WO2018208628A1

WO2018208628A1 - Compositions and methods for increasing the culture density of a cellular biomass within a cultivation infrastructure

Info

Publication number: WO2018208628A1
Application number: PCT/US2018/031276
Authority: WO
Inventors: Nicholas J. Genovese; Meri Teresa FIRPO; Daphné DAMBOURNET
Original assignee: Memphis Meats, Inc.
Priority date: 2017-05-06
Filing date: 2018-05-05
Publication date: 2018-11-15
Also published as: EP3612623A1; US20230272346A1; EP3612623A4; US20200165569A1

Abstract

Provided herein are methods to increase the culture density and/or thickness of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure, to improve the culture of cells in the absence of serum in a cultivation infrastructure, and to promote anchorage-independent growth of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure. The methods comprise inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway, for example, by activating YAP1, activating TAZ, and/or inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase in the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, the cellular biomass is harvested from the cultivation infrastructure for the formulation of cell-based food products or ingredients, such as animal meat manufactured from cells in an ex vivo process or for therapeutic applications such as organ or tissue transplantation or grafting.

Description

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INCREASING THE CULTURE DENSITY OF A CELLULAR BIOMASS WITHIN A CULTIVATION INFRASTRUCTURE

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The mass production of cells remains limited by several factors, thus limiting final yields. Such mass production finds several downstream applications.

[0002] For example, foods formulated from metazoan cells, cultured in vitro, have prospective advantages over potential advantages over their corporal- derived animal counterparts, including improved nutrition and safety. Production of these products have been projected to require fewer resources, convert biomass a higher caloric efficiency and result in reduced environmental impacts relative to conventional in vivo methods. Together, metazoan cells, and their extracellular products, constitute a biomass that can potentially be harvested from a cultivation infrastructure for formulation of cell-based food products, such as cultured meat. Cellular biomass produced by cell culture method can also be used in medical applications such as organ or tissue transplant and grafts.

[0003] However, mass production of a cellular biomass originating from cultured metazoan cells remains limited by several factors, for example the maximum culture density that can be conventionally achieved, thus limiting final yields. Provided herein are compositions and methods that address this and other related needs.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Provided are compositions and methods for increasing the culture density and thickness of a metazoan cellular biomass (also referred to herein as simply "biomass") in a cultivation infrastructure. These methods comprise inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway, for example, by activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) and/or Transcriptional Co- Activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ or WWTR1 ) or homologs thereof, or by inhibiting Mps One Binder kinase activator 1 (MOBl), Large Tumor Suppressor 1 (LATSl) kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, Macrophage Stimulating 1 (MSTl) kinase, and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass.

[0005] Provided are compositions and methods for increasing the culture density of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure, for increasing the thickness of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure, and/or for promoting/increasing anchorage-independent growth of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure, and/or for promoting/increasing growth of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure in the absence of serum.

[0006] In some embodiments, provided are compositions and methods for increasing cell proliferation, for increasing the culture density of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure, for increasing the thickness of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure, and/or for promoting/increasing anchorage-independent growth of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure in the absence of serum.

[0007] In one aspect, provided herein is a method for increasing the thickness of a cellular biomass comprising: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and (b) inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass. In another aspect, provided herein is a method for increasing the density of a metazoan cellular biomass comprising: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and (b) inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass. In another aspect, provided herein is a method for anchorage-independent cell growth comprising: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and (b) inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass.

[0008] In some embodiments, inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) and/or Transcriptional co- Activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting MOBl, LATSl kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass. [0009] In some embodiments, the inhibiting a HIPPO signaling pathway comprises contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of serum, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine-1 -phosphate, and thrombin.

[0010] In one aspect, the HIPPO signaling pathway is inhibited to provide a culture density of about 10⁵ cells/mL to about 10¹⁰ cells/mL in the cultivation infrastructure. In another aspect, the HIPPO signaling pathway is inhibited to provide a culture density of about 1.0 g/L to about 1000 g/L in the cultivation infrastructure.

[0011] In one aspect, the HIPPO signaling pathway is inhibited to provide a thickness of about 10 μm to about 2 mm to cellular biomass in the cultivation infrastructure.

[0012] In one aspect, provided herein is a method for increasing the thickness of a cellular biomass comprising: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and (b) activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAP1) and/or Transcriptional co- Activator with PDZ- binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass. In another aspect, provided herein is a method for increasing the density of a metazoan cellular biomass comprising: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and (b) activating Yes-Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) and/or Transcriptional co- Activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass. In another aspect, provided herein is a method for anchorage-independent cell growth comprising: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and (b) activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) and/or Transcriptional co- Activator with PDZ- binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass.

[0013] In some embodiments, activating YAPl and/or TAZ comprises contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of serum, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine-1 -phosphate, and thrombin. In some embodiments, YAPl and/or TAZ are activated in serum-free conditions. In some embodiments, activating YAPl and/or TAZ comprises modifying one or more mechanical factors selected from substrate elasticity, substrate rigidity, confinement, stretching, and shear stress. [0014] In some embodiments, activating YAPl comprises increasing cellular expression of YAPl. In some embodiments, activating TAZ comprises increasing cellular expression of TAZ. In some embodiments, activating YAPl and TAZ comprises increasing cellular expression of YAPl and TAZ. In some embodiments, the YAPl is wild-type YAPl. In some embodiments, the YAPl comprises one or more mutations in the region targeted by LATS1 and/or LATS2 kinase activity. In some embodiments, the YAPl comprises one or more mutations at residues corresponding to S5, S61, S109, S127, S163, S164, and S318 in the human YAPl protein. In some embodiments, the YAPl comprises one or more of S5A, S61A, S109A, S127A, SI 63 A, S164A, and S318A mutations, residue numbers corresponding to the human YAPl protein. In some embodiments, the TAZ is wild-type TAZ. In some embodiments, the TAZ comprises one more mutations in the region targeted by LATS1 and/or LATS2 kinase activity. In some embodiments, the TAZ comprises a mutation at a residue corresponding to S89 in the human TAZ protein. In some embodiments, the TAZ comprises a S89A mutation, the residue number corresponding to the human TAZ protein.

[0015] In one aspect, provided herein is a method for increasing the thickness of a cellular biomass comprising: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and (b) inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass. In another aspect, provided herein is a method for increasing the density of a metazoan cellular biomass comprising: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and (b) inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass. In another aspect, provided herein is a method for anchorage-independent cell growth comprising: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and (b) inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass.

[0016] In some embodiments, inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof comprises manipulating cells of the cellular biomass to introduce insertion or deletion mutations in the genes encoding these proteins. In some embodiments, inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof comprises over-expressing dominant negative mutants of these proteins in the cells of the cellular biomass.

[0017] In some embodiments, the cellular biomass is adherent to a substrate. In some

embodiments, the substrate is impermeable. In such embodiments, the biomass thickness is measured as a minimum distance between a basal plane of the cellular biomass and an apical plane of the cellular biomass, e.g. at the region of interest. In some embodiments, the substrate is permeable. In such embodiments, the biomass thickness is measured as half of a minimum distance between a basal plane of the cellular biomass and an apical plane of the cellular biomass, e.g. at the region of interest.

[0018] In some embodiments, the cellular biomass is cultured in a suspension culture, and forms a self-adherent aggregate. In such embodiments, the biomass thickness is measured as half a minimum distance between opposing apical planes of the cellular biomass, e.g. at the region of interest. In some embodiments, the cellular biomass is cultured in a suspension culture as a single cell suspension that may remain as a single cell suspension even after increasing the culture density by inhibiting HIPPO signaling or the cellular biomass may start as a single cell suspension and form self-adherent aggregates after increasing the culture density by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling.

[0019] In some embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells from a livestock, poultry, game, or aquatic species. In some embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises myogenic cells.

[0020] In some embodiments, cell proliferation within the cellular biomass is increased through inhibition of HIPPO signaling. In some embodiments, cell survival within the cellular biomass is increased through inhibition of HIPPO signaling. In some embodiments, growth of the cellular biomass (for example, cell number) is increased by inhibiting HIPPO signaling. In some embodiments, cell proliferation, survival and growth are increased within the cellular biomass without addition of serum. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary embodiment where a cellular biomass is cultivated on a substrate impermeable to physiological solutions.

[0022] FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary embodiment where a cellular biomass is cultivated on a substrate permeable to physiological solutions.

[0023] FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary embodiment where a cellular biomass is cultivated in a suspension culture, as a self-adherent aggregate.

[0024] FIG. 4 shows the effect of lysophosphatidic acid on proliferation of primary bovine myoblasts in subconfluent (A) and confluent (B) cultures.

[0025] FIG. 5 shows that the treatment of primary bovine myoblasts with lysophosphatidic acid induces cell proliferation.

[0026] FIG. 6 shows that the treatment of primary bovine myoblasts with lysophosphatidic acid decreases differentiation of myoblasts to mature muscle cells.

[0027] FIG. 7 shows images of chicken fibroblasts (DF1) transduced with a plasmid expressing constitutively active YAPl and dsRed and untransfected fibroblasts (control). Panels A and B show the initial colonies (prior to expansion) of the cells transduced with the plasmid (A - under bright field setting, B - under fluorescent setting). Panels C and D show images of expanded colonies of fibroblasts transduced with the YAPl-dsRed plasmid (C) and untransfected fibroblasts (D).

[0028] FIG. 8 shows the wild-type cell culture (A) and the culture of hYAPl (human YAPl) expressing cells (B) on day 9.

[0029] FIG. 9 shows the effect of constitutive expression of YAPl on cell mass/60.8cm² for wild- type cells vs. cells transduced hYAPl -RFP plasmid. [0030] FIG. 10 shows the level of YAP1 mRNA in wild-type cells and cells transduced with hYAPl-dsRed plasmid and selected for dsRed.

[0031] FIG. 11 shows that the expression of constitutively active YAPl increases proliferation of primary bovine fibroblasts (A) and chicken fibroblasts (B).

[0032] FIG. 12 shows that the expression of constitutively active YAPl increases rate of cell proliferation. Panel A shows the rate of proliferation of wild-type DFl cells (chicken fibroblast cell line); DFl cells transfected with a hYAPl-RFP plasmid, and DFl cells transfected with a control plasmid (pD663). Panel B shows a clear separation of proliferating cells that have incorporated EdU and non-proliferating cells that did not incorporate EdU.

[0033] FIG. 13 shows that the ectopic expression of YAPl in cells cultured in suspension induces cell proliferation.

[0034] FIG. 14 shows amino acid residues that are conserved between YAPl and its homologs from various species.

[0035] FIG. 15 shows the homology between YAPl and its homologs from various species.

[0036] FIG. 16 shows amino acid residues that are conserved between WWTR1 and its homologs from various species.

[0037] FIG. 17 shows a map of an exemplary plasmid containing a hYAPl and RFP construct. [0038] FIG. 18 shows a map of an exemplary plasmid containing a hWWTRl and GFP construct.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0039] Provided are compositions and methods for increasing the density of a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; for increasing the thickness of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and for promoting anchorage-independent growth of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure. These methods comprise inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway, e.g. by (a) activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) and/or Transcriptional Co- Activator with PDZ- binding motif (TAZ or WWTR1) or homologs thereof and/or (b) by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass.

[0040] Also provided are compositions and methods for increasing proliferation of cells; for increasing the density of a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; for increasing the thickness of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and for promoting anchorage- independent growth of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure without the use of serum.

[0041] Also provided are compositions and methods for increasing proliferation of cells; for increasing the density of a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; for increasing the thickness of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and for promoting anchorage- independent growth of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure in the presence of serum.

[0042] Also provided are compositions and methods for producing edible metazoan cellular biomass or therapeutic metazoan cellular biomass comprising: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure and (b) increasing the density or the thickness of the metazoan cellular biomass in the cultivation infrastructure by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway. The term "edible" cellular biomass as used herein encompasses raw or uncooked metazoan meat as well as partially or fully cooked metazoan meat. The term "therapeutic cellular biomass" or "cellular biomass for therapeutic purposes" as used herein encompasses cells, partial or whole tissue of a metazoan species, cells, partial or whole organ of a metazoan species, or a graft, prepared for and used in therapeutic, medical or cosmetic applications.

[0043] Before describing certain embodiments in detail, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular compositions or biological systems, which can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular illustrative embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. The terms used in this specification generally have their ordinary meaning in the art, within the context of this invention and in the specific context where each term is used. Certain terms are discussed below or elsewhere in the specification, to provide additional guidance to the practitioner in describing the compositions and methods of the invention and how to make and use them. The scope and meaning of any use of a term will be apparent from the specific context in which the term is used. As such, the definitions set forth herein are intended to provide illustrative guidance in ascertaining particular embodiments of the invention, without limitation to particular compositions or biological systems.

