶洞位置定位不精确、溶洞大小的精度控制不足、不能充分考虑溶洞的空间形状、溶洞是岩石试块形成后通过掏空处理得到，制备的溶洞与天然存在的溶洞相似性较差等问题的不足，为了解决如上的技术问题，本申请提出了一种基于3D打印技术的不同类型溶洞制备方法。
(1)制备低熔点合金，用作打印溶洞的原材料。
(2)根据试验要求，确定试样的大小，以溶洞三维扫描结果为依据，预先在三维制图软件中画出实验所需的三维溶洞数字模型。并将该三维数字模型输入3D打印机中。
(3)打印溶洞，将上述低熔点合金原料熔融后分别置于3D打印机的喷头内，通过3D打印，得到溶洞的初步试样。
(4)根据岩块试样与模型的几何相似比、强度相似比、弹性模量相似比等，确定岩块模型的骨料、胶结材料的配比方案；配比物质组成包括标准砂、水、硅粉、水泥和减水剂等。
(5)对岩块相似材料的配合比进行称量并拌合均匀，将混合材料分层倒入试样模具内，在倒入过程中，根据溶洞存在的位置将溶洞模型预先埋入到混合材料中，并预留极小的导流孔，模具内部涂抹脱离剂，振捣成型。
(6)拆除模具，恒温恒湿养护试样。
(7)含溶洞岩石试样低温成型。
(8)将成型的试验试样放入到烘箱中，温度高于100℃，恒温5小时以上， 充分将低熔点合金制成的溶洞融化。
(9)融化后的合金材料通过导流孔流出，在导流孔下部接一托盘，回收经振捣流出的合金材料，以备下次使用。
(10)充水溶洞的制作，导流孔可以作为注水孔向溶洞内冲水，也可以采用高压水泵经过导流孔不断向溶洞内充水，形成高压富水溶洞。
本申请的一种典型的实施方式中，如图1所示，具体包括：
1、制备低熔点合金，用作打印溶洞的原材料，具体方法如下：低熔点合金，一般由Sn、Pb、Bi、Cd等低熔点金属合成，本发明采用的合金材料重量配比为：Sn：Pb：Bi：Cd＝9.3：34.4：50.0：6.3，按照配比比例准备好合金原材料。
2、根据试验要求，确定试样的大小，以溶洞三维扫描结果为依据，根据几何相似比，预先在三维制图软件中画出实验所需的三维溶洞数字模型。并将该三维数字模型输入3D打印机中。溶洞模型的绘制可以采用CAD、SolidWorks等软件。
3、打印溶洞，将上述低熔点合金原料熔融后分别置于3D打印机的喷头内，通过3D打印，得到溶洞的初步试样，为节省材料，打印的溶洞可以是具有一定抗变形能力的内部中空的壳状体，需要时还可在内部充填碎石泥状颗粒物。
4、根据岩块试样与模型的几何相似比、强度相似比、弹性模量相似比等，确定岩块模型的骨料、胶结材料的配比方案；配比物质组成包括标准砂、水、硅粉、水泥和减水剂等。具体比例根据所研究的工程的实际岩石性质进行配置。
5、将岩块相似材料混合物装入成型模具并振捣成型，具体方法如下：对岩块相似材料的配合比进行称量并拌合均匀，将混合材料分层倒入试样模具内， 在倒入过程中，根据溶洞存在的位置将溶洞模型预先埋入到混合材料中，并预留极小的导流孔，模具内部涂抹脱离剂，振捣成型，导流孔是通过预先埋设好的与溶洞和外界联通的细小的低熔点合金条，合金条融化后，合金熔融物流出形成导流孔，如图2所示。
6、拆除模具，恒温恒湿养护试样方法如下：将试样连同成型模具在室温下养护30小时后，岩石相似材料硬化，将成型模具拆除，将制成的含溶洞岩石试样放在恒温恒湿养护箱中养护30天，养护温度为22℃，养护相对湿度94％以上。
7、溶洞生成。将成型的试验试样放入到烘箱中，温度高于100℃，恒温5小时以上，充分将低熔点合金制成的溶洞和合金条融化，烘烤或通电加热时在试样的导流孔下部接一个托盘，用来回收溶洞融化后流出的合金材料。待合金材料全部流出后，在岩石试块内部便形成了一个中空溶洞。
8、充填碎石，泥状颗粒溶洞的制备，具体方法如下：在步骤三打印溶洞，打印到三分之二时，上部形成了一个开口，通过此开口向溶洞内倒入充填物，充填完成后，继续打印，直至溶洞打印完成，这样充填物就被密封的溶洞之中。在进行步骤7溶洞生成时，低合金材料融化成液态并经过导流孔流出到岩体之外，固态的碎石，泥质充填物无法经细小导流孔流出，被留在形成的溶洞空腔内，形成充填型溶洞。
9、充水溶洞的制备，具体方法如下：在含溶洞岩体制备完成之后，经高压水泵通过导流孔向溶洞内注水，注水压力可根据实验需要自行调节，可以获得不同水压的充水溶洞。