[0044] As used in the present disclosure and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural references unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

[0045] Throughout the present disclosure and the appended claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or group of elements but not the exclusion of any other element or group of elements.

[0046] Standard techniques may be used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, and tissue culture and transformation (e.g., electroporation, lipofection). Enzymatic reactions and purification techniques may be performed according to manufacturer's specifications or as commonly accomplished in the art or as described herein. These and related techniques and procedures may be generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification. Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclature utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, molecular biology, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques may be used for recombinant technology, molecular biological, microbiological, chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery. Cellular Biomass

[0047] As referred to herein, a cellular biomass is comprised of metazoan cells and their extracellular products. The cells can be primary cells, or cell lines. The methods provided herein are applicable to any metazoan cell in culture.

[0048] In some embodiments, the cellular biomass is harvested for the formulation of cell-based food products, such as cultured animal meat. The term "cultured meat" as used herein refers to uncooked or cooked meat produced using cell culture methods. In some embodiments, the methods utilize cells with the potential to differentiate into skeletal muscle.

[0049] In some embodiments, the cellular biomass is harvested for the formulation of cell-based therapeutic products, such as cultured cells, tissue, graft, or whole or part of an organ. Thus in some embodiments, the methods utilize cells with various lineages or sources. For example, the methods may utilize cells from heart, liver, kidney, pancreas, spleen, bladder, intestine, skin, embryo etc.

[0050] In certain embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells that are from livestock such as domestic cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, camels, water buffalo, rabbits and the like. In certain embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells that are from poultry, e.g. domesticated poultry, such as chicken, turkeys, ducks, geese, pigeons and the like. In certain embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells that are from game species such as wild deer, gallinaceous fowl, waterfowl, hare and the like. In certain embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells that are from aquatic species or semi-aquatic species, including certain fish, crustaceans, mollusks, cephalopods, cetaceans, crocodilians, turtles, frogs and the like. In certain embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells that are from exotic, endangered, conserved or extinct animal species. In certain embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells that are from any metazoan species

demonstrating the capacity for skeletal muscle tissue specification. In certain embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells that are modifiable by a genetic switch to induce rapid and efficient conversion of the cells to skeletal muscle for cultured meat production. In certain embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells that are from any metazoan species whose tissues are suitable for dietary consumption.

[0051] In specific embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells from Gallus gallus, Bos taurus, Sous scrofa, Meleagris gallopavo, Anas platyrynchos, Salmo salar, Thunnus thynnus, Ovis aries, Coturnix coturnix, Capra aegagrus hircus, or Homarus americanus.

[0052] In an exemplary embodiment, the cellular biomass comprises cells from livestock, poultry, game, or aquatic species.

[0053] In other embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells from humans, primates, rodents, including rats and mice, and companion animals such as dogs, cats, horses, and the like.

[0054] It is noted that the cellular biomass can be cultivated for any downstream application, not just limited to food production. For example, the cellular biomass can be cultivated for generating cells, a tissue or graft for therapeutic applications.

[0055] In some embodiments, the cells of the cellular biomass are primary stem cells or self- renewing stem cell lines.

[0056] In some embodiments, the cells of the cellular biomass are myoblasts, myocytes, fibroblasts, induced pluripotent stem cells, hepatocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, adipocytes, embryonic stem cells or chondrocytes.

[0057] In some embodiments, the cells of the cellular biomass are myogenic cells. In some embodiments, the cells are natively myogenic (e.g. are myogenic cells such as myoblasts, myocytes, satellite cells, side population cells, muscle derived stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, myogenic pericytes, and mesoangioblasts that are cultured in the cultivation infrastructure). In other embodiments, the cells are not natively myogenic (e.g. are non-myogenic cells such as fibroblasts or non-myogenic stem cells that are cultured to become myogenic cells in the cultivation infrastructure).

[0058] In some embodiments, the cells of the cellular biomass are somatic cells. In some embodiments, the cells of the cellular biomass are not somatic cells.

[0059] In some embodiments, the cellular biomass comprises cells of the skeletal muscle lineage. Cells of the skeletal muscle lineage include myoblasts, myocytes, and skeletal muscle progenitor cells, also called myogenic progenitors, that include satellite cells, side population cells, muscle derived stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, myogenic pericytes, and mesoangioblasts.

[0060] In some embodiments, the cellular biomass is cultivated in a suspension culture and forms a self-adherent aggregate. A self-adherent aggregate refers to masses of viable cells suspended in a physiological liquid medium (e.g. suspension culture) aggregated due to, for example, their (1) adherence to each other (e.g. cadherin cell adhesion) (2) adherence to a basement membrane or other extracellular matrix secreted by the cells (e.g. integrin cell adhesion) or (3) a combination of both.

Cultivation Infrastructure

[0061] As referred to herein, a cultivation infrastructure refers to the environment in which metazoan cells are cultured, i.e. the environment in which the cellular biomass is cultivated.

[0062] A cultivation infrastructure may be a tube, a cylinder, a flask, a petri-dish, a multi-well plate, a dish, a vat, an incubator, a bioreactor, an industrial fermenter and the like.

[0063] A cultivation infrastructure can be of any scale, and support any volume of cellular biomass and culturing reagents. In some embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure ranges from about 10 μΙ_, to about 100,000 L. In exemplary embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure is about 10 μΐ_^, about 100 μΐ_^, about 1 mL, about 10 mL, about 100 mL, about 1 L, about 10 L, about 100 L, about 1000 L, about 10,000 L, or even about 100,000L.

[0064] In some embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure comprises a substrate. A cultivation infrastructure may comprise a permeable substrate (e.g. permeable to physiological solutions) or an impermeable substrate (e.g. impermeable to physiological solutions).

[0065] In some embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure comprises a primary substrate, which can be a flat, concave, or convex substrate. In some embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure further comprises a secondary substrate, either introduced, or autologous, to direct cellular growth between the substrates, e.g. to direct attachment, proliferation and hypertrophy of cells on a plane perpendicular to the primary substrate.

[0066] In some embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure comprises a hydrogel, a liquid cell culture media, or soft agar.

[0067] In some embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure does not comprise a substrate to which cells can adhere. In some embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure comprises a suspension culture, e.g. supporting the growth of a self-adhering biomass, or single-cell suspension in a liquid medium.

[0068] In some embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure comprises adherent cells (i.e. those cells that adhere to a substrate). In some embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure comprises nonadherent cells (i.e. those cells that do not adhere to a substrate). In some embodiments, the cultivation infrastructure comprises both adherent and non-adherent cells.

Culture Density

[0069] Mass production of cells remains limited by several factors. One such factor is the culture density, described here as the ratio of the amount of biomass harvestable to the volume of the cultivation infrastructure. Increasing the culture density of the biomass may result in increased yields per unit of infrastructure volume, thereby decreasing the infrastructure volume required to cultivate the desired product and the overall efficiency of the cultivation process.

[0070] A primary factor limiting the culture density is the maximum thickness of the cultivated biomass attainable by cells in culture, for example for reasons of contact inhibition. In some embodiments, the culture density is increased by increasing the thickness of the cultivated cellular biomass. The thickness of a cellular biomass is determined by the cultivation infrastructure in which it is grown. Planes of a cultivation infrastructure can be described as apical and basal. The apical plane is the interface of the biomass surface with an extracellular medium. The basal plane is the interface of the biomass with a primary substrate.

[0071] Due to cell-to-cell contact inhibition, metazoan cells, when cultured on a substrate in a cultivation infrastructure, generally form a monolayer and stop proliferating once they reach confluence. In some embodiments, methods of increasing the culture density or the thickness of a metazoan cellular biomass comprise culturing a metazoan cellular biomass on a substrate in a cultivation infrastructure; and forming stratified layers of cells by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway, for example, by activating YAPl and/or TAZ in the cellular biomass or by inhibiting MOB1 , LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase. For example, see FIGs. 1 and 2. Inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway and formation of stratified layers of cells of the cellular biomass may suppress cell death (i.e. apoptosis, anoikis) and lead to detachment of the cellular biomass from the substrate thereby promoting anchorage- independent growth.

[0072] Metazoan cells, when cultured in suspension in a cultivation infrastructure, may adhere to the top, bottom or sidewalls of the cultivation infrastructure. Provided herein are methods that support anchorage-independent growth in suspension, for example, by inhibiting cell death and/or inducing proliferation of single cells of a metazoan cellular biomass suspended in a suspension culture to induce, support or maintain anchorage-independent growth. . For example, see FIG. 3 that shows an exemplary embodiment where a cellular biomass is cultivated in a suspension culture, as a self-adherent aggregate. Alternately, in cellular biomass is cultivated in suspension culture, as a single-cell suspension. Accordingly, in some embodiments, methods of increasing the culture density or the thickness of a metazoan cellular biomass comprise culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in suspension in a cultivation infrastructure; and forming multiple layers of cells of the cellular biomass on top of each other by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway, for example, by activating YAPl and/or TAZ or by inhibiting MOBl, LATSl kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase in the cellular biomass.

[0073] In one embodiment, the methods described herein lead to the loss of contact inhibition of adherent cells. In various aspects, the methods can decrease contact inhibition by about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to the methods where the HIPPO signaling is not inhibited.

[0074] Where a biomass is cultivated on a substrate impermeable to physiological solutions, the thickness of the cellular biomass is the distance between the basal and apical plane of the cultivated biomass (depicted in FIG. 1).

[0075] Where the biomass is cultivated on a permeable substrate, the thickness is a fraction (e.g. about half) of the distance between the basal and apical plane of the cultivated biomass (depicted in FIG. 2).

[0076] Where the biomass is cultivated in a suspension culture, as a self-adherent aggregate, the thickness is a fraction (e.g. about half) of the minimum distance between opposing apical planes (depicted in FIG. 3).

[0077] Accordingly, provided herein are compositions and methods to increase the culture density and thickness of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure. In some embodiments, increasing the culture density of the cellular biomass in the cultivation infrastructure results in an increased yield harvestable per unit volume of the cultivation infrastructure. For example, in some embodiments, increasing the culture density of the cellular biomass in the cultivation infrastructure results in an increased cell mass per unit volume of the cultivation infrastructure. In some embodiments, the method results in volumetric expansion of the biomass between the lower threshold, delimited by contact inhibition of cell growth at or near the basal plane, and the upper threshold, delimited by the maximal thickness attainable given the rate of diffusion of wastes and nutrients across the biomass. This volumetric expansion between the upper and lower threshold can be further promoted by the inclusion of a secondary substrate, either introduced, or autologous, to direct cellular growth between the substrates.

[0078] In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAP1, activating TAZ, or activating YAP1 and TAZ, or by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase in the cellular biomass as described in greater detail below), the culture density of the cellular biomass may reach about 10⁵ cells/mL, about 10⁶ cells/mL, about 10⁷ cells/mL, about 10⁸ cells/mL, about 10⁹ cells/mL, or about 10¹⁰ cells/mL (cells in the cellular biomass/mL of cultivation infrastructure), including values and ranges therebetween.

[0079] In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAP1, activating TAZ, or activating YAPl and TAZ, or by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase in the cellular biomass as described in greater detail below), the culture density of the cellular biomass may reach about 1 g/L, 5 g/L, 10 g/L, 25 g/L, 50 g/L, 75 g/L, 100 g/L, 150 g/L, 200 g/L, 250 g/L, 300 g/L, 350 g/L, 400 g/L, 450 g/L, 500 g/L, 550 g/L, 600 g/L, 650 g/L, 700 g/L, 750 g/L, 800 g/L, 850 g/L, 900 g/L, or 1000 g/L (g of cellular biomass/L of cultivation infrastructure), including values and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the culture density of the cellular biomass may range from about 1 g/L to about 5 g/L, about 1 g/L to about 750 g/L, about 1 g/L to about 500 g/L, about 1 g/L to about 250 g/L, about 1 g/L to about 100 g/L, about 1 g/L to about 50 g/L, about 5 g/L to about 1000 g/L, about 5 g/L to about 750 g/L, about 5 g/L to about 500 g/L, about 5 g/L to about 250 g/L, about 5 g/L to about 100 g/L, about 5 g/L to about 50 g/L, about 25 g/L to about 1000 g/L, about 25 g/L to about 750 g/L, about 25 g/L to about 500 g/L, about 25 g/L to about 300 g/L, about 25 g/L to about 250 g/L, about 25 g/L to about 100 g/L, about 50 g/L to about 1000 g/L, about 50 g/L to about 750 g/L, about 50 g/L to about 500 g/L, about 50 g/L to about 300 g/L, about 50 g/L to about 250 g/L, about 100 g/L to 1000 g/L, about 100 g/L to about 750 g/L, about 100 g/L to about 500 g/L, about 200 g/L to about 1000 g/L, about 200 g/L to about 750 g/L, about 200 g/L to about 500 g/L, about 300 g/L to about 1000 g/L, about 300 g/L to about 800 g/L, about 400 g/L to about 1000 g/L, or about 500 g/L to about 1000 g/L including values and ranges therebetween.

[0080] As provided herein, the culture density of the biomass in the cultivation infrastructure is determined by calculating the cell number per unit volume of the cultivation infrastructure, by determining the biomass per unit volume of the cultivation infrastructure, by determining the biomass DNA content per unit volume of the cultivation infrastructure, by determining the biomass RNA content per unit volume of the cultivation infrastructure, by determining the biomass protein content per unit volume of the cultivation infrastructure, or by visual, electronic, metabolic, spectroscopic, or microscopic, measurement of the biomass density.

[0081] In some embodiments, the culture density of the biomass in the cultivation infrastructure is calculated as the ratio of the amount of biomass harvestable to the volume of the cultivation infrastructure. In some embodiments, the culture density of the biomass in the cultivation infrastructure is calculated as the ratio of the amount of biomass harvestable to the volume of the culture medium used within the cultivation infrastructure. In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass, the ratio of the amount of biomass harvestable to the volume of the cultivation infrastructure is increased about 2 to 30 times, 2 to 25 times, 2 to 20 times, 2 to 15 times, 2 to 10 times, 5 to 30 times, 5 to 25 times, 5 to 20 times, 5 to 15 times, 5 to 50 times, 10 to 50 times, 10 to 40 times, 10 to30 times, 10 to 20 times, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to the ratio obtained when the HIPPO signaling pathway is not inhibited. In some embodiments, the ratio is increased by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or about 50 times, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to the ratio obtained when the HIPPO signaling pathway is not inhibited.

[0082] In some embodiments, the culture density and/or thickness of a cellular biomass where HIPPO signaling is inhibited is about 1.025 fold, 1.05 fold, 1.10-fold, 1.15-fold, 1.20-fold, 1.25- fold, 1.30 fold, 1.35-fold, 1.40-fold, 1.45-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 7.5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, or even about 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or is even about 200-fold greater than the culture density of a cellular biomass where HIPPO signaling is not inhibited.

[0083] In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAP1, activating TAZ, or activating YAP1 and TAZ, or by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase) in the cellular biomass, the thickness of the cellular biomass may reach from about 5 μm to about 400 μm, about 5 μm to about 350 μm, about 5 μm to about 300 μm, about 5 μm to about 250 μm, about 5 μm to about 200 μm, about 5 μm to about 150 μm, about 5 μm to about 100 μm, about 10 μm to about 400 μm, about 10 μm to about 350 μm, about 10 μm to about 300 μm, about 10 μm to about 250 μm, about 10 μm to about 200 μm, about 10 μm to about 150 μm, about 10 μm to about 100 μm, about 20 μm to about 400 μm, about 20 μm to about 350 μm, about 20 μm to about 300 μm, about 20 μm to about 250 μm, about 20 μm to about 200 μm, about 20 μm to about 150 μm, about 20 μm to about 100 μm, about 50 μm to about 500 μm, about 50 μm to about 450 μm, about 50 μm to about 400 μm, about 50 μm to about 350 μm, about 50 μm to about 300 μm, about 50 μm to about 250 μm, about 100 μm to about 500 μm about 100 μm to about 400 μm, about 100 μm to about 300 μm, or about 100 μm to about 250 μπι. including values and ranges therebetween.

[0084] In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAPl, activating TAZ, or activating YAP1 and TAZ, or by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase) in the cellular biomass, the thickness of the cellular biomass may reach from about 10 μm to about 2 mm, about 10 μm to about 1.5 mm, about 10 μm to about 1 mm, about 10 μm to about 500 μm, about 50 μm to about 2 mm, about 50 μm to about 1.5 mm, about 50 μm to about 1 mm, about 50 μm to about 500 μm, about 100 μm to about 2 mm, about 100 μm to about 1.5 mm, about 100 μm to about 1 mm, about 100 μm to about 500 μm, about 150 μm to about 2 mm, about 150 μm to about 1.5 mm, about 150 μm to about 1 mm, or about 150 μm to about 500 μm, including values and ranges therebetween. [0085] In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAP1, activating TAZ, or activating YAP1 and TAZ, or by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase) in the cellular biomass, the thickness of the cellular biomass may reach from 100 μm to about 20 mm, about 100 μm to about 15 mm, about 100 μm to about 10 mm, about 100 μm to about 5 mm, about 1 mm to about 20 mm, about 1 mm to about 15 mm, about 1 mm to about 10 mm, about 5 mm to about 20 mm, or about 5 mm to about 15 mm, including values and ranges therebetween. For example, in some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass, the thickness of the cellular biomass may reach about 100 μm, 250 μm, 500 μm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 mm, 3.5 mm, 4 mm, 4.5 mm, or 5 mm, including values and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass, the thickness of the cellular biomass may reach about 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 mm, 3.5 mm, 4 mm, 4.5 mm, 5 mm, 5.5 mm, 6 mm, 6.5 mm, 7 mm, 7.5 mm, 8 mm, 8.5 mm, 9 mm, 9.5 mm, 10 mm, 10.5 mm, 11 mm, 1 1.5 mm, 12 mm, 12.5 mm, 13 mm, 13.5 mm, 14 mm, 14.5 mm, 15 mm, 15.5 mm, 16 mm, 16.5 mm, 17 mm, 17.5 mm, 18 mm, 18.5 mm, 19 mm, 19.5 mm, or 20 mm, including values and ranges therebetween.

[0086] In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAPl, activating TAZ, or activating YAPl and TAZ, or by inhibiting M0B1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase) in the cellular biomass, there is an increased yield of cellular biomass harvestable per unit volume of the cultivation infrastructure. In some embodiments, the increase is at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 350%, at least 400%, at least 450%, at least 500%, at least 550%, at least 600%, at least 650%, at least 700%, at least 750%, at least 800%, at least 850%, at least 900%, at least 950%, at least 1000% compared to when there is no inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass.

[0087] In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAPl, activating TAZ, or activating YAPl and TAZ, or by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase) in the cellular biomass, there is an increased yield of cellular biomass harvestable per unit volume of the cultivation infrastructure. In some embodiments, the increase is at least about 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3 -fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 7.5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, or even about 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or is even about 200-fold compared to when there is no inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass.

[0088] In some embodiments, inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass increases the culture density and/or thickness of the cellular biomass by increasing the rate of proliferation of cells of the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, the increase in the rate of cell proliferation is at least at least 2.5%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 350%, at least 400%, at least 450%, at least 500%, at least 550%, at least 600%, at least 650%, at least 700%, at least 750%, at least 800%, at least 850%, at least 900%, at least 950%, at least 1000%, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to when there is no inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, the increase in the rate of cell proliferation is about 25-1000%, about 25-750%, about 25-500%, about 50-1000%, about 50-750%, about 50-500%, about 100-1000%, about 100-750%, or about 100-500%, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to when there is no induced inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, the cellular biomass is not adherent.

[0089] In some embodiments, inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass decreases cell death within the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, the decrease of cell death is at least at least 2.5%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to when there is no induced inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, decreased cell death within the cellular biomass is about 2.5-10%, about 2.5-75%, about 2.5-50%, about 5.0-100%, about 5.0-75%, about 5.0-50%, about 10-100%, about 10-75%, or about 10-50%, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to when there is no induced inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, the cellular biomass is not adherent.

[0090] In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAP1, activating TAZ, or activating YAP1 and TAZ, or by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase in the cellular biomass), there is an increase in density and thickness, with little or no contact inhibition of the proliferating cells in the biomass.

[0091] In some embodiments, by inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAP1, activating TAZ, or activating YAPl and TAZ, or by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase) in the cellular biomass, there is an increase in density and thickness, with minimal impact on the rate of diffusion of wastes and nutrients across the biomass.

[0092] In some embodiments, methods for increasing the culture density of a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure comprise: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure, and (b) inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAPl and/or TAZ or homologs thereof, or by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof) in the cellular biomass to provide a culture density of about 10⁵ cells/mL to about 10¹⁰ cells/mL in the cultivation infrastructure. In some embodiments, the step of inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway is carried out to provide a culture density of about 5 g/L to about 1000 g/L in the cultivation infrastructure. Ranges and values of culture densities that may be provided by the methods of the invention are described throughout this disclosure. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the step of inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway may be carried out to provide the ranges or values of culture densities described throughout this disclosure. [0093] In some embodiments, methods for increasing the thickness of a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure comprise: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure, and (b) inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway (e.g., by activating YAPl and/or TAZ or homologs thereof, or by inhibiting MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof) in the cellular biomass to provide a thickness of about 10 μπι to about 2 mm to the cellular biomass in the cultivation infrastructure. Ranges and values of the thickness of cellular biomass that may be provided by the methods of the invention are described throughout this disclosure. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the step of inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway may be carried out to provide the ranges or values of thickness described throughout this disclosure.

Anchorage-Independent Growth

[0094] Provided herein are compositions and methods to promote/enhance anchorage- independent growth of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure. More specifically the methods promote/enhance the growth of cells that are typically anchorage-dependent in a suspension culture in an anchorage independent manner. These methods comprise inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass. FIG. 3 depicts the growth of a cellular biomass in an anchorage-independent context, in a suspension culture.

[0095] In some embodiments, methods to promote anchorage-independent growth of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure comprises: (a) culturing metazoan cells in a cultivation infrastructure; (b) antagonizing the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cells to increase the rate of cell proliferation (c) antagonizing the HIPPO signaling pathway to repress cell death. The rate of cell proliferation can be assessed, for example, by counting the number of cells in the S-phase. In some embodiments, an increase in the rate of cell proliferation and decrease in cell death promotes adherentt cells to transition to a non-adherent form. In some embodiments, an increase in the rate of cell proliferation and decrease in cell death promotes transition of anchorage-independent growth cells in cells from anchorage-dependent growth. [0096] In one embodiment, inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway promotes anchorage- independent growth by increasing the rate of cell proliferation. In some embodiments, increase in the rate of cell proliferation is at least 2.5%, at least 5%, 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 350%, at least 400%, at least 450%, at least 500%, at least 550%, at least 600%, at least 650%, at least 700%, at least 750%, at least 800%, at least 850%, at least 900%, at least 950%, at least 1000%, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to when there is no inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, the increase in the rate of cell proliferation is about 25-1000%, about 25-750%, about 25-500%, about 50-1000%, about 50-750%, about 50-500%, about 100-1000%, about 100-750%, or about 100-500%, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to when there is no inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass.

[0097] In one embodiment, the methods described herein promote anchorage-independent growth by decreasing cell-to-cell contact inhibition. In some embodiments, the decrease in contact inhibition provided by the present methods is about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to the methods where the HIPPO signaling is not inhibited.

[0098] In one embodiment, the methods described herein promote anchorage-independent growth by decreasing cell death. In some embodiments, the decrease in contact inhibition provided by the present methods is about 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%, including values and ranges therebetween, compared to the methods where the HIPPO signaling is not inhibited.

Methods

[0099] Provided herein are methods to increase the culture density in a cultivation infrastructure, to increase the thickness of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure, and/or to promote anchorage- independent growth of a cellular biomass. Also provided are methods of making edible or therapeutic cellular biomass comprising increasing the culture density or the thickness of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure.

[00100] In some embodiments, at least one step of the methods described herein can be carried out in the absence of serum. For example, by using serum-free media for culturing of the cells of a cellular biomass, for inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway, for differentiation of the cellular biomass, and/or for harvesting of the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, the entire method can be performed in serum-free conditions. In other embodiments, some steps are carried out in the absence of serum while some steps are carried out in the presence of serum. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of increasing cell proliferation in the absence of serum.

[00101] In various embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure comprise inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway.

Inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway

[00102] In some embodiments, inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass, activating Transcriptional Co- Activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ, WWTR1) or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass, or activating both YAPl and TAZ or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass. In some

embodiments, inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting a regulatory protein, Mps One Binder kinase activator 1 (MOB1) or homologs thereof, in the cellular biomass, inhibiting Large Tumor Suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) or LATS2 kinase or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass, inhibiting MOB 1 and either the LATS 1 or LATS2 kinase or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass or inhibiting MOB1 and both LATS1 and LATS2 kinases or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass. In some embodiments, inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting a regulatory protein, WW45 or homologs thereof, in the cellular biomass, inhibiting Macrophage Stimulating 1 (MSTl) kinase or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass, inhibiting WW45 and either the MSTl or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass or inhibiting WW45 and both MSTl and MST2 kinases or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass.

[00103] As contemplated herein, in some embodiments, the activation of YAPl and TAZ or homologs thereof or the inhibition of MOB1, LATS1/2 kinases, WW45, and MST1/2 kinases or homologs thereof is at the gene level or the protein level. Accordingly, in the methods described herein, the YAPl, TAZ, MOB1, LATS1/2 kinases, WW45, and MST1/2 kinases or homologs thereof may be in the wild-type or mutant form.

[00104] In some embodiments, the HIPPO signaling pathway may be inhibited by adding a HIPPO signaling inhibitor to culture media. In some embodiments, HIPPO signaling inhibitors include animal serum, sphingosine-1 -phosphate, thrombin, and lysophosphatidic acid. In some

embodiments, HIPPO signaling may be inhibited by adding YAPl and/or TAZ proteins (purified, synthetic, or recombinantly produced), recombinantly produced dominant negative mutants of MOB1, LATS1/2 kinases, WW45, and/or MST1/2 kinases, or combinations thereof.

[00105] In some embodiments, the HIPPO signaling may be inhibited by using or targeting homologs of YAPl, TAZ, MOB1, LATS1/2 kinases, WW45, and MST1/2 kinases. The term "homolog" as used herein encompasses orthologs (from different species) and paralogs (from the same species). In mammals, the YAPl and TAZ proteins are expressed from the YAPl and WWRT1 genes, respectively, and constitute paralogs of one another. Certain metazoan species, however, may not express proteins identified as YAPl or TAZ, and instead express homologs of YAPl and/or TAZ whose functions are conserved, in whole or in part, by YAPl or TAZ. For instance, Drosophila melanogaster expresses a single homolog of YAPl and WWTR1 genes, identified as the Yki gene, which encodes the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie protein. FIGs. 14 and 15 show conserved amino acid residues and protein domains of YAPl and its homologs from various species. FIG. 16 shows conserved amino acid residues of WWTR1 and its homologs from various species. Although the homologs of YAPl and/or TAZ are phylogenetically diverse, they show a high degree of conserved activity that is similar to YAPl and TAZ. Therefore, many of these homolog proteins not identified as YAPl or TAZ may be used to functionally substitute YAPl or TAZ in the methods described herein. Accordingly, in some embodiments, methods disclosed herein may comprise activating one or more homologs of YAPl and TAZ. Methods of activating YAPl and/or TAZ are described in greater detail below. Similar methods can be used for activation of one or more homologs of YAPl and TAZ.

[00106] Many metazoan species may not express MOB1, LATSl/2 kinases, WW45, and MSTl/2 kinases; but instead express homologs of these proteins. For example, in Drosophila melanogaster, a single protein, Warts, is a homolog of the mammalian LATSl/2 proteins; a single protein, Mats, is a homolog of the mammalian MOB1 proteins; a single protein, Hippo, is a homolog for the mammalian MSTl/2 proteins; and a single protein, Salvador, is a homolog of the mammalian WW45 protein. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, methods of the present disclosure may comprises inhibition of homologs of MOB1, LATSl/2 kinases, WW45, and MSTl/2 kinases , such as Mats/Warts or Hippo/Salvador. For example, in embodiments, where the metazoan cellular biomass comprises cells with a genotype more closely akin to Drosophila melanogaster, the methods of increasing the culture density or the thickness of cellular biomass may comprise inhibiting Mats/Warts and/or Hippo/Salvador. Methods of inhibiting MOB1, LATSl/2 kinases, WW45, and MSTl/2 kinases are described in greater detail below. Similar methods can be used for inhibiting one or more homologs of MOB1, LATSl/2 kinases, WW45, and MSTl/2 kinases.

[00107] In some embodiments, inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass comprises inhibiting, at the gene or protein level, one or more non-canonical HIPPO signaling agonists such as aPKC, Taol, Msn and/or PRP4k that are expressed, for example, in Drosophila melanogaster, or homologs thereof.

[00108] In embodiments, where the HIPPO signaling is inhibited by introducing into the cells of the cellular biomass an exogenous nucleic acid (e.g., a vector comprising a gene expressing constitutively active YAPl) or an exogenous protein (e.g. a wild-type or mutant YAPl protein), the exogenous nucleic acid or the protein can be heterologous to the metazoan species or it can be species-matched. For example, the culture density and/or thickness of a cellular biomass comprising chicken skeletal muscle cells can be increased by introducing into the cells of the cellular biomass an exogenous nucleic acid that expresses constitutively active form of chicken YAPl (species-matched) or human YAPl (heterologous).

[00109] It is understood that the methods described throughout this disclosure for inhibiting the HIPPO signaling can be used alone or in combination. For example, methods of inhibiting the HIPPO signaling such as activating YAPl and/or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass;

activating TAZ and/or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass; activating both YAPl and TAZ and/or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass; inhibiting MOB1 , LATS1/2 kinases, WW45, and/or MST1/2 kinases and/or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass; inhibiting non-canonical HIPPO signaling agonists such as aPKC, Taol, Msn and/or PRP4k and/or homologs thereof in the cellular biomass; contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of serum, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine-1 -phosphate and/or thrombine, etc. can be used alone or in combinations.

Activating YAPl

[00110] In some embodiments, the methods of activating comprise increasing the amount of YAPl in the cellular biomass by delivering a YAPl protein directly, e.g. a purified protein, a synthetic protein, or a recombinantly expressed protein, to the cellular biomass (e.g. contacting the cultured cellular biomass with such a protein).

[00111] In some embodiments, the methods of activating comprise increasing the cellular expression of YAPl , by expressing a polynucleotide that encodes YAPl . In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is ectopically expressed from a construct that is introduced into the cells of the biomass, for example expressed from a plasmid, or other vector. In some embodiments, the construct is integrated into the cell's host genome, and the expression is driven in that manner (e.g. introduction mediated by CRISPR-based technology). In some embodiments, the expression of the polynucleotide involves injecting a naked DNA, delivering a DNA complexed with a liposome, using a viral vector (e.g. retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes-simplex virus) to deliver an expression vector, and the like. In some embodiments, the expression is constitutive. In some embodiments, the expression is conditional, e.g. inducible, e.g. under the control of an inducible promoter, e.g. an inducible Tet construct.

[00112] In some embodiments, the YAPl protein that is delivered or expressed comprises a mutation. In some embodiments, the YAPl comprises a mutation in one or more motifs that allow for phosphorylation of YAPl by the Large Tumor Suppressor Kinase 1 paralogs, LATS1 kinase and/or LATS2 kinase. In some embodiments the mutated YAPl comprises a mutation at one or more of S5, S61, S109, S127, S163, S164, and S318 ("S" serine residue number corresponds to the human YAPl protein). In some embodiments the mutation is an S to A (serine to alanine) mutation. In exemplary embodiments, the mutated YAPl comprises one or more of S5A, S61A, S109A, S127A, S163A, S164A, and S318A mutations. It is noted that the residue positions recited above refer to the human YAPl protein. It is understood that the corresponding serine residues in other organisms contributing to the motif for phosphorylation may differ.

[00113] In some embodiments, the methods of activating comprise increasing the transcriptional activation of the endogenous YAPl gene in the cellular biomass. This can be accomplished, for example, by adding a purified, synthetic, or recombinantly produced transcriptional activator of the YAPl gene to the cellular biomass. In one embodiment, the transcriptional activator of the YAPl gene added to the culture medium could be a constitutively active form that would drive a continuous expression of the YAPl gene. In another embodiment, transcriptional activation of the YAPl gene can be accomplished using nucleic acid sequence-directed transcriptional activators. For example, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and the CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) system can provide effective gene modification (activation and repression) through RNA-guided DNA targeting. The Cas9 protein can be altered to create an endonuclease-defective Cas9 (dCas9). In one embodiment, the dCas9 protein can be fused to a transactivation domain of a transcription factor or a transcriptional activator and the fusion protein can be used to drive transcriptional activation of the endogenous YAPl gene.

[00114] In some embodiments, the methods of activating YAPl comprise regulating one or more mechanical factors, including modulating substrate elasticity/rigidity, confinement, stretching, and shear stress, in the cellular biomass. Such methods may result in mechanotransduction of YAPl signaling.

[00115] In some embodiments, the activating methods comprise agonizing YAPl, e.g. by contacting the cellular biomass with serum; or by inhibiting a Hippo signaling pathway, by contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of unfractionated animal serum,

lysophosphatididic acid, sphingosine-1 -phosphate and thrombin. In some embodiments, the activation of YAPl can be downregulated, as needed by Hippo pathway inhibitors such as epinephrine and glucagon, which repress co-activation by YAPl .

[00116] In some embodiments, the culture density of a cellular biomass where YAPl is activated is about 1.010-fold, 1.025-fold, 1.05 fold, 1.10 fold, 1.15-fold, 1.20 fold, 1.25-fold, 1.30-fold, 1.35- fold, 1.40-fold, 1.45-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 7.5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, or even about 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150- fold, or is even about 200-fold greater than the culture density of a cellular biomass where YAPl is not activated.

Activating TAZ

[00117] In some embodiments, the methods of activating comprise increasing the amount of TAZ in the cellular biomass by delivering a TAZ protein directly, e.g. a purified protein, a synthetic protein, or a recombinantly expressed protein to the cellular biomass (e.g. contacting the cultured cellular biomass with such a protein).

[00118] In some embodiments, the methods of activating comprise increasing the cellular expression of TAZ, by expressing a polynucleotide that encodes TAZ. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is ectopically expressed from a construct that is introduced into the cells of the biomass, for example expressed from a plasmid, or other vector. In some embodiments, the construct is integrated into the cell's host genome, and the expression is expression is driven in that manner (e.g. introduction mediated by CRISPR-based technology). In some embodiments the expression of the polynucleotide involves injecting a naked DNA, delivering a DNA complexed with a liposome, using a viral vector (e.g. retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes-simplex virus) to deliver an expression vector, and the like. In some embodiments, the expression is constitutive. In some embodiments, the expression is conditional, e.g. inducible, e.g. under the control of an inducible promoter, e.g. an inducible Tet construct.

[00119] In some embodiments, the TAZ protein that is delivered or expressed comprises a mutation. In some embodiments, the TAZ comprises a mutation in one or more motifs that allow for phosphorylation of TAZ by the Large Tumor Suppressor Kinase 1 paralogs, LATS1 kinase and/or LATS2 kinase. In some embodiments the mutated TAZ comprises a mutation at S89 ("S" serine residue number corresponds to the human TAZ protein). In some embodiments the mutation is an S to A (serine to alanine) mutation. In an exemplary embodiment, the mutated TAZ comprises a S89A mutation. It is noted that the residue positions recited above refer to the human TAZ protein. It is understood that the corresponding serine residues in other organisms contributing to the motif for phosphorylation may differ.

[00120] In some embodiments, the methods of activating comprise increasing the transcriptional activation of the endogenous WWTRl gene that encodes the TAZ protein in the cellular biomass. This can be accomplished, for example, by adding a purified, synthetic, or recombinantly produced transcriptional activator of the WWTRl gene to the cellular biomass. In one embodiment, the transcriptional activator of the WWTRl gene added to the culture medium could be a constitutively active form that would drive a continuous expression of the WWTRl gene. In another embodiment, transcriptional activation of the WWTRl gene can be accomplished using nucleic acid sequence- directed transcriptional activators. For example, the endonuclease-defective dCas9 protein can be fused to a transactivation domain of a transcription factor or a transcriptional activator and the fusion protein can be used to drive transcriptional activation of the endogenous WWTRl gene.

[00121] In some embodiments, the methods of activating TAZ comprise regulating one or more mechanical factors, including modulating substrate elasticity/rigidity, confinement, stretching, and shear stress, in the cellular biomass. Such methods may result in mechanotransduction of TAZ signaling.