以上所述仅为本申请的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。
上述虽然结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式进行了描述，但并非对本发明保护范围的限制，所属领域技术人员应该明白，在本发明的技术方案的基础上，本领域技术人员不需要付出创造性劳动即可做出的各种修改或变形仍在本发明的保护范围以内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法，其特征是：包括以下步骤:
    (1)根据试验要求，确定试样的大小，以溶洞三维扫描结果为依据，构建三维溶洞数字模型，利用合金进行3D打印，形成溶洞的初步试样；
    (2)根据岩块试样与模型的几何相似比、强度相似比以及弹性模量相似比，确定岩块模型的骨料、胶结材料的配比方案，按照配比方案岩块相似材料混合物；
    (3)将混合物倒入试样模具内，在倒入过程中，根据溶洞存在的位置将溶洞模型预先埋入到混合材料中；
    (4)将试样连同成型模具在室温下养护，直到岩石相似材料硬化，将成型模具拆除，将制成的含溶洞岩石试样进行恒温恒湿养护后进行烘烤或通过合金中内置的电热丝通电加热，形成具有中空溶洞的岩石试样；
    (5)向中空溶洞内填充不同的充填物，形成不同类型的溶洞试样。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法，其特征是：所述步骤(1)中，利用低熔点金属合成合金。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法，其特征是：所述步骤(3)中，对岩块相似材料的配合比进行称量并拌合均匀，将混合材料分层倒入试样模具内，在倒入过程中，根据溶洞存在的位置将溶洞模型预先埋入到混合材料中，并预留导流孔，模具内部涂抹脱离剂，振捣成型。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法，其特征是：所述步骤(3)中，导流孔通过预先埋设好的与溶洞和外界联通的细小的低熔点合金条得到，合金条融化后，合金熔融物流出形成导流孔。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法，其特征是：所述步骤(4)中，将试样连同成型模具在室温下养护一段时间直至岩石相似材料硬化，将成型模具拆除，将制成的含溶洞岩石试样放在恒温恒湿养护箱中养护设定时间。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法，其特征是：所述步骤(4)中，养护温度为20-25℃，养护相对湿度94％以上。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法，其特征是：所述步骤(4)中，将成型的试验试样进行烘烤或通过合金中预制的电阻丝通电加热，充分将低熔点合金制成的溶洞和合金条融化，烘烤时或通电加热时利用试样的导流孔回收溶洞融化后流出的合金材料，得到具有一中空溶洞的岩石试块。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法，其特征是：所述步骤(5)中，泥状颗粒溶洞的制备方法为待打印溶洞过程完成设定部分后，打印形成的部分具有一个开口，通过此开口向溶洞内倒入充填物，充填完成后，继续打印，直至溶洞打印完成，充填物被密封的溶洞之中。
  9. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于3D打印技术的溶洞制备方法，其特征是：所述步骤(5)中，充水溶洞的制备具体方法为在含溶洞岩体制备完成之后，通过导流孔向溶洞内注水，根据实验需要自行调节注水压力，以获得不同水压的充水溶洞。
  10. 一种利用权利要求1-9中任一项所述的方法的制备装置，其特征是：包括烘箱，所述烘箱的底端设置有合金回收部件，所述烘箱的外侧配置有恒温恒湿养护箱和注水加压装置。
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