[00122] In some embodiments, the activating methods comprise agonizing TAZ, e.g. by contacting the cellular biomass with serum; or by inhibiting a Hippo signaling pathway, by contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of unfractionated animal serum, lysophosphatididic acid, sphingosine-1 -phosphate and thrombin. In some embodiments, the activation of TAZ can be downregulated, as needed by Hippo pathway inhibitors such as epinephrine and glucagon, which repress co-activation by TAZ.

[00123] In some embodiments, the culture density and/or thickness of a cellular biomass where TAZ is activated is about 1.010-fold, 1.025-fold, 1.05 fold, 1.10 fold, 1.15-fold, 1.20 fold, 1.25-fold, 1.30-fold, 1.35-fold, 1.40-fold, 1.45-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 7.5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, or even about 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or is even about 200-fold greater than the culture density of a cellular biomass where TAZ is not activated.

Activating YAPl and TAZ

[00124] In some embodiments, the methods of activating comprise increasing the amount of both YAPl and TAZ in the cellular biomass by delivering YAPl and TAZ proteins directly, e.g. purified proteins, synthetic proteins, or recombinantly expressed proteins, or combinations thereof, to the cellular biomass.

[00125] In some embodiments, the methods of activating comprise increasing the cellular expression of YAPl and TAZ, by expressing polynucleotides that encode YAPl and TAZ. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides are ectopically expressed from constructs that are introduced into the cells of the biomass, for example expressed from a plasmid, or other vector. In some embodiments, the constructs are integrated into the cell's host genome, and the expression is driven in that manner (e.g. introduction mediated by CRISPR-based technology). In some embodiments the expression of the polynucleotides involve injecting a naked DNA, delivering a DNA complexed with a liposome, using a viral vector (e.g. retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes-simplex virus) to deliver an expression vector, and the like, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the expression is constitutive. In some embodiments, the expression is conditional, e.g. inducible, e.g. under the control of an inducible promoter, e.g. an inducible Tet construct. In some embodiments, the expression of one of YAPl or TAZ is constitutive, whereas the expression of the other of YAPl or TAZ is inducible.

[00126] In some embodiments, the YAPl and/or TAZ protein that is delivered or expressed comprises a mutation. In some embodiments, the YAPl and/or TAZ comprise a mutation in one or more motifs that allow for phosphorylation of YAPl by the Large Tumor Suppressor Kinase 1 paralogs, LATSl kinase and/or LATS2 kinase. In some embodiments the mutated YAPl comprises a mutation at one or more of S5, S61, S109, S127, S163, S164, and S318 ("S" serine residue number corresponds to the human YAPl protein). In some embodiments the mutation is an S to A (serine to alanine) mutation. In exemplary embodiments, the mutated YAPl comprises one or more of S5A, S61A, S109A, S127A, S163A, S164A, and S318A mutations. In some embodiments the mutated TAZ comprises a mutation at S89 ("S" serine residue number corresponds to the human TAZ protein). In some embodiments, the mutation is an S to A (serine to alanine) mutation. In an exemplary embodiment, the mutated TAZ comprises a S89A mutation. It is noted that the residue positions recited above refer to the human YAPl an TAZ proteins. It is understood that the corresponding serine residues in other organisms contributing to the motif for phosphorylation may differ. In some embodiments, the TAZ is wild type, and the YAPl is mutated. In some

embodiments, the YAPl is wild type and the TAZ is mutated. In some embodiments both the YAPl and TAZ are mutated.

[00127] In some embodiments, the methods of activating comprise increasing the transcriptional activation of the endogenous YAPl and WWTR1 genes in the cellular biomass. This can be accomplished, for example, by adding purified, synthetic, or recombinantly produced transcriptional activators of the YAPl and WWTR1 genes to the cellular biomass. In one embodiment, the transcriptional activators of the YAPl and WWTR1 genes added to the culture medium could be constitutively active and drive a continuous expression of the two genes. In another embodiment, transcriptional activation of the YAPl and WWTR1 genes can be accomplished using nucleic acid sequence-directed transcriptional activators. For example, the endonuclease-defective dCas9 protein can be fused to a transactivation domain of a transcription factor or a transcriptional activator and the fusion protein can be used to drive transcriptional activation of the endogenous YAPl and WWTR1 gene.

[00128] In some embodiments, the methods of activating YAPl and TAZ comprise regulating one or more mechanical factors, including modulating substrate elasticity/rigidity, confinement, stretching, and shear stress, in the cellular biomass. Such methods may result in

mechanotransduction of YAPl and TAZ signaling.

[00129] In some embodiments, the activating methods comprise agonizing YAPl and TAZ, e.g. by contacting the cellular biomass with serum; or by inhibiting a Hippo signaling pathway, by contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of unfractionated animal serum,

lysophosphatididic acid, sphingosine-1 -phosphate and thrombin. In some embodiments, the activation of YAPl and TAZ can be downregulated, as needed by Hippo pathway inhibitors such as epinephrine and glucagon, which repress co-activation by YAPl and TAZ.

[00130] In some embodiments the culture density and/or thickness of a cellular biomass where YAPl and TAZ is activated is about 1.010-fold, 1.025-fold, 1.05 fold, 1.10 fold, 1.15-fold, 1.20 fold, 1.25-fold, 1.30-fold, 1.35-fold, 1.40-fold, 1.45-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 7.5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, or even about 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or is even about 200-fold greater than the culture density of a cellular biomass where YAPl and TAZ are not activated.

Inhibiting MOB 1 and/or LATS 1/2 Kinases

[00131] In some embodiments, the methods of inhibiting comprise introducing INDEL (insertion or deletion) mutations into a gene encoding MOB1, gene encoding LATS1 kinase, and/or gene encoding LATS2 kinase into the cells of the cellular biomass. This can be accomplished using any gene based technologies, for example, using CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats) based technology or TALEN based technology.

[00132] In some embodiments, the methods of inhibiting comprise introducing into the cells of the cellular biomass a vector expressing a polynucleotide that encodes a dominant negative mutant of MOB1, LATS1 kinase, and/or LATS2 kinase. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is ectopically expressed from a construct that is introduced into the cells of the biomass, for example expressed from a plasmid, or other vector. In some embodiments, the construct is integrated into the cell's host genome, and the expression is driven in that manner (e.g. introduction mediated by CRISPR-based technology). In some embodiments, the expression of the polynucleotide involves injecting a naked DNA, delivering a DNA complexed with a liposome, using a viral vector (e.g. retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes-simplex virus) to deliver an expression vector, and the like. In some embodiments, the expression is constitutive. In some embodiments, the expression is conditional, e.g. inducible, e.g. under the control of an inducible promoter, e.g. an inducible Tet construct.

[00133] In some embodiments, the methods of inhibiting comprise delivering dominant negative mutants of MOB 1, LATS1 kinase, and/or LATS2 kinase directly, e.g. purified proteins, synthetic proteins, or recombinantly expressed proteins, or combinations thereof, to the cellular biomass.

[00134] In some embodiments, the methods of inhibiting comprise transcriptional repression of the endogenous genes encoding MOB1, LATS1 kinase, and/or LATS2 kinase in cells of the cellular biomass. This can be accomplished, for example, by using nucleic acid sequence-directed transcriptional repressors. For example, an endonuclease-defective Cas9, dCas9, can be combined with a guide RNA that targets the promoter region of the genes encoding MOB1, LATS1 kinase, and/or LATS2 kinase and reduces the transcriptional activation and concomitant gene expression. [00135] In some embodiments, the methods of inhibiting comprise inhibiting Hippo signaling, by contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of unfractionated animal serum,

lysophosphatididic acid, sphingosine-1 -phosphate and thrombin.

[00136] In some embodiments the culture density and/or thickness of a cellular biomass where MOB1, LATS1 kinase, and/or LATS2 kinase are inhibited is about 1.010-fold, 1.025-fold, 1.05 fold, 1.10 fold, 1.15-fold, 1.20 fold, 1.25-fold, 1.30-fold, 1.35-fold, 1.40-fold, 1.45-fold, 1.5-fold, 2- fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 7.5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, or even about 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or is even about 200-fold greater than the culture density of a cellular biomass where MOB1, LATS1 kinase, and/or LATS2 kinase are not inhibited.

Inhibiting WW 45 and/or MST 1/2 Kinases

[00137] In some embodiments, the methods of inhibiting comprise introducing INDEL (insertion or deletion) mutations into a gene encoding WW45, gene encoding MST1 kinase, and/or gene encoding MST2 kinase into the cells of the cellular biomass. This can be accomplished by using any gene based technologies, for example, using CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats) based technology or TALEN based technology..

[00138] In some embodiments, the methods of inhibiting comprise introducing into the cellular biomass a vector expressing a polynucleotide that encodes a dominant negative mutant of WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is ectopically expressed from a construct that is introduced into the cells of the biomass, for example expressed from a plasmid, or other vector. In some embodiments, the construct is integrated into the cell's host genome, and the expression is driven in that manner (e.g. introduction mediated by CRISPR- based technology). In some embodiments, the expression of the polynucleotide involves injecting a naked DNA, delivering a DNA complexed with a liposome, using a viral vector (e.g. retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes-simplex virus) to deliver an expression vector, and the like. In some embodiments, the expression is constitutive. In some embodiments, the expression is conditional, e.g. inducible, e.g. under the control of an inducible promoter, e.g. an inducible Tet construct.

[00139] In some embodiments, the methods of inhibiting comprise delivering to the cells of the cellular biomass dominant negative mutants of WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase directly, e.g. purified proteins, synthetic proteins, or recombinantly expressed proteins, or combinations thereof.

[00140] In some embodiments, the methods of inhibiting comprise transcriptional repression of the endogenous genes encoding WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase in the cells of the biomass. This can be accomplished, for example, by using nucleic acid sequence-directed transcriptional repressors. For example, an endonuclease-defective Cas9, dCas9, can be combined with a guide RNA that targets the promoter region of the genes encoding WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase and reduces the transcriptional activation and concomitant gene expression.

[00141] In some embodiments, the methods of inhibiting comprise inhibiting Hippo signaling, by contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of unfractionated animal serum,

lysophosphatididic acid, sphingosine-1 -phosphate and thrombin.

[00142] In some embodiments, the culture density and/or thickness of a cellular biomass where WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase are inhibited is about 1.010-fold, 1.025-fold, 1.05 fold, 1.10 fold, 1.15-fold, 1.20 fold, 1.25-fold, 1.30-fold, 1.35-fold, 1.40-fold, 1.45-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 7.5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30- fold, 40-fold, or even about 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, or is even about 200-fold greater than the culture density of a cellular biomass where WW45, MSTl kinase, and/or MST2 kinase are not inhibited. Serum-free conditions

[00143] Unfractionated animal serum (UAS), for e.g., fetal bovine serum (FBS), is commonly used as a mitogenic supplement for cell cultures. However, there are certain drawbacks and/or concerns associated with the use of serum such as high cost, batch-to-batch variations, its derivation from an animal source and the like. Accordingly, in one embodiment, provided herein are compositions and methods for increasing cell proliferation, cell viability, and reducing cell death without adding serum to culture medium. In some embodiments, provided are compositions and methods for increasing the culture density and/or thickness of a cellular biomass and for promoting anchorage- independent growth comprising inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway without added serum.

[00144] The term "serum" as used herein refers to the liquid fraction of whole blood that is collected after the blood is allowed to clot. The clot can be removed by for e.g., centrifugation, and the resulting supernatant is designated serum.

[00145] The inventors have found that it is possible to increase cell proliferation, cell viability, reduce cell death, and increase the culture density and/or thickness of a cellular biomass without adding serum to the culture medium (FIG. 4). For example, compositions and methods such as ectopic expression of YAP 1 and/or TAZ; addition of YAP 1 and/or TAZ proteins to the culture medium; activation of the endogenous YAPl and/or TAZ genes using, for example, nucleic acid sequence-directed transcriptional activators; addition of HIPPO inhibitors such as lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine-1 -phosphate, and thrombin; and/or ectopic expression of dominant negative mutants of MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase can induce cell proliferation and increase the culture density and/or thickness of a cellular biomass without addition of serum.

Post expansion treatment of cellular biomass

[00146] Methods for increasing the culture density and thickness of cellular biomass and methods for anchorage-independent cell growth described above provide an expanded cellular biomass. Once the desired level of expansion (e.g. a specific range or value of culture density and/or thickness) of the cellular biomass is achieved, inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway can be partially or fully terminated and the expanded biomass may be differentiated and harvested.

[00147] In some embodiments, inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway can be partially or fully terminated by partial or complete removal of the HIPPO inhibitors. For example, in some embodiments, inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway can be partially or fully terminated by partial or complete removal of externally added HIPPO inhibitors such as serum, lysophosphatidic acid, YAP1 and TAZ proteins, dominant negative mutants of MOB 1, LATS1/2 kinases, WW45, and/or MST1/2 kinases, and the like. In embodiments where the HIPPO signaling is inhibited by expression of YAP 1 and/or TAZ proteins through a vector or expression of dominant negative mutants of MOB1, LATS1/2 kinases, WW45, and/or MST1/2 kinases through a vector, inhibition can be partially or fully terminated by activating a silencing switch included in the vector. For example, a silencing switch can be a transcriptional repressor that is included in the vector, which upon activation can repress the transcription of the desired gene.

[00148] After partial or complete termination of inhibition of HIPPO signaling, the expanded cellular biomass may be differentiated. In some embodiments, cells of the expanded biomass can be differentiated into a phenotype of interest by contacting the cells with a differentiation agent. For example, if the phenotype of interest for the expanded cellular biomass is skeletal muscle and the cellular biomass comprises cells of a non- muscle lineage (e.g., non- myogenic stem cells or fibroblasts), the expanded cellular biomass can be contacted with a differentiation agent that would induce the skeletal muscle phenotype into the cells of the biomass. Exemplary differentiation agents that may induce skeletal muscle phenotype include myogenic transcription factors such as MYODl, MYOG, MYF5, MYF6, PAX3, PAX7, paralogs, orthologs, and genetic variants thereof. A PCT publication, WO/2015/066377, discloses exemplary methods for differentiating cells into a skeletal muscle phenotype and is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the expanded cellular biomass may be differentiated into the skeletal muscle phenotype using the methods described in WO/2015/066377. [00149] In some embodiments, cells of the expanded biomass can be differentiated into a phenotype of interest without a differentiation agent. For example, if the phenotype of interest for the expanded biomass is a skeletal muscle and the cellular biomass comprises cells of the skeletal muscle lineage, then these cells may differentiate into the skeletal muscle phenotype on their own without a need for an external differentiation agent. In these embodiments, a partial or complete removal of the antagonism of the FflPPO signaling pathway may be sufficient to induce

differentiation of cells of to the skeletal muscle lineage and into the skeletal muscle phenotype. However, in some embodiments, an external differentiation agent such as one or more myogenic transcription factors can be used to differentiate cells of the skeletal muscle lineage into the skeletal muscle phenotype.

[00150] The expanded and/or differentiated cellular biomass can be processed as a raw, uncooked food product (cultured meat) or as a cooked food product or as a cooked/uncooked food ingredient. In some embodiments, processing comprises withdrawal of the culture medium that supports the viability, survival, growth or expansion (e.g., increase in the culture density and/or thickness of the biomass, anchorage-independent growth) and differentiation of the cellular biomass. Withdrawal may comprise physical removal of the culture medium or altering the composition of the culture medium, for example, by addition of components that would reduce or prevent further expansion and/or differentiation of the biomass or by depletion of components that support expansion and/or differentiation of the biomass.

[00151] In some embodiments, processing comprises exposing the biomass to sub-physiological temperatures that would not support the expansion and/or differentiation of the biomass. Sub- physiological temperatures include a temperature of about 15°C (about 59°F) or lower, about 10°C (about 50°F) or lower, about 0°C to about 15°C (about 32°F to about 59°F), about 0°C to -15°C (about 32°F to about 5°F), about -15°C to about 15°C (about 5°F to about 59°F), about 0°C to - 213°C (about 32°F to about -350°F), about -30°C to about -100°C (about -22°F to about -148°F), about -50°C to about -90°C (about -58°F to about -130°F), or about -170°C to about -190°C (about - 274 °F to about -310°F). For example, in one embodiment, the expanded and/or differentiated biomass can be cooled to a temperature of about 2°C to about 8°C (about 35°F to about 46.5°F). In another embodiment, the expanded and/or differentiated biomass can be frozen, for example, by cooling to a temperature of about 32°F or lower, e.g. about 32°F to about 0°F, about 32°F to about - 10°F, about 32°F to about -20°F, about 32°F to about -30°F, about 32°F to about -40°F, about 32°F to about -50°F, about 32°F to about -60°F, about 32°F to about -70°F, about 32°F to about -80°F, and the like. In some embodiments, the expanded and/or differentiated biomass can be exposed to sub-physiological temperatures as low as about -300°F to about -350°F, such as the liquid nitrogen temperature of about -321 °F.

[00152] In some embodiments, processing comprises exposing the biomass to superphysological temperatures that would not support the viability, survival, expansion and/or differentiation of the biomass. In one embodiment, exposing the biomass to superphysiological temperatures comprises fully or partially cooking the biomass, for example, by heating the biomass to a temperature of about 100°F to about 600°F, about 100°F to about 550°F, about 100°F to about 500°F, about 100°F to about 450°F, about 100°F to about 400°F, about 100°F to about 350°F, about 100°F to about 300°F, about 100°F to about 250°F, about 100°F to about 200°F or about 100°F to about 150°F.

[00153] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of producing edible cellular biomass (also referred to herein as "cultured meat") or therapeutic cellular biomass comprising, (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; (b) inhibiting the FflPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass, for example, by activating YAP1 and/or TAZ or by inhibiting MOB1 , LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase in the cellular biomass, to increase the culture density or the thickness of the cellular biomass; (c) optionally differentiating the cellular biomass into a phenotype of interest (e.g. skeletal muscle); (d) harvesting the cellular biomass to provide an edible or therapeutic cellular biomass.

[00154] In some embodiments, methods of producing edible cellular biomass or therapeutic cellular biomass comprise: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; (b) inhibiting the FflPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass to provide a culture density of about 10⁵ cell/mL to about 10¹⁰ cells/mL or about 1 g/L to about 1000 g/L (or other values and ranges of the culture density described throughout this disclosure) in the cultivation infrastructure; (c) optionally differentiating the cellular biomass into a phenotype of interest (e.g. skeletal muscle);

(d) harvesting and processing the cellular biomass to provide an edible or therapeutic cellular biomass.

[00155] In some embodiments, methods of producing edible cellular biomass or therapeutic cellular biomass comprise: (a) culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; (b) inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass to provide a thickness of the cellular biomass of about 10 μm to about 2 mm (or other values and ranges of the thickness of the cellular biomass described throughout this disclosure) in the cultivation infrastructure; (c) optionally differentiating the cellular biomass into a phenotype of interest (e.g. skeletal muscle); (d) harvesting and processing the cellular biomass to provide an edible or therapeutic cellular biomass.; (e) improve cell cell proliferation without added serum; (f) improve anchorage-independent cell proliferation.

Kits and Articles of Manufacture

[00156] The present application also provides kits for increasing the culture density in a cultivation infrastructure, for increasing the thickness of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure, and/or for promoting/increasing anchorage- independent growth of a cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure. For example, the kits may comprise the cells of interest, a cultivation infrastructure, and the HIPPO signaling pathway inhibitors such as YAPl or TAZ vectors or protein; compositions for enhancing the activation of endogenous YAPl and/or TAZ gene; compositions for the inhibition of MOB1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase, and/or MST2 kinase; vectors expressing dominant negative mutants of MOB 1, LATS1 kinase, LATS2 kinase, WW45, MST1 kinase and/or MST2 kinase; and the like.

[00157] The present application also provides articles of manufacture comprising any one of the compositions or kits described herein. [00158] It is to be understood that the terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. The following examples are for illustrative purposes. These are intended to show certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention but are not intended to limit the invention in any manner.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Increasing the Thickness of Biomass Cultivated on a Substrate.

[00159] One protocol for increasing the thickness of a biomass cultivated on a substrate comprises 7 steps: (1) transfect an anchorage-dependent, bovine myoblasts with a construct expressing YAP1 or TAZ under the control of a doxycycline-inducible eukaryotic promoter and containing an antibiotic-resistance gene; (2) select and enrich the transfected cells with a dosage of antibiotic lethal to the non-transfected cells; (3) passage the cells to a cultivation substrate supporting cell adhesion, and cultivating the cells to super-confluence in a proliferation medium, and for four additional days after the cells become super confluent, with daily culture media changes; in the presence of doxycycline; (4) aspirate the liquid proliferation medium from the cell biomass; (5) add liquid differentiation medium to the cell biomass, omitting doxycycline and differentiate the biomass into skeletal muscle over the course of four days, with daily media changes; (6) mechanically dissociate the cells from the substrate, and measure the weight of the bovine skeletal muscle biomass; and (7) prepare bovine skeletal muscle biomass as a food product by rinsing in an isotonic buffer and frying in an oiled pan until evenly brown. The expected yield limit of the cells population expressing the ectopic YAP1 or TAZ is expected to be at least 4-fold greater than the wild-type cells, due to the ability of the cells over expressing the YAP1 or TAZ to bypass contact inhibition of cellular proliferation. Example 2: Adapting Anchorage-Dependent Cells for Cultivation in Suspension

[00160] Anchorage-dependent cells can be adapted for cultivation in suspension, and can include at least the following steps: (1) transfect an anchorage-dependent, chicken myoblasts with a construct expressing YAPl or TAZ under the control of a doxycycline-inducible eukaryotic promoter and containing an antibiotic-resistance gene; (2) select and enrich the transfected cells with a dosage of antibiotic lethal to the non-transfected cells; (3) passage the cells in a single-cell suspension to a shaker flask in proliferation medium supplemented with doxycycline, and shake flask in a slow, orbital motion sufficient to prevent the cells from sedimentation within the flask and keep cells in suspension; (4) clonally isolate proliferating cells from the suspension culture and passage to another suspension culture, as described in step no. 3 for scaling the cultivation of biomass, or into an anchorage-dependent culture, as described in Example 1, for cultivation of skeletal muscle biomass to be formulated as food.

Example 3: Isolation of primary cells from a metazoan source

[00161] Protocol # 1 : Prior to isolation of cells, a 150 cm² flask (T-150 flask) was prepared for cell attachment by dispersal of a 10 mL of a peptide solution (e.g. 0.1% gelatin) into the flask and incubating the flask for at least 1 hour at 37 °C. The aqueous peptide solution was aspirated from the T-150 flask and the flask was rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline. 25 mL of growth medium was formulated to support proliferation of the cell type isolated. For example, a growth medium comprising Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium + 10% bovine serum, was added to the flask and the flask was incubated and equilibrated under standard culture conditions, such as about 37 °C in 5% atmospheric CO2.

[00162] Under aseptic conditions, a bovine skeletal muscle tissue was excised with dissection instruments. Viable metazoan tissues were harvested and minced into approximately 2 mm x 2 mm sections. 150 mg tissue sections were weighed and then transferred to a sterile 50 mL centrifuge tube containing 8 mL of enzymatic cell dissociation solution (e.g. 0.17% trypsin and 0.085% collagenase in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution, pH 7.4). The centrifuge tube was closed tightly and incubated on ice. Following overnight incubation on ice, the tube was incubated at 37 °C for 15 minutes. The enzymatic tissue digest was triturated with a sterile 5 mL serological pipet for 1 minute. Cell suspension was passed through a sterile 70 μm strainer into a sterile 50 mL centrifuge tube. 20 mL of cold Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium was added to the strainer. The strainer was discarded, and the tube capped. The tube was centrifuged at 300 X g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was aspirated, and the cell pellet was resuspended using the growth medium equilibrated in the 150 cm² flask. The cell suspension was transferred to the 150 cm² flask and the flask was returned to incubator for incubation under standard culture conditions.

[00163] The cells were checked daily for growth and contamination. The culture medium was changed every two to three days. After the cell cultures reached a confluence of 70% to 90%, the cells were dissociated and either cryopreserved or passaged using standard cell culture technique.

[00164] Protocol # 2: Prior to isolation of cells, a T-150 flask was prepared as described in Protocol #1. In this protocol, a commercially available tissue dissociation instrument (e.g., from Miltenyi Biotech, Inc.) was used to dissociate tissues in conjunction with a commercially available skeletal muscle dissociation kit (e.g. from Miltenyi Biotech, Inc.). Skeletal muscle dissociation kit enzymes were mixed with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium according to the manufacturer's instructions. ~ 5 mL of the enzymatic mixture was transferred into a gentleMACS C tube (Miltenyi Biotech, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[00165] Under aseptic conditions, a metazoan tissue of interest (e.g. a skeletal muscle tissue) was excised with dissection instruments. Viable tissues were minced into 2 - 4 mm pieces.

Approximately one gram of the minced tissue was added to the gentleMACS C tube containing the enzymatic mixture. The gentleMACS C tube was closed tightly, loaded onto the tissue dissociation instrument, and an appropriate program cycle on the instrument was run according to the manufacturer's instructions. Once the program cycle ended, the gentleMACS C tube was unloaded and centrifuged at 300 X g for 5 minutes to sediment isolated cells to the tube bottom. The cell isolate was resuspended in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and the cell suspension was applied to a 70 μΜ cell strainer placed on a 50 mL centrifuge tube. The cell strainer was washed with 20 mL of cold Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and the cell strainer was discarded. The cell suspension was centrifuged at 300 X g for 20 minutes, and the supernatant was aspirated completely. The cell suspension was resuspended using equilibrated cell growth medium from the T-l 50 flask and the flask was returned to the incubator for incubation under physiological conditions.

[00166] The isolated cells were checked daily for growth and contamination. The culture medium was changed every two to three days. After the cultures reached a confluence of 70% to 90%, the cells were dissociated and either cryopreserved or passaged using standard cell culture technique.

Example 4: Inhibition of the HIPPO signaling pathway using lysophosphatidic acid (LP A) increases the culture density/thickness of cellular biomass

[00167] Bovine myoblasts were isolated from a bovine skeletal muscle tissue using the protocol described above. Isolated myoblasts were plated at a culture density of 2000 (subconfluent) or 10,000 (confluent) cells per well in a 96 well plate in triplicate wells. The cells were allowed to adhere for 24 hours, at which time LPA was added at a concentration of 0, 10 or 25 μΜ in the medium. Cells were subsequently harvested and counted by bright field cell imaging (Cytation 5 live cell imaging, analyzed with Lionheart software). FIG. 4A shows that the cells in the subconfluent culture increased by 309% and the cells in the confluent culture (FIG. 4B) increased by 130%. Data shown are mean +/- SD. Significance was determined by the Student's T test.

[00168] In another experiment, bovine myoblasts were plated at a culture density of 10,000 cells per well in a 96 well plate in triplicate wells. The cells were allowed to adhere for 24 hours, when 10 μΜ LPA was added in the medium. Cells were subsequently harvested. After 24 hours, the proliferation rate was measured by EdU incorporation using a commercially available nucleoside pulse labeling kit such as the Click-iT-EdU kit (ThermoFisher). Briefly, cells were treated with 3 μΜ EdU, incubated at room temperature for 6 hours and detected according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were labeled with Alexa Fluor© 647 azide and analyzed using Fluorescence- Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) using 633 nm excitation and a 660/20 nm emission filter. FIG. 5 shows that the LP A treated cells had increased percentage (216% increase) of cells in the S-phase, which is indicative of increased proliferation, compared to vehicle-treated (culture medium alone without LP A) cells.

Example 5: Treatment of cells with LPA decreases differentiation of the cells

[00169] Isolated bovine myoblasts were plated in a culture medium without adding serum at a culture density of 10,000 cells per well in a 96 well plate in triplicate wells. The cells were allowed to adhere for 24 hours, when LPA was added at a concentration of 0, 10 or 25 μΜ in serum-free medium. LPA was added daily until harvesting. Myogenin was used as a marker of differentiation to mature muscle cells. To determine the degree of differentiation to mature muscle cells, cultures were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for lOmin and then washed with PBS. Cells were incubated with PBS/0.2% BSA/ 0.1% Triton-XlOO for 20 min followed by incubation with an anti-myogenin antibody (Abeam, mouse, 1/150) for 1 h at room temperature. After 3 washes with PBS/ 0.2% BSA, cells were incubated with secondary antibodies (goat anti-rabbit Alexa488, 1/800; goat anti-mouse Alexa555, 1/800, Invitrogen) for 30 min at room temperature. Nucleus was stained with DAPI. LPA treated cells show reduced expression of myogenin.

Example 6: Generation of plasmids expressing YAP1-RFP, TAZ-GFP and control vectors

[00170] Reporter vectors containing GFP and RFP reporter sequences, namely, pDd669-AD+RFP and pD663-ARc+GFP were obtained from ATOM Bio and used as control vectors. Human YAPl polynucleotide sequence containing a constitutively active mutation SI 27 A (SEQ ID NO: 1) was assembled into pD663-ARc vector, and human TAZ polynucleotide sequence containing a constitutively active mutation S89A (SEQ ID NO: 3) was assembled into pD669-AD for enforced expression of these genes. Vectors were introduced into cultured cells using Lipofectamine reagent (ThermoFisher) according to manufacturer's instructions, and selected using G418 (Sigma, pDd669 vectors) or puromycin (Sigma, pD663 vectors) for 14 days. Example 7: Expression of constitutively active YAP1 increases the culture density and the thickness of the cellular biomass

[00171] Cells originating from a chicken fibroblast cell line, (DF1), were transduced with a plasmid expressing hYAPl, dsRed, and a neomycin resistance gene. Cells were selected for 8 days in the presence of G418, when dsRed positive colonies appeared in culture. Selected cells were plated in a 6 well plate and cultured for 3 weeks. As shown in FIG. 7, YAPl -expressing cells proliferated, showed loss of contact inhibition, and formed stratified multiple cell layers thereby increasing the culture density and the thickness of the initial cellular biomass when allowed to proliferate for 2 weeks after formation of a confluent monolayer. For example, in FIG. 7C, a large colony of stratified cells, as seen on the left side of image, boarders a monolayer of cells, as seen on the right side of the image. This characteristic colony-formation and cell stratification was observed only in DF1 cultures expressing ectopic YAPl . The initial thickness of the YAPl expressing cultures was less than 20 μm and the thickness after expansion was 80 μπι. In contrast, control cultures (untransfected cells) remained in a uniform monolayer. These results indicate that overexpression of YAPl leads to loss of contact inhibition and increases the culture density and the thickness of cellular biomass.

[00172] In another experiment, the increase in the thickness of the cellular biomass was measured as follows. Isolated primary fibroblasts were transfected with a plasmid expressing hYAPl and RFP. FIGs. 17 and 18 show maps of exemplary plasmids expressing (a) hYAPl and RFP (FIG. 17) and (b) hWWTRl (a gene encoding TAZ) and GFP (FIG. 18).

[00173] Untransfected cells and hYAPl -RFP expressing cells were seeded at a density of 2.5xl0⁵ per well in a 6-well plate and allowed to grow for 9 days post-confluence. Colonies of varying thickness were observed in the well containing hYAPl -RFP expressing cells whereas the well containing untransfected, wild-type cells showed a monolayer growth. Images were captured using the ImageXpress Micro XLS Widefield High-Content analysis system. Z-stacks were obtained from the base of the cells to the top of the cells to include all the cells in the region of interest (ROI). The number of 2D images per z-stacks relies on the thickness of the cells being imaged and the step size. Previous studies have measured 3D cell thickness and volumes from single section information, from partial stacks or even from cell diameter. The hYAPl-RFP expressing cells formed colonies of cells that were thicker than a regular monolayer. This is indicative of a decrease in contact inhibition due to the overexpression of YAPl. FIG. 8 (panel A) shows the wild- type cell culture and panel B shows the culture of hYAPl expressing cells. The thickness of wild-type and YAPl expressing cellular biomass on day 9 of the culture was as follows:

TABLE 1

Example 8: Expression of constitutively active YAPl increases cell mass

[00174] DFl fibroblasts expressing hYAPl-RFP or wild type cells were plated at 5.5xl0³ cells per cm² in 10cm tissue culture plates. After 11 days, the cultures were harvested using a cell scraper and a PBS rinse. The suspension was transferred into a 15 rriL tube and centrifuged at 500g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was aspirated and the wet cell mass was measured on an electronic scale. As shown in FIG. 9, wet cell mass/60.8cm² of YAPl -expressing cells was significantly more (about 4.5 fold) than that of wild-type cells.

Example 9: YAPl expression in cells transfected with YAPl-dsRed plasmid

[00175] Wild type and YAPl transfected DFl chicken fibroblast cells were cultured for 2 days and harvested using trypsin digestion. RNA was harvested using a commercially available RNA isolation kit Quick-RNA MiniPrep from Zymo Research). RNA was quantified using the

NanoPhotometer (Implen). 250 ng of total RNA was used for a cDNA reaction using a

commercially available reverse transcriptase kit (BioRad). 12.5 ng of cDNA was used for a qPCR reaction using the SsoAdvanced Universal Probes Supermix (BioRad). Human YAPl mRNA expression and chicken actin mRNA expression was quantified using a commercially available Taqman assay kits (ThermoFisher Scientific). The sequences for primers and probes used in this experiment are listed as SEQ ID NOs: 21-23. Relative gene expression analysis was carried out using the delta-delta Ct method. Cells transfected with hYAPl-dsRed plasmid show a high expression of hYAPl mRNA (FIG. 10).

Example 10: Expression of constitutively active YAPl increases cell proliferation

[00176] Primary bovine fibroblasts and chicken DFl fibroblasts at a culture density of 1.5xl0⁵ per sample were transduced with a plasmid expressing hYAPl and dsRed, with neomycin resistance gene. Cells were harvested after 72 hours and counted by the Trypan blue method on a

hemacytometer. Cells transduced with YAPl showed an increased growth rate (FIG. 11). Error bar indicates standard deviation. **=P<0.01 *=P<0.05

Example 11: Expression of YAPl increases the rate of cell proliferation

[00177] DFl cells (chicken fibroblast cell line) were transduced with a hYAPl-RFP expressing plasmid or a control vector with dsRed (pD663). hYAPl-RFP expressing cells were selected by flow cytometric sorting based on the expression of dsRed from the hYAPl-RFP vector. Similarly, cells transduced with a control vector expressing dsRed, but no hYAPl (pD663) were selected by flow cytometric sorting based on the expression of dsRed. The selected transduced cells were allowed to adhere for 24 hours, harvested, and seeded at a density of lxl 0⁵ cells per well in a 12 well plate. After 48 hours, the cells were treated with 3μΜ EdU, incubated at room temperature for 6 hours and detected using the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were labeled with Alexa Fluor® 647 azide and analyzed by a FACS using 633 nm excitation and a 660/20 nm emission filter. YAPl- expressing cells have the highest number of cells in the S-phase, which is indicative of increased proliferation (FIG. 12A). The histogram in FIG. 12B shows a separation between cells which have incorporated EdU, indicative of proliferating cells vs. cells which did not incorporate EdU, indicative of non-proliferating cells. Example 12: Expression of YAPl increases the rate of cell proliferation in suspension cultures

DFl cells were transduced using the hYAPl-RFP plasmid and seeded at a density of lxl 0⁴ cells per well in a low binding plate (24- well). After 6 days, the cells were treated with 3μΜ EdU, incubated at room temperature for 6 hours and detected according to the manufacturer's instructions. The cells were labeled with Alexa Fluor® 647 azide and analyzed using a FACS using 633 nm excitation and a 660/20 nm emission filter. Despite their native adherent characteristics, YAPl expressing cells have a significantly higher number of cells in the S-phase (FIG. 13), which is indicative of increased proliferation and transition from anchorage-dependent to anchorage- independent growth in culture.

Claims

1. A method for increasing the culture density of a metazoan cellular biomass comprising: a. culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and b. inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) or homologs thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Transcriptional co-Activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) and Transcriptional co- Activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Mps One Binder kinase activator 1 (MOB1) or homologs thereof.

6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Large Tumor Suppressor 1 (LATS1) kinase or homologs thereof.

7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Large Tumor Suppressor 2 (LATS2) kinase or homologs thereof.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting WW45 or homologs thereof.

9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Macrophage Stimulating 1 (MST1) kinase or homologs thereof.

10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Macrophage Stimulating 2 (MST2) kinase or homologs thereof.

11. The method of any one of claims 1-4 and 8-10, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting MOBl and LATSl and/or LATS2 kinase or homologs thereof.

12. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting WW45 and MST1 and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof.

13. The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises contacting the cellular biomass with serum.

14. The method of any one of claims 2-13, wherein activating YAPl comprises increasing cellular expression of YAPl .

15. The method of any one of claims 3-14, wherein activating TAZ comprises increasing cellular expression of TAZ.

16. The method of any one of claims 4-13, wherein activating YAPl and TAZ comprises increasing cellular expression of YAPl and TAZ.

17. The method of any one of claims 2-16, wherein the YAPl is wild-type YAPl .

18. The method of any one of claims 2-16, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more mutations in the region targeted by LATSl and/or LATS2 kinase activity.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more mutations at residues corresponding to S5, S61, S109, S127, S163, S164, and S318 in the human YAPl protein.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more of S5A, S61A, S109A, S127A, S163A, S164A, and S318A mutations.

21. The method of any one of claims 3-20, wherein the TAZ is wild-type TAZ.

22. The method of any one of claims 3-20, wherein the TAZ comprises a mutation in the region targeted by LATSl and/or LATS2 kinase activity.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the TAZ comprises a mutation at a residue corresponding to S89 in the human TAZ protein.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the TAZ comprises a S89A mutation.

25. The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine- 1 -phosphate, and thrombin.

26. The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the cellular biomass is adherent to a substrate.

27. The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the cellular biomass is adherent to a substrate.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the substrate is impermeable.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein the substrate is permeable.

30. The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the cellular biomass is a self-adherent aggregate.

31. The method of any one of claims 1-30, wherein the volume of the cellular biomass is greater in comparison to a cellular biomass cultured in absence of the inhibiting step.

32. The method of any one of claims 1-30, wherein the volume of the cultivation infrastructure is reduced in comparison to a cellular biomass cultured in absence of the inhibiting step.

33. The method of any one of claims 1-32, wherein the cellular biomass comprises cells from a livestock, poultry, game, or aquatic species.

34. The method of any one of claims 1-33, wherein the cellular biomass comprises myogenic cells.

35. The method of any one of claims 1-34, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway is carried out in the cultivation infrastructure to provide a culture density of about 10⁵ cell/mL to about 10¹⁰ cells/mL.

36. The method of any one of claims 1-34, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway is carried out in the cultivation infrastructure to provide a culture density of about 1 g/L to about 1000 g L.

37. The method of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the cellular biomass is an edible cellular biomass.

38. The method of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the cellular biomass is a therapeutic cellular biomass.

39. The method of any one of claims 1-12 and 14-38, wherein the method is carried out without adding serum to culture medium.

40. A method for increasing the thickness of a metazoan cellular biomass comprising: a. culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and b. inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) or homologs thereof.

42. The method of claim 40 or 41, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Transcriptional co-Activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof.

43. The method of claim 40, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) and Transcriptional co- Activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof.

44. The method of any one of claims 40-43, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Mps One Binder kinase activator 1 (MOBl) or homologs thereof.

45. The method of any one of claims 40-44, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Large Tumor Suppressor 1 (LATSl) kinase or homologs thereof.

46. The method of any one of claims 40-45, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Large Tumor Suppressor 2 (LATS2) kinase or homologs thereof.

47. The method of any one of claims 40-46, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting WW45 or homologs thereof.

48. The method of any one of claims 40-47, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Macrophage Stimulating 1 (MST1) kinase or homologs thereof.

49. The method of any one of claims 40-48, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Macrophage Stimulating 2 (MST2) kinase or homologs thereof.

50. The method of any one of claims 10-43 and 47-49, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting MOBl and LATSl and/or LATS2 kinase or homologs thereof.

51. The method of any one of claims 40-46, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting WW45 and MST1 and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof.

52. The method of claim any one of claims 40-51, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises contacting the cellular biomass with serum.

53. The method of any one of claims 41-52, wherein activating YAPl comprises increasing cellular expression of YAPl .

54. The method of any one of claims 42-53, wherein activating TAZ comprises increasing cellular expression of TAZ.

55. The method of any one of claims 43-54, wherein activating YAP1 and TAZ comprises increasing cellular expression of YAP1 and TAZ.

56. The method of any one of claims 41-55, wherein the YAPl is wild-type YAP1.

57. The method of any one of claims 41-55, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more mutations in the region targeted by LATS1 and/or LATS2 kinase activity.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more mutations at residues corresponding to S5, S61, S109, S127, S163, S164, and S318 in the human YAPl protein.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more of S5A, S61A, S109A, S127A, S163A, S164A, and S318A mutations.

60. The method of any one of claims 42-55, wherein the TAZ is wild-type TAZ.

61. The method of any one of claims 42-55, wherein the TAZ comprises a mutation in the region targeted by LATS1 and/or LATS2 kinase activity.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein the TAZ comprises a mutation at a residue corresponding to S89 in the human TAZ protein.

63. The method of claim 62, wherein the TAZ comprises a S89A mutation.

64. The method of any one of claims 40-63, wherein inhibiting comprises contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine- 1 -phosphate, and thrombin.

65. The method of any one of claims 40-64, wherein the cellular biomass is anchored to a substrate.

66. The method of claim 65, wherein the substrate is impermeable.

67. The method of claim 66, wherein biomass thickness is measured as a minimum distance between a basal plane of the cellular biomass and an apical plane of the cellular biomass.

68. The method of claim 65, wherein the substrate is permeable.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein biomass thickness is measured as a fraction of a minimum distance between a basal plane of the cellular biomass and an apical plane of the cellular biomass.

70. The method of any one of claims 40-64, wherein the cellular biomass is a self-adherent cell aggregate.

71. The method of claim 70, wherein biomass thickness is measured as a fraction of a minimum distance between opposing apical planes of the cellular biomass.

72. The method of any one of claims 40-71, wherein the cellular biomass comprises cells from a livestock, poultry, game, or aquatic species.

73. The method of any one of claims 40-72, wherein the cellular biomass comprises myogenic cells.

74. The method of any one of claims 40-73, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway is carried out in the cultivation infrastructure to provide a thickness of about 10 μm to about 2 mm to the cellular biomass.

75. The method of any one of claims 40-74, wherein the cellular biomass is an edible cellular biomass.

76. The method of any one of claims 40-74, wherein the cellular biomass is a therapeutic cellular biomass.

77. The method of any one of claims 40-51 and 53-76, wherein the method is carried out without adding serum to culture medium.

78. A method for promoting anchorage-independent cell growth comprising: a. culturing metazoan cells in a cultivation infrastructure; and b. inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cells.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Yes Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) or homologs thereof.

80. The method of claim 78 or 79, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Transcriptional co- Activator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof.

81. The method of claim 78, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating YAPl and TAZ or homologs thereof.

82. The method of any one of claims 78-81, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting MOBl or homologs thereof.

83. The method of any one of claims 78-82, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting LATSl kinase or homologs thereof.

84. The method of any one of claims 78-83, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting LATS2 kinase or homologs thereof.

85. The method of any one of claims 78-84, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting WW45 or homologs thereof.

86. The method of any one of claims 78-85, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting MST1 kinase or homologs thereof.

87. The method of any one of claims 78-86, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting MST2 kinase or homologs thereof.

88. The method of any one of claims 78-81 and 85-87, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting MOBl and LATSl and/or LATS2 kinase or homologs thereof.

89. The method of any one of claims 78-84, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting WW45 and MST1 and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof.

90. The method of any one of claims 78-89, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises contacting the cells with serum.

91. The method of claim 79, wherein activating YAPl comprises increasing cellular expression of YAPl .

92. The method of claim 80, wherein activating TAZ comprises increasing cellular expression of TAZ.

93. The method of claim 81, wherein activating YAPl and TAZ comprises increasing cellular expression of YAPl and TAZ.

94. The method of any one of claims 79-93, wherein the YAPl is wild-type YAPl.

95. The method of any one of claims 79-93, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more mutations in the region targeted by LATS1 and/or LATS2 kinase activity.

96. The method of claim 95, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more mutations at residues corresponding to S5, S61, S109, S127, S163, S164, and S318 in the human YAPl protein.

97. The method of claim 96, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more of S5A, S61A, S109A, S127A, S163A, S164A, and S318A mutations.

98. The method of any one of claims 80-93, wherein the TAZ is wild-type TAZ.

99. The method of any one of claims 80-93, wherein the TAZ comprises a mutation in the region targeted by LATS1 and/or LATS2 kinase activity.

100. The method of claim 99, wherein the TAZ comprises a mutation at a residue corresponding to S89 in the human TAZ protein.

101. The method of claim 100, wherein the TAZ comprises a S89A mutation.

102. The method of any one of claims 78-101, wherein inhibiting comprises contacting the cells with one or more of lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine- 1 -phosphate, and thrombin.

103. The method of any one of claims 78-102, wherein the cells are grown in a suspension culture.

104. The method of any one of claims 78-103, wherein the cultivation infrastructure comprises a hydrogel or liquid cell culture media.

105. The method of any one of claims 78-104, wherein the cells are from a livestock, poultry, game, or aquatic species.

106. The method of any one of claims 78-105, wherein the cells are myogenic cells.

107. The method of any one of claims 78-106, wherein promoting anchorage-independent growth is achieved by increasing the rate of cell proliferation.

108. The method of claim 107, wherein the rate of cell proliferation is increased by about 5-90%.

109. The method of any one of claims 78-89 and 91-108, wherein the method is carried out without adding serum to culture medium.

110. The method of any one of claims 1 -109, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting one ore more non-canonical HIPPO signaling agonists selected from aPKC, Taol, Msn, PRP4k, and homologs thereof.

111. A method for increasing proliferation of cells of a metazoan cellular biomass comprising: a. culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and b. inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass; wherein the method is carried out without addition of serum to culture medium.

112. A method for reducing cell death in cells of a metazoan cellular biomass comprising: a. culturing a metazoan cellular biomass in a cultivation infrastructure; and b. inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway in the cellular biomass; wherein the method is carried out without addition of serum to culture medium.

113. The method of claim 1 11 or 112, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) or homologs thereof.

114. The method of any one of claims 111 -113, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Transcriptional co-Activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof.

115. The method of claim 1 11 or 112, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises activating Yes- Associated Protein 1 (YAPl) and Transcriptional co- Activator with PDZ- binding motif (TAZ) or homologs thereof.

116. The method of any one of claims 111 -115, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Mps One Binder kinase activator 1 (MOB1) or homologs thereof.

117. The method of any one of claims 111 -116, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Large Tumor Suppressor 1 (LATS1) kinase or homologs thereof.

118. The method of any one of claims 111 -117, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Large Tumor Suppressor 2 (LATS2) kinase or homologs thereof.

119. The method of any one of claims 111 -118, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting WW45 or homologs thereof.

120. The method of any one of claims 111 -119, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Macrophage Stimulating 1 (MST1) kinase or homologs thereof.

121. The method of any one of claims 111 -121 , wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting Macrophage Stimulating 2 (MST2) kinase or homologs thereof.

122. The method of any one of claims 111-115 and 119-121, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting MOBl and LATSl and/or LATS2 kinase or homologs thereof.

123. The method of any one of claims 111-118, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises inhibiting WW45 and MST1 and/or MST2 kinase or homologs thereof.

124. The method of any one of claims 113-123, wherein activating YAPl comprises increasing cellular expression of YAPl .

125. The method of any one of claims 114-124, wherein activating TAZ comprises increasing cellular expression of TAZ.

126. The method of any one of claims 115-125, wherein activating YAPl and TAZ comprises increasing cellular expression of YAPl and TAZ.

127. The method of any one of claims 113-126, wherein the YAPl is wild-type YAPl .

128. The method of any one of claims 113-126, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more mutations in the region targeted by LATSl and/or LATS2 kinase activity.

129. The method of claim 128, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more mutations at residues corresponding to S5, S61, S109, S127, S163, S164, and S318 in the human YAPl protein.

130. The method of claim 129, wherein the YAPl comprises one or more of S5A, S61A, S109A, S127A, S163A, S164A, and S318A mutations.

131. The method of any one of claims 114-130, wherein the TAZ is wild-type TAZ.

132. The method of any one of claims 114-130, wherein the TAZ comprises a mutation in the region targeted by LATSl and/or LATS2 kinase activity.

133. The method of claim 132, wherein the TAZ comprises a mutation at a residue corresponding to S89 in the human TAZ protein.

134. The method of claim 133, wherein the TAZ comprises a S89A mutation.

135. The method of any one of claims 111 -134, wherein inhibiting the HIPPO signaling pathway comprises contacting the cellular biomass with one or more of lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine- 1 -phosphate, and thrombin.

136. The method of any one of claims 111 -135, wherein the cellular biomass is adherent to a substrate.

137. The method of claim 136, wherein the substrate is impermeable.

138. The method of claim 136, wherein the substrate is permeable.

139. The method of any one of claims 111 -136, wherein the cellular biomass is a self-adherent cell aggregate.

140. The method of any one of claims 111 -139, wherein the cellular biomass comprises cells from a livestock, poultry, game, or aquatic species.

141. The method of any one of claims 111 -140, wherein the cellular biomass comprises myogenic cells.

142. The method of any one of claims 111 -141 , wherein the cellular biomass is an edible cellular biomass.

143. The method of any one of claims 111 -141 , wherein the cellular biomass is a therapeutic cellular biomass.